Power Plant Flexibility & Capture Readiness

F
Franz Bauer
B
VGB PowerTech
 Content
¾ Driving Force for Flexibility Æ Climate Protection
¾ Increase of i-RES in the Generation Portfolio
¾ Characteristics of i-RES & Consequences
¾ Impact on the Network and Control of the Network
¾ Role of „residual
residual“ Load or „back-up
back-up“ Capacity
¾ „back-up“ Portfolio Æ necessity for Coal
¾ Cost Structure
Structure, Investment Incentives Æ Market Issue
¾ „state of the art“ Coal Technology
¾ Carbon Capture & Storage Capture Readiness
¾ Conclusions
Increase of Renewables within Generation Portfolio
more than 50%!

RES
 Generation and Grid Interaction
40 GW

On-shore W
low wind period:
days with less than 10% power/generation
Source RWE Vahrenholt

month

Wind
Mon
at
Dez
Nov
Okt
10 GW Sep
Aug
Off-s
Jul low wind
Ju
of 10-12
10 12 days
shore W

M ni
Mai
Apr low wind
Mär of >12 days
Feb
Wind

Jan
J h
Jahr
19 19 20 20 20 year
90 95 00 05 10

characteristic wind pattern out of real data

Æ high frequency of power fluctuations incl. ramps
Source: Frauenhofer IWES
 Flexibility
has to be distinguished between
¾ demand - driven fluctuations +/- 20 GWel in 3h
¾ generation - driven ramps ~ 50 GWel in 1h

fluctuations will drastically mitigated by smart grids

ramps will require a huge capacity of storage capacity
 Generation and Grid Interaction

mand & Generattion

Wh
ution TW

„residual“ Æ
how to supply?
hly resolu
ower Dem
In month
Po

Horizon 2030 with corresp. Supply Structure

Source: Fraunhofer IWES
Options to manage the Volatility
20 000
20.000
I. very large Fluctuation Range,
in the future partly Excess of Electricty
18.000

16.000 Gesamte installierte Wind Leistung: 24.817 MW (01.12.2009)

24.000

14.000 II. extremly huge 20.000

Load Gradient
Wind Power [MW]

16.000

Wind Po wer [MW]

12.000
12.000
000

10.000 8.000

4.000

8.000
W

0
Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez

6.000 2008
2008

4.000 III. enduring „Flauten“ to be bridged

2.000

0
02.02. 03.02. 04.02. 05.02. 06.02. 07.02.

Data Source: ISET 2009

today available Pump Storage Capability in Germnay

 Generation and Grid Interaction

Evaluation: high Frequency of Ramps

Æ today´s Pump Storage Capacity ~ 6 GW in Central Europe/Germany
™ request of up to 13 GW within 15 min or ~ 30 GW in 2 h Capacity Pump Storage
™ annual frequency of Ramps ~ 2100times/a, Pump Storage Efficiency ~ 0,75
™ Filling leading to totally ~55 TWh/a incl. primary/secondary control
™ low wind periods of ~ 30d requiring refill generation Æ 40 TWh/a at 50 GWel
™ i-RES generation out of 50 GWel Æ ~ 100 TWh/a

balance: i-RES net-input, storage and ´back-up´ capacity?

 Overview Energy Storage

Hydrogen
Methane ?

Energy
gy storage
g
technologies can serve
different energy and reserve
markets depending on their
power output,
t t reaction
ti time,
ti
and total storage capacity

Source: Electricity Storage Association

Operating reserve Primary Secondary Minute /

reserve reserve Tertiary
Contingency/primary reserve reserve
Synchronized/spinnin Supplemental reserve
Activation < 30 s < 5 min < 15 min
Quick-start reserve
g reserve speed

Activation within 10 Activation within 10- Source: www.regelleistung.net, TransmissionCode 2007

Activation within 10
min, alreadyy 30 min, no need to be
min not synchronized
min,
synchronized synchronized
Source: PJM

GE Energy/Bieber
System Stability - Generation & Grid Interaction

…out of the Description & Analysis of Facts

Æ the key question coming up is:

what's about the System Stability?

determined by the ratio between
intermitting and dispatchable Generation
and the corresponding attitudes as flexibility
 Stability of primary control
Æ effect of reduced inertia Acceleration Power and Primary Control:
Sum of produced power = consumed power

Æ the stability of the grid is defined by the

balance between demand and supply and
the inertia of the system = spinning reserve
Δf 0
provided by rotating machines = turbine/generators

time

Δf

Δf

Δf
 Need for Back
Back-up
up Power and Flexible Tools
25000
Installed capacity > 25 GW
MW
wer production in M

20000

Actual power production

15000
between 0 and 85 % of the
10000 installed capacity during all
Wind pow

5000
seasons
0
Non-demand-driven intermittent
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 energy source
Time in h

Source: Data from June 2009 to May 2010 from Amprion, EnBW
Transportnetze, transpower and 50 Hertz Transmission

6000
Accuracy of prediction

er generation in MW
W
een predicted and
improved, but absolute value 4000

of mismatch will increase if 2000

wind power capacity is 0

Difference betwe

doubled
actual wind powe

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

-2000
Last year, difference of 800 MW
-4000
in average between predicted
and actual wind power -6000
Time in h
generation, peaks up to 5 GW
 Back-up Capacity

Portfolio of the „back-up“ Power Plants

ÆNuclear, Gas and Coal
q
Requirements for „„state of the art“ Coal-fired Plants

Carbon Capture Technologies

Flexibility in conventional Power Generation
NPP HC Lign CCG PS

Start-up Time „cold“ ~ 40h ~6h ~10h <2h ~0,1h

Start-up
Start up Time „warm
„warm“ ~ 40h ~3h
3h ~6h
6h <1
1,5h ~0
0,1h

Load Gradient „nominal Output“ ~5%/m ~2%/m ~2%/m ~4%/m >40%/m

Load Gradient „nominal Output“ ~5%/m ~2%/m ~2%/m ~4%/m >40%/m

minimal Shutdown Time no ~10h

minimal possible Load 50 % 40 % 40 % <50% ~15 %

Operating Hours i-RES – conventional Power Generation
residual 320 TWh/a Æ optimisation of splitting
80/0 50/30 40/40 base/peak
4000h 2200h 1000h oper. h
hours
at 60 GWel i-RES = 180 TWh/a Æ max possible operating
hours according to
residual 380 TWh/a Æ optimisation of splitting assumptions
ti

80/0 50/30 40/40 base/peak

4750h 3400h 2000h oper. h
hours
at 40 GWel i-RES = 120 TWh/a

Assumptions: Demand 500 TWh/a, Capacity 80 GWel

i-RES ~3000h/a, conv. PG ~7000h/a
state of the art Coal-fired Power Plant
with an efficiency of ~ 46 % net lhv

Source ALSTOM
According to the CCS Directive for any new Plant with an output of
more than 300 MWel an Assessment for CCS is required
Capture Readiness
Source ALSTOM
 €/t CO2
ETS versus Abatement abatement cost

40

30

20
ETS cost break
10 even

2010 2020 2030

Time-line for Technical Development & Market Viability
 Conclusions
according to the political Commitment for Climate Protection
Æincrease of the contribution of Renewable Power Plants
ÆRequirements for Network Control will increase essentially
ÆNeed for „back-up
back-up“ Power for System Stability
Coal will be part of a balanced Generation Portfolio
Æclean Coal Technology with η ~ 46 % net Hlv and
ÆCarbon Capture Readiness

ÆRequest of an appropriate regulatory Framework = Market