sensors
Article
PD Flexible Built-In High-Sensitivity Elliptical Monopole
Antenna Sensor
Hanting Zhang 1 , Guozhi Zhang 1, *, Xiaoxing Zhang 1 , Hanlu Tian 1 , Changyue Lu 1 , Jianben Liu 2
and Yin Zhang 1
Citation: Zhang, H.; Zhang, G.;
Zhang, X.; Tian, H.; Lu, C.; Liu, J.;
Zhang, Y. PD Flexible Built-In
High-Sensitivity Elliptical Monopole
Antenna Sensor. Sensors 2022, 22,
4982. https://doi.org/10.3390/
s22134982
Academic Editor: Ahmed
Toaha Mobashsher
Received: 9 June 2022
Accepted: 30 June 2022
Published: 1 July 2022
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This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
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Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
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4.0/).
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134982
1 Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment,
Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; 1910201408@hbut.edu.cn (H.Z.);
xiaoxing.zhang@outlook.com (X.Z.); 102110326@hbut.edu.cn (H.T.); 102100219@hbut.edu.cn (C.L.);
yinz@hbut.edu.cn (Y.Z.)
2 State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, China Electric Power Research Institute,
Wuhan 430074, China; liujianben@epri.sgcc.com.cn
* Correspondence: youzgz@163.com
Abstract: In view of the insufficient signal detection sensitivity of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS),
partial discharge (PD), ultra-high frequency (UHF), and failure to conform with GIS surface structure
when the existing rigid stereo structure UHF sensor is built in, this paper, using rectangular patch
antenna equivalent technique, trapezoidal ground plane technique, and coplanar waveguide (CPW)
feed line index asymptotic linearization technique, conducts research on a flexible built-in high-
sensitivity elliptic monopole antenna. The flexible antenna, with a thickness of only 0.28 mm, can
be kept at a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of less than three in the 300 MHz to 3 GHz band
under the curvature radius of 0, 100, 300, and 500 mm, and at less than two in the 650 MHz to 3 GHz
band. Through the true 220 kV-GIS partial discharge experimental platform built to analyze the
high frequency electromagnetic wave detection performance of the built-in flexible antenna, it is
shown that the flexible built-in high-sensitivity elliptical monopole antenna designed in this paper
can effectively detect the characteristic signals of high-frequency electromagnetic waves emitted by
partial discharges with an average discharge amount below 10 pC.
Keywords: Gas Insulated Switchgear; partial discharge; flexible antenna; ultra-high frequency;
monopole antenna
1. Introduction
Gas Insulated Switchgear is widely used in power systems of various voltage levels
because of its compact structure, small package, sound insulation performance, high
reliability, and long maintenance cycle. Depending on the analysis report of the actual
operation dynamics of the power grid, the main problem affecting the stable operation is
the insulation fault, and partial discharge is one of the most important causes of insulation
fault [1]. PD process will generate electrical pulses, ultrasonic waves, electromagnetic
radiation, etc. Pulse current detection method, ultrasonic wave detection method [2], ultra-
high frequency detection method [3], and other PD detection methods [4] are designed
correspondingly. They work with the detection of SF6 and other gas partial discharge
decomposition components of the sensor to determine the overall level of PD and determine
the cause of PD [5,6]. UHF method detects the radiation of high-frequency electromagnetic
waves in the PD process in the 300 MHz~3 GHz bands using UHF antenna sensors,
which can effectively avoid the corona interference signal generated by the power site
below the 200 MHz band. It has keen sensitivity and anti-interference ability, so the new
GIS of 220 kV and above is required to install UHF monitoring system or reserve UHF
monitoring interface.
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 2 of 18

According to the different installation locations, UHF sensors can be divided into
two types: external and internal. The external UHF sensor detects the PD signal of GIS
equipment for monitoring the electromagnetic wave signal leaked from the pot insulator
casting hole, which has the advantage of simple installation and does not affect the safe
operation of GIS equipment. At present, the common external sensors are magnetic antenna,
microstrip antenna, and other sensors [7,8]; however, due to the serious attenuation of
electromagnetic waves leaked through the casting hole and the influence of external corona
interference, the external UHF method is less sensitive and has poor anti-interference
characteristics. Although the internal UHF sensor needs to be installed inside the GIS
in advance when the GIS leaves the factory, it is more sensitive because the detected
electromagnetic wave signal is not attenuated through other places such as the GIS basin
insulator casting hole, and its anti-interference ability is also stronger because the GIS
is made with a metal shell, which can effectively shield the external corona interference.
The most common internal sensors are mainly spiral antenna, monopole antenna, and
other sensors [9,10]. Due to their simple structure and good radiation characteristics,
monopole antennas are widely used in the field of UHF partial discharge sensors. In [11], a
planar monopole antenna based on biomimetic geometry of Inga Marginata leaves was
designed to solve the problems of optimal size, gain, radiation pattern, and sensitivity
for PD detection. Reference [12] designs a compact UHF antenna based on an octagonal
monopole antenna, which has the advantages of simple structure, good gain, and strong
pulse processing capability. However, most of the existing internal UHF sensors use a
rigid base, and the longitudinal dimension is too large, thus creating the problem that
the installation cannot use a metal cover with GIS, and requires the complete barrel-type
structure of the GIS equipment itself to be modified with a convex complex structure to
avoid the potential risk of damaging the electric field distribution inside the equipment.
Reference [13] designed a planar monopole antenna based on meandering technique
technology, which can effectively detect PD signals after bending and deforming, and has a
high signal-to-noise ratio. However, there are problems of low sensitivity and poor capture
of UHF signals.
In response to the above problems, our team proposed the research of flexible internal
UHF antenna sensor and developed different types of flexible Archimedean spiral antenna
sensors. However, the flexible UHF antenna sensors are not effective in low frequency
bands due to the structural principle of the spiral antenna itself.
At present, the common methods to improve the gain of monopole antenna include
microstrip feeder taper, ground plane trapezoid, antenna double-layer polarization, mean-
dering technology, antenna ellipse, and other methods [14–16]. Based on this, this paper
proposes a study of PD detection of flexible internal high-sensitivity elliptical monopole
antenna sensor, using rectangular patch antenna equivalent technique, trapezoidal ground
plane technique, and CPW feed line index asymptotic linearization technique to construct a
three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation model of flexible elliptical monopole antenna
using ANSYSS HFSS software. The simulation obtains the characteristic parameters of
VSWR and gain under different bending degrees of antenna, and develops the flexible
antenna sensor sample according to the simulation optimization results, finally building a
220 kV GIS PD internal flexible antenna sensor testing test platform to experimentally test
the developed flexible antenna sensor PD detection sensitivity.

2. Elliptical Radiation Patch Principle

The antenna part consists of copper elliptical radiation patch, trapezoidal ground
plane, and CPW feed line, which are laid on the dielectric board.

2.1. Elliptical Plane Monopole Antenn

As a special type of micro strip antenna, elliptical planar monopole antenna has the
advantages of simple structure, compact and wide band [17], and a feed network which
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 20
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 3 of 18

can be integrated with the antenna body structure [18], which is why it is widely used in
can besystems,
radar integrated with the
military, andantenna
aerospacebody structure [18], which is why it is widely used in
fields.
radar systems,radiation
Elliptical military, patch
and aerospace
principlefields.
is shown in Figure 1a, where the long axis a and
short Elliptical
axis b areradiation
determinedpatchbyprinciple is shown
the maximum in Figure 1a,
wavelength where the long axis
of electromagnetic wavesa and
it
short axis b are determined by the maximum wavelength of electromagnetic waves
senses, and its specific size can be calculated according to the rectangular patch antenna it senses,
and its specific
equivalent sizethat
theory, can is,
be as
calculated
shown inaccording to the
Figure 1b, the bottom
rectangular patch
radius of rantenna
and theequivalent
height of
theory, that is, as shown in Figure
h cylindrical oscillator equivalent. 1b, the bottom radius of r and the height of h cylindrical
oscillator equivalent.

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure1.1. Calculation
Calculationprinciple
principleof
ofelliptical
ellipticalradiation
radiationpatch:
patch:(a)
(a)elliptical
ellipticalradiation
radiationpatch
patchprinciple;
principle;
(b)
(b)cylindrical
cylindricaloscillator.
oscillator.

The
The area of
ofthe
theelliptical
elliptical radiation
radiation patch
patch Ss and
Ss and the long
the long axis
axis of the of the ellipse
ellipse 2a is
2a is equated
equated
with thewith the surface
column columnareasurface areaheight
Sc and Sc andh height h of the cylindrical
of the cylindrical oscillator,oscillator, respec-
respectively, i.e.,
tively, i.e.,
πab = 2πrh (1)
π ab = 2π rh (1)
2a = h (2)
2a = h
where h and the maximum wavelength of electromagnetic waves in the frequency band (2)λ
have the
where relations
h and that:
the maximum wavelength 0.24λh
of electromagnetic waves in the frequency band
h
λ have the relations that: h= (1 + ) (3)
r r
0.24λ h that
Through Equations (1)–(3), it can be concluded h the relationship between the lowest
h= (1 + ) (3)
operating frequency f corresponding to the rmaximum r wavelength of the electromagnetic
wave sensed by the cylindrical oscillator and the long axis a and short axis b of the elliptical
Through
radiation Equations
patch is: (1)–(3), it can be concluded that the relationship between the low-
est operating frequency f corresponding to the 28.2maximum wavelength of the electromag-
netic wave sensed by the cylindrical oscillator f = (4)
8b + a the long axis a and short axis b of the
and
elliptical radiation patch is:
When the elliptical radiation patch axis ratio (the elliptical radiation patch axis ratio
can be expressed as AR = a/b) for 1, the elliptical 28.2 radiation patch can be seen as a special
=
circular radiation patch, so that the lowestf working (4)
8b + afrequency and the relationship between
the elliptical radiation patch size can be expressed as follows:
When the elliptical radiation patch axis ratio (the elliptical radiation patch axis ratio
can be expressed as AR = a/b) for 1, the elliptical 3.2 radiation patch can be seen as a special
f = (5)
circular radiation patch, so that the lowest working b frequency and the relationship be-
tween the elliptical radiation patch size can be expressed as follows:
2.2. Trapezoidal Ground Plane
The trapezoidal ground plane adopts 3.2
f =the idea of polarization of the discone (5) an-
tenna [19], taking the two-dimensional planebstructure of the discone antenna as the
ground plane of the antenna, so that the ground plane inherits the advantages of wide
bandwidth,
2.2. vertical
Trapezoidal Ground linePlane
polarization, and omnidirectional radiation in the horizontal plane
of the discone antenna [20]. Because the working band of the discone antenna is less than
two The trapezoidal
in the UHF band,ground plane
the width adopts
of the VSWR theisidea
eightofoctave
polarization of the(octave
bandwidth discone antenna
bandwidth
[19], taking the two-dimensional plane structure of the discone antenna as the ground
plane of the antenna, so that the ground plane inherits the advantages of wide bandwidth,
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 4 of 18

BW is expressed by Equation (6)), which can effectively fit the wide band range of PD UHF
signal 300 MHz~3 GHz.
f
BW = H (6)
fL
The directional characteristics of the discone antenna ψ (γ,θ) are calculated as

ψ(γ, θ ) = ∑ rTv (θ )Zv (k0γ ) (7)

where Tv (θ) denotes a linear combination of v-order first and second-class Lejeune func-
tions; Zv (k0γ ) denotes the generalized v-order spherical Bessel function; and k0 = ω (ε 0 µ0 )1/2
denotes the free-space wave number.
Combining the spherical Bessel function and the Lejeune function, the functions of the
inner and outer domains outside the vertebral body are taken as:
Inner domains:
A1 = ∑ rTv (θ ) Jv (k0γ ) (8)
Outer domains:
A2 = ∑ nBn Pn (cos θ ) Hn (k0γ ) (9)
Among them:
Tv (θ ) = CvPv (θ ) + Dv Pv (− cos θ ) (10)
Jv (k0γ ) = k0γ jv (k0γ ) (11)
Hn (k oγ ) = k0γ hn (k0γ ) (12)
where Pn (cosθ) denotes the linear solution of the Legendre equation; jv (k0γ ) denotes a
standing wave of the v-order first class spherical Bessel function in the direction of γ;
and hn (k0γ ) denotes the outward traveling wave of the n-order second class spherical
Hankel function along the direction of γ. N is a nonzero constant, v is a constant to be
determined, and Bn , Cv , and Dv are the expansion coefficients to be determined. Bringing
in the boundary conditions, the directional map function of the discone antenna can be
solved as:
f (θ ) = ∑ njn − Bn (cos θ ) Pn (cos θ ) sin θ (13)
The direction of antenna receiving electromagnetic wave concentration can be calcu-
lated by Equation (13).
The principle of the discone antenna is shown in Figure 2, the metal dish and the
coaxial feed line of the vertebrae are connected, the diameter of the dish is D, the diameters
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 20
of the upper and lower surface of the vertebrae are Dmax and Dmin , the inclination angle of
the vertebrae is θ 0 , and the bus length is L.

Figure 2. Schematic
Figure 2. Schematic diagram
diagram of
of discone
discone antenna.
antenna.

Because ◦
Because the
the discone
discone antenna
antenna is
is equivalent
equivalent to
to aa half-tension
half-tension angle
angle of
of 90
90° and
and aa half-
half-
tension
tension angle of θθ00 of
angle of ofthe
thevertebrae
vertebraecomposed
composed of of biconical
biconical antenna,
antenna, its characteristic
its characteristic im-
pedance is equivalent to half of the biconical antenna, which can be approximated by the
Equation (14):
θ0
Z 0 =60 ln(cot ) (14)
2
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 5 of 18

impedance is equivalent to half of the biconical antenna, which can be approximated

by the Equation (14):
θ0
Z0 = 60 ln(cot ) (14)
2
In this paper, we adopt the plagiarization of the vertebral part of the discone antenna
as the ground plane, to improve the overall impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The
matching impedance of the feed line connected with the disk cone antenna is 50 Ω, so
the size of the antenna can be designed according to the matching impedance during the
design. The vertebral cone angle of the antenna cannot be too small, otherwise it will cause
the matching impedance of the antenna to change drastically with the change of the bus
L; therefore, the cone angle θ 0 should be between 30~60◦ . The vertebral bus L cannot be
too small, to avoid the problem that the reactance component becomes bigger due to the
small radiation resistance of the antenna, which makes the matching impedance of the
coaxial feed line become poor, so the vertebral bus L should be slightly larger than 14 of the
wavelength corresponding to the lowest working frequency of the antenna λmax , i.e.,

L = k × λmax /4 (15)

where the k values range from 1.3 to 1.5.

2.3. CPW Feed Line

CPW feed line, as a microwave planar transmission line with the advantages of low
radiation loss, wide operating band, and simple structure, is often used in transmission
lines and microwave millimeter wave integrated components and other aspects. Due to its
unique planar structure, it can also be used in the antenna feeds, converting electromagnetic
wave energy in space into electromagnetic signal [21].
The principle of CPW feed line is shown in Figure 3, where the middle guide tape and
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEWthe ground plane on both sides are laid on the surface of the dielectric plate, the width of
6 of 20
the guide tape is w, the distance between the guide tape and the ground plane is d1 , and
the thickness of the dielectric plate is h1 .

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure3.3.Schematic
Schematic diagram
diagram of CPW feed
feed line:
line: (a)
(a) top
topview
viewof
ofCPW
CPWfeed
feedline;
line;(b)
(b)section
sectiondiagram
diagramof
of CPW
CPW feed
feed line.
line.

CPW
CPWfeed
feedline
linecharacteristic
characteristicimpedance
impedance ZZ0101isiscalculated
calculatedas:
as:
30π K0 '( k )
ZZ = 30πK (k) (16)
0101= √ε K ( k ) (16)
re K ( k )
ε re

where K
where K0 (' (kk) )==K (Kk(0 )k, ')K, 0 (Kk )' (=
k )K (=k0K
), (kk = k (=c +
') , c/ (c )+; 2Kw
c /2w ) ; K′
0 (k) denotes the first
(k) denotes the class of com-
first class of
plete elliptic
complete elliptic cosine functions;
cosine functions; andand K(k)K(k)
denotes the the
denotes firstfirst
classclass
of complete elliptic
of complete functions.
elliptic func-
tions.When 0 ≤ k ≤ 0.7
√ # −1
When 0 ≤ k ≤ 0.7
"
K (k) 1 1 + k0
= ( ln(2 √ ) (17)
K 0 (k) π 1 − k 0 −1
K (k )  1 1+ k ' 
=  ( ln(2 ) (17)
K '( k )  π 1− k ' 

When 0.7 ≤ k ≤ 1
K (k ) 1 1+ k
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 6 of 18

When 0.7 ≤ k ≤ 1 √
K (k) 1 1+ k
= ln ( 2 √ ) (18)
K 0 (k) π 1− k
where εre denotes the effective dielectric constant of the CPW feed line, which is calcu-
lated as:
 
εr + 1 k d
ε re = tan[1.75 + 0.775 ln(h1 /d1 )] + 1 1 [0.04 − 0.7k1 + 0.01(0.25 + k)(1 − 0.1ε r )] (19)
2 h1

After the above calculation, it can be obtained that the thickness of the dielectric plate has more
influence on the characteristic impedance of CPW feed line. The antenna using CPW feed line technol-
ogy can achieve the purpose of increasing the bandwidth of the antenna and also avoid the complex
structural modification of the antenna due to the drastic fluctuation of the characteristic impedance.

3. Flexible High-Sensitivity Elliptical Monopole Antenna

The flexible high-sensitivity elliptical monopole antenna designed in this paper operates in
the frequency band of 300 MHz~3 GHz, which can cover almost the entire UHF band. The antenna
is designed for the lowest operating frequency of the operating band, and 1 GHz is taken as the
center frequency of the antenna. From the above formula, the long axis a = 90 mm and the short
axis b = 30 mm of the elliptical radiation patch before antenna optimization. The cone angle θ 0 is
taken as 30◦ , the bus length L = 175 mm of the cone ground plane, the upper base Dmin = 3 mm, the
lower base Dmax = 180 mm, and the height H = 150 mm. The width w of CPW feed line is taken
as 2.5 mm, the distance d1 = 0.1 mm between the guide tape and the ground plane, and the height
H1 = 152 mm. The thickness of the antenna h1 is 0.28 mm. At this time, the antenna transverse
length A = 180 mm and longitudinal length B = 210 mm are larger and need to be further reduced. In
this paper, the exponential asymptotic impedance converter technique is used to realize the wide
band of the antenna by exponential asymptotic linearization of the CPW feed line [22], and the
designed parameters are simulated and optimized by HFSS to find the optimal parameters to realize
the miniaturization of the sensor.

3.1. CPW Feed Line Index Asymptotic Linearization Design

In micro strip antennas, the purpose of reducing standing waves and improving transmission
efficiency is often achieved by using micro strip impedance converters. In this paper, the exponential
asymptotic linearization of the CPW feed line makes the CPW feed line guide band section divide
into numerous steps from bottom to top, and makes the step length of each section infinitely short
when the width and characteristic impedance of the CPW feed line change continuously, so that
the reflections generated by each step cancel each other and realize the impedance matching of
the antenna in the wide band. The micro strip characteristic impedance Zc of the CPW feed line
varies along the impedance converter length direction, which varies exponentially according to the
following calculation equation:
Zc = Z02 eαz (20)
In the formula, Z02 represents the micro strip characteristic impedance at the center of the
asymptote, and α represents the transformation constant of the characteristic impedance.
The Txline software calculates the micro strip characteristic impedance Z1 and Z2 (Z1 > Z2 ) for
matching the upper bottom width w1 and the lower bottom width w2 of the CPW feeder, which in
turn calculates the length l of the guide strip by the following equation:

λ ln( Z1 + Z2 )
l= (21)
8πΓ1

In the equation
Z1 = Z02 e−αl/2 (22)
αl/2
Z2 = Z02 e (23)
Γ1 denotes the voltage reflection coefficient of the exponentially asymptotic linearize impedance
converter, which corresponds to the following calculation equation

λ Z
Γ1 = ln 1 (24)
8πl Z2
 Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 7 of 18

By calculation, we can obtain l = 110 mm, so the ground plane size can be reduced, that is, the
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW
height H of the trapezoidal ground plane is also taken as close to 110 mm to match the CPW part. The
antenna corresponding transverse length A is 180 mm and the longitudinal length B is 170 mm. The
CPW feed line is exponentially asymptotically linearize and two new variables are derived from the
feed line guide band upper bottom width w1 and lower bottom width w2 , which are optimized by
the change
the next of parameters
simulation A and
to find the optimal B. If based
parameters the 11 on parameters
the original feedare
line optimized by traditio
width w = 2.5 mm.
rameter scanning, the computational effort is very large. In order to ensure the
3.2. Antenna Simulation Optimization Design
mentability of the work, this paper first simulates and optimizes the parameters A
The size of the antenna is still large after the asymptotic linearization of the CPW feed index,
to
andfind the
further optimal
simulation values and
optimization derives
is needed to findthe approximate
the optimal parametersranges of theantenna.
of the reduced parameters
etc. Then the fine optimization of the parameters a, b, H, etc. is processed to finall
Because the main factor affecting the bandwidth of monopole antenna is the size of monopole antenna
patch, according to the antenna structure, it is known that the two main parameters affecting the area
mine the optimal values of the 11 parameters.
of monopole antenna are A and B. The parameters a, b, H, H1 , Dmin , Dmax , w1 , w2 , d1 only need to
Equation
be changed (25)with
accordingly represents
the change the formulaA and
of parameters for B.the 1/4
If the wavelength
11 parameters corresponding
are optimized
electromagnetic
by traditional parameterwave in free
scanning, the space, whereeffort
computational f1 indicates
is very large. theIn preset
order to operating
ensure the frequ
implementability of the work, this paper first simulates and optimizes the parameters A and B to find
the antenna.
the optimal values and derives the approximate ranges of the parameters a, b, H, etc. Then the fine
optimization of the parameters a, b, H, etc. is processed to finally determine the optimal values of the
c
11 parameters. L=
4 f1  corresponding
Equation (25) represents the formula for the 1/4 wavelength re
to the electromag-
netic wave in free space, where f 1 indicates the preset operating frequency of the antenna.
Parameter optimization domains cof A and B are determined by Equation (25
L= √ (25)
120 to 170 mm and B: 120 to 180 mm.4 f1 ε re
According
Parameter to the set
optimization optimization
domains of A and B aredomain, theby
determined parameter
Equation (25)Afor
is A:
first
120optimized
to
ingmm
170 ANSYSS
and B: 120HFSS
to 180 software,
mm. and the simulation results obtained are shown in Fig
According to the set optimization domain, the parameter A is first optimized by using ANSYSS
can be seen from the figure that as the value of parameter A decreases, the cen
HFSS software, and the simulation results obtained are shown in Figure 4. It can be seen from the
quency
figure thatof
as the lowoffrequency
the value parameter Aband gradually
decreases, the centermoves
frequencytoofthe
theright near the
low frequency bandtarget cen
quency and the bandwidth gradually increases. After the parameter A is reduced
gradually moves to the right near the target center frequency and the bandwidth gradually increases.
After the parameter A is reduced to 140 mm, the bandwidth appears to be degraded and narrowed,
mm, the bandwidth appears to be degraded and narrowed, so A = 140 mm is dete
so A = 140 mm is determined.

5.0 A=120mm,B=180mm A=130mm,B=180mm A=135mm,B=180mm

4.5 A=140mm,B=180mm A=145mm,B=180mm A=150mm,B=180mm
A=155mm,B=180mm A=160mm,B=180mm A=170mm,B=180mm
4.0
3.5
3.0
VSWR

2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0
Freq(GHz)
Figure 4. VSWR curve after optimized parameter A.
Figure 4. VSWR curve after optimized parameter A.
After determining the value of parameter A, the parameter value of A was set to 140 mm,
After
followed determining
by the optimization ofthe valueB.of
parameter parameter
The A, the
simulation results parameter
obtained value
are shown of A
in Figure 5. was se
It can be seen from the figure that as the value of parameter B decreases, the fluctuation of the
mm, followed by the optimization of parameter B. The simulation results obtai
center frequency gradually decreases and moves to the right near the target center frequency, and
shown in Figure
the bandwidth 5. It can
also increases beit.seen
with Afterfrom the figure
the parameter B isthat as the
reduced value
to 150 mm, of parameter
bandwidth is B de
the fluctuation
degraded of the
and narrowed, so Bcenter
= 150 mm frequency gradually decreases and moves to the rig
is determined.
the target center frequency, and the bandwidth also increases with it. After the pa
B is reduced to 150 mm, bandwidth is degraded and narrowed, so B = 150 mm i
mined.

5.0 A=140mm,B=120mm A=140mm,B=130mm A=140mm,B=140mm

4.5 A=140mm,B=145mm A=140mm,B=150mm A=140mm,B=155mm
A=140mm,B=160mm A=140mm,B=170mm A=140mm,B=180mm
4.0

Sensors 2022, 22, 4982
mm, followed by the optimization of parameter B. The simulation results obtai
shown in Figure 5. It can be seen from the figure that as the value of parameter B de
the fluctuation of the center frequency gradually decreases and moves to the rig
the target center frequency, and the bandwidth also increases with it. After the pa
B is reduced to 150 mm, bandwidth is degraded and narrowed, so B 8=of150 18 mm i
mined.

5.0 A=140mm,B=120mm A=140mm,B=130mm A=140mm,B=140mm

4.5 A=140mm,B=145mm A=140mm,B=150mm A=140mm,B=155mm
A=140mm,B=160mm A=140mm,B=170mm A=140mm,B=180mm
4.0
3.5
3.0

VSWR
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW
0.5
0.0
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW Freq(GHz) 9 of 20
After determining the values of parameters A and B, the obtained VSWR curv
Figure 5. VSWR curve after optimized parameter B.
Figure 5. VSWR
frequency curve with
coincides after optimized
the targetparameter B.
center frequency; the bandwidth approaches t
width as determining
After
After the target;the
determining the thevalues
values parameters
of parameters
of parametersAa, b,A H,
and B, andH
the , Dobtained
obtained
B,1the min, Dmax
VSWR , wcenter
curve
VSWR 1, w , dcenter
1 are fine-tu
2frequency
curve
coincides with the target center frequency; the bandwidth approaches the limit width
simulation optimization;
frequency coincides and the
with the target optimal
center VSWR
frequency; curve obtained
the bandwidth by the
as
approaches thetarget;
optimization
limit is
the parameters a, b, H, H1 , Dmin , Dmax , w1 , w2 , d1 are fine-tuned by simulation optimization; and
width as
in Figure the target; the parameters a, b, H, H 1, Dmin, Dmax, w1, w2, d1 are fine-tuned by
6. curve obtained by optimization is shown in Figure 6.
the optimal VSWR
simulation optimization; and the optimal VSWR curve obtained by optimization is shown
in Figure 6.

Figure6.6.The
Figure Theoptimal
optimalVSWR
VSWRcurve.
curve.
Figure 6. The optimal VSWR curve.
Thefinal
The finalstructure
structure of the
of the antenna
antenna determined
determined according
according to the
to the final finalcurve
VSWR VSWR curveinis
is shown
shown
Figure 7.inThe
The Figure
final 7. The corresponding
structure
corresponding of the
specific specific
antenna
structural structural
determined
parameters parameters
are shownaccording are1,shown
in Table to infinal
thethe
where Table
coneVSWR
angle θ 0 of the
1, where the trapezoidal
cone angleground plane
θ0 of the 32◦ .
is taken asground
trapezoidal plane is taken as 32°.
shown in Figure 7. The corresponding specific structural parameters are shown i
1, where the cone angle θ0 of the trapezoidal ground plane is taken as 32°.

Figure7.7.Structure
Figure Structurediagram
diagramof
ofelliptic
ellipticmonopole
monopoleantenna.
antenna.

Table 1. Design parameters of Antenna.

Numerical
Parameter
Value/mm
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 9 of 18

Table 1. Design parameters of Antenna.

Parameter Numerical Value/mm

Transverse length A 150
Base Longitudinal length B 140
Thickness h1 0.28
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW Long axis a 70 10 of 20
Elliptical radiation patch
Short axis b 17.5
Bus length L 133
Height H 114
Trapezoidal ground plane Guide tape lower bottom width w2 3
Upper base Dmin 4
Distance betweenLower
guidebase
tapeDand
max ground plane d1 140 0.18
Guidetape
Guide tapeupper
hypotenuse length
bottom width w1l 0.87 115
Guide
Guide tapetape
lowerband height
bottom H1w2
width 3 115
CPW feed line Distance between guide tape and
0.18
ground plane d1
3.3. Flexible Substrates
Guide tape hypotenuse length l 115
To address the shortcomingsGuide
of thetape
internal
band UHF
heightsensor
H1 using rigid materials
115 as the
substrate proposed in the previous paper, this paper uses flexible materials as the sub-
strate of the antenna.
3.3. Flexible SubstratesCommon flexible materials are PI (polyether imide) [23], PDMS (pol-
ydimethylsiloxane) [24], PTFE (poly tetra fluoroethylene) [25], etc. Table 2 gives the per-
To address the shortcomings of the internal UHF sensor using rigid materials as the substrate
formance parameters of PI, PDMS, and PTFE flexible materials. The performance param-
proposed in the previous paper, this paper uses flexible materials as the substrate of the antenna.
eters of PI,
Common flexiblePDMS, and PTFE
materials are PIare given in
(polyether Table
imide) 2. PDMS
[23], The flexible material PI used
(polydimethylsiloxane) in PTFE
[24], this
paper has the advantages of high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss, which
(poly tetra fluoroethylene) [25], etc. Table 2 gives the performance parameters of PI, PDMS, and PTFE can
ensure
flexible the high efficiency
materials. of the antenna
The performance parametersduring
of PI,signal
PDMS,transmission.
and PTFE are In addition,
given in Tabledue to
2. The
its goodmaterial
flexible insulation, ductility
PI used and flexibility,
in this paper it can guarantee
has the advantages the flexibility
of high dielectric andlow
constant and stability of
dielectric
loss,flexible
the which can ensure
antenna the high
sensor efficiency
in the of of
process theinternal
antennaGIS.during signal transmission. In addition,
due to its good insulation, ductility and flexibility, it can guarantee the flexibility and stability of the
flexible
Table 2. antenna
Flexible sensor inperformance
material the process ofparameters.
internal GIS.

Table 2.Materials
Flexible material performance parameters.
PI PDMS PTFE
Parameters
Materials
Dielectric constant 3.5 PI 2.7 PDMS 2.2PTFE
Parameters
Dielectric loss 0.004~0.007
Dielectric constant 3.5
0.001~0.004 2.7 0.001~0.005
2.2
Breakdown field
Dielectric loss 300 0.004~0.007 20 0.001~0.004 200
0.001~0.005
strength kv/mm
Breakdown field strength kv/mm 300 20 200
In this paper, the designed antenna is printed on a rectangular PI flexible dielectric
plate,In
the length
this paper,ofthe
which is 150
designed mm, the
antenna widthon
is printed of awhich is 140PImm,
rectangular anddielectric
flexible the thickness of
plate, the
length is
which of 0.28
which is 150
mm. Themm, the width
SMA-KE of which
interface of is
the140
RFmm, and the is
connector thickness
used toofconnect
which isthe
0.28 mm.
SMA
The SMA-KE
CPW interface
feeder for of the
feeding, RFphysical
The connectordiagram
is used toofconnect the SMA
the antenna is CPW
shown feeder for feeding,
in Figure 8. The
physical diagram of the antenna is shown in Figure 8.

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure8.8.Physical
Physicalview
viewof
ofthe
theantenna:
antenna:(a)
(a)front
frontside
sideof
ofthe
theantenna;
antenna;(b)
(b)back
backside
sideof
ofthe
theantenna.
antenna.

3.4. Antenna Performance Testing

3.4.1. Voltage VSWR
The voltage standing wave ratio (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, VSWR) indicates the
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW

Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 10 of 18

VSWR bandwidth is less than 2, which is the effective frequency band of the UHF
3.4. Antenna
VSWR Performance
calculation Testing is as follows.
formula
3.4.1. Voltage VSWR
The voltage standing wave ratio (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio,1 + VSWR)
Γ indicates the ratio of the
wave web voltage and the wave node voltage, usually with the=standing wave ratio being lower than
VSWR
1 − Γ bandwidth. This can reflect
a certain value of the bandwidth definition of the antenna impedance
both the frequency characteristics of the antenna impedance, but also the matching effect between
where Г isand
the antenna thethereflection coefficient
feed line; generally of the
the VSWR antenna.
bandwidth is less than 2, which is the effective
frequency band of the UHF sensor. VSWR calculation
The GIS shell in a power system is a cartridge formula is as follows.
structure, and its shell bending
is generally between 150~500 mm depending 1 + |Γ| on the voltage level and manufacturi
VSWR = (26)
cess. In this paper, the three-dimensional 1 − |Γelectromagnetic
| simulation model of e
monopole
where Γ is the antenna is established
reflection coefficient by ANSYS HFSS software 15.0, and the VSWR
of the antenna.
The GIS shell
are shown in a power
in Figure system the
9 when is a cartridge
flexiblestructure,
antenna andisitsnot
shellbent
bending
(0 radius
mm)isand generally
when the b
between 150~500 mm depending on the voltage level and manufacturing process. In this paper, the
radius is 100, 300, and 500 mm, respectively, in the frequency band of 300 MHz~
three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation model of elliptical monopole antenna is established by
The
ANSYS simulation
HFSS software results
15.0, andshow thatcurves
the VSWR when arethe
shown flexible
in Figureantenna
9 when thedesigned in this
flexible antenna is pape
deformed, VSWR < 2 in the frequency band of 340 MHz to 3 GHz. After different d
not bent (0 mm) and when the bending radius is 100, 300, and 500 mm, respectively, in the frequency
band of 300 MHz~3 GHz. The simulation results show that when the flexible antenna designed in this
of bending and deformation, the antenna VSWR will have small fluctuations, but t
paper is not deformed, VSWR < 2 in the frequency band of 340 MHz to 3 GHz. After different degrees
tuations are deformation,
of bending and very small: thewhen
antennathe
VSWR bending
will haveradius is 100 and
small fluctuations, 300fluctuations
but the mm, theareantenna
very
in small:
the 340when
MHz–3 the bending
GHz radius
band isis100
<2;and
when 300 mm,
thethe antenna VSWR
bending radius in the 340 MHz–3
is 500 mm, the GHzantenna
band is <2; when the bending radius is 500 mm, the antenna VSWR in the 500 MHz–750 MHz band is
in the 500 MHz–750 MHz band is <2.5; and in the 750 MHz~3 GHz band, the VSW
<2.5; and in the 750 MHz~3 GHz band, the VSWR < 2.

5.0
0mm
4.5
100mm
4.0 300mm
3.5 500mm
3.0
VSWR

2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0
Freq(GHz)

Figure 9.9.Simulation
Figure Simulationof VSWR curve.curve.
of VSWR
Furthermore, using Agilent Vector Network Analyzer (E5063A), the physical VSWR of the
Furthermore,
antenna was measured, andusing Agilent
the test Vector
results are shown Network
in Figure 10. Analyzer
It can be seen(E5063A), the
from the figure physical
that
of thetheantenna
when wasofmeasured,
bending radius and the
the antenna designed testpaper
in this results are300,
is 0, 100, shown
and 500inmm,Figure 10. It can
in addition
to the VSWR < 5 in the 300 MHz~650 MHz frequency band, the VSWR of the 650 MHz~3 GHz
from the figure that when the bending radius of the antenna designed in this pap
frequency band is basically <2, indicating that the VSWR is basically unchanged after the antenna
100, 300,
bending and 500 mm, in addition to the VSWR < 5 in the 300 MHz~650 MHz fre
deformation.
Comparing
band, the VSWR the simulated
of the 650 andMHz~3
measuredGHz antenna VSWR results,
frequency band there
is is a certain difference
basically <2, indicating
between the measured VSWR in the low frequency band and the simulated results, which is due to
VSWR is basically unchanged after the antenna bending deformation.
the influence of the antenna production and welding process precision and the unavoidable metal
conductor interference in the test environment, resulting in the narrowing of the measured VSWR
5.0
bandwidth in the low frequency band and oscillation in the high frequency band. However, the
overall 0mm
4.5 effect meets the antenna design requirements.
100mm
4.0 300mm
3.5 500mm
3.0
VSWR

2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
 Furthermore, using Agilent Vector Network Analyzer (E5063A), the physical VSWR
of the antenna was measured, and the test results are shown in Figure 10. It can be seen
from the figure that when the bending radius of the antenna designed in this paper is 0,
100, 300, and 500 mm, in addition to the VSWR < 5 in the 300 MHz~650 MHz frequency
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 band, the VSWR of the 650 MHz~3 GHz frequency band is basically <2, indicating
11 of 18 that the
VSWR is basically unchanged after the antenna bending deformation.
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 o
5.0
0mm
4.5
100mm
4.0 300mm
3.5Comparing
the simulated and measured results, there is a cer antenna
500mm VSWR
difference
3.0 between the measured VSWR in the low frequency band and the simula
VSWR
2.5
results, which is due to the influence of the antenna production and welding process p
2.0 and the unavoidable metal conductor interference in the test environment, resul
cision
1.5 narrowing of the measured VSWR bandwidth in the low frequency band and os
in the
1.0
lation in the high frequency band. However, the overall effect meets the antenna des
0.5
requirements.
0.0
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0
3.4.2. Radiation Direction Map
Freq(GHz)
The
Figure
Figure 10. radiation
10. Measured
Measured pattern
VSWR
VSWR indicates that in the far field of the antenna, the relative f
curve.
curve.
strength of the radiated field changes with the direction, which is used to feed back
3.4.2. Radiation Direction Map
gain effect of the antenna. The flexible antenna designed in this paper (bending radius o
The radiation pattern indicates that in the far field of the antenna, the relative field strength of
100, 300, and
the radiated field500 mm)with
changes at the
0.5,direction,
1, 1.5, 2,which
2.5, isand
used3to
GHz six frequency
feed back points
the gain effect and the radia
of the antenna.
pattern
The flexibleof antenna
the antenna plane
designed in thisHpaper
(YOZ plane)radius
(bending and ofplane
0, 100,E300,
(XOY plane)
and 500 mm) are shown
at 0.5, 1, 1.5, in Figu
2, 2.5,
11 and and
12.3 GHz six frequency points and the radiation pattern of the antenna plane H (YOZ plane)
and plane E (XOY plane) are shown in Figures 11 and 12.

0mm 0mm
100mm 100mm
300mm 0 300mm
0
330 30 400mm 330 30 400mm
0 0

-20 300 60
-20 300 60
-40
-40
-60 270 90
-60 270 90
-40
-40
-20 240 120
-20 240 120
0
210 150
0 180
210 150
180

(a) (b)
0mm 0mm
100mm 100mm
0 300mm 0 300mm
330 30 400mm 330 30 400mm
0 0

-20 300 60 -20 300 60

-40 -40

-60 270 90 -60 270 90

-40 -40

-20 240 120 -20 240 120

0 0
210 150 210 150
180 180

(c) (d)
0mm 0mm
100mm 100mm
0 300mm 0 300mm
330 30 400mm 330 30 400mm
0 0
-20 300 60 -20 300 60
-40 -40
-60 270 90 -60 270 90
-40 -40
-20 240 120 -20 240 120
0 0
210 150
180 210 150
180

(e) (f)
Figure 11.H-plane
Figure 11. H-plane patterns
patterns at different
at different frequencies:
frequencies: (a) 0.5
(a) 0.5 GHz; (b)GHz; (b)(c)11.5
1 GHz; GHz; (c)(d)1.5
GHz; GHz; (d) 2 G
2 GHz;
(e)
(e) 2.5 GHz;and
2.5 GHz; and(f)(f) 3 GHz.
3 GHz.

0mm
100mm 0mm
300mm 100mm
0
330 30 0 300mm
-2.0 500mm
1.2 330 30 500mm
-2.4 300 60 0.8
 -20 240 120 -20 240 120
0 0
210 150
180 210 150
180

(e) (f)
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 Figure 11. H-plane patterns at different frequencies: (a) 0.5 GHz; (b) 1 GHz; (c) 1.512GHz;
of 18 (d) 2 GH
(e) 2.5 GHz; and (f) 3 GHz.

0mm
100mm 0mm
300mm 100mm
0
330 30 0 300mm
-2.0 500mm
1.2 330 30 500mm
-2.4 300 60 0.8
300 60
0.4
-2.8
0.0
-3.2 270 90
-0.4 270 90
-2.8 0.0
0.4
-2.4 240 120 240 120
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 0.8 13 of
-2.0 210 150 1.2 210 150
180 180

(a) (b)
0mm 0mm
100mm 100mm
0 300mm 0 300mm
1 330 30 500mm 330 30 500mm
0
0
300 60 -5 300 60
-1
-10
-2 -15
-3 270 90 -20 270 90
-2 -15
-1 -10
240 120 240 120
0 -5
0
1 210 150 210 150
180 180

(c) (d)
0mm 0mm
100mm 100mm
0 300mm 0 300mm
0 330 30 500mm 2 330 30 500mm
-1 0
300 60 300 60
-2 -2
-3 -4
-4 270 90 -6 270 90
-3 -4
-2 -2
240 120 240 120
-1 0
0 210 150 2 210 150
180 180

(e) (f)
Figure
Figure 12. E-planepatterns
12. E-plane patterns at different
at different frequencies:
frequencies: (a) 0.5(a) 0.5(b)
GHz; GHz; (b)(c)
1 GHz; 1 GHz; (c)(d)
1.5 GHz; 1.52GHz;
GHz; (d) 2 G
(e)2.5
(e) 2.5 GHz;
GHz; and
and(f)(f)3 3GHz.
GHz.
From Figures 11 and 12, it can be seen that the H-plane directional pattern is inverted “8” at
0.5, 1,From
1.5, 2, Figures
and 3 GHz11 and 12, it
5 frequency can be
points, andseen that the
the E-plane H-plane
directional directional
pattern is invertedpattern
“8” at 0.5,is inver
“8” at and
1, 1.5, 0.5,3 1,
GHz1.5, 2, and 3points.
4 frequency GHz Except
5 frequency
for somepoints,
frequency and theitE-plane
points, can receive directional
UHF signal pattern
better, and“8”
inverted the at
antenna
0.5, 1,can receive
1.5, and UHF3 GHz signal better in H-plane.
4 frequency points. AtExcept
the samefor time, it canfrequency
some be seen poin
from the directional diagram that under the same bending radius, the receiving signal effect of the
itH-plane
can receive UHF signal better, and the antenna can receive UHF signal better in H-pla
of the flexible antenna increases with the increasing of frequency; under the same frequency,
Atthethe same characteristics
radiation time, it can be seen
of the fromofthe
H-plane thedirectional diagram
flexible antenna are less that under
affected the
by the same bend
curved
radius,
bendingthe receiving
deformation. signal
This effect
is because theof thebody
main H-plane
of the of the flexible
flexible antenna isantenna
monopoleincreases
antenna. with
The monopole
increasing ofantenna designed
frequency; in thisthe
under paper has afrequency,
same mainly symmetrical structure along
the radiation the H-plane, of the
characteristics
so its main received signal direction is in the H-plane, which leads to the deterioration of the antenna
plane
E-plane ofgain.
theSince
flexible antenna
the antenna itselfare less affected
is installed by thefacing
with its H-plane curved bending
the UHF signal deformation.
transmitting Thi
because the main body of the flexible antenna is monopole
direction, it does not affect the perception performance of the antenna itself. antenna. The monopole
tenna designed in this paper has a mainly symmetrical structure along the H-plane, so
4. Flexible Antenna Built-In Test
main received signal direction is in the H-plane, which leads to the deterioration of
When the flexible antenna is built into GIS, it may affect its internal electric field distribution
antenna E-plane gain. Since the antenna itself is installed with its H-plane facing the U
and become a potential risk source, so the impact of the flexible antenna on the internal electric field
signal transmitting
distribution of GIS mustdirection, it does
be taken into accountnot affect
after the perception
it is built performance
into GIS. In this of the anten
paper, a simulation
itself.
model of GIS internal flexible antenna is built by COMSOL Multiphysics to analyze the effect of
internal antenna on the internal electric field distribution of GIS. The flexible antenna is installed on
the inner wall of GIS metal shell, 30 kV is applied to the GIS high-voltage guide rod (bending radius
4.40Flexible
mm), and Antenna Built-In
the GIS (bending radiusTest
400 mm) is grounded; the antenna adopts a flexible substrate
(thickness 0.28 mm) and the surface copper
When the flexible antenna is built layer into
(thickness
GIS,0.035 mm)affect
it may to formits
a simplified
internalmodel,
field d as
electric
shown in Figure 13.
tribution and become a potential risk source, so the impact of the flexible antenna on
internal electric field distribution of GIS must be taken into account after it is built in
GIS. In this paper, a simulation model of GIS internal flexible antenna is built by COMS
Multiphysics to analyze the effect of internal antenna on the internal electric field dis
bution of GIS. The flexible antenna is installed on the inner wall of GIS metal shell, 30
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 20
Sensors2022,
Sensors 2022,22,
22,4982
x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 18
13 of 20

Figure 13. GIS built-in simplified model.

Figure 13.GIS
Figure13. GISbuilt-in
built-insimplified
simplifiedmodel.
model.
Simulations were
Simulations were carried
carried outout for two
for the the cases
two where
cases where the antenna
the flexible flexiblewasantenna was
not built in not
and
built Simulations were antenna
carried out for theintwo cases where the flexible antenna was not
the flexible antenna was built in within the range of 0~400 mm from the high-voltage conduit,high-
in and the flexible was built within the range of 0~400 mm from the so as
built
voltagein and the
to better conduit,
flexible antenna
so influence
analyze the as to better was
analyze
of the
built
built-inthe in within
influence
flexible
the range
of the
antenna
of 0~400
built-in
on the
mm
flexible
electric
from the
antenna on
field distribution
high-
the
inside
voltage
electric conduit,
the GIS. field so as
distribution
The simulation to better
inside
results analyze
the GIS.
are shown the
in The influence
Figure of
simulation
14. the
results are shown in Figure 14.the
built-in flexible antenna on
electric field distribution inside the GIS. The simulation results are shown in Figure 14.
350
350 No Built-in Flexible Antenna
Built-in Flexible
No Built-in Antenna
Flexible Antenna
300
Built-in Flexible Antenna
300
250
250
Ex(kV/mm)

200
Ex(kV/mm)

200
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0 50 Distance
X-axis 100 150of High200 250
Voltage 300
Guide 350 400
Rod(mm)
X-axis Distance of High Voltage Guide Rod(mm)
Figure 14.
Figure Field strength
14. Field strength change
change inin the x-axis 0~400
the x-axis 0~400 mm.
mm.
Figure 14. Field strength change in the x-axis 0~400 mm.
From the
From thesimulation
simulationresults,
results,it can be seen
it can be seenthatthat
the internal field strength
the internal of GIS with
field strength internal
of GIS with
antenna is basically the sameresults,
as the internal field strength without internal antenna. The internal
internal antenna is basically the same as the internal field strength without internal with
From the simulation it can be seen that the internal field strength of GIS an-
electric
internalfield distribution
antenna law of GIS
iselectric
basically theis not destroyed
same as thelawbecause offield
internal internal flexiblewithout
strength antenna,internal
so the effect
an-
tenna.
of
The
flexible
internal
antenna internal
field
GISfield
on the
distribution
internal electric
of GIS is not destroyed because of inter-
tenna. The internal electric distribution lawfield distribution
of GIS of GIS is almost
is not destroyed
nal flexible antenna, so the effect of flexible antenna internal GIS on the internal electric becausenegligible.
of inter-
nal flexible
field antenna,
distribution of GISso isthe effectnegligible.
almost of flexible antenna internal GIS on the internal electric
5. Flexible Antenna Performance Testing and Verification
field distribution of GIS is almost negligible.
5.1. PD Testing Test Platform
5. Flexible Antenna
According
Performance
to the test
Testing
requirementsTesting
and Verification
of the discharge capacity in the partial discharge test of the
5. Flexible Antenna Performance and Verification
5.1.
powerPDequipment,
Testing Testthe Platform
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has formulated a special
5.1. PD Testing
standard Test Platform
for this method: IEC60270 [26]. China
According to the test requirements ofhas
thealso formulated
discharge a corresponding
capacity testing
in the partial standard
discharge
on thisAccording
basis: GB/T7354-2018
to the test [27]. This methodofusually
requirements the measures capacity
discharge the electrical
in pulse
the signal discharge
partial generated
test of the power equipment, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has for-
by the
test ofdevice
the PD byequipment,
power connecting the coupling deviceElectrotechnical
(RL or RLC circuit) to the test sample
(IEC)in series
mulated a special standard forthe International
this method: IEC60270 [26]. ChinaCommission
has also formulatedhas for-
a
or to the coupling capacitor, as shown in Figure 15, where U
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEWmulated a special standard for this method: IEC60270 [26]. China has also is the high-voltage power supply,
15 offormulated
20 Caa
corresponding testing standard on this basis: GB/T7354-2018 [27]. This method
is the test product, Ck is the coupling capacitor, CD is the coupling device, and M is the signal usually
corresponding
measures testing pulse
the electrical standard signalon generated
this basis: byGB/T7354-2018
the device PD [27].
by This methodthe
connecting usually
cou-
detection device.
measures the electrical pulse signal generated by the device PD by
pling device (RL or RLC circuit) to the test sample in series or to the coupling capacitor, connecting the cou-
pling device (RL or RLC circuit) to the test sample in series or to
as shown in Figure 15, where U is the high-voltage power supply, Ca is the test product, the coupling capacitor,
Cas shown in Figure 15, where U is the high-voltage power supply, Ca is the test product,
k is the coupling capacitor, CD is the coupling device, and M is the signal detection de-
C k is the coupling capacitor, CD is the coupling device, and M is the signal detection de-
vice.
vice.

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure15.
15.Typical
Typicalpulse current
pulse method
current methodPDPD measurement
measurementcircuit: (a) the
circuit: (a) coupling device
the coupling is con-
device is connected
nected in series with the coupling capacitor; (b) the coupling device is connected in series with the
in series with the coupling capacitor; (b) the coupling device is connected in series with the test sample.
test sample.

To verify the performance of the flexible antenna designed in this paper to detect PD
signals, aiming at the two standards of IEC60270 and GB/T7354-2018, this paper builds a
GIS partial discharge test circuit as showed in Figure 16, and uses the pulse current
 (a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure
Figure15.
15.Typical
Typicalpulse
pulsecurrent
currentmethod
methodPDPDmeasurement
measurementcircuit:
circuit:(a)
(a)the
thecoupling
couplingdevice
deviceisiscon-
con-
nected
nected in series with the coupling capacitor; (b) the coupling device is connected in serieswith
in series with the coupling capacitor; (b) the coupling device is connected in series withthethe
test
testsample.
sample.
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 14 of 18
To
Toverify
verifythe theperformance
performanceofofthe theflexible
flexibleantenna
antennadesigneddesignedininthis thispaper
papertotodetect
detectPD PD
signals,
signals, aiming at the two standards of IEC60270 and GB/T7354-2018, this paperbuilds
aiming at the two standards of IEC60270 and GB/T7354-2018, this paper buildsaa
GIS
GIS partial
partial discharge test test circuit as
as showed inin Figure
Figure 16, and uses
uses the pulse current
To verifydischarge
the performance circuit showed
of the flexible antenna designed 16, andpaper
in this tothe pulse
detect PDcurrent
signals,
method
method
aiming atto
to obtain
theobtain the
themagnitude
two standards magnitude
of IEC60270 ofofpartial
partial discharge.
discharge.Among
and GB/T7354-2018, Among them,
this paperthem,
builds 77corresponds
corresponds totoM
a GIS partial discharge Minin
Figure
Figure
test 15a,
15a,
circuit as55showed
corresponds
corresponds totoCk
in Figure Ckin
16, inFigure
and Figure
uses the15a,
15a, and 66corresponds
andcurrent
pulse corresponds
method to totoobtain
CD
CDinin Figure
Figure
the 15a.
magnitude15a.By By
of
filling
partial the real
discharge. type 220
Among kV GIS
them, 7 cavity with
corresponds 0.5
to MMPa
in SF
Figure gas
15a,and
filling the real type 220 kV GIS cavity with 0.5 MPa SF6 gas and setting a typical metal filth
6 5 setting
corresponds a typical
to Ck metal
in Figure filth
15a,
discharge
and
discharge defect
defectinin
6 corresponds toit.
CDThe
it. developed
in Figure
The developed15a. Byflexible
fillingUHF
flexible the
UHF antenna
real type 220
antenna sensor
kV GIS
sensor isiscavity
bent
bentand andaffixed
with 0.5 MPainto
affixed SF6
into
gas
the and
cavitysetting
wall a typical
for PD metal filth
radiation discharge defect
electromagnetic in it. The
pulse
the cavity wall for PD radiation electromagnetic pulse sensing performance testing. Thedeveloped
sensing flexible
performance UHF antenna
testing. sensor
The
is bent of
circuit and affixed into the cavity walloffor PD radiationfrequency
electromagnetic pulse sensing performance
circuit ofthe thetesttestplatform
platformconsists
consists ofan anindustrial
industrial frequencypower powersupply,
supply,aatransformer
transformer
testing.
without The circuit of the test platform consists of an industrial frequency power supply, aatransformer
without partial discharge, a protection resistor, a voltage dividing capacitor, acoupling
partial discharge, a protection resistor, a voltage dividing
without partial discharge, a protection resistor, a voltage dividing capacitor, a coupling capacitor,
capacitor, coupling
capacitor,
capacitor, aa220 220 kV
kV GIS,
GIS, etc.
etc. The
The signal
signal acquisition
acquisition equipment
equipment uses
uses aaTektronix
Tektronix high-
high- per-
per-
a 220 kV GIS, etc. The signal acquisition equipment uses a Tektronix high- performance digital
formance
oscilloscope
digital
formance digital oscilloscope
oscilloscope four
(Tektronix*MSO44,
(Tektronix*MSO44,
(Tektronix*MSO44,
channels, bandwidth
four
four1.5,channels,
channels,
sampling
bandwidth
bandwidth
frequency 6.25
1.5, sampling
1.5, GS/s)
sampling and
frequency
frequency
the 6.25
metal filth6.25 GS/s)
GS/s)and
discharge and the
thein
defect metal
kind filth
metal isfilth discharge
showndischarge
in Figuredefect
17. in
defect inkind
kindisisshown
shownininFigure
Figure17. 17.

Figure
Figure16.
16.Experimental
16. Experimentalcircuit
circuit1-Industrial
1-Industrialfrequency
frequencypower
powersupply;
supply;2-No
2-Nopartial
partialdischarge
dischargetrans-
trans-
former;
former;3-Protection
3-Protectionresistor;
resistor;4-Dividing
4-Dividingcapacitor; 5-Coupling
capacitor; 5-Couplingcapacitor;
capacitor;6-Detection
6-Detection impedance;
impedance;
3-Protection resistor; 4-Dividing capacitor; 5-Coupling capacitor; 6-Detection impedance; 7-7-
220
220kV
kV GIS.
GIS.
7–220 kV GIS.

Figure
Figure17.
Figure 17.Metal
17. Metalfilth
Metal filthdischarge
filth dischargedefect.
discharge defect.
defect.

When the test voltage is 12.5 kV and the average discharge is about 9.5 pc, the flexible antenna
sensor designed in this paper can effectively detect the high-frequency electromagnetic wave signal
radiated under this discharge intensity. Figure 18 shows the time domain (Figure 18a) and frequency
domain characteristics (Figure 18b) of a UHF electromagnetic pulse signal detected at a sampling rate
of 6.25 Gs/s.
From Figure 18, it can be seen that the main frequency range of UHF electromagnetic pulse is
from 1 GHz to 1.5 GHz, and the main interfering frequency points of electromagnetic pulse noise in
the band range of 300 MHz–3 GHz are 376.42 MHz, 878.50 Hz, 938.75 MHz, and 1.86 GHz. Analyzing
the frequency points, 376.42 MHz, 878.50 MHz, 938.75 MHz, and 1.86 GHz interference points
are caused by 4 G signals from nearby base stations. In the UHF spectrum, the electromagnetic
interference frequency component accounts for a small percentage. After excluding the influence of
external electromagnetic waves, the flexible antenna can effectively detect the UHF electromagnetic
wave signals from 1 GHz to 1.5 GHz radiated by metal fifth metal discharge defect, and the designed
flexible antenna can effectively realize the detection of UHF electromagnetic wave signals radiated by
metal fouling defects with low discharge amount and excellent antenna performance.
 Figure 17. Metal filth discharge defect.

Sensors 2022, 22, 4982
When the test voltage is 12.5 kV and the average discharge is about 9.5 pc, the flexible
antenna sensor designed in this paper can effectively detect the high-frequency
electromagnetic wave signal radiated under this discharge intensity. Figure 18 shows the
time domain (Figure 18a) and frequency domain characteristics (Figure 18b) of a UHF15 of 18
electromagnetic pulse signal detected at a sampling rate of 6.25 Gs/s.

40
30
20
10

UHF(mV)
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Times(μs)

(a)
2.5
Frequency domain characteristics
of UHF electromagnetic pulse
2.0 Frequency domain characteristics
of electromagnetic noise
Amplitude

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Freq(GHz)

(b)
Figure 18.18.Metal
Figure Metalfilth dischargedefects:
filth discharge defects:(a)(a) time
time domain
domain characteristics;
characteristics; (b) frequency
(b) frequency domaindomain
characteristics.
characteristics.
5.2. PD Signal Detection Test under Different Voltage Levels
From Figure
To verify the18,
PD it detection
can be seen that the main
performance frequency
of the range ofafter
flexible antenna UHF electromagnetic
bending and deformation,
pulse
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW is from
the antenna was1 bent
GHzand toplaced
1.5 GHz,
insideand the cavity
the GIS mainsurface.
interfering frequency
The test points
voltage was of of
stepped
17 20 from
electromagnetic pulse
12.5 kV to 13.6 kV, the noise in the banddetection
PD performance range oftest
300was
MHz–3 GHz are
performed 376.42
on the MHz,
flexible 878.50and the
antenna,
Hz,
PD938.75
signalMHz, and 1.86
waveform was GHz. Analyzing
collected the frequency
at the sampling rate of points, 376.42
6.25 GS/s, MHz, in
as shown 878.50
FigureMHz,
19.
938.75 MHz, and 1.86 GHz interference points are caused by 4 G signals from nearby base
120 In the UHF spectrum, the electromagnetic interference frequency component
stations.
100
accounts
80 for a small percentage. After excluding the influence of external electromagnetic
waves, 60 the flexible antenna can effectively detect the UHF electromagnetic wave signals
UHF(mV)

40
from 120GHz to 1.5 GHz radiated by metal fifth metal discharge defect, and the designed
flexible0 antenna can effectively realize the detection of UHF electromagnetic wave signals
-20 by metal fouling defects with low discharge amount and excellent antenna
radiated
-40
performance.
-60
-80
-100
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Times(μs)

(a)
120
100
80
60
UHF(mV)

40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Times(μs)

(b)
Figure 19.19.
Figure Signal waveform
Signal waveformofofflexible
flexibleantenna
antennacollected
collectedat
at two
two voltage levels: (a)
voltage levels: (a) 12.5
12.5kV
kVand
and(b)
(b)13.6 kV.
13.6 kV.

From Figure 19, it can be seen that the amplitude of the signal collected by the flexible
antenna is 87.2 mV when the voltage level is 12.5 kV, and 88.0 mV when the voltage level
is 13.6 kV at a sampling rate of 6.25 GS/s. The test shows that the flexible antenna has good
 -100
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Times(μs)

(b)
Figure 19. Signal waveform of flexible antenna collected at two voltage levels: (a) 12.5 kV and (b)
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 13.6 kV. 16 of 18

From Figure 19, it can be seen that the amplitude of the signal collected by the flexible
antenna
FromisFigure
87.2 mV19, itwhen
can bethe
seenvoltage
that thelevel is 12.5ofkV,
amplitude the and
signal88.0 mV when
collected by thethe voltage
flexible level
antenna is
is 13.6
87.2 mVkV at athe
when sampling rate is
voltage level of12.5
6.25kV,
GS/s.
and The testwhen
88.0 mV shows thethat the flexible
voltage antenna
level is 13.6 kV at ahas good
sampling
rate of 6.25 GS/s.
performance The test shows
in detecting that the
PD signals atflexible antenna
different haslevels.
voltage good performance in detecting PD
signals at different voltage levels.
5.3. PD Signal under the Average Discharge of the Average Pulse Amplitude Detection Test
5.3. PD Signal under the Average Discharge of the Average Pulse Amplitude Detection Test
Because partial discharge itself has a certain fluctuation, in order to further test the
Because partial discharge itself has a certain fluctuation, in order to further test the sensing
sensing performance of the flexible antenna sensor designed in this paper, the spectrum
performance of the flexible antenna sensor designed in this paper, the spectrum information of PD
information of PD and
pulse current signal pulse current
UHF signal andpulse
electromagnetic UHF electromagnetic
signal pulse
sensed by flexible signalatsensed
antenna by
sampling
flexible antenna
rate of 5 MS/s wereatanalyzed
sampling rate 12.5
under of 5kV
MS/s
testwere analyzed
voltage under
level, and 12.5 kVresults
the statistical test voltage level,
are shown in
and the20
Figures statistical
and 21. results are shown in Figures 20 and 21.

9
PD Pulse Electric Discharge Quantity(pC)

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW Phase(Degrees) 18 of 20

Figure 20. Discharge pattern of the filth defects inside GIS under 12.5 kV.
kV.
UHF Electromagnetic Pulse Signal Amplitude/mV

13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Phase(Degrees)

Figure 21.
Figure UHF electromagnetic
21. UHF electromagnetic pulse
pulse signal
signal amplitude
amplitude pattern
pattern of
of the
the filth
filth defects
defects inside
inside GIS
GIS under
under
12.5 kV.

From Figures
From Figures20 20
andand
21, it21,
canitbecan
seenbe
that boththat
seen PD pulse
both current signal
PD pulse and UHF
current electromagnetic
signal and UHF
electromagnetic pulse signal are concentrated in the positive half-period peak peak
pulse signal are concentrated in the positive half-period peak and negative half-axis of AC
and nega-
phase, and the average amplitude of PD pulse current signal is 6.71 mV, corresponding to the average
tive half-axis peak of AC phase, and the average amplitude of PD pulse current signal is
discharge amount of 9.62 pC; the average amplitude of UHF electromagnetic pulse signal is 5.45 mV
6.71 mV, corresponding to the average discharge amount of 9.62 pC; the average ampli-
(at 5 MS/s sampling rate), which indicates that the antenna designed in this paper can effectively
tude
detectof
theUHF electromagnetic
discharge signal below 10 pulse signal
pC with is sensitivity.
high 5.45 mV (at 5 MS/s sampling rate), which
indicates that the antenna designed in this paper can effectively detect the discharge signal
below 10 pC with
6. Performance high sensitivity.
Comparison
In order to further verify the performance effects of the antenna designed in this paper, such as
6. Performance
gain Comparison
and sensitivity, this paper selects three articles about the built-in UHF PD detection antenna for
In order to further verify the performance effects of the antenna designed in this pa-
per, such as gain and sensitivity, this paper selects three articles about the built-in UHF
PD detection antenna for comparison [12,13,28], and compares the performance of size,
gain, sensitivity, etc. The performance comparison is shown in Table 3.
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 17 of 18

comparison [12,13,28], and compares the performance of size, gain, sensitivity, etc. The performance
comparison is shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Performance comparison.

Literature
This Article Literature [13] Literature [12] Literature [28]
Performance
Size/mm 140 × 150 195 × 142 124 × 77 145 × 145
Is it flexible Yes Yes No Yes
VSWR 340 MHz~3 GHz < 2 450 MHz~3 GHz < 5 500 MHz~3 GHz < 5 500 MHz~3 GHz < 5
Does the deformation have a huge impact
No No None No
on VSWR
Inverted “8” radiation pattern frequency
0.5,1,1.5,2.5,3 0.5,0.7,1,1.5 0.66,1.5,2.5 0.6,1,1.5,2,2.5,3
points/GHz
The smallest detectable discharge size/Pc 8.6 13.9 None 18.6
The effect of The effect of The effect of The effect of
UHF signal detection spectrum analysis capturing UHF signal capturing UHF signal capturing UHF signal capturing UHF signal
is obvious is poor is obvious is obvious

From the comparison results in the Table 3, on the basis of being built in, the antenna designed
in this paper has flexibility, and the bending deformation has almost no effect on the detection of PD
signals by the antenna; high gain at multiple frequencies of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.5, and3 GHz; it can detect PD
signals below 10 Pc, and capture the effect of UHF signals, with high detection sensitivity.

7. Conclusions
To address the shortcomings of the existing built-in UHF sensor with rigid substrate, this paper
carried out the study of flexible built-in high-sensitivity elliptical monopole antenna sensor for PD
detection, introduced PI material as the flexible base of the antenna, and simulated and verified
the emission characteristics of the antenna through finite element simulation and analyzer real
measurement. Finally, the PD signal detection performance of the antenna was measured empirically
using the constructed experimental platform, and the following conclusions were drawn.
• Three techniques, rectangular patch antenna equivalent technique, trapezoidal ground plane
technique, and CPW feed line index asymptotic linearization were used to reduce the VSWR
and expand the bandwidth of the antenna in the 300 MHz~3 GHz band. The simulated and
measured results show that a VSWR < 3 can be maintained in the 300 MHz~650 MHz bands
under the bending radius of 0, 100, 300, and 500 mm and VSWR < 2 can be maintained in the
650 MHz~3 GHz bands, with good omnidirectional radiation characteristics.
• The flexible antenna was tested by software simulation and GIS PD testing platform, which
showed that the influence of GIS on the internal electric field distribution of the flexible antenna
was almost negligible, which was suitable for practical application.
• The flexible antenna was tested by the built GIS PD detection test platform, and the test showed
that the flexible antenna can effectively detect the PD signal with an average discharge below
10 pC after bending, and the sensitivity of the test PD signal is high.

Author Contributions: G.Z. and X.Z. proposed the research direction and supervised the writing of
the paper. H.Z., H.T., C.L. and J.L. designed the antenna model, improved antenna model, completed
the simulation and experiment, and wrote the manuscript. G.Z., H.Z. and Y.Z. revised the manuscript.
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environ-
mental Protection (No. GYW51202101362).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Sensors 2022, 22, 4982 18 of 18

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