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Lecture 16
Lecture 16
Lecture 16
Application of Bernoulli’s
principle
Dr. Sharu B K
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Calicut
Office: GF, old library
Email: sharubk@nitc.ac.in 208
Energy Form
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒈𝒛𝟐
𝝆 𝟐 𝝆 𝟐
Pressure energy + Kinetic Energy + potential energy = Constant
Head Form
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
Pressure Form
𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝑷𝟏 + 𝝆 + 𝝆𝒈𝒛𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆 + 𝝆𝒈𝒛𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
Static Pressure + dynamic pressure + hydrostatic pressure = Constant
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𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝟐 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
hf represents the frictional work done (the work done against the
fluid friction) per unit weight of a fluid element while moving from a
station 1 to 2 along a streamline in the direction of flow.
The term hf is usually referred to as head loss between 1 and 2, since
it amounts to the loss in total mechanical energy per unit weight
between points 1 and 2 on a streamline due to the effect of fluid
friction or viscosity.
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Orifice meter
Flow nozzle
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Venturimeter
Construction
The two conical portions have the same base diameter, but one is
having a shorter length with a larger cone angle while the other is
having a larger length with a smaller cone angle.
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Venturimeter
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Venturimeter
Venturimeter is always used in a way that the upstream part of the
flow takes place through the short conical portion while the
downstream part of the flow through the long one.
This ensures a rapid converging passage and a gradual diverging
passage in the direction of flow to avoid the loss of energy due to
separation.
In course of a flow through the converging part, the velocity increases
in the direction of flow according to the principle of continuity, while
the pressure decreases according to Bernoulli’s theorem.
The velocity reaches its maximum value and pressure reaches its
minimum value at the throat. Subsequently, a decrease in the velocity
and an increase in the pressure takes place in course of flow through
the divergent part.
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𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟏
= ---------------------- (1)
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐
𝝆𝒈
is the difference of pressure heads at section 1 and 2 and
it is equal to h 𝒑 𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐
𝒉=
𝝆𝒈
𝒗𝟐𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟏
𝒉=
𝟐𝒈
Now applying continuity equation at section 1 and 2
𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝒗𝟏 =
𝒂𝟏
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Discharge, 𝑸 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐
𝑸= 𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝒂𝟐𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐𝟐
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Orificemeter
Construction:
An orificemeter provides a simpler and cheaper arrangement for the
measurement of flow through a pipe.
An orificemeter is essentially a thin circular plate with a sharp edged
concentric circular hole in it.
Working
The orifice plate, being fixed at a section of the pipe, creates an
obstruction to the flow by providing an opening in the form of an
orifice to the flow passage.
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𝑸=
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Vena contracta
𝑪𝒅 = 𝑪𝒄 𝑪𝒗
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Pitot Tube
Construction:
A right-angled glass tube, large enough for capillary effects to be
negligible, is used for the purpose.
One end of the tube faces the flow while the other end is open to
the atmosphere as shown in Fig.
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Thus, the difference in level between the liquid in the glass tube and
the free surface becomes the measure of the dynamic pressure
Pitot tube provides one of the most accurate means of measuring fluid
velocity
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∆𝒑
𝑽=𝑪 𝟐
𝝆
Static Vent
Pitot tube
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