Polytechnic university of the Philippines 1

Paranaque city campus

A CASE STUDY OF
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

Present by:
Espinar, Jhon Paul D.
Calanza, Mark Gil L.
Jaleco, Kristelle Mae D.
Anonuevo, Erlyn Joyce S.

Presented to:
Oronos, Rey Jr.

May 20, 2022

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I. Abstract
An operating system (OS) is the most important software and program that allows all types of

computers, mobile phones, handheld devices, and other devices to function. It aids in connecting and

integrating computer hardware with program and application software, as well as other common

essential services. At boot time, the operating system is loaded. The OS, like a host, is responsible for

the execution and management of application programs as well as the operation of the machine's

hardware. The operating system's working principle is to configure first, then test the program's ability

to perform, and finally allow it to run. Its primary function is to manage computer-based activities. The

operating system also manages input, output, and storage devices. Several computer programs run

concurrently in a system and require access to the CPU, memory, and storage. In an operating system,

the user can communicate with the Command Line Interface by typing a command, and the system will

respond. However, for ease of use, modern operating systems employ a graphical user interface (GUI).

Now, a user can interact with a system by using a mouse to click buttons and menus, and everything is

displayed on the screen in the form of text, graphics, or images. It functions similarly to a bank manager

in that it ensures that no other activity interferes with the operation of application software.

II. Introduction

A computer machine or system contains various types of devices and software that are used to

perform a complete operation or task. The most commonly used and important resources in Computer

Operating SystemEli are Computer Memory (RAM, ROM), Storage Device (HDD, FDD, SDD), CPU

(Central Processing Unit), Processors, and Other Input / Output Device. The computer Operating

System manages and operates the entire computer system and the above resource elements, allocating

them to perform a specific task, operation, or program. In a nutshell, the operating system serves as an

interface that connects the user to the system and other application software to hardware. The general-

purpose computer is useless without an operating system. The operating system communicates with the

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user, the computer system, and the application software. The operating system communicates with the

user, the computer system, and the application software. We can have two types of views of every

operating system for easy operation. That is to say –

1. User view - From the user's perspective, the operating system was designed to maximize work

performance while requiring the least amount of effort from the user for any operation. This

type of system is intended to monetize the individual user resource. In this case, the operating

system is designed for most uses, performance is prioritized, and no payment is made for the

resource's use.

2. System view - The operating system was designed with the user in mind, to maximize work

performance while requiring the least amount of effort from the user for any operation. This

system is designed to monetize individual user resources. In this case, the operating system is

designed for the majority of uses, performance is prioritized, and no payment is made for the

use of the resource.

III. History of operating system (OS)

The 1940's - First Generations

In 1940 there were no operating systems on the first electronic digital computers. Programs

were sometimes input one bit at a time on rows of mechanical switches since machines at the time were

so rudimentary (plugboards). There were no programming languages (not even assembly languages).

The 1950's - Second Generation

With the introduction of punch cards in the early 1950s, the procedure had improved slightly.

In the early 1950s, the General Motors Research Laboratories created the first operating systems for its

IBM 701. The 1950s system tended to run one job at a time. Because programs and data were provided

in groups or batches, these systems were dubbed single-stream batch processing systems.

Operating systems were almost unknown.

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The 1960's - Third Generation

The 1960s systems were batch processing systems as well, but they were able to make greater

use of the computer's capabilities by doing several operations at once. As a result, operating system

designers created the notion of multiprogramming. Many tasks are stored in the main memory

simultaneously and a processor is swapped from job to job as needed to maintain multiple jobs moving

forward while peripheral devices remain active.

Third Generation of the 1960s

Another important aspect of the third-generation operating system was the spooling approach

(simultaneous peripheral operations online). Spooling is the process of inserting a high-speed device,

such as a disk, between a running program and a low-speed device involved in the program's

input/output. Outputs are written to the disk instead of straight to a printer. When the printer becomes

available, the outputs may be printed.

Fourth Generation

With the introduction of LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits, processors, and operating

systems, the personal computer and workstation era began. Microprocessor technology has progressed

to the point that desktop computers can now compete with mainframe computers from the 1970s. MS-

DOS, designed by Microsoft, Inc. for the IBM PC and other machines using the Intel 8088 CPU and its

descendants, and UNIX, which is popular on big personal computers utilizing the Motorola 6899 CPU

family, have dominated the personal computer landscape.

GM-NAA I/O, 1956: Developed by General Motors' Robert L. Patrick for use on their

IBM 704 mainframe. This early operating system was primarily meant to move to the next duty once

the current one was accomplished. It was installed on around forty IBM 704 mainframe computers.

From 1965 through 1975, an important stage in OS development occurred. A change from discrete

semiconductor elements such as transistors to integrated circuits occurred at this time in the

technological foundation of computers, paving the way for the introduction of the next generation of

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computers. The computing system's efficiency was greatly improved as a result of these improvements.

Batch processing systems and time-sharing were both used to implement multiprogramming.

Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna of AT&T Bell Labs

developed Unix in 1969. It was widely accepted at AT&T, and thereafter at colleges and institutions.

It is written in C, making it easy to modify, accept, and port.

MS-DOS: Microsoft's operating system for IBM PCs, released in 1981. It was the first

widely distributed home operating system. Microsoft introduced Windows in 1985, further popularizing

the OS. Microsoft Windows provided customers with a graphical user interface (GUI), allowing the

company's software to quickly proliferate.

Linus Torvalds created Linux in 1991 as a free Unix derivative. Today, Linux is a heavily

contributed Open Source project that plays a major role in the server business.

1993, Windows NT: Originally developed by Microsoft as a high-end server operating

system, the NT code has now become the foundation for all operating systems. To fight Unix's

supremacy in the arena, NT was mostly utilized on systems used as servers.

995, Windows95: This Microsoft operating system was the first to provide a graphical user

interface. It was effectively promoted and swiftly spread across the allover the world.

Microsoft developed Windows 2000, which was a major improvement over Windows 98. It

was built on a completely separate coding foundation. It was created with the intention of being used

for business purposes.

Windows XP, released in 2001, was a Microsoft-developed upgraded version of the Windows

2000 codebase. Despite the advent of later versions of Windows, XP proved quite popular and is still

commonly used today.

Windows Vista, released in 2007, was sluggish to gain traction.

Windows 7 was released in 2009 to replace Vista and is now utilized by more than half of all

internet users.

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2012, Windows 8: Developed by Microsoft to replace Windows 7, "Win8" was introduced

on the same day as its Surface device on October 26th, 2012.

On July 2015. Microsoft's Windows 10 is a collection of operating systems. Microsoft

described Windows 10 as a "operating system as a service" with ongoing feature and functionality

updates, as well as the ability for enterprise environments to receive non-critical updates at a slower

pace or use long-term support milestones that will only receive critical updates, such as security patches,

over their five-year mainstream support lifespan.

Microsoft's most powerful platform for businesses and their employees may be Windows 10. From

a user experience sense, Windows 10 is more familiar. Nonetheless, it incorporates a lot of what

businesses need, such as enterprise-grade security, identity, and data protection features, which

minimizes complexity and provides a better experience for current business demands. With over 1

billion users on over 1 billion devices across the world, Windows 10 is now the most popular operating

system for new desktops or PCs.

IV. OS service

Program execution- OS is responsible for loading the data, activities, and program into the main

memory, then executing the program.

I/O Operation – also describe as a read and write operation with various input/output devices. I/O is

the interaction between user and computer system memory and information processing.

File system Manipulation- It controls and keeps the data and information. OS provides permission,

to restore, delete, duplicate, denied, etc. in the files. In addition, the user can manipulate the program

for operation on the file.

Communication System- It can be done by two methods which are shared memory and message

passing. It controls the swapping program to other computers. Processes running on the same or

different computers can share information using operating system support.

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Error handling – Operating system is responsible for errors. It can detect possible memory errors,

device failure, etc. in I/O, memory hardware, and the user program. OS also ensures the correct,

effective and proper computing

Security and Protection – OS allows you to have features authentication, login ID, and password, it

provides control to access users and programs for the protection of people’s activities and processes.

Resource Allocation- It is the process of allocating computing resources to the program or specific

processes and users.

V. Example of operating system

Here are the examples of O.S in which very popular in our current generation in which really help

us to decide or find the best or suit O.S for us and they are:

 Microsoft Windows OS

o This is one of the most widely used and foundational operating systems, and it is still

widely used today. This has a main feature of having a virtual memory management

mechanism that allows for multitasking. It may plan numerous tasks on every CPU in

a multiprocessor system thanks to symmetric multiprocessing. Around the 1980s,

Microsoft began developing an OS that is very simple and accessible, allowing users

to operate gadgets more readily and it was named Windows. It is also an MS-DOS shell

compatible graphical operating system. This O.S have a lot of versions already from

Windows NT up to the latest one which is the Windows 11, the most updated one which

has a very cool features that still easy to use. Most people like to use it not because it

has the best function, but because it meets the user's needs in several assets, such as

familiarity. Also, Microsoft is still working on improving their operating system,

ensuring that the features of the previous version are still similar or recognizable to the

new one.

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 Apple Mac OS

o This operating system was first developed in 1984, and it is well-known for being the

first to use a GUI (Graphical user interface) and a computer mouse. It is also one of the

most recommended operating systems, particularly for programmers. Similar to

Windows, Mac OS is an example of a proprietary operating system in which the

corporation is solely responsible for all aspects of its design, development, and concept,

as well as its sale. Unlike other operating systems, Mac OS can only be experienced or

used if you are using an Apple product gadget, as this OS is only available on Apple

products. In terms of features, this OS outperforms other operating systems such as

Microsoft; it has fewer virus attacks due to its UNIX roots; it also supports Windows

files to ensure that there are no issues with sharing and accessing files even if they are

on a different OS. This OS ensures that even if the user installs powerful apps, it does

not degrade the system's performance However, despite its many wonderful and cool

features, many people still use alternative OSs because Apple products are out of reach

for most people due to their high cost.

 Linux OS

o This OS is considerably different from the preceding two OSs for several reasons, one

of which is that it is an open-source Unix-like operating system. This system was

simple to use and completely free. Linus Torvalds began working on this operating

system in 1991. This is a community-based development project that anybody can

access, and even though it isn't widely utilized, it remains popular since it's easy to

access or to have it in many open-source versions, and the wonderful thing about it is

that you can personalize and control it. This is highly suggested for individuals who

are interested in or enjoy coding to begin practicing because you can upgrade and edit

the source code, and Linux is far superior to Windows in terms of security.

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VI. Conclusion

We were aware that the operating system plays a significant role in the proper operation of all

of our devices. Operating systems play a significant role in the current state of our technology. As a

result, we may utilize various gadgets to interact, study, and work with little effort. Knowing how to

operate an operating system aid us in selecting the best OS for our needs and capabilities. It also enables

me to see as a computer engineer that, even if we are now utilizing the most recent OS, we are capable

of making it better and better in order to ensure that it will be sufficient or compatible with the

generation that we have now, which is more advanced than before. Based on this research, I believe

that Windows is the most popular operating system for everyone because it meets all of the user's needs.

Even while each OS has its own set of features, capabilities, and developers, they all serve the same

purpose in our industry: to make it easier for the user to engage with the gadget while also being

responsible for the execution and maintenance of the gadget's application program.

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