A new era for air cargo

How e-commerce is accelerating

logistics transformation
A new era for air cargo
How e-commerce is accelerating
logistics transformation

Executive Summary Content

Online shopping has become an essential Introduction ............................................................... 3
part of modern life.
New consumer demands ..................................... 4
As its market penetration accelerated
throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, so have Opportunities to modernize ................................ 6
customers’ expectations. Online shoppers
now expect the service they receive online to E-commerce sustainability .................................. 8
rival, or exceed, the in-store experience.
Air cargo strategies for e-commerce .............. 9
To know more about the needs and
requirements of major e-commerce players, IATA’s role supporting air cargo ....................... 11
IATA has identified and analyzed the top-50
companies. We looked to understand how air IATA’s initiatives ..................................................... 13
cargo players can help develop their logistics
model by aligning to online businesses and
ultimately offering customer-focused
solutions. For this reason, IATA has analyzed
not only the e-shops or marketplaces
profiles but also their “air cargo potential.”
In this white paper, you will learn:
In this white paper, we take a closer look at
how air cargo has become key for this new E-commerce market trends and
e-commerce world. forecasts

This document focuses on how the
pandemic accelerated change and how air
cargo and e-commerce are transforming to
adapt to new consumer and market
demands. We examine trends, consumer
behaviors, the growing sustainability
challenges, and answer one fundamental
question:
Air cargo’s critical role in the e-commerce
landscape
How consumers influence logistics
models
The necessary transformation areas
thanks to the latest innovations

How can airlines transform to satisfy our
e-commerce partners and elevate the
customer experience?
E-commerce sustainability and its impact
on people, the planet, and prosperity
The five strategies for airlines to adapt to
the needs of online retailers

IATA’s role and initiatives in supporting air

cargo and e-commerce

2 A new era for air cargo

 A new era for air cargo
How e-commerce is accelerating
logistics transformation
COVID-19 has shifted the world online. For Global e-Commerce Sales 2017-2025
months, it forced governments to close
borders and take drastic measures to $8
protect people and ensure essential
$7
services. In most places, some levels of
restrictions continue to be in place by the $6
end of 2021. With social gatherings limited
or banned and restricted access to stores, $5
restaurants, and cultural centers, consumers
increasingly moved their lives online, $4
modifying their shopping habits. $3

We now know that those societal changes will $2

continue to affect the way we consume in the
future. For example, research shows that those $1
who started shopping online during the first
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
months of the pandemic have continued to do
so, accelerating the sector's growth. As
customer demands evolve, airlines and their Growth forecast in 2014
“Airlines must business partners must keep transforming Actuals 2021 forecast
keep their services to stay relevant in a rapidly
changing scenario. estimated forecast for 2025 grew well over
transforming past predictions, at 7.4 trillion USD.
their services Jumping years ahead
The pandemic has brought e-commerce to While online retail numbers have grown in all
to stay relevant unprecedented heights. E-commerce air cargo parts of the world, some regions have
in a rapidly was expected to grow by 10% annually from exceeded expectations. In particular, Latin
2019 to 2025. In 2017, the annual value of America, the Middle East, and Africa, which
changing global e-commerce sales reached 2 trillion lagged behind most mature markets before
scenario” USD and was forecast to exceed 4.4 trillion by 2020, jumped years ahead in terms of
2025, which was achieved in 2021. The new e-commerce volume.

Market growth from 2019 to 2020¹

+ 26.5%
Europe
+ 33.9%
North
America + 22%
Asia

30.4%
Pacific
+

34.8%
MENA
+
South
America
Source: parcelmonitor, Ti

A new era for air cargo 3

Air cargo, critical for e-commerce
During the first months of the pandemic, air
cargo was the only means of transportation for
the three most needed commodities
worldwide: vaccines, protective equipment,
and e-commerce. As demand for transport
grew, air cargo became a lifeline for
governments and society, changing the
perceptions about the industry forever.
In parallel, the air cargo industry suffered a
severe capacity crunch during the worst
months of 2020. To address this issue, a
substantial number of airlines were able to
transform passenger cabins into cargo-only “E-commerce
compartments: the so-called “preighters.” By
the end of 2021, as borders slowly re-open for was key for air
travelers, we are seeing capacity come back cargo.
with more space for belly cargo, more routes,
and more frequencies.
Now, air cargo
Air cargo stakeholders are now heavily has become
investing in this area, as freight represented
30-35% of airline revenue in 2021. The
critical for
industry is now pushing towards e-commerce”
transformation and resilience, becoming more
efficient, safe, digitalized, and sustainable.

Adapting to new consumer demands

In 2021, more than 2.3 billion people were
shopping online. That is almost a quarter of
the world’s population. While the e-commerce
retail sales share increased everywhere, in
countries like China, it has now overtaken
brick-and-mortar retail share². People’s overall
optimism in the economic recovery has risen
slowly in 2021.
Spending has been significantly elevated in
researching both in-store and online to choose
the best option before making a purchase³.
E-retailers are adapting to new demands
To know more about the needs and
requirements of significant online retailers,
IATA has identified the top-50 companies in
this sector⁴. Our objective is to help air cargo
develop its logistics
model by aligning with

30%
several categories, both online and in-store, e-commerce businesses
particularly for consumer electronics and to satisfy consumers.
home improvement, as well as pet supplies
and cosmetics. While consumers engage IATA has analyzed not
growth of
more in out-of-home experiences, the only their e-shop or
e-commerce
uncertainty linked to new pandemic waves has marketplace profiles but year-on-year
caused them to do so either less or in different also their “air cargo
ways. potential.” This
calculation is based on
Even as consumers slowly go back to stores, the gross merchandise value (GMV),
e-commerce sales also continued to geographical coverage, and remote shipping
experience substantial growth. New social potential, a subjective and qualitative
behaviors have emerged as a result, with 60 to assessment of the categories shipped, and
70 percent of consumers in the US the type of operations.

e-Commerce Retail Sales Share (% of total retail sales)

China S. Korea UK US France

2021 52.1% 28.9% 28.3% 15% 11.2%

2022 55.6% 31.6% 28.5% 16.3% 11.7%

Source: eMarketer

4 A new era for air cargo

 The four e-commerce logistic models

Owned and fully dedicated air Air freight shippers

transport capabilities
Firms reduce their dependence on 3rd
party carriers, limiting risks and
increasing margins.
These companies move the goods to
fulfillment centers in freight format and
perform local ground distribution in the
destination country (owned or
outsourced).

Hybrid model Air parcel shippers

There is a mixed-use of internal and
external capabilities to move freight to
fulfillment centers and also shipping of
single parcels to consumers via air cargo.
Firms rely on standard courier-
express-parcel & airmail. It is common
for marketplaces due to their high
dispatch fragmentation, as they are
frequently used for individual orders.

Four logistic models for e-commerce or multi-sourcing their production. In addition,

Through our research on the top-50 online
retailers, IATA developed a matrix to identify
“Adapting to four unique e-commerce logistic models.
the different These models are distinguishable by variations
in the level of owned versus outsourced
e-commerce capability and whether they ship single parcels
logistics trends or freight.
is critical for The landscape is changing rapidly
the air cargo E-tailers everywhere are continuously
assessing their level of control over their
industry” logistics operations. The efforts to counter the
effects of the pandemic are bringing new
trends into e-commerce logistics. The focus
on building more resilient supply chains is
making many companies consider re-localizing
the number of e-commerce fulfillment centers
is expected to increase to bring goods closer
to the consumer. These and other similar
trends may negatively impact airlines by
reducing the demand for high-speed air cargo
offerings.
In recent years, as many air cargo airlines
finally realized the significant impact of online
retail on their business, they started designing
products and services dedicated to this
segment. As the end-customer demands
evolve, adapting to the different e-commerce
logistics trends is critical for the air cargo
industry and will be more so in the coming
years.

e-Shops Vs. e-Marketplaces

IATA has differentiated two main company categories: e-shops and e-marketplaces.
While e-shops sell their own products online, e-marketplaces serve as a platform to
connect buyers and sellers. E-shops are usually in control of their supply chain,
occasionally outsourcing parts of it. On the other hand, e-marketplaces outsource most
of their transportation, allowing them to grow and / or scale up exponentially by building
sellers’ networks. Two large companies are an exception to this rule: Amazon and JD.com.
Both are pure marketplaces that control their own logistics.

A new era for air cargo 5

 e-Commerce Companies by Model
market. etsy.com Carousell
Own fulfillment confirmed Own fulfillment not confirmed Shopee
yandex.ru Farfetch Chinabrands
Mercado Snapdeal
Libre Shopify bidorbuy
1688.com
AliExpress TMall CNova .co.za
Rakuten Wish
+ Lazada Qoo10
Taobao Inc
Wayfair
Yahoo
Pinduoduo ozon.ru Flipkart Japan Allegro.pl eBay
Air parcel shippers Pvt Ltd bukalapak

Hybrid Models eMAG

Zalando Catch
Jumia
Amazon Lojas
Global Fashion Americanas homedepot.com
Group (GFG)
bol.com
Macys
Otto
JD.com Digitec + Newegg
Galaxus Target
Alibaba.com
Coolblue
Suning VIP.com
Walmart
Takealot wildberries.ru
Asos
MSH Best
Own air capabilities Air freight shippers Wehkamp
Buy
Apple
citilink.ru mvideo.ru
Owned & fully dedicated capabilities Partnerships for air capabilities External air capabilities

Opportunities to modernize
Behind every parcel delivered on time are Air cargo stakeholders will benefit heavily from
agile logistics, meeting complex consumer technological advancements and data
expectations. integration to unify,

368
smoothen, and
COVID-19 has pushed the logistics sector to accelerate their services
focus on speed, digitization, automation, and for e-commerce.
efficiency to meet customer demands. Along
with the accelerated growth in online retail, the Moreover, creating new billion EUR
e-commerce logistics market experienced a strategies to become e-commerce
phenomenal rise to €368 billion⁵. Most retail more agile and embrace logistics market
professionals say the crisis accelerated their transformation trends will value
digitalization plans by at least one or two allow the industry to build
years, with 21% saying they fast-forwarded a resilient supply chain with tailored solutions
plans by three years⁶. for this critical segment.

Three transformation areas

Digitalization Speed Automation

Digital logistics platforms,
integrating partners for
speed and efficiency
Partnership with airlines on
Data-driven digital ecosys-
tems embedded in a
logistics value chain
ONE Record, an end-to-end
digital logistics chain where
data is easily and
tranparently exchanged
Fast delivery, creating a
global network
specific routes
Smart order consolidation
(multiple parcels into one
shipment) bringing greater
delivery efficiency
Innovative technologies,
including autonomous
transportation
Internet of Things (IoT), data
analytics and blockchain
Operational efficiency in the
warehouse driven by
robotics and e-Hubs

6 A new era for air cargo

 The e-commerce boom has led to a “tsunami
of parcels,” reaching 131 billion in 2020 alone⁷.
That is three times more than in 2014, and the
figure is expected to double again by 2025.

131
As a result, the air cargo
supply chain is investing
in innovative solutions.
For example, some
players are building
billion parcels
smart warehouses
transported in equipped with full-chain
2020
logistics services and
AI-powered order
consolidation.

This should support the further integration of

the global retail and e-commerce ecosystem,
making it smarter and more efficient.

E-commerce fueling
innovation in logistics
Some examples of emerging
technologies to increase efficiency and
sustainability are electric vehicles,
warehouse robotics, drones, self-driving
delivery vans, AI and fit-for-purpose
algorithms, and eco-packaging. These
technologies will contribute to
improving delivery speeds, lowering
costs and emissions, and opening up
infrastructure and capacity sharing.

Brendan Sullivan
Global Head of Cargo, IATA

“New customers’ expectations have

drastically changed the way we do
commerce today. Supply chains have to
become agile to meet these new
requirements. The air cargo industry needs to
transform now and embrace digitalization and
sustainability to capitalize on this business”

A new era for air cargo 7

Addressing e-commerce sustainability
If the pandemic generally increased
consumers’ awareness of air cargo and its
environmental impact, this is especially true
when talking about e-commerce shipped by
increasing willingness by shoppers to make
compromises if it means their online orders will
be more sustainable.

20%
air. As the number of online orders grew, more These compromises can
and more environment-aware consumers be economical: most
began to scrutinize how their parcels were consumers agree to pay
delivered, asking for higher transparency in more for sustainable
CO₂ emissions, more efficient and packaging⁸. They can return rate on
sustainable packaging, and improved also put more e-commerce
returns. responsibility on their channels
side, with 34% of
This trend is gaining momentum, and has Germans ready to use
emerged as a significant driver of purchase returnable reusable packaging when shopping
decisions. Researchers have detected an online⁹.

Transparency in CO₂ emissions

As frequent online buying becomes part of the “new normal”, consumers are increasingly
worried about the CO₂ emissions created by their purchases and demanding greener
options. We have seen in the last few years multiple innovations to make the last-mile more
sustainable, and we can expect the same happening upstream in the value chain. Improving
visibility and reporting throughout transport will allow all stakeholders to make more
informed decisions and collaborate to reduce and offset emissions.

Efficient & sustainable packaging

As consumers and governments demand more sustainable packaging and delivery, we see
new industry solutions to reduce environmental impact. For example, 43% of UK consumers
said they had chosen brands or companies because they use sustainable packaging and
adopt circular economy practices¹⁰. The use of recycled, compostable materials and
returnable packaging options are expected to become more commonplace in the coming
years. Removing layers of packaging, changing boxing dimensions to be more efficient, or
even eliminate boxes altogether can reduce e-commerce carbon emissions by up to 36%.

Improved returns
With a 20% return rate on e-commerce channels¹¹, reverse logistics is one of the biggest
concerns in the e-commerce supply chain due to the high level of fragmentation in
operations. Stakeholder collaboration and data integration are critical elements to optimize
returns and reduce the estimated 10% that end in landfills.

8 A new era for air cargo

 Air cargo strategies for e-commerce
As the industry adapts to e-tailers' needs,
dedicated products and a new focus on
processes are critical for airlines to capture
e-commerce volumes. Industry stakeholders
“Digitalizing must prioritize the digitalization of their air
air cargo cargo operations. This will be the main
game-changer if they are going to keep up
operations will with online retailers.
be the main
IATA has identified the best transformation
game changer strategies¹² to capture e-commerce volumes.
to keep up Depending on the degree to which airlines
wish to enter the market and their maturity,
with online they will have to adopt one or more of these
retailers” strategies.
1. Focus on e-commerce products &
services to build market share
E-commerce can be flown as general cargo
and mail, allowing airlines to develop
segment-specific products and services. For
example, they can integrate their operations
into the e-tailers' activities and consider
catering to the most prominent clients'
demands at a larger scale through inorganic
growth.
2. Digitize to increase speed
Airlines must support transparency by digitally
integrating with their business partners. This
includes the integration of data flows between
airlines and other parties involved in shipment
processes. They need to assess and develop
multimodal forwarding platforms and provide
transparency for consumers.
3. Build into own system
Airlines need to foster the transformation of
their border processes to ensure smooth
customs clearance. Compliance with common
standards (e.g., trusted traders' initiatives,
known shipper and authorized economic

Strategies impact in addressing identified air cargo pain points

Focus on Compete
e-commerce Digitize to Build into own through
Shift to cargo responsiveness
products & increase speed system
services and VAS

Unstandardized services &

pricing

High international rates

Lack of tailored products

Insufficient service levels in

fulfillment

Low visibility of status

Slow pricing processes &

reduced rate competition

Inflated costs of forwarding

Poor visibility, disconnections

in track & trace mechanisms
and reverse logistics

A new era for air cargo 9

operators’ programs) could reduce the time
necessary for border controls. Expanding
digital integration to customs authorities (over
which e-commerce companies have little to no
influence) will further enhance a seamless and
efficient physical operation.
4. Shift to cargo.
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated
air cargo's value, showing that the industry is
essential for global and local economies and
helps industries and populations worldwide.
Therefore, airlines should consider new ways
to address the risks related to the capacity
shortage by investing in their air cargo
products.
5. Compete through responsiveness and
value-added services (VAS).
Airlines need to optimize their air, border, and
customs operations processes and analyze
how they handle cargo and mail to reduce
processing times. In addition, they should
consider adding new value-added services to
increase convenience and adapt their
approach to providing the visibility their
customers require, both at the airline and the
airport level.

“E-commerce companies
Start your business are constantly adjusting
transformation today their strategies to address
As e-commerce becomes one of new logistic challenges”
the leading new volume sources
for air cargo, we start to see
examples today of airlines
capitalizing on the online market's
opportunities. Several airlines are
moving towards integrating their
first and last-mile solutions for
e-commerce under one brand.

Creating and supporting start-ups

to develop door-to-door specific
products is the solution some of
them have selected. Others are
integrating e-commerce
marketplaces' platforms and
creating digital tools for bookings
and pricing.

At the same time, e-commerce

companies are constantly
adjusting their strategies. They are
not only putting the consumer in
the center of their preoccupations.
They are also looking at new
challenges posed by their
transport and logistics segment
and taking decisions that affect
their supply chains and partners.

10 A new era for air cargo

 IATA’s role in supporting air cargo
capitalizing on e-commerce growth
IATA is the trade association representing
approximately 290 commercial airlines
worldwide, accounting for more than 83% of
total air traffic. IATA’s mission is to represent,
lead and serve the airline industry.
Representing the airline industry
We improve understanding of the air transport
industry among decision-makers and increase
awareness of the benefits that aviation brings
to national and global economies. Advocating
for the interests of airlines across the globe,
we challenge unreasonable rules and charges,
hold regulators and governments to account,
and strive for sensible regulation.
Leading the airline industry
For over 70 years, we have developed global
commercial standards upon which the air
transport industry is built. Our aim is to assist
airlines by simplifying processes and
increasing passenger convenience while
reducing costs and improving efficiency.
Serving the airline industry
We help airlines to operate safely, securely,
efficiently, and economically under clearly
defined rules. Professional support is provided
to all industry stakeholders with a wide range
of products and expert services.
A new era for air cargo
IATA is committed to delivering enhanced
value for the industry by driving a safe, secure,
profitable, and sustainable air cargo supply
chain. IATA develops global standards and
tools, offers financial services and industry
solutions, drives transformation projects,
creates partnerships, and runs campaigns and
advocacy and outreach activities.
In that area, our goals are to:
1. Advise the industry and enhance
understanding of the opportunities and
challenges that exist and anticipate online
consumer and e-tailer needs so airlines
can capitalize on e-commerce growth
2. Ensure the air cargo industry has the
proper regulations, standards, and global
framework to offer the proper logistics
solutions for the e-commerce industry
supporting its business growth.
3. Enable industry collaboration to capitalize
on e-commerce in a sustainable way,
positively impacting people and the
planet while contributing to global
prosperity and peace.
11
 E-commerce
Code of Conduct
Collaboration is critical to enable the air cargo
industry to capture the business coming from
e-commerce and adapt to the needs of this
growing sector. Key stakeholders must work
together to create ethical and robust working
relationships with e-commerce players. These
efforts should also motivate all stakeholders to
engage with IATA initiatives, especially on
safety, security, and sustainability, through a
mutually agreed global Code of Conduct.

The Code of Conduct would ensure that no

counterfeit, prohibited, dangerous, unethical,
non-sustainable goods are sent by air. This
activity is one step towards the objective to
help airlines be ready to provide the right level
of services to their business partners and raise
awareness of the requirements in air transport
among e-retailers.

Providing promised value to consumers

Safety & security for consumers, airlines

and authorities

Discouraging crime by ensuring

transparency and cooperation

Unlocking capacity development

Digitizing the industry for improved

efficiency, visibility and integration

Transparent pricing for consumers and

shippers

Enabling seamless and compliant

performance of formal processes

Supply-chain effectiveness, resilience &

sustainability

12 A new era for air cargo

 IATA’s initiatives supporting
e-commerce

Mail Safety Guidelines

Implementing Mail Safety Guidelines developed by IATA and the Universal Postal Union for
airlines and posts to ensure that dangerous goods and prohibited items are not accepted in
airmail, except as permitted by the Regulations.

Secure Supply Chain Programs

Supporting the adoption and implementation of secure supply chain programs across the
globe (e.g. Known Consignor, Regulated Agent and AEO validation programs) to facilitate and
simplify the acceptance, carriage and delivery of air cargo shipments, aligning security and
safety risk assessment requirements ensuring a secure, safe and efficient transport of goods.

Cargo and mail IT systems mapping

We ensure interoperability between mail and cargo systems to allow visibility through bookings
and allocations, planning through volumetric information, tracking through compatible data
formats.

Interactive Cargo
Developing the relevant standards and guidelines such as piece level tracking, real-time data
access and notification through connected devices.

ONE Record
Developing the relevant standards and guidelines for the use of data sharing technology – with
a standard API, industry data model and common security solutions) for the digitalization of all
transport & logistics by air and provide end-to-end data access and visibility to all
stakeholders in the air cargo supply chain.

Modernizing cargo distribution

We are developing the relevant standards and guidelines to facilitate using an industry
standard API for requesting air transport quotes and making and managing bookings with an
industry standard process and data model.

WCO measurement and analysis

Big data, analysis of work currently being undertaken by international bodies, research and
analysis of various e-commerce business models, measuring e-commerce flows and
economic benefits, capacity building, awareness and education.

Cargo iQ
Cargo iQ helps monitoring performance of shipment and planning for any deviation which
could occur on the journey of a piece of cargo based on common business processes and
milestones. As part of that system, the Master Operating Plan (MOP) describes the standard
end-to-end process of transporting cargo. Cargo iQ recently launched a strategic
transformation to increase its value, positioning itself as the key provider of quality standards
and metrics for the air cargo industry.

A new era for air cargo 11

A new era for air cargo 13
ONE Source
IATA ONE Source is the industry platform for validated aviation capability and infrastructure
information. Find the right business partner for your needs, from specific infrastructure
requirements such as temperature-controlled rooms to IATA certifications.

Smart Facility Operational Capacity Certification

The Smart Facility Operational Capacity (SFOC) Audit assesses cargo handling facilities’
equipment, infrastructure, and procedures against IATA’s cargo handling standards. SFOC
validates the facility’s compliance and creates transparency to business partners and
customers, reducing the audit scope and frequency applied by airlines.

Audit Reduction Commitment

The Audit Reduction Commitment (ARC) is a binding airline commitment that specifies the
audit reduction in facility handling. The ARC lists the exact audit scope and /or frequency
reduction applied by a specific airline to all SFOC-certified cargo handling facilities.

Cargo Facility of the Future

Developing a set of recommendations to modernize existing or build future facilities by making
the best use of technologies, processes and architectural developments.

Framework for Operational Efficiency

Improving speed on the ground through smart regulations, efficient operations, and modern
technologies. The framework aims to reduce unnecessary stationary cargo pre & post flight,
and create visibility on the reasons for these temporary events.

Certifications of Excellence
Delivering certifications through the Center of Excellence for Independent Validators (CEIV)
programs in Live Animals, Pharmaceuticals, Fresh and Lithium Battery to achieve
transportation and handling excellence and meet safety obligations. INDUSTRY ENGAGEMENT

Seal of quality for e-commerce platforms (Code of Conduct)

Developing a certification mechanism or a code of good practice for e-commerce platforms
that sell dangerous goods, including lithium battery-powered products, to identify the
platforms that have developed and implemented agreed safety management systems.

Collaboration
We, as an industry, must engage in early dialogue to ensure that workable and effective
response measures are developed that can be implemented efficiently to maximize safety and
minimize disruption. We must work in partnership with each other and with airlines, airports
and other aviation security stakeholders to develop effective, long-term measures that
effectively counter threats to aviation. We must take greater accountability for the
implementation of standards to urgently address any gaps.
CONSULTING

Consulting activities
IATA Consulting can help you optimize safety and security, improve customer service, reduce
costs, increase profitability, plan better and give employees the training they need. Our
tailor-made solutions can benefit the entire supply chain.

14 A new era for air cargo

 BORDER PROCEDURES
Advanced cargo and mail information
Developing and implementing flexible solutions for pre-departure and pre-arrival risk
assessments by customs for cargo and mail to facilitate compliance with regulatory
requirements.

Border efficiency
Lobbying governments and national customs to collaborate in border efficiency to allow for
faster clearance and delivery of air cargo, including e-commerce goods.
SUSTAINABILITY

Illegal wildlife trade

Collaborate with e-commerce platforms and logistics providers to raise awareness on
developing and implementing programs to combat illegal wildlife trade, including staff training.

Environment
Strongly advocate developing and implementing appropriate business models that will reduce
the impact on the environment by reducing waste, improving packaging efficiency and
minimizing the need for reverse logistics.

IATA CO2NNECT
CO2NNECT is the industry CO₂ compensation platform. It offers CO₂ calculation based on a
standard methodology developed by the industry, and compensation linked to high-quality
carbon offsets.

Notes
1. “The World’s Fastest Growing e-Commerce Logistic Market,” ParcelMonitor, September 2021
2. Von Abrams, Karin, “These are the top global ecommerce markets,” E-Marketer, July 2021
3. “US consumer sentiment and behaviors during the coronavirus crisis,” McKinsey & Company, 2021
4. “The e-Commerce Logistics Landscape” IATA, December 2020, www.iata.org/ecommerce/
5. “The World’s Fastest Growing e-Commerce Logistic Market,” ParcelMonitor, September 2021
6. Evans, Michelle, “Retail in Transition: Capitalising on Future E-Commerce Opportunities,”
Euromonitor, March 2021
7. “Pitney Bowes Parcel Shipping Index,” Pitney Bowes, September 2021
8. “Sustainability in packaging: Inside the minds of global consumers,” McKinsey & Company, 2020
9. “Compromises digital buyers in Germany would make in order to make more sustainable digital
purchases,” eMarketer, December 2020
10. “Shifting sands: Are consumers still embracing sustainability?,“ Deloitte, 2021
11. “Returning to order: Improving returns management for apparel companies”, McKinsey & Company,
May 2021
12. “e-Commerce strategies for air cargo airlines,” IATA, February 2021, www.iata.org/ecommerce/

A new era for air cargo 15

www.iata.org/ecommerce