Micro Project

Report on

“Collect data with respect to safety system available in modern cars”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

theDiploma in Mechanical Engineering.

Submitted By:-
Mr.Atul Prakash Sonone
Mr.Nikhil Dadarao Hirole

Guided By: - Mr.A.D.Tambe

Department Mechanical Engineering

Padm. Dr. V. B. Kolte College of Engineering,
Malkapur

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 LSSBM’S
Padm. Dr. V. B. Kolte College of Engineering,
Malkapur
Department Of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Atul Prakash Sonone Nikhil Dadarao Hirole of Polytechnic Third Year
Mechanical Engineering have submitted a micro project titled “Collect data with respect to safety
system available in modern cars”

it during the academic year 2023-24 in a satisfactory manner in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the Diploma in Mechanical Engineering of MSBTE, Mumbai.

Mr.S.S.Patil Mr.A.D.Tambe
Head of Department Guide Mechanical
Mechanical Engineering Engineering Department

Mr.S.N.Khachane
Principal
Padm.Dr.VBKCOE,Malkapur

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 DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original
sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity
and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my
submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by
the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been
properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Submitted By:-
Mr.Atul Prakash Sonone

Mr.Nikhil Dadarao Hirole

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express deep gratitude for enthusiasm and valuable suggestions that I got from my guide
Mr.A.D.Tambe lecturer of Mechanical Engineering, for successful completion of the Project
report. This was not possible without his invaluable guidance. I pay deep regards to our HOD
Mr.S.S.Patil, Principal Mr.S.N.Khachane who are instrumental in setting standards for the
students to achieve. Finally, I am thankful to all the people who are related to the project directly
or indirectly.

I am grateful to all the teachers and Staff of Department of mechanical Engineering. I also
want to thank my faculty who showed a great will of strength, constant encouragement and
without his cooperation I would have not been able to complete this work.

Submitted By:-
Mr. Atul Prakash Sonone

Mr. Nikhil Dadarao Hirole

4
 PART A

Title:- “Collect data with respect to safety system available in modern cars”

Brief Introduction:-
For many years, the trusty seat belt provided the sole form of passive restraint in our cars. Seat belts
have been proven to be effective in saving lives and preventing or lessening injuries in automobile
accidents.. The first passive restraints were modifications of seat belts themselves; the belts were
coordinated with operations of opening the car doors and starting the automobile, which caused belts built
into tracks in the doors to wrap around the driver or passenger when the seat was occupied. Concurrently,
the airbag was devised as a secondary form of passive restraint during impact.

Air Bags have been under development for many years. They were initially used and designed to be
used in fighter planes during world war second. In the 1980’s the first commercial air bags appeared in
automobiles. Since 1988, all new cars have been required to have air bags on both driver and passenger
sides. To date, Statistics show that air bags reduce the risk of dying in a direct frontal crash by 30 percent.
Other than steering Wheel mounted or Dash board mounted bags, there are seat- mounted and door mounted
side air-bags. Air bags were invented as the result of serious government discussions and industry research
and tests.

Aim of project :
1. Prepare technical report
2. Show the attitude of enquiry
3. Work independently for responsibility
4. Participate effectively in group work
5. work persistently achieve the target ACTION

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  Actual Procedure Followed:-

Sr.No. Details of Activity Plan start Plane Finish Name of team

date date member

1 Get information 14/02/2024 24/02/2024 Atul Sonone

about plasma arc
machine

2 Refer book of 24/02/2024 25/02/2024 Nikhil Hirole

Advanced
Maunfacturing
process

3 Dissus with 25/02/2024 05/03/2024 Atul Sonone

guide
Mr.A.D.Tambe
4 Arrange all data in 05/03/2024 15/03/2024 Nikhil Hirole
ms word and print
the project file

No.
Detail
of membe
activity

6
 Part B

Title: “Collect data with respect to safety system available in modern cars”

Brief Introduction:

For many years, the trusty seat belt provided the sole form of passive restraint in our cars. Seat belts
have been proven to be effective in saving lives and preventing or lessening injuries in automobile
accidents.. The first passive restraints were modifications of seat belts themselves; the belts were
coordinated with operations of opening the car doors and starting the automobile, which caused belts built
into tracks in the doors to wrap around the driver or passenger when the seat was occupied. Concurrently,
the airbag was devised as a secondary form of passive restraint during impact.

Air Bags have been under development for many years. They were initially used and designed to be
used in fighter planes during world war second. In the 1980’s the first commercial air bags appeared in
automobiles. Since 1988, all new cars have been required to have air bags on both driver and passenger
sides. To date, Statistics show that air bags reduce the risk of dying in a direct frontal crash by 30 percent.
Other than steering Wheel mounted or Dash board mounted bags, there are seat- mounted and door mounted
side air-bags. Air bags were invented as the result of serious government discussions and industry research
and tests.

Aim of Project :
1. Prepare technical report
2. Show the attitude of enquiry
3. Work independently for responsibility
4. Participate effectively in group work
5.work persistently achieve the target ACTION

7
 Actual Procedure Followed:

Sr.No. Details of Activity Plan start Plane Finish Name of team

date date member

1 Get information 14/02/2024 24/02/2024 Atul Sonone

about plasma arc
machine

2 Refer book of 24/02/2024 25/02/2024 Nikhil Hirole

Advanced
Maunfacturing
process

3 Dissus with guide 25/02/2024 05/03/2024 Atul Sonone

Mr.A.D.Tambe

4 Arrange all data in 05/03/2024 15/03/2024 Nikhil Hirole

ms word and print
the project file

8
Output of project:

1. Airbag:

Fig.Airbags

Tide ploy one or more airbag modules within the vehicle. Working as a supplemental restraint system to the
vehicle's seat-belt systems, airbag module deployments are triggered via a pyrotechnic process that is created
to be utilized once. Newer side-impact airbag modules consist of compressed-air cylinders that are activated in
the event of a side-on vehicle impact.

The first commercial structures were introduced in passenger automobiles during the 1970s, with limited
success, and actually generated some fatalities Broad commercial adoption of airbags happened in many
markets during the late 1980s and early 1990s with a driver airbags, and front-passenger airbags, as well, on
some cars, and many modern vehicles now include six or more units.

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 2. Autonomous emergency braking (AEB)

Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) monitors the traffic situations ahead and detects when a possible
crash might happen.

First, it will visibly or audibly warn the driver, then it will apply the brakes should they fail to react in time.

Volvo established its first collision avoidance technology in 2006 before City Safety was presented as standard
on new Volvo models in 2008.

Volvo claims that the system has decreased insurance claims for rear-end frontal collisions by 28%.

Thatcham Research says AEB is “probably the most significant development in car security since the seat belt
and could save an astonishing 1,100 lives and 122,860 casualties in the UK over the next ten years.”

Today, around 21% of new cars have AEB included as standard, while it is optional on 27% of vehicles.

Given that Euro NCAP will not award a maximum five-star safety rating to a car without AEB, this number
will only grow over the coming years.

Adaptive cruise control (ACC)

Cruise control dates back to 1958 when it was presented as ‘Auto Pilot’ on the Chrysler Imperial.

The system permitted drivers to ‘dial in’ a speed on the dashboard, with an electric motor adjusting the throttle
to maintain it.

Possibly unsurprisingly, the modern interpretation of adaptive cruise control (ACC) made its debut on the
Mercedes-Benz S-Class, just before the turn of the millennium.

Called Distronic, the system sustained a pre-set distance behind the car in front with the help of a radar
sensor.

Modern systems work in much the same way, utilizing either a radar or laser to maintain a safe distance
behind the car in front, however of the prevailing traffic situations.

In other words, while you might select a steady 70mph on a motorway, the system will reduce the speed
should the gap in front fall below a preset distance.
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On our congested roads, ACC is more useful than standard cruise control and allows to decrease the stress
associated with long drives.

Some systems are more useful than others, most notably Audi’s ACC system, which is available on cars fitted
with an S Tronic gearbox.

In stop-and-go traffic, the system can bring the car to a complete stop, before automatically driving off when
the traffic moves again

Head-up display (HUD)

A head-up display, or HUD, gets fighter 'pilot tech' to a humble hatchback.

In short, essential information is beamed into a driver’s field of vision, instantly above the dashboard.

Relying on the specification, data displayed on the HUD can include current speed, traffic signs, navigation
instructions, cruise control settings, fuel level, and engine warning lights.

In theory, it should cut down on the number of times drivers are needed to look away from the windscreen,
which should make our roads safer.

There are two kinds of HUDs, with the cheapest method utilizing a transparent screen that rises from the
dashboard, with the data beamed onto the surface.

The alternative utilizes a projector to display the information on the windscreen itself, a method generally
found on premium and luxury cars.

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 Active lane-keeping assist

Not to be mistaken with lane departure warning systems, which merely alert the driver should they drift out of
lane (and are often overlooked), active lane-keeping assist really intervenes in the event of an accidental lane
departure.

If utilized in conjunction with adaptive cruise control, say on a new Audi, the car will seek to stay within the
white lines of a motorway lane utilizing automatic inputs on the steering wheel.

On some systems, targeted braking is applied if needed.

Usage of the indicators will override the system, as is the case with lane departure warning systems, and in
many ways, it is one step nearer to a fully autonomous future.

Blind spot detection

Volvo presented BLIS, or Blind Spot Information System, back in 2004, which utilized cameras beneath the
side mirrors to detect the presence of vehicles in either blind spot.

A light flashes in the mirror to warn drivers that it’s not safe to change lanes.

Audi’s Side Assist acts a similar function but utilizes radar sensors in the rear bumper to monitor traffic in the
driver’s blind spot.

When a vehicle comes from behind, the LED warning sign lights up.

While we admit that blind spot detection systems aren’t foolproof – they might alert you to the existence of
parked cars – at the very least it might save your no-claims bonus.

Table no: 2.1 Showing the same statistics for belted, non-belted and over all

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As a result of which in fig no:2.1 air bag penetration in the market has also get hiked from 1999 to
2005 . Airbag growth has also increased accordingly in every region of the vehicle with the
stringent demand of the safety

Fig no: 2.1 Statistics for Airbag Application in Vehicles

.Thus development of Federal rules, increased public awareness for safety and concern for safety
has enhanced the growth of air bags in the market as shown in fig no:2.2

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2.1 CHEMISTRY OF AIRBAGS

Inside the airbag in fig no:2.3 is a gas generator containing a mixture of NaN3, KNO3, and SiO2.
When the car undergoes a head-on collision, a series of three chemical reactions inside the gas generator
produce gas (N2) to fill the airbag and convert NaN3, which is highly toxic, to harmless glass. Sodium
azide (NaN3) can decompose at 300oC to produce sodium metal (Na) and nitrogen gas (N2). The signal
from the deceleration sensor ignites the gas-generator mixture by an electrical impulse, creating the high-
temperature condition necessary for NaN3 to decompose. The nitrogen gas that is generated then fills the
airbag. The purpose of the

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  MAIN PARTS

The air bag system consists of three basic parts- an air bag module, crash sensor and a diagnosis unit. Some
systems have ON/OFF switch to deactivate air bag system

3.1 AIRBAG MODULE

The air bag module fig no:3.1 contains both an inflator unit and the lightweight fabric air bag. The
driver air bag module is located in the steering wheel hub, and the passenger air bag module is located in the
instrument panel. When fully inflated, the driver air bag is approximately the diameter of a large beach ball.
The passenger air bag can be two or three times larger since the distance between the right-front passenger
and the instrumental panel is much larger than the distance between the driver and steering wheel

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3.1.1 Air bag production process

Typical manufacturing line for air bag has been shown fig no:3.2. Airbags can be manufactured by
either of the mechanisms of fabric manufacturing, weaving and non- woven fabric manufacturing process

Fig no: 3.2 Air bag fabric productions flow-chart

 WORKING

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 The first stage of the airbag deployment is the accident itself. The collision, be it frontal or lateral,
activates an array of sensors in the vehicle, including accelerometers, impact sensors, side pressure sensors,
brake pressure sensors, and seat occupancy sensors. All these sensors are in intimate connection with the
ACU (Airbag Control Unit). The unit decides if and how to deploy the airbags. When the ACU detects that
the deployment threshold has been reached, it initiates the inflation stage. As the compressed air system
would have been impractical and quite inefficient, engineers came up with an idea quite similar to the
working principle of the solid rocket booster.

Each airbag incorporates a pyrotechnic device, known as an initiator or electric match, consisting of
an electrical conductor cocooned in combustible material. A current pulse heats up the conductor, which in
turn ignites the combustible material. This igniter triggers the chemical reaction that actually fills the nylon
fabric airbag with gas. The large volume of gas then forces the airbag out of the steering wheel and/or
dashboard at a speed of up to 200 mph or 322 mph, the whole process taking about 0.04 seconds.
Considering that the blink of an eye is approximated at 0.2 seconds, one could say it's quite a speedy process
The last stage of the airbag process is the deflation, which occurs almost immediately after the inflation is
completed. The gas escapes through special vents. They also prevent the occupants from suffering major
impact injuries. Another effect of the deflation is the release of dust-like particles, mostly cornstarch and
talcum powder that are used to lubricate the airbag. Small amount of Sodium hydroxide may initially be
present. This chemical can cause minor irritation to the eyes and/or open wounds; however, with exposure
to air, it quickly turns into Sodium bicarbonate (common baking soda). Depending on the type of air bag
system, potassium chloride (a table salt substitute) may also be present. Initially, the chemicals used in
airbags were a major health concern, but present systems will only produce a mild irritation of the throat and
eyes for most people, as an outcome of dust released. Generally, these minor irritations continue up to the
time occupant remains in the vehicle with the windows closed and no ventilation. Once deployed, the air
bag cannot be reused and should be replaced by an authorized service department.

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 TEACHER EVALUATION SHEET
Name of Student: - Mr. Atul P. Sonone Enrollment No.2115650066
Name of Programed:- Mechanical Engineering Semester :- 6
Course Title: - Emerging Trends In Mechanical Engineering Code :- 22652
Title of the Micro-project:- “Collect data with respect to safety system available in modern cars”
Course Outcomes Achieved:-
Sr. Average
Poor Good Excellent
Characteristic To Be Assessed Marks4
No. Marks 1-3 Marks6- Marks9-
-5
8 10
1 Relevance to course
2 Literature survey
3 Project proposal
4 Completion of target
5 Analysis & representation of
data
6 Quality of Prototype/Model
7 Report preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defens
e
Process Assessment Product Assessment
Part B Project Individual
Part A Total
Project Report / Presentatio
Project n Viva Marks 10
Methodology Working
Proposal
2 Marks Model 4
2 Marks 2 Marks
Marks

• Comments / Suggestion about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication ( if

any

Any other comments:

Signature: -
Name and designation of
Faculty Member: - Mr.A.D.Tambe

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 TEACHER EVALUATION SHEET
Name of Student: - Mr..Nikhil Dadarao Hirole Enrollment No.2115650068
Name of Programed:- Mechanical Engineering Semester :- 6
Course Title: - Emerging Trends In Mechanical Engineering Code :- 22652
Title of the Micro-project:- “Collect data with respect to safety system available in modern cars”
Course Outcomes Achieved:-
Sr. Average
Poor Good Excellent
Characteristic To Be Assessed Marks4
No. Marks 1-3 Marks6- Marks9-
-5
8 10
1 Relevance to course
2 Literature survey
3 Project proposal
4 Completion of target
5 Analysis & representation of
data
6 Quality of Prototype/Model
7 Report preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense

Process Assessment Product Assessment

Part B Project Individual
Part A Total
Project Report / Presentatio
Project Marks 10
Methodology Working n Viva
Proposal
2 Marks Model 4
2 Marks
2 Marks
Marks

• Comments / Suggestion about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication ( if

any

Any other comments:

Signature: -
Name and designation of
Faculty Member: - Mr.A.D.Tambe

19