Arrays in Java

Declaration and Initialization:

// Declaration:
int[] numbers;

// Initialization:
int[] numbers = new int[5];
// OR
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

Accessing Elements:
// Accessing an element:
nt element = numbers[0]; // Accesses the first element

// Modifying an element:
numbers[0] = 10; // Modifies the first element

Length:
// Length of an array:
int length = numbers.length; // Gives the length of the array

Iterating Through an Array:

// Using a for loop:
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
System.out.println(numbers[i]); // Prints each element
}

// Enhanced for loop (for-each loop):

for (int number : numbers) {
System.out.println(number); // Prints each element directly
}

Sorting:
// Using Arrays.sort() method:
Arrays.sort(numbers); // Sorts the array in ascending order

Multidimensional Arrays:

// Declaration and initialization:

int[][] matrix = new int[3][3];

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// Accessing elements:
int element = matrix[0][0]; // Accesses the element at the first row and first column

Iterating Through an Array:

// Using nested loops to iterate through a multidimensional array:
for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) { // Iterating through rows
for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) { // Iterating through columns
System.out.print(matrix[i][j] + " "); // Accessing and printing each element
}
System.out.println(); // Moving to the next row
}

Array Methods:
// toString() method to print array contents:
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(numbers)); // Prints the array contents

// binarySearch() method to search for an element:

int index = Arrays.binarySearch(numbers, 10); // Searches for value 10 and returns its index

Strings in Java
Declaration and Initialization:

// Declaration:
String str;

// Initialization:
String str = "Hello, World!";

Length:
int length = str.length(); // Gives the number of characters in the string

Accessing Characters:
// Accessing a character at a specific index:
char firstChar = str.charAt(0); // Retrieves the character at index 0

Concatenation:
String newString = str + " Welcome!"; // Concatenates two strings

Substrings:
// Extracting a substring:
String substring = str.substring(7); // Extracts substring starting from index 7 to the end
String substring2 = str.substring(7, 12); // Extracts substring from index 7 to 11

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Comparison:
boolean isEqual = str.equals("Hello"); // Checks if two strings are equal
boolean isEqualIgnoreCase = str.equalsIgnoreCase("hello"); // Checks if two strings are equal ignoring
case

Conversion:
// Converting other types to string:
int number = 123;
String strNumber = String.valueOf(number); // Converts int to string

Splitting:
String[] parts = str.split(","); // Splits the string by comma into an array

Searching:
int index = str.indexOf("World"); // Finds the index of the substring "World" in the string

Modifying:
String modifiedString = str.replace("World", "Universe"); // Replaces "World" with "Universe"

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