Biology SSC-I

BAHRIA FOUNDATION COLLEGES (NORTH)

Centralized Notes of Short Questions
(RWP, Mardan, Abbottabad, Gujranwala, Sargodha) Boards
Biology SSC-I

Topic: Introduction to Biology

1. Why was the scientific information not classified into different branches?
In ancient times, the scientific information was not classified into different branches, as
it exists today. All the scientific information was included under one head i.e. science.
Reason:
With the passage of time scientific information increased many folds and this enormous
scientific knowledge was then classified into different branches like:
● Biology
● Physics
● Chemistry
● Mathematics
2. What are the thoughts of Dr. Abdus Salam about science?
According to Dr. Abdus Salam,
“Scientific knowledge is common heritage of mankind”
3. What is science?
Science is the study in which observations are made, experiments are done and logical
conclusions are drawn in order to understand principles of nature.

4. Define Biology and also write its meaning and

derivation. The word “Biology” has been derived from
two Greek words. Bios meaning “life”
Logos meaning “thought or reasoning”
“The scientific study of life is called biology”

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5. Define fossils?
Fossils are remains of the living things preserved by natural process. Fossils help the
study of life in the past and process of evolution. E.g. coal.

6. What is the benefit of the study of living things?

To understand and appreciate nature, it is essential to study the structures, functions and
related aspects of living organisms. The study of living organisms provides information
and remedies to human problems regarding health, food and environment.
7. Differentiate between zoology and botany?

Zoology Botany
This division of biology deals with the This division of biology deals with the
study of animals. study of plants.

8. Name the three main divisions of biology.

Biology and three main divisions
● Zoology (study of animals)
● Botany (study of plants)
● Microbiology (study of microbes e.g. bacteria, viruses)
9. How would you differentiate between morphology and anatomy?

Morphology Anatomy

● Morphology deals with the ● Anatomy or internal

study of form and structure of morphology deals with the
living organisms. study of internal structures of
● It includes study of physical living organisms.
features such as size, shape ● It includes study of cellular and
and color of biological tissue composition of biological
structures. structures.

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10. Define molecular biology?

Molecular biology deals with the study of molecules of life. It is also known as
biochemistry. e.g. water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.
11. Differentiate between physiology and cell biology?

Physiology Cell biology

The study of the functions of The study of structures and functions

different of
parts of living organisms is called cell and cell organelles is called
cell
physiology. biology. It also deals with cell divisions.

12. What is the difference between genetics and inheritance?

The study of genes and their role in inheritance is called genetics whereas
transmission of characters from one generation to another is called inheritance.
13. Define embryology?
“It is the study of development of an embryo to new individual”.
14. What are parasites? Give examples.
The organisms that take food and shelter from living hosts and in return harm them
are called parasites. E.g. viruses, pathogenic bacteria and lices etc.
15. What is immunity and it is studied under which branch of biology?
The ability of body to protect itself from foreign substances and cells including
infectious microbes is called immunity and the study of immunity is called immunology.
16. Define biotechnology with suitable example.
It deals with the practical application of living organisms to make substances for the
welfare of mankind. E.g. production of human insulin by bacteria against diabetes.
17. What do you know about pharmacology?
It is the study of drugs and their effects on the systems of human body e.g.
paracetamol used as painkiller.
18. What are the major biological issues today?
The major biological issues of today are as follows
● Human population growth
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● Infectious diseases
● Addictive drugs
● Environmental pollution
19. How would you define inter-disciplinary sciences?
Biology include information on various aspects of living things but these information relate
to the other branches of science as well. Each branch of science has relationships with all
other branches. This forms the basis of inter-disciplinary sciences.
Example:
The study of basic metabolism of photosynthesis and respiration involves the
knowledge of chemistry.
20. What is meant by biophysics?
It deals with the study of the principles of physics, which are applicable to biological
phenomenon.

Example:
There is a similarity between the working principles of lever in physics and limbs of
animals in biology.
21. Define biochemistry with relevant example.
It deals with the study of chemistry of different compounds and processes occurring
in living organisms.
Example:
The study of basic metabolism of photosynthesis and respiration involves the
knowledge of chemistry.
22. What is meant by biogeography?
It deals with the study of occurrence and distribution of different species of living
organisms in different geographical regions of the world.
It applies the knowledge of the characteristics of particular geographical regions to
determine the characteristics of living organisms found there.
23. Define biometry?
It deals with the study of biological processes using mathematical techniques and tools.
Example:
To analyze the data gathered after experimental work, biologists have to apply the
rules of mathematics.
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24. Define bio-economics?

It deals with the study of organisms from economical point of view.
Example:
The cost value and profit value of the yield of wheat can be calculated through bio-
economics.
25. Define agriculture and discuss roles of agriculturist?
This profession deals with the food, crops and animals which are the source of food.

Scope:
An agriculturist works for the betterment of crops like wheat, rice, corn etc. and
animals from which we get food.
26. What do you know about
horticulture? This profession includes
the art of gardening. Scope:
A horticulturist works for the betterment of existing varieties and for the production of
new varieties of ornamental plants and fruit plants.

27. Name the professions that can be adopted after bachelor level of zoology.
Following professions can be adopted after bachelor levels of zoology.
● Fisheries
● Farming
● Forestry
28. What is farming? Give examples of different farms.
It deals with development and maintenance of different types of farms.
Examples:
● In some farms, animal breeding technologies are used for the production of
animals which are better protein and milk source.
● In poultry farms, chicken and eggs are produced.
● In fruit farms, different fruit yielding plants are grown.
29. Name any five careers in biology.
Following are the five careers in biology.
● Medicine and surgery

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● Fisheries
● Agriculture and farming
● Biotechnology
● Horticulture
30. What is hydroponics?
Plants are grown by using water culture technique. This technique for growing plants
with their roots in a circulating water solution is called hydroponics.

31. What is forestry and enlist the careers related to forestry?

It is the science of planting, managing and caring for forests. The careers related to forestry
are
● Forest officer
● Forest ecologist
● Environmental engineer
32. Quote a verse from Holy Quran that hints at common origin of all living things.
At many places in Holy Quran, Allah hints about the common origin and characteristics of
living organisms.
Translation:
“We made every living thing from water”
(Surah Ambia, verse 30)
As we know that all living things consist of 85 to 90 % of water. So all living things
have come out of water and thus they have a common origin.
33. Quote a verse from Holy Quran that hints about the process of
reproduction? Translation:
“Thenfashioned we the drop a clot, then fashioned we the clot a little lump, then
fashioned we the little lump bones, then clotted the bones with flesh”
(Surah AL- Mominoon, Ayat 14)
34. What are the contributions of Abdul Malik Asmai in field of
science? He is considered the first Muslim scientist who studied
animals in detail. Famous books:
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His famous books are

● Al Nabatat
● Al Haywan
35. Name the books written by following scientists?
A. Jabir bin hayyan (Al-Nabatat, Al-Haywan)
B. Abdul malik asmai (Al-abil (camel), Al khail (horse), Al-wahoosh (animal),
khalaq-al- insan)
C. Bu ali sina (Al-Qanun-Fit-al-Tib)
36. What is the role of Bu Ali Sina in Biology?
He is honored as the founder of medicine and called as Avicenna in the west. He was a
physician, philosopher, astronomer and poet.
Famous books:
One of his famous books "Al Qanun fit al tib" is known as the canon of medicine in west.
37. Define an atom and also tells its meaning.
An atom is defined as simplest form of matter which cannot be further subdivided. It is
composed of three fundamental particles electrons, protons and neutrons.
Meaning:
"A" means not and "tom" means cut.
38. Define bioelements and enlist them.
The elements that take part in making the body mass of a living organism are called
bioelements. There are only 16 bioelements.
Only six (O, C, H, N, Ca & P) make 99 % of the total mass.
Other ten (K,S,Cl, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn & I ) collectively make 1% of total mass.

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39. Draw a graph to show the percentage composition of six bio elements, by mass of
a human being?

40. What is biomolecule?

In organisms bioelements usually do not occur in isolated forms rather they combine
through ionic or covalent bonding. The stable particle formed by such bonding is called as
biomolecule. E.g. glucose, proteins.
41. Write down names of biomolecules
groups. Following are names of
biomolecules groups.
● Micromolecules
● Macromolecules
42. What is the difference between micromolcules and
macromolecules? Micromolecules:
The biomolecules with low molecular weight are called micro-molecules. E.g. glucose and
water.
Macromolecules:
The biomolecules with high molecular weight are called macromolecules. E.g. starch,
proteins and lipids.
43. What is the difference between organelle and
cells? Organelle:
Biomolecules assemble in a particular way and form organelles. e.g. mitochondria and
ribosomes.
Cells:
The organelles are actually subcellular structures and when they assemble together they
form cells.

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E.g. animal cell, plant cell.

44. Define tissue and give examples.

In multicellular organisms, similar cells (performing similar functions) are organized into
groups called tissues. E.g. epidermal tissue and ground tissue in plants.

45. What is meant by organ system?

Different organs performing related functions are organized together in the form of an
organ system. In an organ system, each organ carries out its specific function and the
functions of all organs appear as the function of the organ system.
Example:
The digestive system is an organ system that carries out the process of digestion.
46. What is the difference between organ system level of animals and plants?
The organ system level is less complex in plants (e.g. root system) as compared to animals.
Reason:
This is due to a greater range of functions and activities in animals than in plants.
47. Define individual?
Different organs and organ systems are organized together to form an individual or
organism.
Coordination in organisms:
In organism, the functions, processes and activities of various organs and organ
systems are coordinated.
48. Identify the levels of organization?

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49. Define population?

A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species located at the same
place, in the same time.
For example:
Human population in Pakistan in 2010 comprises of 173.5 million individuals (according
to the Ministry of Population Welfare, Government of Pakistan).
50. Define community with its types?
A community is an assemblage of different populations, interacting with one another
within the same environment.
Example:
Forest
Types:
Complex community:
Some communities are complex. E.g. forest and pond
Simple community:
Some communities may be simple. E.g. A fallen log with various populations under it.
51. Differentiate between species and habitat?

Specie Habitat
s

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A species is defined as a group of Habitat means the area of the environment

organisms
in which organism lives.
capable of interbreeding and producing
fertile offspring.

52. Name the levels of organization in correct

order? Levels of organization:
 Subatomic and atomic level
 Molecular level
 Organelle and cell level
 Tissue level
 Organ and organ system level
 Individual level
 Population level
 Community level
 Biosphere level
53. What is biosphere level?
The part of the Earth inhabited by organisms‟ communities is known as biosphere. It
constitutes all ecosystems (areas where living organisms interact with the nonliving
components of the environment) and is also called the zone of life on Earth.
54. Name the types of cellular organizations?
In living organism Cells organize in three ways to make the bodies of organisms.

i. Colonial organization
ii. Unicellular organization
iii. Multicellular organization
55. What are unicellular organisms name any 4 types?
In unicellular organisms, only one cell makes the life of an organism. All the life
activities are carried out by the only cell.
Examples:
Amoeba, Paramecium, bacterium and Euglena.
56. Describe colonial type of cellular organization with examples?

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In colonial type of cellular organization, many unicellular organisms live together but do
not have any division of labour among them. Each unicellular organism in a colony lives
its own life and does not depend on other cells for its vital requirements.
Example:
Volvox is a green alga found in water that shows colonial organization. Hundreds of
Volvox cells make a colony.
57. Draw labelled diagrams of a unicellular and colonial
organism. Unicellular organism (Amoeba):

Colonial organism (Volvox):

58. What is multicellular organization? Explain with example.

In multi cellular organization, cells are organized in the form of tissues, organs and organ
systems.
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Example:
Frog and mustard are the familiar examples of multi cellular organization.
Explanation:
Frog shows the multicellular organization. The body is made up of organ systems and
each organ system consists of related organs. All the organs are made of specific tissues
(epithelial, glandular, muscular, and nervous).
59. Write down the scientific names of mustard plant and frog?
Scientific name of mustard plant is
Brassica
campestris
Scientific name of frog
is
Rana
tigrina
60. Write the importance of mustard plant?
Mustard plant (scientific name: Brassica campestris) is sown in winter and it produces
seeds at the end of winter. The plant body is used as vegetable and its seeds are used
for extracting oil.
61. What is the difference between vegetative and reproductive organs of plants?

Vegetative organs Reproductive organs

The organs which do take part in the The organs which take part in the sexual
sexual reproduction of plants are called reproduction of plants and produce fruits
vegetative organs. and seeds are called reproductive organs.
e.g. e.g.
root flower
ste
m
branches
leaves

62. Why are following scientists famous for? Jabir Bin Hayyan, Abdul Malik Asmai
and Bu Ali Sina.
Jabir Bin Hayyan:
He was born in Iran and practised medicine in Iraq. He introduced experimental
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investigation in chemistry and also wrote a number of books on plants and animals. His
famous books are “Al- Nabatat” and “Al-Haywan”.

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Abdul Malik Asmai:

He is considered the first Muslim scientist who studied animals in detail. His famous
writings include “Al-Abil (camel)”, “Al-Khail (horse)”, “Al-Wahoosh (animal)”, and “Kalq al-
Ansan”.
Bu Ali Sina:
He is honoured as the founder of medicine and called as Avicenna in the West. He was a
physician, philosopher, astronomer and poet. One of his books “Al-Qanun-fi al-Tib” is
known as the canon of medicine in West.
63. What is meant by division of labour among multicellular organisms?
 As multicellular organisms contain many cells in their body, different kinds of cells
are grouped together as tissue that is specialized to perform specific functions.
 As a tissue, a group of cells perform a particular function.
 In the same way, different functions are carried out by different groups of cells,
which is known as the division of labour in multicellular organisms.

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TOPIC 2: Solving Biological Problem

1. Do you think that man has always been a biologist? If so why?

Man has always been a biologist. He had to be a biologist in order to live. Early in history, he was
a hunter of animals and a gatherer of fruits, seeds, roots etc. The more he knew about animals
and their habitat, the more successful hunter he was. The more he knew about plants, the better
he distinguished between edible and non-edible plants.
2. Define biological method?
The scientific method in which biological problems are solved, is termed as biological method. It
comprises the steps a biologist adopts in order to solve a biological problem.
3. How biological method played an important role in scientific
research? Biological method has played an important part in scientific
research for almost 500 years.
● From Galileo‟s experiment (in the 1590s) to current research, the biological
method has contributed to the advancements in medicine, ecology, technology
etc.
● Biological method also ensures the quality of data for public use.
4. Write steps of biological methods in a sequence?
Biological method involves the following main steps;
● Recognition of biological problem
● Observations
● Hypothesis formulation
● Deductions
● Experimentation
● Summarization of results (create tables, graphics etc)
● Reporting the results
5. Define biological problem?
A question related to living organisms that is either asked by someone or comes in biologist‟s
mind by himself is called a biological problem. E.g. malaria.
6. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative observations?
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Qualitative observations Quantitative observations

● Qualitative observations are ● Quantitative observations

are
considered less accurate.
considered more accurate.
● These observations
● These observations
are variable and less
are invariable and
measureable.
measureable.

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● These cannot be recorded in ● These can be recorded in

terms
terms of numbers.
of numbers.
Examples: Examples:

● The freezing point of water ● The freezing point of water

is colder than the boiling point.
● A liter of water is heavier
than a liter of ethanol.
is 0ºC and the boiling point is
100ºC.
● A liter of water weighs
1000 grams and a liter of
ethanol weighs 789 grams.

7. Why quantitative observations are better in biological method?

Quantitative observations are better because these are invariable and measureable and can be
recorded in terms of numbers.
Example: The freezing point of water is 0ºC and the boiling point is 100ºC.
8. How did Darwin formulate the theory of evolution?
Darwin not only observed and took notes during his voyage, but he also read the works of other
naturalists to form his theory of evolution.
9. Define hypothesis?
This tentative explanation of observations is called a hypothesis.
or
It may be defined as a proposition that might be true.
e.g. plasmodium is the cause of malaria.
10. How hypothesis is framed?
A great deal of careful and creative thinking is necessary for the formulation of a hypothesis.
Biologists use reasoning to formulate a hypothesis.
11. What are characteristics of a good hypothesis?
A good hypothesis should have the following characteristics:
● It should be a general statement.
● It should be a tentative idea.
● It should agree with available observations.
● It should be kept as simple as possible.
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● It should be testable and potentially falsifiable. In other words, there should be a way to

● show the hypothesis is false; a way to disprove the hypothesis.

12. Define deductions? How deduction are formed?

Deductions are the logical consequences of hypotheses. Formulation:

For this purpose, a hypothesis is taken as true and expected results (deductions) are drawn from
it. Generally in biological method, if a particular hypothesis is true then one should expect
(deduction) a certain result. This involves the use of “if-then” logic.
13. Develop a deduction from the following hypothesis. “ all plant cells have a nucleus”
“If I examine cells from a blade of grass, then each one will have a nucleus”
14. How a biologist go for experimentation during solving a biological problem?
A Biologist performs experiments to see if hypotheses are true or not. The deductions, which are
drawn from hypotheses, are subjected to rigorous testing. Through experimentations, biologist
learns which hypothesis is correct.
15. What is control in an experiment?
In science when doing the experiment, it must be a controlled experiment. The scientist must
contrast an “experimental group” with a “control group”. The two groups are treated exactly
alike except for the one variable being tested.
For example, in an experiment to test the necessity of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, one
can contrast the control group (a plant with freely available
carbon dioxide) with an experimental group (a plant with no carbon dioxide available). The
necessity of carbon dioxide will be proved when photosynthesis occurs in the control group and
does not occur in the experimental group.
16. What are different ways of reporting results of biological problem?
Biologists publish their findings in scientific journals and books, in talks at national and
international meetings and in seminars at colleges and universities. Publishing of results is an
essential part of scientific method. It allows other people to verify the results or apply the
knowledge to solve other problems.
17. How did physicians describe malaria in early days?
● The early physicians describe malaria as a disease of chills and fever with recurring
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attacks.
● They also observed that the disease was more common among people living in
low, marshy areas.

18. What does the word malaria means?

The word malaria has been derived from two Italian
words: The Italian words “mala” means bad and “aria”
means air.
19. What was the possible cause of malaria in early days?
It was thought that the stagnant water of marshes poisoned the air and as a result of breathing in
this “bad air”, people got malaria.
20. What was the treatment of malaria in early days?
In the 17th century when the New World (America) was discovered, many plants from America
were sent back to Europe to be used as medicines. The bark of a tree known as quina-quina
was very suitable for curing fevers. It was so beneficial that soon it was impossible to carry
enough bark to Europe. Some dishonest merchants began to substitute the bark of another tree,
cinchona which closely resembled quina- quina. This dishonesty proved much valuable for
mankind. Cinchona bark was found to be excellent for treating malaria. The cinchona bark
contains quinine that is effective in treating the disease. Quinine was the only effective remedy
for malaria from 17th to 20th century.
21. Describe the contribution of Laveran in the discovery of
plasmodium? Contribution of Laveran:
In 1878, a French army physician Laveran began to search for the “cause” of malaria.
Experiment:
He took a small amount of blood from a malarial patient and examined it under microscope. He
noticed some tiny living creatures. His discovery was not believed by other scientists.
Confirmation:
● Two years later, another physician saw the same creatures in the blood of another malarial
patient.
● Three years after the second discovery, the same creatures were observed for third
time. The organism was given a name Plasmodium.
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22. What were observations for malaria until 19th century?

In the last part of nineteenth century, many different causes of malaria were being suggested. By
that time, there were four major observations about malaria.
● Malaria and marshy areas have some relation.
● Quinine is an effective drug for treating malaria.
● Drinking the water of marshes does not cause malaria.
● Plasmodium is seen in the blood of malarial patients.

23. What is incubation period?

The period between the entry of parasite in the host and the appearance of symptoms is called
incubation period.
24. Design a deduction from following hypothesis. “plasmodium is the cause of malaria”
One of the deductions from the above hypothesis may be
“If Plasmodium is the cause of malaria, then all person ill with malaria should have Plasmodium
their blood.”
25. Write down observations of A.F.A King about malaria.
In 1883, a physician A. F. A. King, listed 20 observations. Some important observations of King
were:
● People who slept outdoors were more likely to get malaria than those who slept indoors.
● People who slept under fine nets were less likely to get malaria than those who did not
use such nets.
● Individuals who slept near a smoky fire usually did not get malaria.
26. What is required for maturation of eggs of female mosquito?
Female mosquitoes need blood of mammals or birds for the maturation of their eggs.
27. What is the contribution of A.F.A. king to solve biological problem of malaria?
In 1883 a physician. A.F.A. king, made 20 observations then suggested hypothesis that the
"Mosquitoes transmit plasmodium and are involved in spread of malaria."
28. What was the contribution of Ronald Ross to test deductions by A.F. King?
Ronald Ross, a British army physician working in India in 1880's allowed female Anopheles
mosquito to bite a malarial patient, he killed the mosquito some days later and found
plasmodium multiplying in mosquito's stomach.
29. Why Ronald Ross used sparrow in his experiment?
Ronald Ross used sparrows in his experiments because scientists avoid using human beings

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for experiments when results could be so serious.

30. Why female mosquito does injects small amount of saliva into the wound?
When a female mosquito pierces the skin with her mouth parts, she injects a small amount of
saliva into the wound before drawing blood. This saliva prevent the blood from clotting in the
food canal of mosquito.
31. Why do welts appear after mosquito bite?
The welts that appear after the mosquito bite is not a reaction to the wound, but an allergic
reaction to the saliva. In most cases, the itching sensation and swellings subside within several
hours.

32. Why it is impossible to eradicate malaria?

Malaria is a difficult disease to control largely due to the highly adaptable nature of the vector
and parasites involved.
33. Write down two measures to control Malaria?
● If sleeing places are open then use smoky fire to keep away mosquitoes.
● Use of wire gauze on windows and doors to keep away mosquitoes to control malaria.
● Use of mosquito Repellent in the form of lotion on the skin.

34. What is dengue fever? Write down its symptoms.

It is a mosquito borne viral disease. It is caused by a dengue virus and transmitted by mosquito
Aedes aegypti which has zebra like white and black stripes on its body.
Symptoms:
High fever, bleeding from nose, blood in urine and enlarged liver.
35. What is scientific law? Give two examples?
If a theory survives such doubtful approach and continues to be supported by experimental
evidence, it becomes a law or principle. A scientific law is a uniform or constant fact of nature. It
is an irrefutable theory.
Examples of biological laws are Hardy-Weinberg law and Mendel‟s laws of inheritance.

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36. What is the difference between theory and law?

Theor
y
● The hypotheses that stand
the test of time (often
tested and never
rejected), are called
theories.
● A theory may be challenged.
● A theory can be altered in
case of new evidence.
Law
● A scientific law is a
uniform, constant fact of
nature. It is irrefutable.
● A law cannot be challenged.
● A law is already a
definite entity. So it can
be altered.

● A theory is always subjected ● A law is not subjected

to new testing. to further testing.

Example: Example:

Darwin‟s theory of evolution Hardy-Weinberg law

37. What is necessary for the formulation of a hypothesis?

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A great deal of careful and creative thinking is necessary for the formulation of a hypothesis.
38. What is a variable?
Variable is a factor being tested in and experiment and is usually compared to a control group.

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39. What is the cause of malaria?

A tiny creature, plasmodium is the cause of malaria.
40. What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group?
Control group is the group of people who are unaffected. E.g. the group of healthy persons.
While the experimental group is a group of people who are affected with some disease and we
do not know the cause. e.g. group of malarial patients.
41. What is the induction period?
The time period between entry of the parasite into the host and the appearance of symptoms is
called the induction period.
42. Name different mosquitoes that spread different diseases in different organisms?
Culex = spread malaria in sparrows
Anopheles= spread malaria in humans
Aedes= spread dengue in humans
43. Define data?
The information such as names, dates or values made from observations and experimentation
is called data.
44. In which formats data is organized?
Data is organized into different formats like
● Graphics
● Tables
● Flow charts
● Maps
● Diagrams
45. Define ratio?
When a relation between two numbers e.g. „a‟ and „b‟ is expressed in terms of quotient (a/b), it
is called the ratio of one number to the other.
Expression of a ratio:
Ratio may be expressed by putting a division (÷) or colon (:) mark between the two numbers.
For example the ratio between 50 malarial patients and 150 normal persons is 1:3.
46. What ways do you use scientific method in everyday life?
You turn a light switch, and the bulb does not light.
Observation: Light bulb did not light.
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Question: Is the light bulb blown?

Hypothesis: The light bulb is blown.

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Prediction: If I replace the bulb and it lights, then my hypothesis is validated. If the bulb does not
light, then my hypothesis is invalidated.
Experiment: Replace the bulb.
Result: New bulb lights up.
Conclusion: My hypothesis is validated. The bulb was blown.
47. In what major biological problems is the knowledge of the mathematics used?
Major biological problems in which knowledge of mathematics is used include gene finding,
protein structure, and protein-protein interactions etc.
48. Define bioinformatics?
Bioinformatics refers to the computational and statistical techniques for the analysis of biological
data.

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Topic 3: Biodiversity
1. How many kinds of organisms are present in the earth?
At least 10 million kinds of organisms inhabit the Earth but less than one third of these
have been studied and catalogued (put in record) by biologists.
2. Name the principal groups of organisms?
Following are the principal group of organisms:
● Animals
● Plants
● Fungi
● Protists
● Prokaryotes
3. Define biodiversity?
The term “biodiversity” has been derived from „bio‟ and „diversity‟. “Diversity” means
variety within a species and among species.
“Biodiversity is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems”.
4. What do you mean by flora and fauna?
The diversity of plants in a region is called flora.
The diversity of animals in a region is called fauna.
5. On what factors flora and fauna of a region depends?
The flora and fauna of a region depends on
● Climate
● Altitude
● Soil
● Presence of other species
6. How biodiversity is distributed on earth?
Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth.
● It is richest in the tropics.
● Temperate regions also have many species
● While there are fewer species in the Polar Regions.
7. How biodiversity has evolved?
Biodiversity found on Earth today is the result of 4 billion years of evolution.

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8. What do you know about origin of life on earth?

The origin of life is not well known to science, though limited evidence suggests that until 600
million years ago, all life consisted of bacteria and similar unicellular organisms.
9. What is the importance of
biodiversity? Importance of
biodiversity:
● Biodiversity provides food for humans.
● A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from
biological sources.
● A wide range of industrial materials e.g. building materials, fibres, dyes,
resins, gums, adhesives, rubber and oil are derived directly from plants.
● Biodiversity plays important role in making and maintaining ecosystems.
● It plays a part in regulating the chemistry of our atmosphere and water supply.
● Biodiversity is directly involved in recycling nutrients and providing fertile soils.
Or
 Maintenance of soil quality
 Maintenance of air quality
 Maintenance of water quality
 Pest control
 Pollination and crop production
 Provision of food and medicine
10. How many types of plants and animals are known to biologists?
Over 1.5 million types of animals and over 0.5 million types of plants are known to
biologists and these are only a small percentage of the total types estimated to live on
Earth.
11. Why does it become difficult to learn about the characteristics of each species?
● Living organisms range in complexity from small and simple bacteria to large and
complex human beings.
● Some of them live in sea, some on land; some walk, others fly, and still
others are stationary.
● Each has its own way of life i.e. getting food, avoiding unfavorable
environmental conditions, finding a place to live, and reproducing its kind.

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12. How would you differentiate between systematic and taxonomy?

The branch of biology which deals with classification is called taxonomy and the branch
which deals with classification and also traces the evolutionary history of organisms is
known as systematics.
13. What are the aims of classification?

The main aims of classification are

● To determine similarities and differences among organisms so that they can
be studied easily.
● To find the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
● Identify the organisms to study them systematically
● To arrange organisms on the basis of similarities and differences
14. What do you mean by taxa and taxonomic hierarchy? Taxa:
The groups into which organisms are classified are known as taxonomic categories or
taxa (singular “taxon”). E.g. the largest taxon is kingdom.
Taxonomic hierarchy:
The taxa form a ladder, called taxonomic hierarchy.
15. In which species the criteria of interbreeding cannot be used?
The criteria of interbreeding cannot be used for species recognition in organisms who
reproduce sexually and do not interbreed with one another. E.g. many unicellular
organisms.
16. Write down the classification of human
being? Taxa Human
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species sapiens
17. Write down the classification of pea
plant? Taxa Pea
Kingdom Plantae
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Phylum Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Fabales
Family Fabaceae
Genus Pisum
Species sativum

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18. Define species?

Species is the basic unit of classification. “A species is a group of organisms which can
interbreed freely among them and produce fertile offspring, but are reproductively
isolated from all other such groups in nature.” E.g. human beings.
19. What is mule?
In the definition of species we must emphasize “in nature” because two organisms
related to two different but closely related species can cross-breed under artificial
conditions. In such unnatural crosses they produce infertile offspring.
For example,
A cross between a male donkey and a female horse produces an infertile offspring i.e. mule.
20. What is the contribution of Aristotle in classification of living organisms?
The earliest known system of classification of organisms comes from the Greek
philosopher Aristotle. He classified all living organisms known at that time as either
in the group Plantae
or
Animalia.

21. Describe contributions of following scientists for classification of living organisms.

i. Ibn Rushd ii. Augustus Rivinus iii. Andrea Caesalpino
i. In 1172, Ibn Rushd (Averroes) translated Aristotle‟s book “de Anima (On the Soul)” in
Arabic.
ii. Augustus Rivinus (1652-1723 AD) introduced the taxon of “order“.
iii. Andrea Caesalpino (1519-1603 AD) divided plants into fifteen groups and
called them “genera“.
22. What do you know about classification system by Carlous Linnaeus?
● Carolus Linnaeus groupe species according to similar physical
characteristics and he divided nature into three kingdoms: mineral,
vegetable and animal.
● Linnaeus used five ranks in classification: class, order, genus, species, and variety.
● Linnaeus is best known for his introduction of the method still used to
formulate the scientific name of every species.
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23. Why two kingdom classification system was rejected?

Some taxonomists found this system unworkable because;
Any unicellular organisms like Euglena have both plant-like (presence of chlorophyll) and
animal-like (heterotrophic mode of nutrition in darkness and lack of cell wall) characters. So
there should be a separate kingdom for such organisms.
● This system also ignores the difference between organisms having prokaryotic
and those having eukaryotic cells.
24. Who proposed three kingdom classification and what were the problems with
kingdom system?
In 1866, Ernst Hackel solved the first objection and proposed three kingdom classification
system
● This system did not clear the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
● Fungi were still placed in kingdom plantae. Some biologists disagreed about the
position of fungi in kingdom plantae. Fungi resemble plants in many ways but are
not autotrophs. They are special form of heterotrophs that get their food by
absorption. They do not have cellulose in their cell walls rather possess chitin.
25. Compare two kingdom and five kingdom classification system?

Two kingdom system Five kingdom system

 It includes plants and animals
 Bacteria and cyanobacteria
were placed in kingdom
plantae
 It includes monera, Protista,
fungi, plantae and Animalia
 Bacteria and cyanobacteria
were placed in kingdom
monera

 Unicellular or simple multicellular  Unicellular or simple multicellular

eukaryotes wrongly placed in eukaryotes placed in kingdom
plantae and Animalia Protista
 Fungi are wrongly placed in
kingdom  Fungi are placed in kingdom fungi
plantae

26. What is the role of E-Chatton?

In 1937, E-Chatton suggested the terms of, “Procariotique” to describe bacteria and
“Eucariotique” to describe animal and plant cells.

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27. What is the basis of five kingdom classification

system? In 1967, Robert Whittaker introduced the
five-kingdom classification system. This system is
based on;
● The levels of cellular organization i.e. prokaryotic, unicellular eukaryotic and
multicellular eukaryotic.
● The principal modes of nutrition i.e. photosynthesis, absorption, and ingestion.

On this basis, organisms are classified into five Kingdoms: monera, protista, fungi, plantae
and Animalia.
28. How would you differentiate between organisms of kingdom fungi and Animalia?

Animal Fungi
s
● Animals have ingestive mode ● Fungi have absorptive
of nutrition. mode of nutrition.

● Animals lack cell wall. ● Fungi contain cell wall

composed of chitin.

● Most fungi are decomposers.

● Animals are not decomposers.

29. What type of organisms are included in kingdom Monera?

It includes prokaryotic organisms i.e. they are made of prokaryotic cells. Monerans are
unicellular, although some types form chains, clusters, or colonies of cells.
Most are heterotrophic but some perform photosynthesis because they have chlorophyll in
their cytoplasm.
This kingdom include two different kinds of organisms i.e.
● bacteria
● cyanobacteria.
30. Write down two characteristics of kingdom
Protista? Kingdom Protista:
● It includes eukaryotic unicellular and simple multicellular organisms.
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● These organisms may be photosynthetic or heterotrophic.

31. Describe two characteristics of kingdom
plantae? Kingdom plantae:
● It includes eukaryotic multicellular autotrophs.
● They have multicellular sex organs and form embryos during their life cycles.
● Examples: Mushroom.
32. How do you divide five kingdom into two groups on the basis of types of cells?
Five kingdom can be divided into two groups on the basis of types of cells
● Kingdom Monera (organisms with prokaryotic cells)
● Kingdom Protista, fungi, plantae, Animalia (organisma with eukaryotic cells)
33. What are prions and viroids?
Prions and viroids are acellular particles. Both of these particles cause infectious diseases
in plants. They are not included in the five-kingdom classification system.
● Prions are composed of proteins only.
● Viroids are composed of circular RNA only.

34. Identify the names of kingdom of classification by looking at the characteristics?

Monera Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista

Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, Eukaryotic, Eukaryotic, Euklaryotic,
unicellular multicellular, multicellular, multicellular, unicellular
phtotsynthetic absorptive sexual

35. Clarify that viruses are living or non-living?

Viruses are at the borderline of living and nonliving. They have features of both living and
non- living organisms.
Non-living features:
● Due to their crystalline nature, they are considered as non-living.
● They are acellular i.e. they do not have cellular organization
Living features:
● Viruses contain either RNA or DNA, normally encased in protein coat.
● They reproduce only in living cells.

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● They cause a number of diseases in living organisms.

36. Write down the causes and symptoms of COVID-19? Highlight precautionary
measures to stay safe.
Corona virus is known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The disease it
cause is called coronavirus disease 2019.
Causes:
 It spreads mainly from person to person among those in close contact
 The virus spread by respiratory droplets released during cough, sneeze, breath etc
Symptoms:
 Most common symptoms include fever, dry cough and tiredness.
37. Define binomial Nomenclature?
Binomial nomenclature is the method of giving scientific names to living organisms. As the
word “binomial” suggests, the scientific name of a species consists of two names: the first is
genus name and the second one is the name of species.
Example:
The scientific name of human beings is Homo sapiens.
38. State any two rules for suggesting scientific names to living organisms?
Some of the rules which are universally adopted while suggesting and documenting
scientific names, are:
● Scientific names are usually printed in italics, such as Homo sapiens. When
handwritten they are underlined.
● The first term (generic name) always begins with capital letter, while species name
is never capitalized (even when derived from a proper name).
39. What are the problems with common names of living organisms?
Common names have no scientific basis.
For example:
A fish is a vertebrate animal with fins and gills. But several common names do not fit a
biologist‟s definition of fish like:
● Silver fish
● Cray fish
● Jelly fish
● Star fish

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40. Write down the scientific names of following.

Common Name Scientific Name

● Onion ● Allium cepa

● Common sea star (starfish) ● Asterias rubens

● House crow ● Corvus splendens

● Orchid tree ● Bauhinia variegate

41. Write down two characteristics of sea star?

 Its body is star like.
 It has five arms with central disc.
 There are presence of tube feet towards ventral side of body.
42. Define extinct species?
In an ecosystem, a species is called extinct when there is no doubt that the last individual
of that species has died in that ecosystem. E.g. dinosaurs.

43. What are endangered species? Give examples.

A species is called endangered when it is at risk of extinction in near future.
e.g. Indus Dolphin, Marco polo sheep, Houbara bustard.
44. Write a short note on eucalyptus plants. Or Explain with the help of
example how introduction of new species can cause extinction of local
species?
Eucalyptus plants were imported from Australia and introduced in Pakistan. These plants
consume more water and have disturbed the water table (level of underground water). It
harms other small plants that grow near Eucalyptus trees.
45. What is the effect of deforestation on biodiversity?
Deforestation affects the amount of water in soil and moisture in atmosphere. When there
are no trees to keep soil in place, there are more chances of soil erosion. Essential
nutrients are washed out of soil. Rivers become choked up with mud and silt, which can
cause floods. Deforestation also reduces the sources of rains.

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46. How deforestation cause flood?

Trees can grow on hillsides even when the soil layer is quite thin. When the trees are cut
down and the soil is ploughed, there is less protection from the wind and rain. Heavy
rainfall washes soil into rivers. Essential nutrients are washed out of soil. Rivers become
choked up with mud and silt, which can cause floods.
47. How deforestation affect the sources of rain?
The silted water gets stored in dams and it reduces their water storage capacity.
Deforestation also contributes to decreased transpiration, which lessens cloud formation.
This ultimately reduces the sources of rains.
48. Discuss issues of conservation of biodiversity in Pakistan with reference to
deforestation and hunting?
The issues of conservation of biodiversity in Pakistan are deforestation and hunting.
Deforestation:
Pakistan is facing a real deforestation crisis as a very large area of forest is being used
either for fuel purpose or for wood furnishing in the country.
Hunting:
Hunting is a threat to animals in Pakistan. So, hunting of some animals and birds is
completely banned e.g. black deer, spotted deer etc. Hunting of some animals is
allowed only in particular seasons. Still there is threat to wildlife in Pakistan.

49. What are the conservation strategies adopted by government of Pakistan for
checking deforestation and hunting?
The conservation strategies adopted by government of Pakistan for checking
deforestation and hunting are:
● There is department of forestry having forest officer and forest guards. They check
the unauthorized cutting of trees e.g. nobody is allowed to cut trees in capital
territory of Islamabad. Those who cur trees or jungle anywhere in Pakistan are
arrested and prosecuted as per law.
● Hunting of endangered species is prohibited. Hunting of birds is not allowed
during their breeding seasons.
50. What are the main causes of loss of biodiversity in Pakistan?
Pakistan today faces severe threats to its animal and plant species. The main causes of this
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loss are:
 Loss of natural habitats
 Rapid growth in human population
 Prevailing poverty in rural areas
 Low literacy rate
51. What organizations are working for conservation of biodiversity in
Pakistan?
Following organizations are working for conservation of biodiversity in Pakistan:
 The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
 The World Wildlife Fund-Pakistan (WWF-P)
 Pakistan‟s Ministry of Environment
 Other government and non-government institutions.
52. Which organization has prepared first red list of Pakistan?
The IUCN has prepared the first Red List (list of endangered or threatened species).

53. Enlist those animals to whom Northern areas provide habitat?

The northern areas provide habitats to
 Musk deer
 Snow leopard
 Astore markhor
 Himalayan ibex
 Woolly flying squirrel
 Brown bear

54. How many migratory birds are killed each year?

It is estimated that about 200,000 of the one million migratory birds passing through
Chitral are killed during migration.
55. What herders do with bear cubs?
The herders capture the bear cubs and sell them to the trainers who train them and sell to
the foreigners.
56. Write a short note on Houbara Bustard?

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This bird flies to Pakistan in winter season from former Soviet territory and settles in
Cholistan and Thar deserts. The decline in its population is due to hunting by foreigners
and destruction of its habitats.

57. Why should we be concerned with preserving biodiversity?

 Biodiversity ensures health and food security.
 It underpins global nutrition and food security
 It helps fight disease
 Biodiversity benefits business
 It provides livelihoods
 Biodiversity protects us
58. Draw and label a virus?

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59. Draw a pie chart representing the percentages of known causes of species extinction?

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Topic 4: Cells and Tissues

1. What do you mean byplasmolysis?

Ans: Plasmolysis is defined as the process of contraction or shrinkage of the protoplasm of a
plant cell and is caused due to the loss of water in the cell. Plasmolysis is an example of the
results of osmosis and rarely occurs in nature.

2. What are leucoplasts and where do theyoccur?

Ans: Leucoplasts are a category of plastid and are organelles found only in plant cells. They
are non- pigmented, in contrast to other plastids such as the chloroplast.

3. Why cell membrane is called semi permeablemembrane?

Ans: A plasma membrane or cell membrane is called semi permeable membrane because it
allows or controls the entry and exit of substances to let the cell gain nutrients, the cell wall is
fully permeable and allows everything to enter that is when the cell membrane comes in.

4. What is meant bythylakoids?

Ans: Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.
They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a
thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen.

5. What iscytoskeleton?
Ans: The cytoskeleton is the name given to the fibrous network formed by different types of
long protein filaments present throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
6. Give the function ofcentriole.
Ans: The centriole is concerned with the cell division. They help in the formation of
spindle fibres that separate the chromosomes during the cell cycle.

7. What is passivetransport?
Ans: Passive transport occurs when no energy is required to move a substance, such as water
or carbon dioxide, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentrationuntil the
concentration is equal, across amembrane.
8. How does electron microscopework?
Ans: An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of a
specimen.The electron beam is generated by an electron gun, which uses a high voltage to
accelerate electrons. The electrons are then focused by magnets and passed through the specimen.
The resulting image is then magnified and projected onto a screen.

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9. Why secondary growth isimportant?

Ans: Secondary growth is important because as larger plants grow, more vascular tissue
(responsible for transport of water, sugar and minerals) is needed to keep up with the
constant growing of the plant. Limit the vascular tissue and the plant will have insufficient
amount of water and sugar conduit for transportation throughout.

10. What is scanning electronmicroscope?

Ans: A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces
images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons
interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the
surface topography and composition of the sample.

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Topic 5: Cell Cycle

Q1. On which process continuity of life is based?

Ans. The continuity of life is based on the cell division or reproduction. As organism grow and
develop the cell of body are constantly dividing. Cell divide to replace dead cell. Like blood cells
are replace by new blood cells. Cell division is necessary for continuity of life process.

Q2. What is cell cycle?

Ans. Cell cycle is a series of event from the time a cell is produced until it has produced daughter
cell.

Q3. Which are the main phases of cell cycle?

Ans. There are two main phases of cell cycle;

1. Interphase
2. Mitotic phase

Interphase is also called preparatory phase during this phase cell prepare itself for

division. While mitotic phase is called division phase. During this phase cell divide.

Q4. What happened during interphase?

Ans. Cell cycle spends most of time (90%) in interphase. During this phase duplicate, many cell
parts are made and cell does most of its growth.

Q5. DefineInterphase. What are the sub phase of interphase?

Ans: “Interphase is the time when a cell‟s metabolic activity is very high, as it performs
various functions”.

Interphase is sub divided into;

1. G1 phase 2. S phase 3. G2 phase

Q6. Which are the main events of G1 phase?

Ans. It is first sub phase. In G1 phase following events occur

1. Increase protein production

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2. Increase the number of many organelles

3. Cell grow in size
4. At end increase activity of enzyme for DNA synthesis

Q7. In which phase DNA replication occur? OR Which phase of interphase is called
synthetic phase and why?

Ans. During S phase DNA replication occur. S phase is also called synthetic phase because
during this phase synthesis of DNA actually occur. At start each chromosome is single and at
the end of this phase each chromosome consist of two sister chromatids.

Q8. What happen during G2 phase?

Ans. During G2 phase increase in protein synthesis occur for the production of

spindle fibers. Q9. What happened with the cell which have stopped dividing? OR

What is G0 phase?

Cell that have stopped dividing enter into Go phase from G1 phase. Go is also called resting
phase because during this phase cell do not divide. Some cell remain temporarily in this phase
like kidney cell and some remain permanently in Go phase like neuron and epidermal cell do not
enter in Go phase.

Q10. The S-phase of interphase is important and a cell can never divide without it. Justify.

Ans. The S phese of a cell cycle occurs during interphase,before meosis and mitosis, and is
responsible for the synthesis or replication of DNA. In this way the genetic material of a cell is
doubled before it enters meosis and mitosis , allowing there to be enough DNA to be split into
daughter cells. Since the DNA contains all of the information that a cell needs to produce
essential materials. DNA must be duplicated in the S-phase before cell division occurs. If not,
the result will be 2 daughter cells with missing/un-equal amounts of genetic information.

Q11. What is mitosis? Describe its discovery.

Ans. Mitosis is the type of cell division in which a cell divides into two daughter cells, each with
the same number of chromosomes as were present in the parent cell.

Discovery:

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In 1880, a German biologist Walther flemming observe that in a dividing cell nucleus pass
through series of changes which he called mitosis.

Q12. Make a list of the events of mitosis. Or Name the phases of MITOSISinorder.

Answer: Events of mitosis: The process of mitosis is complex and highly regulated. There are
two major phases:
Karyokinesis-the division of nucleus

1. Cytokinesis-the division of cytoplasm

Karyokinesis is further divided into four phases: i. Prophase ii. Metaphase iii. Anaphase iv.
Telophase

Q13. How would you state the events of prophase of mitosis? Or Enlist the important
changes that occur in PROPHASE.

Ans. The main events or changes of prophase are:

(i) Chromosome:

At the onset of prophase, chromatin condenses into highly ordered structures

called chromosomes.

(ii) Kinetochore:

Each chromosome has kinetochore at centromere where spindle fibers attach.

(iii) Migration ofCentrosomes:

Both centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of cell.

(iv) Formation of MitoticSpindle:

Centrosome give rise to microtubules by joining tubulin proteins present in

cytoplasm. The microtubules thus formed are called spindle fibers.

(v) NuclearChanges:

Nucleolus and nuclear envelope have degraded, and spindle fibres have invaded the
central space.

Q14. Why mitosis does not occur in prokaryotic cell? Or Why PROKARYOT ES do not

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undergo proper MITOSIS?

Ans. In bacterial or prokaryotic cells, the genome consists of a single, circular DNA
chromosome; therefore, the process of cell division is simplified. Mitosis is unnecessary because
there is no nucleus or multiple chromosomes. So prokaryotes undergo simple process called
binary fission instead of mitosis.

Q15. What is binary fission?

Ans: “It is a type of asexual reproduction in which an organism divides into two parts.”

Example: Prokaryotic cells undergo a process similar to mitosis called binary fission.

Q16. Differentiate somatic cell and germline cell.

Somatic cell Germ line cell

• Somatic Cells are those which form • Germline Cells are those which give

the body of organisms. rise to gametes.

• Somatic Cells under gomitosis. • Germ line Cells undergomeiosis.

• Contain diploid chromosomes • Contain haploid chromosomes

• e.g Muscle cell, nerve cell, stomach cell • E.g egg cell and sperm cell
etc

Q16. Define Kinetochore.

Ans: Each chromosome has a kinetochore at centromere. Kinetochore is a complex protein

structure that is the point where spindle fibers attach.

Q17. What are spindle fibres?

Ans: Centrosomes give rise to microtubules by joining tubulin proteins present in

cytoplasm. The microtubules thus formed are called spindle fibres.

Complete set of spindle fibers is known as the mitotic spindle.

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Q18. What is Telophase?

Ans: It is the last phase of karyokinesis in

mitosis. The events that occur in Telophase

are:

• Telophase is the reversal of prophase.

• A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of separated chromosomes.

• Both sets of chromosomes, now surrounded by new nuclear envelopes, unfold

back into chromatin. Nuclear division is completed.

Q19. What is difference in CYTOKINESIS in animal and plantcells?

Ans: Definition:

“The division of cytoplasm is called cytokinesis”.

Cytokinesis in Animal Cells:

• In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process knownas cleavage.

• A cleavage furrow develops where the metaphase plate used tobe.

• The furrow deepens and eventually pinches the parent cell into two daughtercells.

Cytokinesis in Plant Cells:

• In plant cells, vesicles derived from Golgi apparatus move to the middle of thecell.

• These vesicles fuse to form a membrane-bounded disc which is called cell

plate or phragmoplast.

• This plate grows outward and more vesicles fusewith it.

• Finally, the membranes of cell plate fuse with plasma membrane, and its contents
join the parental cellwall.

• The result is two daughter cells, each bounded by its own plasma membrane and cell
wall.
•

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Q20. Definephragmoplast.

Ans: Phragmoplast:

“Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs differently. Vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus
move to the middle of cell and fuse to form a membrane bounded disc called cell plate
or phragmoplast.”

Q21. Nucleusisonlyvisibleininterphasewhilechromosomes areonlyvisibleincelldivision

stage. Why isthat?

Ans: Nuclear membrane breaks during cell division so there is no distinct nucleus. In
interphase,
nuclearmaterialisintheformoffinechromatinwhichcondensesduringprophasetogetinto the
shape ofchromosomes.

Q22. What is importance of MITOSIS?

Ans: The importance of mitosis is the maintenance of chromosomal set, i e. each daughter cell
receiveschromosomesthatarealikeincompositionandequalinnumbertothechromosomes of parent cell.
Q23. Define regeneration.

Ans: “The process in which an organism can regenerate its lost parts through mitosis
is called regeneration.”

Example:

Sea Star regenerates its lost arms through this process.

Q24. How mitosis helps in a sexual reproduction?

Ans: Some organisms produce genetically similar off springs through a sexual reproduction.

Mitosis is a means of asexual reproduction.

Example:

Hydra reproduces asexually by budding. The cells at the surface of hydra undergo
mitosis and form a mass called bud. Mitosis continues in the cells of bud and it grows
into a new individual.

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Q25. What can be the results of ERRORS in MITOSIS?

Ans: Errors in the control of mitosis may cause cancer.

Tumor Development:

All cells have genes that control the timing and number of mitosis. Sometimes mutations
occur in such genes and cells continue to divide. It results in growths of abnormal cells called
tumors.

There are following types of tumors.

Benign Tumor

Malignant Tumor

Q26. What is difference between Malignant and Benign tumor?

Ans: As long as tumors remain in their original location, they are called benign tumors. But if
they invade other tissues, they are called malignant (cancerous) tumors and their cells
are called cancer cells.

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Q27. DefineMetastasis.

Ans: “Malignanttumorscansendcancercellstootherpartsinbodywherenewtumorsmayform.

This phenomenon is called metastasis (spreading of disease).”

Q28. DefineMeiosis.

Ans: Meaning:

The word meiosis comes from Greek word „Meioun meaning „to make smaller” since it
results in a reduction in chromosomenumber.

Definition:

“The process by which one diploid (2n) eukaryotic cell divides to generate four
haploid (In) daughter cells is called meiosis.

Meiosis occurs in two phases:

Meiosis I Meiosis II

Q29. What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

Ans: Diploid means the cells in which chromosomes are in pairs (homologous pairs)while
haploid means the cells with half the number of chromosomes i e. chromosomes are
not in the form ofpairs.

Q30. Define Synapsis.

Ans: During prophase 1 the homologous chromosomes line up with each other and form pairs
by a process calledsynapsis.

Q31. What is chiasma and what is its role in crossing over?

Ans: The point at which two non-sister chromatids of a homologous chromosomes exchange
their segments is called chiasma. At chiasma, the non-sister chromatids of homologous
chromosomes exchange their parts. This process is called crossing overs which result in genetic
variation.

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Q32. Describe process of CROSSING OVER inMEIOSIS?

Ans: “The non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange their

segments. This phenomenon is known as crossingover.”

Significance of Crossing Over:

Theexchangeofsegmentsresultsintherecombinationofgeneticinformation.Aftercrossing
over, each pair of homologous chromosomes remains asa bivalent.

Q33. WhatisthedifferencebetweenMeiosis-

IandMeiosis-II? Ans:

• In Meiosis-I, the homologous • In meiosis-II, two haploid cells

chromosome separate and so two
haploid daughter cells are produced.
• It is the step in meiosis that generates
geneticvariations.
• Prophase-I takes moretime.
separate and so four haploid
daughter cellsare produced.
• It is the second part of meiosis and
is similar to mitosis. It is the step
in meiosis where nogenetic
variation takesplace.

Q34. What is the contribution of ThomasHuntMorgan?

Ans: In 1911, the American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan observed the phenomenon of
crossing over in fruit fly Drosophilamelanogaster.

Q35. During crossing over, genetic material is exchanged between sister/non-

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sister chromatids of homologous/non-homologous chromosomes?

Ans: Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

Q36. What is Inter-kinesis?

Ans: “After meiosis I, both haploid daughter cells enter a period of rest, known as
interkinesis or interphaseII.”

Difference:

The interphase II is different from interphase of mitosis and meiosis I. There is no S Phase and
so there is no duplication of chromosomes during this stage.

Q38.What kind of error can occur during Meiosi?

Ans: Disjunction:

“During AnaphaseI,chromosomes separate and go to opposite poles, while during anaphase

II, sister chromosomes separate. This is called Disjunction.”

Non-disjunction:

Sometimes the separation of chromosomes is not normal and it is called as„Non-disjunction‟.

Non- disjunction results in the production of gametes which have either more or less than the
normal number of chromosomes. If such an abnormal gamete fuses with a normal gamete, it
results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the next generation,

Example:

45 or 47 chromosomes in humans

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Q39. Define Apoptosis and describe its advantages.

Ans: Definition:
“The type of cell death which is well-programmed and regulated is called
apoptosis.”

• Apoptosis can occur when a cell is damaged or undergo stress conditions. Apoptosis
removes the damaged cell, preventing it from getting further nutrients.

• Apoptosis prevents the spread of infection.

• Apoptosis also gives advantages during development.

Example:

During the formation of fingers,the cells between hemunder go apoptosis and the digits separate.

Q40. Define blebs. What is another name of these?

Ans:Cell membrane makes irregular buds known as blebs. Blebs break off from the cell and
are now called apoptotic bodies, which are then phagocytosed by othercells.

Q41. Define Necrosis and

describeitscauses. Ans: Definition:

“The accidental death of cells and living tissues is called necrosis.

Causes of Necrosis:

There are many causes of necrosis, including:

Injury Infection Cancer

Hypoxic environment

Lack of proper care to a wound site Spider bites

Q42. In which type of cell, meiosis take place and why it is important?

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Ans: Meiosis takes place in germ cells or gametes. It involves reduction in numbers of
chromosome. This helps to maintain the chromosome number constant generation after
generation. Also reshuffling of genetic material takes place during crossing over in meiosis that
lead to variation and serve as raw material for evolution.

Q43. The figure given below is of a dividing cell:

Identify the phase and type of cell division.

State the events taking place in this phase of cell division.

Ans. a. The type of cell division in the given figure is “Mitosis”.& the phase of mitosis shown
in the figure is “Anaphase”

b. i. In anaphase spindle fibrescontract. ii. Sister chromatid of each chromosome separate from
each other and move to the opposite poles. Now they are called chromosomes. Finally, same
number of chromosomesas parent cell reach the respective poles.

Q44. Differentiate apoptosis and necrosis.

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Q45. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis?

Q46. Differentiate chromatin and chromosome

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Q47. Differentiate chromosome and chromatid

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Q48. Differentiate centromere and centrosome

Q49. Can haploid cell divide?

Ans. Yes. Haploid cell undergo mitosis and produce identical haploid daughter cell.

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Topic 6: Enzymes

Q1. Define Metabolism.

Ans: Meaning:

The term metabolism is derived from a Greek word meaning "Change".

Definition:

"Metabolism is the set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain
life".

These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structure, and respond
to their environments.

Q2. Who gave the concept of Metabolism?

Ans: The concept of metabolism was first of all given by Ibn-e-Nafees,who stated

that, "The body and its parts are always undergoing change."

Q3. What is the difference between catabolism andAnabolism? Or Identify the

mechanism and differentiate them

1. 2.

Ans:

Catabolism includesthebiochemical 1. Anabolism includes the biochemical

reactions in which largermoleculesare reactions in which larger moleculesare

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brokendown. Synthesized.
Energy is releasedincatabolism. 2. Energy in utilized inanabolism.

Example: 3. Example:
Cellular respiration Photosynthesis

Q5. What is the difference between substrate and product?

Ans: The molecules at which enzymes act are called substrates, and enzyme converts
them into different molecules, called products.

Q6. Define Activation Energy.

Ans: Definition:

“The minimum amount of energy required to start the biochemical reaction is called activation
energy”.

Need:

The need for activation energy acts as a barrier to the beginning of reaction. Enzymes
lower such barriers by decreasing the requirement of activation energy

Q7. How do enzymes lower activation energy?

Ans: Enzymes lower the activation energy in several ways:

• They may alter the shape of substrate and reduce the requirement of energy for this change.
• Some enzymes do so by disrupting the charge distribution on substrates.
• Enzymes also lower activation energy by bringing substrate in correct orientation to react.
Q8. Differentiate between intracellular and extracellular enzymes.

Ans: Enzymes can be categorized on the basis of the site where they work i e. they may be
intracellular enzymes (e.g.enzymes of glycolys is working in the cytoplasm)ormaybeextra
cellular enzymes (e.g. pepsin enzyme working in the stomach cavity).

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Q9. Illustrate with the help of Diagram that enzymes lower activation

energy. Ans:

Q10. Who first used the term enzyme?

Ans: In 1878, German Physiologist Winhelm Kuhne first used the termEnzyme

Q11. Write down the two characteristics of

enzymes? Ans:

Almost all enzymes are proteins i.e. they are made of aminoacids. Enzymes are usually very
specific for the type of reaction and for the nature of their
substrates.

Q12. Define Active Site.

Ans: "Only a small portion of enzyme molecule is directly involved in catalysis. This catalytic
region is known as activesite".

It recognizes and binds substrate and then carries outreaction.

Q13. What are co-factors?

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"Some enzymes do not need any additional components to work. However, others require
some components which are called Co-factors".
Co-factors are non-protein molecules or ions. Cofactors can be Inorganic (e.g. Metal ions) and
Organic (e.g. Flavin & Heme)
Q14. Write difference between cofactors and coenzymes.

Ans:

Cofactor Coenzyme

Some enzymes need some components If organic cofactors are loosely

which are called cofactors. attached with enzyme they are
called coenzyme
Cofactors are non-proteins
molecules or ions. Coenzymes transport chemical
group from one enzyme toanother.
Cofactors can be either inorganic
Some important vitamins (e.g. Flavin
riboflavin, (e.g.Metal ions) or organic
or thiamine and folic acid) act as
e.g. Flavin and heam
coenzymes.

Q15. What is the difference between prosthetic group and co-

enzymes? Ans: Cofactors can be of two types:

Prosthetic Groups:

“If the organic cofactors are tightly bound to enzyme, they are called prosthetic groups.

Example:

Heme

Co-enzymes:

“If the organic cofactors are loosely attached with enzyme, they are called coenzymes”.
Coenzymes transport chemical groups from one enzyme to the other.

Some important vitamins act as coenzymes e.g.,

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• Riboflavin
• Thiamine
• Folicacid
Q16. Name the vitamins which act ascoenzymes.

Ans: Following are some important vitamins which act as coenzymes.

• Riboflavin

• Thiamine

• FolicAcid
Q17. Give any two uses of enzymes./What is the main use of enzymes in food
industry? Ans: Enzymes are extensively used in different industries for fast
chemical reactions.

(i) Food Industry:

Enzymes that break starch into simple sugars are used in the production of:

• Whitebread
• Buns
(ii) Brewing Industry:
Enzymes break starch and proteins. The products are used by yeast for fermentation to produce
alcohol.

Q18. Name only factors affecting the rate of enzymeaction.

Ans: Following are the names ofs ome important factors which affect the rate of enzyme action.
• Temperature
• Substrate concentration
• pH
Q19. Define Optimum temperature.

Ans:
"Everyenzymeworksatitsmaximumrateataspecifictemperaturewhichiscalledo
ptimum temperature for that enzyme."

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• The optimum temperature for maximum working speed of enzymes in human body is 37°C.
Q20. What do you mean by denaturation of enzyme? How temperature affects rate of
enzymes reaction?

Ans: When temperature is es to a certain limit,heat adds in the activation energy and also provides
kinetic energy for the reaction.So there actions are accelerated. But when the temperature is
raised well above the optimum temperature, heat energy increases the vibrations of atoms of
enzyme and the globular structure of enzyme is lost. This is known as denaturation of enzyme.
• Denaturation results in a rapid decrease in rate of enzyme action and it may be blocked completely.
Q21. Birdshavehigherbodytemperaturethanmammals.Whatwouldhappentoactivityof a
bird’s enzyme if it is given temperature of37°C?
Ans: If a bird is given temperature of 37°C, the reaction rate will slow down as the bird‟s body
have higher temperature than mammals.

Q22. What would happen to reaction if enzyme concentration is kept constant and
amount of substrate is increased?

Ans: If enzyme concentration is kept constant, and the amount of substrate is increased, a
point is reached where any further increase in the substrate does not increase the rate of
reaction any more.

Saturation:

When the active sites of all enzymes are occupied,at high substrate concentrations, anymore
substrate molecules donotfindfreeactivesites.Thisstateiscalledsaturationofactivesites and
reaction rate does notincrease.

Q23. Draw a diagram showing effects of substrate concentration on enzyme activity

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Q24. Define optimum pH. How does pH affect enzyme activity?

Ans: “All enzymes work at their maximum rate in a narrow range of pH, called as the

optimum pH”. Every enzyme has its specific optimum pH value.

Effect of pH Change:

As light change in optimum pH of an enzyme causes retard at ion in enzyme activity or

blocks it completely. Change in pH can effect the ionization of amino acids at the activesite.

Q25. Describe lock and key model for enzyme action. Text Book Page #112

Ans: In order to explain the mechanism of enzyme action, a German chemist Emil Fischer
in 1894, proposed „Lock and Key Model‟ for enzyme action.

Model:

According to this model:

"Both enzyme and substrate possess specific shapes that fit exactly into one another".

Enzyme Specificity:

This model explains enzyme specificity for its

substrates. Q26. What is induced fitmodel?

Ans: In 1958, an American biologist Daniel Koshland suggested a modification to Lock

and Key model and proposed „Induced-fitmodel‟.

Model:

According to this model,

“The active site is not a rigid structure rather it is molded into the required shape to perform
itsfunction.

Advantage:

This model is more acceptable than Lock and Key Model.

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Q27. How specificity of enzymes isdetermined?

Ans: Specificity of different enzymes is determined by the shapes of their active sites. Active
sites possess specific geometric shapes that fit with specificsubstrates.

Q28. Induced fit model is better than lock and key model. Justify?

Ans. Induced fit model is better than lock and key model as in induced fit model active site is
flexible and change according to the shape of substrate while in lock and key model active site
have rigid shape and can fix only a specific shape of substrate.

Q29. Describe general mechanism of enzyme action.

Ans. Enzyme combine with the substrate, a temporary enzyme substrate complex is formed.
Enzyme catalyzed the reaction and substrate is transformed into product. After that enzyme
substrate complex break and enzyme and product are release.

E+S ES complex E+P

Q30. Graphically represent the effect of temperature on enzyme action.

Q31. In a range of 0-37oC the rate of enzyme is proportional to temperature. Above 37oC

and below 0oC, enzyme activity slow down and eventually stop. Explain why?

Ans. Enzymes are sensitive to temperature and work best at optimum temperature. The
optimum temperature of human body is 37oC so enzyme action increases when temperature
increased up to optimum temperature and enzyme rate become proportional to temperature.
But if temperature is increased above optimum temperature or decreased below 0oC the

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enzyme become denature and enzyme activity slow down and eventually stop.

Q32. Differentiate catalyst and enzyme.

Catalyst Enzyme
A catalyst is a substance that increase the An enzyme is a biological molecule
rate produced
of chemical reaction, without undergoing by living organism, which catalyze a
any permanent change. specific biochemical reaction at body
temperature.
Can either be inorganic catalyst or enzyme Enzyme is type of catalyst
e.g oxide, iron, platinum etc. e.g lipase, amylase, protease etc.
Q33. Why enzymes are called biochemical catalyst?

Ans. Enzyme are used to catalyze the biochemical reaction occur in living organism that is why
enzymes are called biochemical catalyst.

Q34. How enzymes are named?

Ans. Enzymes are commonly named by adding a suffix “-ase” to the root name of the substrate
molecule they will naturally be acting upon. E.g lipase catalyze the lipid molecule, protease
catalyze the protein molecule.

Q35. What happen to an enzyme when it is heated upto 100oC?

Ans. Optimum temperature of for human body is 37oC if enzyme are heated upto 100oC the
temperature is increased above optimum temperature and enzyme shape become denature
and rate of reaction decrease.

Q36. Why less energy is needed for reaction to occur when an enzyme is present?

Ans. Enzymes are biological catalyst. Catalysts lower the activation energy for reaction. The
lower the activation energy of reaction, the faster the rate of reaction. Thus enzyme speed up
reaction by lowering activation energy.

Q37. Why enzymes are required in small amount?

Ans. Enzymes are the catalyst which speed up reaction without being used up. In a reaction a
small amount of enzyme is enough to lower activation energy.
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Q38. Why enzymes are specific and why can’t each one speed up many reactions?
Ans. Each enzyme is specific to chemical reaction it will affect specific substrate because it
has specific active site which can bind with a specific substrate molecule and catalyze it. One
enzyme only binds with specific substrate and cant speed up other reaction.

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Topic 7: Bioenergetics

Q1. What are forms of energy in living organism? Or In how many forms does energy exist
in living organisms?

Ans: In living organisms, energy exists in two forms.

Kinetic energy: It is involved in doing any work.

Potential energy: It is stored energy for future use. Potential energy is stored in chemical bonds
and is released as kinetic energy when these bonds break.

Q2. Define Bioenergetics.

Ans: "Bioenergetics is the study of energy relationships and energy transformations

(conversions) in living organisms."

Q3. Discuss energy transformations in living organisms.

Ans: Organisms obtain energy by metabolizing the food they eat or prepare. Food contains
potential energy in its bonds. When these bonds are broken down, a large amount of kinetic
energy is usually released. Some of this energy is stored in the form of potential energy in the
bonds of ATP molecules while the rest escapes as heat. The potential energy stored in ATP is
again transformed into kinetic energy to carry out life activities.

Q4. Recall mode of nutrition of Plants, Micro- organisms, fungi and Animals.

Ans: Plants and Micro-organisms:

Plants and some micro-organisms (e g. photosynthetic bacteria and algae) prepare their own food
from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light by a process called photosynthesis.

Animals and Fungi:

Animals, fungi and many micro-organisms (non-photosynthetic bacteria and protozoans) get the
prepared food.

Q5. What are redox reactions?

Ans: For all life processes, oxidation-reductions reactions (redox reactions) are the direct
source of energy.

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Redox Reactions: Redox reactions involve exchange of electrons between atoms.

Oxidation: The loss of electrons is called oxidation. Reduction: The gain of electrons is called
reduction.

Q5. Can electrons be an energy source?

Ans: Electrons can be an energy source. It depends upon their location and arrangement

in atoms.

Examples:When electrons are present in oxygen, they make stable association with

oxygen atom and are not good energy source.

If electrons are dragged away from oxygen and attached to some other atom e.g. carbon or
hydrogen, they make unstable association. The try to move back to oxygen and when this
happens, energy is released.

Q6. What is the role of ATP in living organisms?

Ans: Significance:

ATP is the main energy source for majority of the cellular functions like:

 Synthesis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins)

 Movement
 Transmission of nerve impulses
 Active transport
 Exocytosis
 Endocytosis
Q7. Describe structure of ATP.

Ans: The ability of ATP to store and release energy is due to its molecular structure. Each ATP
molecule has three subunits:

 Adenine (a double-ringed nitrogenous base)

 Ribose (a five-carbon sugar)
 Three phosphate groups in a linear chain

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Q8. What is meant by cell’s energy currency?

Ans: The Cell’s Energy Currency

The major energy currency of all cells is a nucleotide called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is the
main energy source for majority of the cellular functions like synthesis of macromolecules (DNA,
RNA, and proteins), movement, transmission of nerve impulses, active transport, exocytosis and
endocytosis etc.

Q9. How energy is recycled in a cell?

Ans: Cells constantly recycle ADP by recombining it with Pi to form ATP. The synthesis of ATP
from ADP and Pi requires the expenditure of 7.3 kcal of energy per mole. This energy is
obtained from the oxidation of foodstuff.

Q10. Define photosynthesis. Write down its chemical equation.

Ans: Definition:

"The process of synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight
and chlorophyll, with oxygen as a by-product is called as photosynthesis."

Photosynthesis is an important anabolic (building) process. It comprises many coordinated

biochemical reactions.

6CO2+12H2O * C6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6H2O

Light Energy

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Q10. How CO2 is taken into plants through leaves?

Ans: The air that enters leaf through tiny pores (stomata) reaches into the air spaces present around
mesophyll cells. This air carries CO2, which gets absorbed in the thin layer of water surrounding
mesophyll cells. From here, the carbon dioxide dilfiises into mesophyll cells.
Q11. Differentiate between dark and light reactions.

Ans:

Light reaction Dark reaction

 It is the first phase of  It is the second phase of

photosynthesis. photosynthesis.
 Light energy is captured and is  Carbondioxideis reduced to
used to make high-energy make glucose and energy from
molecules (ATP and NADPH) high- energy molecules (ATP and
 It takes place on the NADPH) is utilized.
thylakoid membranes of  It takes place in the stroma of
chloroplasts. the chloroplasts.
 These reactions require light.  These reactions do not use light
directly.

Q12. What is NAD“?

Ans: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD“) is a coenzyme that takes electrons and
hydrogen ions and is thus reduced to NADH. One form of this coenzyme also carries
phosphate with it , so called NADP“

Q13. Show summary of photosynthesis in the form of a diagram.

Ans:

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Q14. What is meant by photolysis?

Ans: "Break down of water molecule during light reactions is called

photolysis”. It takes place with the help of light energy and oxygen

released.

Q15. Who discovered Dark reactions?

Ans: The details of Dark reactions were discovered by Malvin Calvin and his colleagues at the
university of California. Calvin was awarded Nobel Prize in 1961 for his work on the details of
photosynthesis.

Q16. Draw the Z-scheme for light reactions.

Ans:

Q17. What is the function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Ans: Sunlight energy is absorbed by cholorophyll. It is than converted into chemical energy,
which drives the photosynthetic process. Only about one person of the light falling on the leaf
surfaces is absorbed, the rest is reflected or transmitted. Chlorophylls mainly absorb red and
blue lights.

Q18. Define photosystems.

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Ans:“Photosynthetic pigments are organized in the form of clusters called photosystems, in

thylakoid membranes of choloroplasts.”

Main Pigment:

Chlorophyll-a is the main photosynthetic pigment

Q19. What is meant by pigments?

Ans: Pigments:

“Pigments are the substances that absorb visible light. Different pigments absorb light of different
wavelengths (colours).”

Q20. Define limiting factor.

Ans: Definition:

"Any environmental factor the absence or deficiency of which can decrease the rate of a
metabolic reaction, is called limiting factor for that reaction".

Important Limiting Factors:

Many factors act as limiting factors for photosynthesis like:

Light intensity

Temperature

Carbon

dioxide

Q21. What is effect of light intensity on photosynthesis?

Ans: The rate of photosynthesis varies with light intensity. It decreases as the light intensity
decreases and increases as the light intensity increases. However, at much higher light intensity,
the rate of photosynthesis becomes constant.

Q22. How the temperature affects rate of photosynthesis?

Ans: The rate of photosynthesis decreases with decrease in temperature. It increases as

temperature is increased over a limited range.

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Q23. What is the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on photosynthesis?

Ans: As carbon dioxide concentration rises, the rate of photosynthesis goes on increasing until
limited by other factors. Increase in carbon dioxide concentration beyond a certain level causes
the closure of stomata and it decreases the rate of photosynthesis.

Q24. There are more chloroplasts in the palisade mesophyll than spongy mesophyll, why?

Ans: There are more chloroplasts in the palisade mesophyll than spongy mesophyll because the
palisade cells are on the upper surface and receive more light, so they contain more chloroplasts to
be able to absorb more light.
Q25. Define cellular respiration.

Ans: “It is a process in which C-H bonds in food are broken down by oxidation reduction
reactions and energy is released in the form of ATP.”

It is of two types:

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic

respiration

Q26. Define aerobic respiration. Write its equation.

Ans: “The cellular respiration occurring in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic
respiration” The overall reaction is as follows:

Q27. What is anaerobic respiration?

Ans: “The respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration”.

In the absence of oxygen, glucose is incompletely oxidized with less amount of energy released.
In anaerobic respiration, the first phase is exactly similar to that of aerobic respiration. A
molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid. But in the second phase,
pyruvic acid is not completely oxidized. It is transformed into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. In this
way many of the C-H bonds are left unbroken in the products.

Q28. What is alcoholic fermentation?

Ans: Alcoholic fermentation:

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In this type of anaerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is further broken down into alcohol
(C2H5OH) and CO2.

It occurs in bacteria, yeast etc.

Pyruvic acid Ethyl Alcohol * Carbon dioxide

Q29. What is lactic acid fermentation?

Ans: Lactic Acid Fermentation:

It occurs in skeletal muscles of humans and other animals during extreme physical activities. This
also happens in the bacteria present in milk. In this type of anaerobic respiration, each pyruvic acid
molecule is converted into lactic acid (CzH6 3).
Pyruvic acid Lactic acid

Q30. What is difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Ans:

“The cellular respiration occurring in the “The cellular respiration occurring in the

presence of oxygen is called aerobic absence of oxygen is called anaerobic

respiration” respiration”

In the presence of oxygen, complete In the absence of oxygen, glucose is

oxidation of glucose incompletely oxidized with less amount of

occurs with maximum energy released.
release of energy.
2 ATP‟s are produced as a result of
36 ATP‟s are produced as a result of anaerobic respiration.
aerobic respiration.

Q31. How fermentation is important to living organisms?

Ans: Evolution of Life:

When life evolved on Earth, the early land or water habitats did not have any supply of free

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oxygen (Oz). In these anaerobic conditions, early organisms respired anaerobically and got
energy for their life activities.
Industrial usage:

Scientists have used the fermenting abilities of fungi and bacteria for the benefit of

mankind. Examples:

The fermenting powers of bacteria are used for making cheese and

yogurt. Fermentation in yeasts is used in brewing and baking

industries.

Soy sauce is made by the fermentation of a fungus Aspergillus

Q32. What are steps of aerobic respiration

Ans: Aerobic respirations involves following

steps. Glycolysis

Kreb‟s cycle

Electron transport chain.

Anaerobic respiration involves only glycolysis.

Q33. Differentiate between photosynthesis and respiration.

Ans:

 It is an Anabolic reaction.  It is a Catabolic reaction.

 Light energy is stored in the form
of chemical energy.
 It occurs in plants, algae and
some photosynthetic bacteria.
 Energy is used to produced
glucose.
 C-H bonds in food are broken down
by oxidation reduction reactions.
 It occurs in all organisms.
 Energy is released in the form of
ATP.

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Q34. What do you know about FAD“?

Ans: Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is also a coenzyme like NAD“. It gets 2 hydrogen and
reduces to FADHz.

Q35. Express the complete mechanism of respiration in form of equation.

Ans:

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Q36. The diagram shows flow chart about types of cellularrespiration.

a. Name the products I andII

b. Categorize the types of anaerobic respiration and give theirimportance.

Ans. a. Ethyl alcohol + CO2 and Lactic

Ans. b. i) Alcoholic fermentation: In this type of anaerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is further
broken down into alcohol (C2H5 OH) and CO2. Importance: Alcoholic fermentation by yeasts is
used in making wine and baking. ii) Lactic acid fermentation: In this type of anaerobic
respiration, each pyruvic acid molecule is converted into lactic acid (C2H6O3 ). Importance: The
fermenting powers of bacteria are used for making cheese and yogurt. Anaerobic respiration
provides energy to humans muscle cells during exercise by using lactic acid fermentation.

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Q37. Why it is incorrect to say that energy releasing step of respiration is electron transport
chain?

Ans: Energy is released in glycolysis and kreb‟s cycle in the form of NADH and FADH2.
Electron transport chain transforms the energy present in these compounds to ATP.

Q38. How many energy molecules are produced in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Ans: 36 ATP molecules are produced as a result of aerobic respiration while 2 ATP
molecules are produced as a result of anaerobic respiration.

Q39. Dark reaction of photosynthesis is not dependent on light. If a plant is kept in

darkness then dark reaction will not occur. Why? Give reasons.

Ans. Photosynthesis occurs in two phases. First phase is light dependent reactions and
second phase is light independent reactions i.e. dark reactions. If a plant is kept in darkness
then dark reaction will not occur because: During first phase, light energy is captured and is
used to make high-energy molecules ATP and NADPH.

During second phase, carbon dioxide is reduced by NADPH to make glucose. This reaction
requires energy which is provided by ATP. Since these reactions do not use light directly, they
are known as dark reactions. But this reaction cannot occur without using NADPH and ATP
that are synthesized during light reactions. So light is required for light reaction and the
products of light reactions are required for dark reactions to proceed.

Q40. Write down the importance of redox reactions in bioenergetics?

Ans. Electrons can be an energy source.

 Energy stored in chemical bonds can be transferred to new bonds, with electrons shifting
from one energy level to another.
 Redox reaction plays a key role in energy flow through biological system because
electrons that passes from one atom to another carry their potential energy.
 These electrons transfers, which are equivalent to energy transfers, are an essential part
of cellular respiration and photosynthesis etc

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Q 41. Why a part of photosynthesis is called darkreaction?

Ans: Dark Reaction/Light Independent Reaction

Once a light reactionproduceATPandNADPH, aphotosyntheticcellcan fix carbon

dioxide to build sugar molecules. The pathway now followed does not depend
direclly on light that is why it is called dark reactions or light independent
reaction.It takes place in Stroma ofchloroplast.

Q42. In light reaction of photosynthesis why photosystem II occurs before

photosystem I.

Ans: Photosystems I and II are named such because Photo system I was
actually discovered (andnamed) before Photo system II even though Photo
system II comes before Photosystem I during pholosynthesis (i.e Photosystem II
precedes Photosystem I in the electron flow of photo phosphorylat ‹on).

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TOPIC 8: Nutrition
Q1. What are the two types of fertilizers?
Ans: There are two types of fertilizers i.e, organic and inorganic. Organic fertilizers
undergo little processing and include ingredients such as composts and manure,
while inorganic fertilizers are synthetic and typically made from petroleum.

Q2. Define mastication.

Ans: Mastication is step one of the digestion process. Mastication breaks down food
so that it can go through the esophagus to the stomach. Breaking down food into
smaller pieces also increases its surface area so that digestive enzymes can continue
to break it down more efficiently.

Q3. Write two adverse effect of carbonated soft drinks.

Ans: Carbonated soft drinks are highly acidic, which cause deficiency of oxygen in
blood. It excess intake cause ulcer.
Q4. What meant by tetany?
Ans: Tetany is a condition that is expressed by convulsions in the muscles and tremors.
These movements are experienced rhythmically, and these continuous movements
result in muscle fatigue and excruciating pain. The ailment can affect any part of the
body that has a muscle.

Q5. What is the purpose of churning?

Ans: The purpose of churning in the stomach is to mix food and digestive juices
so that digestion can occur. This process helps break down food, making it easier
for your body to absorb nutrients from it.
Q6. What are the major causes of
ulcer?
Ans: Following are the major causes of nulcer:
 Long term use of anti-inflammatory medicines
 Smoking
 Drinking coffee and colas
 Eating spicy food
Q7. What is the function of saturated fatty acids in human body?
Ans: They provide energy to human body and fulfill the required nutrients.
Q8. What is dehydration?
Ans: Dehydration is condition caused by the loss of too much fluid from the body. It
happens when you are losing more fluids than you are taking in, and your body does not
have enough fluids to work properly.

Q9. What is night blindness?

Ans: Night blindness is one of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency. In its more
severe forms, vitamin A deficiency contributes to blindness by making the cornea
very dry, thus damaging the retina and cornea.
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Q10. What are the major causes of

constipation? Ans: Following are the major
causes of constipation
 Excessive absorption of water through colon
 Insufficient intake of dietary fibre
 Dehydration
 Tumors in the rectum or anus

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TOPIC 9: TRANSPORT

Q1. What is pulmonary circulation?

Ans: The pulmonary circulation is the circulation system in which oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood is moved to the lungs and returns to the left atrium of the
heart through Pulmonary veins.

Q2. Define stomatal transpiration.

Ans: Stomatal transpiration is the evaporation of water from a plant‟s stomata. Most
of the water that is transpired from a plant is transpired this way; at least 90% of the
water transpired from a plant‟s leaves exits through the stomata.

Q3. Why transpiration is a necessary evil?

Ans: Yes, Tanspiration is an evil for plants but a necessary one. Tanspiration involves
huge loss of water and energy. This often endangers the life of a plant particularly
when water supply is in deficit. But the leaf anatomy is designed to facilitate exchange
of gases for photosynthesis and respiration.

Q4. What is systematic circulation?

Ans: The systemic circulation is the circulation system that carries
oxygenated blood throughout the body and returns the deoxygenated blood
to the heart from the body tissues.
Q5. How plasma is separated from blood?
Ans: Blood is taken from the artery and an anticoagulant is mixed in it. After about 5
minutes, plasma is separated from the blood cells, which settles down.

Q6. Describe Rh-factor.

Ans: The Rh factor is an inherited protein that can be found on the surface of the red
blood cell. If your blood type is positive, then your blood cells have the Rh protein. If
your blood type is negative, then your blood cells lack the Rh protein.
Q7. Why O is called universal donor and AB is universal recipient?
Ans: O blood group neither has antigen for blood group nor it has the antigen for Rh
factor, hence O is a universal donor. AB blood is a universal acceptor since it has no
antibodies to A, B or Rh in its blood and may receive red blood cells from a donor of
any form of blood.

Q8. What is meant by cardiac cycle?

Ans: One contraction and one relaxation of the heart is called a cardiac cycle.
Q9. What is cohesion tension theory?
Ans: The cohesion-tension theory is a theory of intermolecular attraction that
explains the process of water flow upwards (against the force of gravity) through
the xylem of plants.

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Q10. Differentiate cardiac systole and diastole.

Ans:

SYSTO LE DIASTOLE

Contraction phase of atria Relaxation phase of atria and

and ventricle ventricle

Atrial diastole lasts for about

Atrial systole lasts for about
0.1 seconds 0.7 seconds

Ventricular systole lasts Ventricular diastole lasts

for about 0.3 seconds for about 0.5 seconds

Normal systolic pressure is Normal diastolic pressure is

120mmHg 80mmHg

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