TABLE 1 Studies employing Machine Learning methods for detection of SCZ.

Preprocess
Study Method Signal Database Accuracy
ing

Low-
IPN
and
(Olejarc
high-
zyk and
Vázquez et pass RF
Butterw EEG NR
al., 2021 Classifier
orth Jernajc
zyk,
2017)
filters

Laborat
Symme ory for
trically
Weight
ed local Neurop
Rajesh hysiolo
and gy and
Sunil binary
Logit Boost
Kumar, pattern EEG 91.66
classifier Neuro-
s
(SLBP) Comput
2021 and er
Interfac
es,
correlat
ion
MHRC

IPN
(Olejarc
zyk and
Fast
Fourier Jernajc
transfor zyk,
Agarwal
m 2017)
and SVM,
(FFT) and
Singhal, KNN, BT, EEG 99.25
and Kaggle
and DT
2023
statistic SCZ
al dataset
feature (Ford et
al.,

2014 )
 Robust
Optimiz
variatio Kaggle
ed
nal SCZ
extreme
mode dataset
Khare and machin
EEG (Ford 92.93
Bajaj, 2022 e
decomp
osition et al.,
classifie
(RVMD 2014)
r
)

CGP17P
at and
Iterativ
e IPN
(Olejarc
zyk and
Aydemir et neighbo
al., 2022 rhood
KNN EEG 99.91
compon Jernajc
ent zyk,
2017)
analysis
(INCA)

DT,
Linear-
Discrim
inant
Analysi
s
Butterw IPN
orth (LDA), (Olejarc
filter KNN, zyk and
Jahmunah and EEG 92.91
et al., 2019
Probabi Jernajc
Segmen listic- zyk,
tation Neural- 2017)
Networ
k

(PNN),
and
SVM
 Butterw
orth
filter
and
LDA, and
Devia et Indepe
Rule-based EEG Private 71
al., 2019 ndent
classifier
compon
ent
analysis

(ICA)

Digital
Neuhaus et KNN, LDA,
filters and EEG Private 72.4
al., 2013 SVM,
ICA

SVM,
Bayesia
n LDA,
Gaussia
n
Spatial
NB,
Luján et filters and
KNN, EEG Private 93.40
al., 2022 Bandpass
Adaboo
filter
st, and
Radial

basis
functio
n (RBF)
 Flexible
least
square
support

vector
machin
Flexible
e (F- Kaggle
tunable
LSSVM SCZ
Q
) dataset
Khare and wavelet
EEG (Ford 91.39
Bajaj, 2021
classifie
transfor
r and et al.,
m (F-
grey 2014)
TQWT)
wolf

optimiz
ation
(GWO)
algorith
m

Zandbagle
EEGLAB KNN, LDA,
h et al., EEG Private 89.21
and ICA and SVM
2022

Non-
linear
dynami
c and
Du et al., Wavelet
EEG Private 76.77
2020 Transform Functio
nal
brain
networ
ks

Kaggle
Finite
SCZ
impulse
dataset
Aksöz et respons K NN,AN N EEG (Ford 93.9
al., 2022 e (FIR) , and SVM
et al.,
filter
2014)
 Adaptiv
e neuro
fuzzy IPN
inferenc (Olejarc
e zyk and
Najafzadeh Butterwort
EEG 100
et al., 2021 h filter
system Jernajc
(ANFIS zyk,
), SVM, 2017)
and
ANN

IPN
(Olejarc
Bandpass zyk and
Azizi et al., LR
filter and EEG 97
2021 classifier
ICA Jernajc
zyk,
2017)

Shim et al., Bandpass

SVM EEG Private 88.24
2016 filter

IPN
(Olejarc
zyk and
Kim et al., Bandpass
SVN EEG 76.85
2021 filter
Jernajc
zyk,
2017)

IPN
(Olejarc
SVM and zyk and
Keihani et Bandpass Bayesian
EEG 90.93
al., 2022 filter optimizatio
n Jernajc
zyk,
2017)

Black
IPN
Hole
(Olejarc
(BH)
zyk and
Prabhakar optimiz
ICA ation EEG 92.17
et al., 2020
Jernajc
zyk,
and
2017)
SVM
 Bandpass
Kim et al.,
filter and LDA EEG Private 88.10
2020
notch filter

Bandpass
Jeong et
filter and LDA EEG Private 98
al., 2017
ICA

Bandpass
Lai et al., NB and
filter and EEG Private 86.3
2019 SVM
ICA

Bottlen
eck and
Vietoris- Wasser
Guo et al., Rips stein EEG Private NR
2022 filtering
algorithm
distanc
es

Bandpa
Multila
ss filter
yer
+ ICA +
Percept
Santos- Grand
ron
Mayo et (MLP) EEG-ERP Private 93.42
al., 2016 average and
+
Segmen
SVM
tation

IPN, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology; MHRC, Mental Health Research Center;
ERP, Evoked Related Potential.

TABLE 2 Studies using Deep Learning methods for detection of SCZ.

Accurac
Pre- y
Study Method Signal Database
processing
(% )
 VGG-
16,
ResNet
Butterw 50V2,
orth IPN
filters Incepti (Olejarc
Bagherzad and onV3, zyk and
eh et al., Transfe Efficien EEG 99.90
2022 r tNetB0, Jernajc
zyk,
Entropy DenseN 2017)
(TE) et121,
and
CNN-
LSTM

Visual
Geomet
ry
Group-
16 1.
Private
(VGG16
), an 2. IPN
Continuou Advanc
Aslan and (Olejarc
s Wavelet ed EEG 99.5
Akin, 2022 zyk and
Transform
convolu Jernajc
tional zyk,
neural 2017)
networ
k

(C N N )
 Laborat
ory for

Neurop
hysiolo
Dimens
gy and
ionality
reducti
Supakar et on RNN- Neuro-
EEG 98
al., 2022 LSTM Comput
er
algorith
Interfac
m
es

(Shishk
in et al.,
2011)

AlexNet
,
ResNet- IPN
18, (Olejarc
VGG- zyk and
Shalbaf et Wavelet 19, EEG 98.60
al., 2020 Transform
Jernajc
Incepti zyk,
on-v3, 2017)
and
SVM

Psychia
try
Digital Depart
Artificia ment of
filters
l neural
and
Soria networ
Fuzzy Virgen
Bretones et k based EEG 93
means de la
al., 2023 on
Luz
clusteri Hospita
RBF l in
ng

Cuenca
 Deep
ResNet
s, Kaggle
softmax SCZ
layer dataset
(Siuly et Average and (Ford
EEG 99.23
al., 2023) filtering
deep et al.,
features 2014)
with
SVM

Google Kaggle
Net and SCZ
deep dataset
Siuly et al., Average features (Ford
EEG 98.84
2022 filtering ,
et al.,
SVM 2014)

1-D-
Segmen IPN
CNN,
tation, (Olejarc
LSTM,
Denoisi zyk and
Shoeibi et and
ng, EEG 99.25
al., 2021
Jernajc
1-D-
Normal zyk,
CNN +
ization 2017)
LSTM

Connec EEG
tivity SCZ
measur (Gorbac
es (VAR Multi hevskay
Phang et a
domain- EEG 91.69
al., 2019
coeffici CNN
ents and
and Borisov
PDCs) , 2002)
 1. EEG
SCZ
(Gorbac
Bandpa hevskay
ss filter, a
segmen
tation, and
Borisov
Singh et CNN + , 2002)
and EEG 98.56
al., 2021 LSTM
Fast
Fourier 2. IPN
transfor (Olejarc
m zyk and
(FFT)
Jernajc
zyk,
2017)

Short
AlexNet
Term Kaggle
,
FFT, SCZ
ResNet
Continu dataset
Khare et 50,
ous EEG (Ford 93.36
al., 2021 VGG16,
WT,
and
et al.,
and 2014)
CNN
SPWVD

Fourier Huilonggu
(Sun et al., CNN +
transform EEG an 99.22
2021) LSTM
(FT) Hospital

Laborat
ory for

Neurop
hysiolo
gy and

Supakar et Random RNN + Neuro-

EEG 98
al., 2022 projection LSTM Comput
er
Interfac
es

(Shishk
in et al.,
2011)
 IPN
(Olejarc
Hybrid zyk and
Digital
Hassan et Classifier
bandpass EEG 98.05
al., 2023 (CNN +
filter Jernajc
ML)
zyk,
2017)

CNN
Notch
and
filter + IPN
tempor
Princip (Olejarc
al
al zyk and
Bao et al., convolu
tion EEG 99.57
2023
compon Jernajc
ent zyk,
networ
analysis 2017)
ks
(PCA)
(TCNs)

Laborat
ory for

Continu Neurop
ous hysiolo
wavelet gy and
transfor
Shen et al., m Customize Neuro-
EEG 98.89
2023 d 3D-CNN Comput
(C W T )+ ¿ er
Digital Interfac
bandpa es
ss filter
(Shishk
in et al.,
2011)

techniques and neural network architectures on the effectiveness of detecting

schizophrenia in EEG.

6 EEG datasets for schizophrenia

detection
Electroencephalogram signals can be readily obtained from high-quality open datasets
accessible to the public. These datasets, which are easily obtainable, open, and shareable,
significantly aid independent researchers in developing new algorithms or findings and
conducting performance comparisons in studies related to Schizophrenia diagnosis.
There are multiple EEG datasets specifically designed for predicting SCZ. However,
ethical concerns prevent most of this data from being shared in the public domain,
limiting the reproducibility of related works. Some private datasets, including those used
in studies (Neuhaus et al., 2013; Santos-Mayo et al., 2016; Shim et al., 2016; Jeong et al.,
2017; Devia et al., 2019; Lai et al., 2019; Du et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2020; Aslan and
Akin, 2022; Bagherzadeh et al., 2022; Guo et al., 2022; Luján et al., 2022; Zandbagleh et
al., 2022) utilized experimental EEG datasets