Applied Mathematics I Physics Department, National Taiwan University

Professor Jiun-Huei Proty Wu Semester 112-2 (Spring 2024)

Example Sheet 5

1. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the following matrices.
0 1 0
(a) 𝑨 = (1 0 0).
0 0 0
0 0
(b) 𝑩 = ( ).
0 0
0 1
(c) 𝑪 = ( ).
0 0
1 0
(d) 𝑫 = ( ).
0 0

0 𝑖 0
(e) 𝑬 = (−𝑖 0 0).
0 0 1
1/2 1/2
(f) 𝑭 = ( ).
1/2 1/2
cos 𝜃 −sin 𝜃
(g) 𝑮 = ( ). Express its eigenvalues in the exponential form 𝑒 𝑥 .
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

1 2 3
(h) 𝑯 = (0 4 5).
0 0 6
2. For the matrices defined in question 1, compute the following.
(a) 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝑬−𝟏 ), 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝑬† ), 𝑇𝑟(𝑬† )
(b) 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝑮−𝟏 )
(c) 𝐷𝑒𝑡((𝑭𝑮)−𝟏 )
(d) 𝑇𝑟(𝑮† 𝑭𝑮)
(e) 𝑇𝑟(𝑬𝑨𝑬−𝟏 )
3. Show that the eigenvalues of a unitary matrix are of unit modulus and the eigenvectors
corresponding to its distinct eigenvalues are orthogonal.
4. Show that if the eigenvalues of 𝑨 are 𝜆𝑖 , then the eigenvalues of 𝑨𝒎 are 𝜆𝑖 𝑚 , and that 𝑨 and
𝑨𝒎 have the same eigenvectors.
5. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvector of the inertial matrix I in Question 5 of Example Sheet 4.
6. Consider the triangular factorization 𝑨 = 𝑳𝑼 for the following matrices. Find their 𝑳, 𝑼, rank,
and pivots.
 cos 𝜃 −sin 𝜃
(a) 𝑨 = ( ).
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 0 0
(b) 𝑩 = (0 1/2 −1/2).
0 −1/2 1/2

1 2 3 4
(c) 𝑪 = (5 6 7 8 ).
9 10 11 12

1 1 1
(d) 𝑫 = (2 4 5).
0 4 0
7. Diagonalize the ‘square’ matrices defined in the previous question, namely 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑫. In the
answers, specifically write down the diagonalized similar matrices 𝜦 and their associated
similarity-transformation matrices 𝑺, where the original matrices equal 𝑺𝜦𝑺† .

8. What are the rank, nullity, trace, and determinant of the following matrices?
(a) A 6 × 6 normal matrix with eigenvalues of 1, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0.
(b) 𝑬−1 , where 𝑬 has eigenvalues of 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3.
(c) Matrices 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪, 𝑫 in question 6.

𝑎 0 0 0
9. A matrix 𝑨 can be diagonalized to 𝜦 = (0 𝑏 0 0). Answer the following.
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 2
(a) If 𝑨−1 exists, what is the condition for 𝑎 and 𝑏?
(b) Find Det(𝑨−3 ) and Tr(𝑨−4 ).
(c) If its nullity is 2, what are 𝑎 and 𝑏?

𝑢
1
𝑣
10. If 𝑪𝒘 = (1) where 𝑪 is as defined in 6(c) and 𝒘 = (𝑥 ), solve for 𝐰 = 𝒘p + 𝒘n .
1 𝑦