Matoshri Education Society’s

MATOSHRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

A/P : Dhanore, Tal-Yeola , Dist.-Nasik, 423401

Micro Project Report

Academic year: 2022-23

Title of Project
Tunnels-Types & Importance

Name of Student : Pawar Rushikesh M.

Class : SYCE
Semester : Fourth
Roll No : 20
Enrollment No : 2111710044
Seat No : 455831
Program : Civil Engg.
Course : Railway & Bridge Engineering ( RBE )
Course Code : 22403
Name of Teacher : PROF. Pawar N.U.

PAGE 1
 Matoshri Education Society’s
MATOSHRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
A/P : Dhanore, Tal-Yeola , Dist.-Nasik, 423401

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Pawar Rushikesh M.

Roll No.20 Of Fourth semester of Diploma in Civil
Engineering of Institute, MIT POLYTECHNIC,
DHANORE Code(1171) has successfully completed the
Micro Project in Railway & Bridge Engineering ( RBE ) for
the Academic year 2022-23 as prescribed in MSBTE
curriculum under the guidance of subject teacher.

Place: Yeola Enrollment No: 2111710044

Date: Seat No: 455831

Subject Teacher HOD Principal

Prof.Pawar N.U. Prof.Shinde R.M. Prof.Gujrathi G.S.

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 Micro Project Report Index

Academic Year:- 2022-23 Program:- Civil Engineering

Class:- SYCE Course:- RBE
Course Code:- 22403 Roll No:-20
Enrollment No :-2111710044 Exam Seat No:-455831
Title of Micro Project:- Tunnels-Types & Importance

Sr. No. Contents Page No.

1 Rubrics
2 Project Proposal
3 Log Book
4 Introduction
5 Details
6 Conclusion
7 References

Signature of Student Signature of Faculty

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Prof.Pawar N.U.

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 ANNEXURE I

Rubric For Evaluation of Micro Project

Academic Year: 2022-23 Program: Civil Engineering
Class: SYCE Course: RBE
Course Code: 22403 Roll No: 20
Enrollment No: 2111710044 Exam Seat No: 455831
Title of Micro Project: Tunnels-Types & Importance

Sr.No. Roll No. Name of Candidate

1. 04 Gaikwad Umesh V.
2. 13 Bhad Vedant N.
3. 19 Pawar Ajinkya A.
4. 20 Pawar Rushikesh M.
Co Coverage: ( )
Indicators for different level of Performance
Marks
(Evaluation Scale 0 to 2)
Sr. No Criteria Obtained (
Out of 2) Poor (0) Average (1) Good (2)

Submission of Project proposal &

Not Submitted proposal or project
1 Project project report
anything in time report submitted in
proposal/Report submitted in time
time
CO/PRO Not attained any Attained maximum
2 attainment Attained some CO/PRO
CO/PRO CO/PRO
Content of Not contains Contains maximum
Contains some relevant
3 project/ Formation relevant relevant
information
g information information
Total Marks
4
(06)
Question/
5
Answers (04)
Total (10) :

Additional Comments (if any): Name of Teacher & sign

Prof.Pawar N.U.

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 Micro Project Log Book

Semester: Fourth Program: Civil Engineering

Course: RBE Class: SYCE
Topic of the Micro-Project: Tunnels-Types & Importance
Sr.No. Roll No. Name of Group Members Sign.
01 04 Gaikwad Umesh V.
02 13 Bhad Vedant N.
03 19 Pawar Ajinkya A.
04 20 Pawar Rushikesh M.

Week Discussion & Details Date’s Teacher’s

No. Sign.
1 General discussion about micro project activity.
2 Guidelines for micro project.
3 Discussion on different
industry/application/study oriented topics
4 Group member are finalized and the topic is
decided, as
5 Work distribution to collect the information
regarding topic by each member.
6 Gathered information through the various
sources, such as internet, book, magazine,
joutrnar and newspaper.
7 Discussed the difficulty faced during the
collection of necessary information among the
group member.
8 Discussion with the guide to sort out difficulty
faced while collecting the information.
9 Prepared a rough draft & Shown it to the guide.
10 Necessary instructions are given by the guide for
its better presentation & Finalized project.
11 Presentation is given on the topic, Report is
prepared on the topic & final submission of
micro project and Report.

Name & Signature of project Guide Name & Signature of

H.O.D.
Prof.Pawar N.U. Prof.Shinde R.M.

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 Introduction
Tunnel construction for transport routes is becoming increasingly important worldwide.
Transport is accelerated and optimum protection is provided for the environment and the
landscape. Many tunnels are considered technological masterpieces and governments have
honored tunnel engineers as heroes. Constructing a tunnel, however, is one of the most
complex challenges in the field of civil engineering. Tunnels are attractive solutions for
railways, roadways, public utilities and telecommunications.

Objectives:

Tunnels are underground passages used for transportation. They could be used for carrying
freights and passengers, water, sewage, etc Tunnels are more economical than open cuts
beyond certain depths. Tunnels avoid disturbing or interfering with surface life and traffic
during construction. Tunnels prove to be cheaper than bridges or open cuts to carry public
utility services like water, sewer and gas. Feasibility of these constructions in natural
materials, such as rock and soil, causes the geological conditions to play a major role in their
stability. Aspects of major importance and that is decisive for the feasibility of a tunnel
project is geological conditions, construction time and costs. The objective of this lesson is
to provide the general aspects of importance in tunnels, their types and methods of tunnelling.

Basics of Tunnels:

Tunnel is an artificially constructed underground passage to by- pass obstacles safely without
disturbing the over burden. Tunnels are created by the process of excavation. Open Cut is an
"open to sky" passage excavated through huge soil mass of obstacle, in the required
directions to connect two roads or railways. Bridge is an over-ground construction to cross
over obstacles without disturbing the natural way below it. Tunnels are underground
passages for Road or rail traffic, Pedestrians, Utilities, Fresh water or sewer lines. A tunnel
must be completely enclosed on all sides along the length.

Ratio of length to width, in a tunnel, should always be at least in 2: 1.

Tunnelling is desirable when rapid transport facilities are required which need to avoid
acquisition of land for roads. Tunnels are also erected when shortest route connection is
needed in cities. Tunnels permit easy gradient & encourage high speed on strategic routes.

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 Fig. How Tunnels Work

Some structures may require excavation similar to tunnel excavation, but are not actually
tunnels. Shafts, for example, are often hand-dug or dug with boring equipment. But unlike
tunnels, shafts are vertical and shorter.

Often, shafts are built either as part of a tunnel project to analysed the rock or soil, or in
tunnel construction to provide headings, or locations, from which a tunnel can be excavated.

The diagram shows the relationship between these underground structures in a typical
mountain tunnel.

The opening of the tunnel is a portal.

The "roof" of the tunnel, or the top half of the tube, is the crown.

The bottom half is the invert.

The basic geometry of the tunnel is a continuous arch.

Because tunnels must withstand tremendous pressure from all sides, the arch is an ideal
shape. In the case of a tunnel, the arch simply goes all the way around.

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Physics of tunnelling:

Tunnel engineers, like bridge engineers, must be concerned with an area of physics known as
statics. Statics describes how the following forces interact to produce equilibrium on
structures such as tunnels and bridges:

 Tension, which expands, or pulls on, material

 Compression, which shortens, or squeezes material
 Shearing, which causes parts of a material to slide past one another in opposite
directions
 Torsion, which twists a material

Economics of Tunnelling depend on:

Nature of Soil/ rock,

Requirements of fill,

Depth of cut > 18m –tunnelling.

Tunnel Design Criteria

Tunnelling requires proper design.

Every tunnel will have its own geometry, design, alignment, and construction methods. The
tunnel design criteria include the following aspects:

1. Spatial Requirements;
2. Alignment;
3. Underground Stations;
4. Fire Life Safety; and Tunnel Systems and Operation.

Every tunnel should have its own Horizontal and Vertical Alignment, Tunnel Ventilation,
Tunnel Lighting, Electrical and Safety Equipment, Tunnel Drainage, Fire Life Safety, and
Security.

Factors to be considered in tunnelling:

The following factors should be taken into consideration when selecting the method:

 Tunnel dimensions,

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  Tunnel geometry
 Length of tunnel,
 Total volume to be excavated
 Geological and rock mechanical conditions
 Ground water level and expected water inflow - Vibration restrictions & - Allowed
ground settlements.

Tunnel alignment

Tunnel alignment is an important aspect in engineering constructions.

The primary objectives of the tunnel alignments are to:

1. Reduce transit trip times;

2. Increase quality and reliability of service; and
3. Minimize impacts of surface transit operations in sensitive locations.

Selection of Tunnel alignment depends on

1. Topography of area & points of entrance and exit,

2. Selection of site of tunnel to be made considering two points.
3. Alignment Restraints
4. Environmental Considerations.
5. Classification of Tunnels:

The types of tunnels are classified based on three aspects:

1. Based on purpose (road, rail, utilities),

2. Based on Alignment
3. Based on surrounding material (soft clay vs. hard rock ) &
4. Submerged tunnels.

Egyptians and Babylonians constructed tunnels about 4000 years ago with a length of 910
m, width –of 3600 mm and a height of 4500mm.

The Channel Tunnel was constructed by linking Britain & France, way back in 1994. The
total length was about 50 km. The undersea component itself is about 39 km.

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Classification of Tunnels :

The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the
ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel,
the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and
appropriate risk management.

There are three basic types of tunnel construction in common use:

Cut-and-cover tunnel, constructed in a shallow trench and then covered over;

Bored tunnel, constructed in situ, without removing the ground above.

There are also Conveyance Tunnels and Traffic Tunnels.

Shallow tunnels are of a cut-and-cover type (if under water of the immersed-tube type).

Deep tunnels are excavated, often using a tunnelling shield. For intermediate levels, both
methods are possible.

Based on Alignment

1. Off-Spur tunnels : Short length tunnels to negotiate minor obstacles.

2. Saddle or base tunnels : tunnels constructed in valleys along natural slope .
3. Slope tunnels : constructed in steep hills for economic and safe operation .
4. Spiral Tunnels : constructed in narrow valleys in form of loops in interior of
mountains so as to increase length of tunnel to avoid steep slopes.

Based on type of material met with in construction

1. Tunnels in Hard Rock

2. Tunnels in Soft materials
3. Tunnels in Water Bearing Soils

Investigations for tunnelling:

The major Investigations to be carried out prior to planning are:

Geological Investigations –relation between bed rock and top soil.

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Morphology, Petrology, Stratigraphy

Electrical Resistivity Methods –positions of weak zones -faults, folds and shear zones.

Investigations made at time of planning are as follows:

Fig. Flow Chart of Investigation made at time of planning

1. Drilling holes by percussion, rotary percussion and rotary

2. Rotary or Rotary Percussion methods –loose soils
3. Rotary Drilling –rocky soils
4. Spacing –300-500m ; reduced to 50-100 m in geologically disturbed areas.
5. Lateral Spacing –10-15m from C/L of tunnel.
6. Depth –20-50 m deeper than proposed invert level of tunnel. For detailed undisturbed
observations, shafts can be excavated .
7. Shafts are vertical or inclined tunnel excavated to reach and to get information for the
area surrounding proposed tunnel and tunnel section.
8. Sectional of 3m x 1.5 m to 3 m x 2m is preferred.
9. Minimum depth of excavation is yet another factor in this selection.
10. Temporary and Permanent Shafts are made depending upon the circumstances.

Setting out of a tunnel

1. Setting Out refers to the making the centre line or alignment of any construction work
on ground.
2. Setting out centre line of tunnel is made in 4 stages:
a. Setting out tunnel on ground surface
b. Transfer of Centre line from surface to underground
c. Underground setting out

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 d. Underground Levelling

Setting out of the tunnel on the ground surface:

Running an open traverse between two ends of proposed tunnel.

Curved alignment:

Heading consist of short tangent to curve alignment .

Offsets measured from these tangents.

Transfer of centre line from the surface to the underground:

1. Underground shafts –interval of 500 m along transverse lines

2. Rectangular Horizontal frame set at proposed location along AB
3. On two sides of the frame, iron plates are fixed and screwed down & holes are drilled
along A and B at X & Y
4. Plumb bobs are suspended to define vertical lines

Fig. Shape of Tunnels

Shape of tunnels

D or Segmental Roof Section

1. Suitable for sub-ways or navigation tunnels

2. Additional Floor Space and flat floor for moving equipment

Circular Section

1. To withstand heavy internal or external radial pressures

2. Best theoretical section for resisting forces
3. Greatest C/s Area for least perimeter
4. Sewers and water carrying purposes

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Rectangular Section

Suitable for hard rocks, Adopted for pedestrian traffic

Costly & difficult to construct

Egg shaped Section= Carrying sewage Effective in resisting external and internal pressures

Horse –shoe Section

1. Semi-circular roof with arched sides and curved invert

2. Best shape for traffic purposes
3. Most suitable for soft rocks and carrying water or sewage
4. Most widely used for highway and railway tunnels

Size of the Tunnel

1. Determined from utility aspect,

2. Road tunnels –No. of traffic lanes.
3. Railway tunnels –Gauge & No. of tracks
4. Thickness of lining.
5. Provision for drainage facilities 6. Clear opening required for traffic.
6. Nature of traffic

Tunnelling methods:

Table: Construction methods v/s typical shape

Mechanical methods can be split further into partial face (e.g. road headers, hammers,
excavators) or full face (TBM, shield, pipe jacking, micro tunnelling).

The drill & blast method is still the most typical method for medium to hard rock conditions.
It can be applied to a wide range of rock conditions.

PAGE 13
Hard-rock TBMs can be used in relatively soft to hard rock conditions, and best when rock
fracturing & weakness zones are predictable.

The TBM is most economical method for longer tunnel lengths.

Drilling and blasting:

Drilling Pattern Design:

The drilling pattern ensures the distribution of the explosive in the rock and desired blasting
result. Several factors must be taken into account when designing the drilling pattern: rock
drillability and blastability, the type of explosives, blast vibration restrictions and accuracy
requirements of the blasted wall etc.

Excavation of Tunnel:

1. Percussion drills (penetrate rock by impact action alone)

2. Rotary drills (cut by turning a bit under pressure against the rock face)
3. Rotary-Percussion drills (combine rotary and percussion action)
4. Abrasion Drills –Shot, Diamond
5. Fusion Piercing
6. Special Drills –Implosion, Explosion

Blasting:

Primary blasting vs Secondary blasting.

Types of Explosives:

Straight Dynamites,

Ammonia Dynamites, Ammonia -Gelatine. Semi –Gelatine.

Blasting Agents,

Slurries (mixture of explosives, gel and water)

PAGE 14
 Fig. Theory of Blasting

Theory of Blasting:

Impact, Abrasion, Thermally Induced Spalling, Fusion and Vaporization, Chemical Reaction.

Nature of substratum:

A. Hard Rock or fully self-supporting

B. Soft Soils –requiring temporary supports during and after construction.

Tunnelling in soft soils:

Challenges,

Preventing soil movements:

Soil pressure, Water seepage.

Tunnelling Techniques:

Fig. A. Cut and Cover( Supporting Beams, Roof lining)

PAGE 15
 Fig. B. Tunnel Shields

Tunnelling in Hard rocks:

Influencing Factors

Type of rock, Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rock Hardness ,

Rock Brittleness.

Extent of existing fractures and planes of weakness.

Tunnelling Methods in Hard Rocks:

Heating and quenching (old technique).

Immersed Tube :A body of water such as a canal, channel, bay, or river can be crossed
using immersed tube tunnel technology.

Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)

PAGE 16
 Fig. Two-Phase tunneling with two rammers

Fig. Open hard rock TBM

Other Considerations:

PAGE 17
  Protection of Structural Elements
 Fire Detection,
 Fire Protection (i.e., standpipe, fire hydrants, water supply, portable fire extinguisher,
fixed waterbase, fire-fighting systems, etc.),
 Communication Systems,
 Traffic Control ,
 Tunnel Drainage System
 Emergency Egress,
 Electric, and Emergency response plan.

Tunnel Drainage:

During the construction of underground concrete lined structures like tunnels, it is necessary
to prevent water from coming into contact with the completed tunnel lining that can cause
both safety problems and increased maintenance costs.

A drainage system will include all the components needed to ensure that the substructure is
properly drained, and may be formed of components such as open ditches, closed ditches
with pipe drains and drainage through stormwater drainage pipes, channels and culverts.

Permanently functional tunnel drainage must maintain the operation and keep operating costs
low. This includes a primary drainage system to capture the hill water and a secondary
drainage system to channel this mountain water in the tunnel cross section.

The secondary drainage systems include:

- Pipes for floor / base course drainage

- Side drainage

- Floor drainage

- Cross-collectors and mountain water collecting main - Conveyor pipes.

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Tunnel Portals:

Tunnel portal is the interface point of the open cut and the cut and cover tunnel. Portals and
ventilation shafts should satisfy environmental and air quality. Tunnel should be hazard
free.

Causes for Tunnel collapse:

Tunnel collapse can happen for a number of reasons such as: inadequate ground
investigation, shallow ground conditions, inadequate support measures, cost optimization,
inexperienced contractors, inadequate supervision, delays of excavation and support erection.

 Construction failure
 Ground and Groundwater Conditions
 Preliminary investigation carried out without any drilling
 Probe drilling was not performed during tunnelling
 No stabilization measures to support a large swelling clay section before blasting.

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Conclusion:

In addition to bring a certain risk to tunnel projects, geological conditions are highly
influencing construction time and costs. Basically, constructing a long tunnel is a time
consuming and very expensive project. Adverse tunnelling conditions will increase the costs
and construction time due to increased need for rock support. The major part lies in the
geology and structure of the area in which we are planning to align the tunnel. In
Engineering geology, a lot more things are to be understood like this.

Thank you.

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