Densitites g/cm3

Fibers 2.5
Resin 1.2
Compoite 1.902332
Weigthts Grams
Empty crucible 47.6504
Crucible and composite 50.1817
Crucible and glass 49.4476

Weight Fractions
Fibers 0.709991
Matrix 0.290009

Volumes cm3
Vf 0.540255
Vm 0.459745

Q4
Experimental density
of composite 1.86

Void Fraction 0.022253 2.225268 %

 Q5
Ef 400 Gpa
Em 3.2 Gpa
Ef/Em 125
Vf(%) Vm(%) Ec σf/σc
10 90 42.88 9.328358
25 75 102.4 3.90625
50 50 201.6 1.984127
75 25 300.8 1.329787

Q6
ξ 2η 0.863636 0.959144
Vf(%) 25
Material E(Gpa) ν EL ET
Epoxy 3.5 0.35 GPa GPa
Glass Fibers 70 0.2 20.125 6.391304
Graphite Fibers 250 0.2 65.125 6.8119
Kevlar Fibers 140 0.2 37.625 6.674419
Boron Fibers 350 0.2 140 105
Aluminum 70 0.33

Q7

Material Density(g/cm3Wt.% E(GPa) σ(GPa)

Binder 1.3 35 3.5 0.06
Fiber A 2.5 45 70 1.4
Fiber B 1.6 20 6 0.45

Density of Composite(g/cm^3) 1.741460147

Fracture Stress(GPa) 0.426676873
Max Load 42667.6873
Max Load Fiber A 464969.8593
Max Load Fiber B 9000
Max load carried by Fiber 464969.8593
Fiber B will Rupture Last

Q8
Vf(%) 50
σ,A(MPa) 17.5
Matrix σ,B(GPa) 17.5
є(%) 1
E(GPa)(fiber) 70
σ(MPa)(fiber) 700
σ(MPa)(Composite) 358.75

Vf(%) 50
σ,A(MPa) 35
σ,B(GPa) 43.75
є(%) 4
E(GPa)(fiber) 70
σ(MPa)(fiber) 2800
σ(MPa)(Composite)(matrix A) 1417.5
σ(MPa)(Composite)(matrix B) 1421.875

UTS of fibers(GPa) 2.8

єf(%) 4
For Composite A
σmu-σm(єf) 0
Vmin=Vcrit 0
For Composite B
σmu(MPa) 70 From Figure
σm(єf)(MPa) 43.75
σmu-σm(єf)(MPa) 26.25
σfu(MPa) 2800
σfu-σm(єf)(MPa) 2756.25
Vcrit(%) 0.952380952
Vmin(%) 0.92879257

Q9 Composite A
єf(%) 2 єf(%) σ(MPa)
σ(MPa)(composite A and B) 717.5 0 0
єf(%) 4 2 717.5
σ(MPa)(composite A) 1417.5 4 1417.5
σ(MPa)(composite A) 1421.875 Composite B
єf(%) σ(MPa)
0 0
2 717.5
4 1421.875
 0.928571428571429 0.57142857142857
25 Vf(%) 50 Vf(%) 75
GLT VLT EL ET GLT VLT EL ET
GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa
2.43478260869565 0.3125 36.75 11.48 4.501961 0.275 53.375 22.80645
2.59500959692898 0.3125 126.75 13.1757 5.166942 0.275 188.375 30.41421
2.54263565891473 0.3125 71.75 12.6 4.941176 0.275 105.875 27.58824
40.4624277456647 0.2975 210 154 60.86957 0.265 280 227.5

Volume fraction Fracture Strain

0.468854655056932 0.01714285714286
0.313462826523778 0.02
0.21768251841929 0.075
 Stress-Strain Curve Composite A Stress-Strain C
1600 1600
1417.5
1400 1400
1200 1200
1000 1000
Stress MPa
Stress MPa

800 717.5 800

600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Strain %
 75
GLT VLT
GPa
9.214728 0.2375
12.28857 0.2375
11.14676 0.2375
92.29209 0.2325
 Stress-Strain Curve Composite B
1421.875

717.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Strain %
Q10
From Table 1.1
HigH Modulus Fiber
Ef(GPa) 390
σfu(MPa) 2100
E(GPa) alumimnum 70
Vf(%) Required 17.205692108668
Density of Matrix(g/Cm3) 1.9
Density of Fiber(g/Cm3) 1.2
Density of Composite (g/Cm ) 3
1.3204398447607
Density of Al (g/Cm )
3
2.7
Weight Reduction(%) 51.09482056442

High Tensile Strength Fiber

Ef(GPa) 240
σfu(MPa) 2500
E(GPa) alumimnum 70
Vf(%) Required 28.118393234672
Density of Matrix(g/Cm3) 1.9
Density of Fiber(g/Cm ) 3
1.2
Density of Composite (g/Cm3) 1.3968287526427
Density of Al (g/Cm3) 2.7
Weight Reduction(%) 48.265601753974

Q11
HigH Modulus Fiber
Ef(GPa) 390
σfu(MPa) 2100
E(GPa) alumimnum 70
Vf(%) Required 17.205692108668
σcu(MPa) 361.31953428202
High Tensile Strength Fiber
Ef(GPa) 240
σfu(MPa) 2500
E(GPa) alumimnum 70
Vf(%) Required 28.118393234672
σcu(MPa) 702.95983086681

Q12
Kevlar Fibers
Ef(GPa) 130
σfu(MPa) 2800
E(GPa) alumimnum 70
Vf(%) Required 52.569169960474
Density of Matrix(g/Cm3) 1.2
Density of Fiber(g/Cm ) 3
1.5
Density of Composite (g/Cm3) 1.3422924901186
Density of Al (g/Cm3) 2.7
Weight Reduction(%) 50.285463328942
σcu(MPa) 1471.9367588933

Q13
Es(GPa) 210
Poisson Ratio Steel 0.3
σT(MPa) 450
Density of Steel (g/Cm3) 7.8
Load for Road(N) 2000
Cross Section Area of Rod(mm2) 4.4444444444444
For Graphite-Epoxy Composite
σfu(MPa) 2200
Density of Matrix (g/Cm ) 3
1.2
Density of Fiber (g/Cm )3
1.8
Vf(%) 65
σcu(MPa) 1430
Cross Section Area of Composite Rod(mm 2) 1.3986013986014
Density of composite(g/Cm ) 3
1.59
Weight Ratio 15.589098532495
Cost Ratio 3.117819706499

Q14
Glass/Epoxy Composite
Vm(%) 60
Vf(%) 40
σfu(MPa) 700
Ef(GPa) 70
Em(GPa) 3.5
σcu(MPa) 301
Glass/Carbon/Epoxy Composite
Glass/Epoxy system is Matrix
Ef(GPa) 350
єf 0.002
σm(єf)(MPa) 60.2
Vcrit 37.636761487965
Q15
Glass/Epoxy Composite
Ef(GPa) 70
Em(GPa) 3.5
σfu(MPa) 700
σmu(MPa) 52.5
Vf(%) 70
Vm(%) 30
Ec(GPa) 50.05
σcu(MPa) 500.5
Glass/Carbon/Epoxy Composite
Glass/Epoxy system is Matrix
Ef(carbon)(GPa) 350
Vcf(%) 17.875
єf(Fracture) 0.002
σcf(MPa) 200.2
Composite Stress at Fracture of Glass Fibers
єf(Fracture) 0.01
σcf(MPa) 375.375

Q16
EL(GPa) 40
ET(GPa) 10
єLU 0.0276
єTU 0.0036
νLT 0.25
єLU(compressive) 0.0144
σcf(MPa) 576

Q17
Em/Ef 0.05
Combinig E3.39-E3.41
Vf σTU/σmU=1/SCf σTU/σmU=(1/SMF)
0 1 1
0.1 0.7303909777127 0.66100383482995
0.2 0.6427000316346 0.520587025624045
0.3 0.5774005851111 0.412841418354462
0.4 0.5193672091289 0.322007669659899
0.5 0.4609172010819 0.241981530568021
0.6 0.3944938850538 0.16963237057313
0.7 0.3077625419566 0.103100451555471
0.8 0.171558546867 0.04117405124809
0.87 0.0006049885238 0.000104965508879
Q18
αf 0.000005
αm 0.00009
Ef(Gpa) 70
Em(Gpa) 3.5
νf 0.2
νm 0.35

Vf αL αT
0 0.00009 0.0001215
0.05 4.6410256E-05 0.000115675
0.1 3.137931E-05 0.00010985
0.2 1.9166667E-05 0.0000982
0.3 1.3880597E-05 0.00008655
0.4 1.0930233E-05 0.0000749
0.5 9.047619E-06 0.00006325
0.6 7.7419355E-06 0.0000516
0.7 6.7832168E-06 0.00003995
0.8 6.0493827E-06 0.0000283
0.9 5.4696133E-06 0.00001665
1 0.000005 0.000005

Example 3.4
Km(W/m/deg C) 0.25
Kf (W/m/deg C) 1.05
KfL (W/m/deg C) 80
KfT (W/m/deg C) 12.5
Vf(%) 60
Vm(%) 40
Glass/Epoxy Composite
KcL(W/m/deg C) 0.73
ξ 1
η 0.6153846154
KcT (W/m/deg C) 0.5426829268
Carbon/Epoxy Composite
KcL(W/m/deg C) 48.1
ξ 1
η 0.9607843137
KcT (W/m/deg C) 0.9305555556

Q19 KcT (W/m/deg C)

Vf Glass/Epoxy Carbon/Epoxy
 0 0.25 0.25
0.1 0.2827868852 0.3031453362
0.2 0.3201754386 0.3689320388
0.3 0.3632075472 0.4524793388
0.4 0.4132653061 0.5621019108
0.5 0.4722222222 0.7122641509
0.6 0.5426829268 0.9305555556
0.7 0.6283783784 1.2769461078
0.8 0.7348484848 1.9110169492
0.9 0.8706896552 3.4456521739
1 1.05 12.5

Q20
αc -0.00000061
αm 0.00009
Ef(Gpa) 294
Em(Gpa) 3.5
Vf 0.55
Ec(GPa) 163.275
αc -1.492565E-06

Q21
Vf 0.7
Vm 0.3
Density matrix(g/cm3) 1.2
Density Composite(g/cm )3
1.6
Moisture in composite 0.225
Water absorption Epoxy(%) 6
Max Moisture in Composite (%) 1.35