Handout-Appendix D

ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETE:
2006 IBC/ ACI 318-05 APPENDIX D
Web Seminar Part 1

July 9, 2008
S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Palatine, IL
www.skghoshassociates.com
ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETE –
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
2006 IBC Section 1911 – Where strength design is

used, or where load combinations include
earthquake effects, the design strength of
anchors shall be determined in accordance with
Section 1912.
1
ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETE –
STRENGTH DESIGN
2006 IBC Section 1912 – The provisions of this section shall

govern the strength design of anchors installed in concrete for
purposes of transmitting structural loads from one connected
element to the other.
Headed bolts, headed studs and hooked (J- or L-)bolts cast in
concrete and expansion anchors and undercut anchors
installed in hardened concrete shall be designed in accordance
with Appendix D of ACI 318 as modified by Section 1908.1.16,
provided they are within the scope of Appendix D.
CAST-IN-PLACE ANCHORS
hef
hef = Effective embedment depth
2
POST-INSTALLED ANCHORS
hef
hef = Effective embedment depth
D.2.1 - SCOPE
• Anchors used to transmit tension, shear, or both

• Safety levels (LF & φ) for in-service conditions
• Not intended for short-term handling and
construction loads
3
D.2.2 - SCOPE
• Provisions for: Cast-in-place & post-installed

mechanical anchors
• Excluded:
» Specialty inserts
» Through bolts
» Multiple anchors connected to single plate at the
embedded end of the anchors
» Adhesive & grouted anchors
» Powder/pneumatic actuated nails or bolts
THE CCD METHOD (RD.4.2.2)
“… predicts the load capacity of an anchor or group

of anchors by using a basic equation for tension,
or for shear for a single anchor in cracked
concrete, and multiplied by factors that account
for the number of anchors, edge distance,
spacing, eccentricity and absence of cracking.”
4
FAILURE ANGLE
50
Failure 40 n=9 n=6

Angle n = 11
Deg. 30
20
10 hef
Failure angle
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Embedment Length (mm)
D.2.4 - SCOPE
• High-Cycle Fatigue or Impact Excluded

• Seismic Load Effects Covered in D.3.3
10
5
D.3.1-2 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
• Factored loads from elastic analysis

• Load combinations per 9.2 and φ per D.4.4
• Load combinations per C.2 and φ per D.4.5
11
D.3.3.1-3 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
• Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, F

» Anchors in plastic hinge zones excluded
» Design strength: 0.75φNn and 0.75φVn
12
6
D.3.3.4-5 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
• Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, F

» Anchor design governed by strength of
ductile steel element, or
» Attachment to undergo ductile yielding
at a load ≤ 75% minimum anchor design
strength
13
2006 IBC SECTION 1908.1.16
D.3.3.5 - …or the minimum design strength

of the anchors shall be at least 2.5 times
the factored forces transmitted by the
attachment.
14
7
D.1 - DEFINITIONS
• Brittle steel element
» Elongation < 14%
» Reduction in area < 30%
» Or both
• Ductile Steel Element
» Elongation ≥ 14%, and
» Reduction in area ≥ 30%
Note: ASTM A 307 considered ductile
(Refer to Table 34-1, Notes on ACI 318-05)
15
D.1 - DEFINITIONS
Attachment — The structural assembly,

external to the surface of the concrete, that
transmits loads to or receives loads from the
anchor.
16
8
D4.1 - STRENGTH OF ANCHORS
φNn ≥ Nua (D-1)

φVn ≥ Vua (D-2)
• Lowest φNn and φVn from applicable failure modes

• Interaction for combined Nua and Vua
17
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
½-in. Headed bolts
ASTM F 1554 Grade 36
14" fyt = 36,000 psi
20" 8" 4" futa = 58,000 psi
fc´ = 4000 psi
heff = 12 in.
ha = 18 in.
6"
SDC C
18" Concrete is assumed
cracked at service load
6"
Steel base plate
4" Wide flange column
18
9
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
20" 8" 4"
eŃx = 1 in.
6"
eŃy
eŃy = 1 in.
Nua
6"
eŃx
4"
19
D.5 - DESIGN FOR TENSILE LOADING
• D.5.1 – Steel Strength
• D.5.2 – Concrete Breakout Strength
• D.5.3 – Pullout Strength
• D.5.4 – Concrete Side-Face Blowout

Strength of a Headed Anchor
20
10
TENSION FAILURE
Check for possible compression in anchor group

due to load eccentricity eŃx :
Nua Nua
Mua = Nua x 1
Nua/6 + [Mua/8]/3 = 5Nua/24

Nua/6
-[Mua/8]/3
= Nua/8
21
TENSION FAILURE
Check for possible compression in anchor group

due to load eccentricity eŃx :
Nua Nua
Mua = Nua x 1
Nua/6 Nua/6 + [Mua/12]/2 = 5Nua/24

Nua/6
-[Mua/12]/2
= Nua/8
22
11
TENSION FAILURE
Check for possible compression in anchor group due to

load eccentricities :
Maximum tension = Nua/6 + Nua/24 + Nua/24

= Nua/4
Minimum tension = Nua/6 – Nua/24 – Nua/24

= Nua/12 ……..No compression
23
D.5.1 - STEEL FAILURE (TENSION)
Nn
24
12
Nsa = nAsefuta …………………………………………….(D-3)
where futa ≤ 1.9 fya

≤ 125,000 psi
Refer to Table 34-2, Notes on ACI 318-05 for Ase
25
Calculating for one bolt:
Ase = 0.142 in.2

futa = 58,000 psi < 1.9fya (= 68,400 psi)…………OK
< 125,000 psi………………….OK
Nsa = 0.142 x 58,000/1000 = 8.24 kips
26
13
Strength reduction factor, Φ:
Φ = 0.75 for ductile steel elements under tension

…….D.4.4(a)
For SDC C or above, a factor of 0.75 is applied

..……D.3.3.3
This factor is not required in steel failure modes in
ACI 318-08
0.75Φ = 0.75 x 0.75 = 0.56
27
Design strength of a single bolt for steel failure

in tension:
0.75Φ Nsa = 0.56 x 8.24

= 4.61 kips
28
14
Equating with the maximum demand on a single bolt:
Nua/4 = 4.61 kips
Thus max. Nua = 18.44 kips = 0.75Φ Nsa for the group of bolts
This is the maximum tension demand that the whole bolt

formation can support for steel failure in tension
29
D.5.2 – CONCRETE BREAKOUT (TENSION)
Nn Nn
30
15
D.1 - DEFINITIONS
Concrete Breakout Strength
The strength corresponding to a volume of

concrete surrounding the anchor or group
of anchors separating from the member.
31
D.5.2.1 - CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH OF

SINGLE ANCHOR (TENSION)
ANc
Ncb = ψ ed ,Nψ c ,Nψ cp ,N Nb …………(D-4)
ANco
Basic single anchor strength
Accounts for Post-Installed Anchor
Accounts for cracking
Accounts for edge effects
Accounts for projected area of failure surface
32
16
ANCHOR GROUP (TENSION)
ANc
Ncbg = ψ ec ,Nψ ed ,Nψ c ,Nψ cp ,N Nb …………(D-5)
ANco

Accounts for post-installed anchor
Accounts for eccentricity
Consider only anchors in tension

33
D.1 - DEFINITIONS
Anchor Group
A number of anchors of approximately equal
effective embedment depth with each
anchor spaced at less than three times its
embedment depth from one or more
adjacent anchors.
Note: This definition applies for tension loading only.

Anchor group is defined differently for shear loading. ACI
318-08 Section D.1 includes that definition.
34
17
D.1 - DEFINITIONS
Anchor Group
hef = 12 in.
Spacing in X-direction = 8 in. < 3 x 12 in. .......OK
Spacing in Y-direction = 6 in. < 3 x 12 in. .......OK
The current bolt formation acts as a group in

tension.
35
D.5.2.3 - ANCHOR CLOSE TO 3 OR 4 EDGES
Where 3 or more edge distances < 1.5hef Æ

Use hef in Eq.(D-4) through (D-11) equal to the
larger of:
» ca,max /1.5, and
» (1/3) maximum spacing between anchors

where ca,max = largest of the influencing edge
distances that are less than 3hef
36
18
Nn
Nn
4 in.
4 in. 4 in. h’ef
hef = 8 in.
Nn
h’ef Fictitious h’ef =

hef = 8 in. ca,max/1.5 = 4/1.5 = 2.67 in.
37
Expected Failure Surface
6 in. Point A
4 in.
5 in. h’ef Assumed
9 in.
5.5 in. Failure
Surface
Nn
h’ef Fictitious h’ef Larger of
5.5 in. ca,max/1.5 = 6/1.5 = 4 in.
s/3 = 9/3 = 3 in.

Assumed Failure Surface
38
19
D.5.2.3 - ANCHOR CLOSE TO 3 OR 4 EDGES
In the example problem, number of edge

distances that are less than 1.5hef = 2
hef need not be modified
hef = 12 in.
39
D.5.2.1 - PROJECTED AREA ANco
Nn
1.5hef
1.5hef 1.5hef
1.5hef
≈ 350 hef 1.5hef 1.5hef
Elevation Plan View

2
ANco = 9hef (D-6)
ANco = 9 x 122 = 1296 in.2

40
20
D.5.2.1 - PROJECTED AREA ANc
c1 s1 1.5hef c1 ≤ 1.5 hef

s1 ≤ 3 hef
ANc ≤ nANco
1.5hef
s2
c2 ≤ 1.5 hef
c2 s2 ≤ 3 hef
41
D.5.2.1 - PROJECTED AREA ANc
1.5x12 = 18" 8" 4"

ANc = [18+8+4] x
[4+6+6 +18]
1.5x12 = 18"
= 1020 in.2
ANc < nANco

(= 6 x 1296)
6"
…………….OK
6"
4"
42
21
D.5.2.2 - BASIC CONCRETE BREAKOUT
• Single anchor in tension in cracked concrete
Nb = k fc' hef1.5 ………………..(D-7)
- k = 24 for cast-in-place anchors

- k =17 for post-installed anchors
(or higher “k” per ACI 355.2)
43
• Alternatively, for cast-in headed studs/bolts

with:
11 in. ≤ hef ≤ 25 in.
5/3
Nb ≤ 16 fc' hef ………………..(D-8)
44
22
Nb = 24 4000 121.5 / 1000

= 63.1 kips
For cast-in headed studs with 11 in. ≤ hef ≤ 25 in.
5/3
Nb ≤ 16 fc' hef = 64.2 kips
Nb = 64.2 kips
45
D.5.2.4 - ECCENTRICITY EFFECT
• For anchor groups
1
ψ ec ,N = ≤ 1.0 ………. (D-9)
⎛ 2e'N ⎞
⎜ 1+ ⎟
⎜ 3h ⎟
⎝ ef ⎠
where eŃ ≤ s/2
• Biaxial eccentricity?
Æ ψec,N = ψec,Nx ψec,Ny
46
23
Nn
T1 T2 T3
e’N Resultant Tension

Centroid of Anchors Load (T1 + T2 +T3 )
Loaded in Tension
47
T1 T2
Centroid of Anchors e ’N
Loaded in Tension Resultant Tension
Load (T1 + T2 )
Only Anchors in Tension

Considered to Determine e’N
48
24
In the example problem:
hef = 12 in., eŃx = 1 in., eŃy = 1in.
ψec,Nx = 1 / [ 1 + 2x1/3x12 ] = 0.95 ≤ 1 ……OK
ψec,Ny = 1 / [ 1 + 2x1/3x12 ] = 0.95 ≤ 1 ……OK
ψec,N = ψec,Nx ψec,Ny = 0.90
49
D.5.2.5 - EDGE EFFECT
− If ca ,min ≥ 1.5hef
ψ ed ,N = 1.0 ……………….. (D-10)
− If ca ,min < 1.5hef

ca ,min
ψ ed ,N = 0.7 + 0.3 ...…….. (D-11)
1.5hef
ca,min = Minimum edge distance

50
25
hef = 12 in., ca,min = 4 in. ≤ 1.5hef
ψed,N = 0.7 + 0.3x4/(1.5x12) = 0.77
51
D.1 - DEFINITIONS
Projected area
The area on the free surface of the
concrete member that is used to represent
the larger base of the assumed rectilinear
failure surface.
52
26
D.5.2.6 - CRACKING EFFECT
• For uncracked concrete (ft < fr at service load)
» Cast-In anchors ψc,N = 1.25
• For cracked concrete (ft ≥ fr at service load)

» Cast-in-place anchors ψc,N = 1.0
53

Concrete is cracked at service load
ψc,N = 1.0
Provide crack control reinforcement per 10.6.4
54
27
D.5.2.7 – POST-INSTALLED ANCHORS IN
UNCRACKED CONCRETE WITHOUT
SUPPLEMENTARY REINFORCEMENT

Anchors are cast-in place
ψcp,N = 1.0
55

ANc
Ncbg = ψ ec ,Nψ ed ,Nψ c ,Nψ cp ,N Nb …………(D-5)
ANco
1020
Ncbg = 0.90 x 0.77 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 64.2
1296
= 35.0 kips
56
28
Condition A – Applies to concrete breakout and side-face

blowout when supplementary reinforcement is present
…….D.4.4(c)
Condition B – Applies when supplementary reinforcement

is not present OR to anchor pullout
…….D.4.4(c)
57

Φ = 0.75 for cast-in headed studs

(assuming Condition A) …….D.4.4(c)

..……D.3.3.3
0.75Φ = 0.75 x 0.75 = 0.56
58
29
Design strength of the bolt group for concrete

breakout in tension:
0.75ΦNcbg= 0.56 x 35.0 = 19.6 kips
59
D.5.3 - PULLOUT STRENGTH
Npn
60
30
D.5.3 - PULLOUT STRENGTH
Npn = ψc,PNP ………………….(D-14)
• Headed Stud/Bolt
NP = 8Abrgfc´ ……………(D-15)
• J-Bolt or L-Bolt
NP = 0.9fcéhdo …………(D-16)
where 3d0 ≤ eh ≤ 4.5d0
61
BEARING AREA Abrg
Abrg
62
31
DISTANCE eh FOR L- AND J-BOLTS
eh
63
D.5.3.6 - PULLOUT STRENGTH
• For uncracked concrete (ft < fr at service load)
ψc,P = 1.4
• For cracked concrete
ψc,P = 1.0
64
32

Anchors used - 1/2" cast-in headed bolts with Hex
head
Æ Abrg = 0.291 in.2
NP = 8x0.291x4000/1000 = 9.31 kips
For cracked concrete under service load, ψc,P = 1.0
Npn = 1.0x9.31
= 9.31 kips
This is the pullout strength of one anchor
65

(Condition B applies for pullout failure) …….D.4.4(c)

..……D.3.3.3
0.75Φ = 0.75 x 0.70 = 0.53
66
33
Design strength of a single bolt for pullout in

tension:
0.75ΦNpng= 0.53 x 9.31 = 4.89 kips
67
Equating with the maximum demand on a single

bolt:
Nua/4 = 4.89 kips
Thus max. Nua = 19.7 kips = 0.75ΦNpng for the

group of bolts
This is the maximum tension demand that the

whole bolt formation can support for pullout
failure in tension
68
34
D.5.4 - SIDE-FACE BLOWOUT
Nn
69
D.1 - DEFINITIONS
Side-Face Blowout Strength
The strength of anchors with deep embedment

but thin side cover corresponding to concrete
spalling on the side face around the embedded
head while no major breakout occurs near the top
concrete surface.
70
35
D.5.4.1 - SIDE-FACE BLOWOUT
ACI 318-08 RD.5.4.2: In determining nominal

side-face blowout strength for multiple headed
anchors, only those anchors close to an edge
(hef > 2.5ca1) that are loaded in tension should be
considered. Their strength should be compared
to the proportion of the tensile load applied to
those anchors.
71
• Single headed anchor with deep embedment,

close to edge (ca1 < 0.4hef )
N sb = 160ca1 Abrg fc' ...............(D-17)
• If perpendicular edge distance ca2 < 3ca1,

modify Nsb by:
(1 + ca2 / ca1 ) / 4
where 1.0 ≤ ca2 /ca1 ≤ 3.0

72
36
• For multiple headed anchors with deep

embedment, close to edge (ca1 < 0.4hef ) and
anchor spacing less than 6ca1
⎛ s ⎞
N sbg = ⎜⎜ 1+ ⎟⎟ N sb …...............(D-18)
⎝ 6c a1 ⎠
where
s = spacing of outer anchors along edge
Nsb from Eq. (D-17) without modification for

perpendicular edge distance
73

Anchors used - Headed bolts
Minimum edge distance in X-direction = 4 in. < 0.4hef (= 4.8 in.)
Minimum edge distance in Y-direction = 4 in. < 0.4hef (= 4.8 in.)
Side-face blowout possible in both X- and Y-directions.
Nsbg needs to be calculated in both directions and the smaller

strength would govern.
74
37
Failure in X-direction
Bolts under consideration
8" 4" ca1 = 4 in.

Anchor spacing = 6 in. < 6ca1
6" …......OK
s = 6 + 6 = 12 in.
6"
Abrg = 0.291 in.2
4" fć = 4000 psi
75
⎛ s ⎞
N sbg = 160ca1 Abrg fc' ⎜⎜ 1 + ⎟⎟
⎝ 6c a1 ⎠
⎛ 12 ⎞
N sbg = 160 × 4 0.291 4000 ⎜ 1 + ⎟
⎝ 6× 4 ⎠
Nsbg = 32752/1000 = 32.8 kips
76
38

(assuming Condition A) …….D.4.4(c)

..……D.3.3.3
0.75Φ = 0.75 x 0.75 = 0.56
77
Design strength of the bolt group in side-face

blowout under tension:
ΦNsbg = 0.56 x 32.8 = 18.4 kips
78
39
Nua
Proportion of
tension demand
Mua = Nua x 1
carried by
considered
column of bolts =
Nua/2 + Nua/8 = 5Nua/8
5/8
Nua/2 – Nua/8 = 3Nua/8
The maximum tension demand that the whole bolt

formation can support in side-face blowout
= 18.4x8/5 = 29.5 kips

79
Failure in Y-direction
Bolts under consideration
8" 4" ca1 = 4 in.

Anchor spacing = 8 in. < 6ca1
6" …......OK
s = 8 in.
6"
Abrg = 0.291 in.2
4" fć = 4000 psi
80
40
⎛ s ⎞
N sbg = 160ca1 Abrg fc' ⎜⎜ 1 + ⎟⎟
⎝ 6c a1 ⎠
⎛ 8 ⎞
N sbg = 160 × 4 0.291 4000 ⎜ 1 + ⎟
⎝ 6× 4 ⎠
Nsbg = 29106/1000 = 29.1 kips
81
Design strength of the bolt group in side-

face blowout under tension:
ΦNsbg = 0.56 x 29.1 = 16.4 kips
82
41
NuaNua
Proportion of
MuaM= N= x 1x 1 tension demand
uaN
ua ua
carried by
considered row
of bolts = 5/12
Nua/3 Nua/2 + Nua/8 = 5Nua/8
NNua/3 - Nua/12 Nua/3 + Nua/12 = 5Nua/12
ua/2 – Nua/8 = 3Nua/8
= Nua/4
The maximum tension demand that the whole bolt

formation can support in side-face blowout
= 16.4x12/5 = 39.3 kips

83
Governing side-face blowout strength of the

whole bolt formation is the smaller of those
computed by considering failure in X-direction
(29.5 kips) and in Y-direction (39.3 kips)
= 29.5 kips
84
42
D.5 - DESIGN FOR TENSILE LOADING
• D.5.1 – Steel Strength = 18.44 kips
• D.5.2 – Concrete Breakout Strength = 19.6 kips
• D.5.3 – Pullout Strength = 19.7 kips
• D.5.4 – Concrete Side-Face Blowout

Strength = 29.5 kips
Group strength in tension = 18.44 kips, governed by

steel strength
Suitable for application in buildings assigned to SDC

C or higher
85
For more information…

86
43
ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETE:
2006 IBC/ ACI 318-05 APPENDIX D
Web Seminar Part 2

July 9, 2008
S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Palatine, IL
87
D.6 - DESIGN FOR SHEAR LOADING
• D.6.1 – Steel Strength

• D.6.2 – Concrete Breakout Strength
• D.6.3 – Concrete Pryout Strength
88
44
20" 8" 4"
6"
e´Vx
e´Vx = 1 in.
e´Vy = 0
6"
4"
89
SHEAR FAILURE
Check for possible reversal in direction of shear in
anchor group due to load eccentricity e´Vx :
Vua/6 - [Tua/8]/3 Vua/6 + [Tua/8]/3
Vua/6 - [Tua/8]/3 Vua/6 + [Tua/8]/3
Tua = Vua x 1
VuaVua
Vua/6 - [Tua/8]/3 Vua/6 + [Tua/8]/3
90
45
SHEAR FAILURE
Check for possible reversal in direction of shear in

anchor group due to load eccentricity e´Vx :
Maximum shear = Vua/6 + Vua/24

= 5Vua/24
Minimum shear = Vua/6 – Vua/24

= Vua/8 ……..No shear reversal
91
D.6.1 - STEEL FAILURE (SHEAR)
Vn
92
46
D.6.1.2 - STEEL STRENGTH (SHEAR)
(a) Cast-in headed stud anchors
Vsa = nAsefuta ………………………………(D-19)
where futa ≤ 1.9fya

≤ 125,000 psi
- With built-up grout pads, use 0.8Vsa
93
(b) Cast-in-place headed and hooked bolts

Vsa = nAse (0.6futa) ……………(D-20)
where futa ≤ 1.9fya

≤ 125,000 psi
- With built-up grout pads, use 0.8Vsa
94
47
In the example problem, cast-in headed bolts are

used
Calculating for one bolt:
Ase = 0.142 in.2

futa = 58,000 psi < 1.9fya (= 68,400 psi)…………OK
< 125,000 psi………………….OK
Vsa = 0.142 x (0.6x58,000) / 1000 = 4.94 kips

95
Φ = 0.65 for ductile steel elements under shear

…….D.4.4(a)

..……D.3.3.3
This factor is not required in steel failure modes in
ACI 318-08
0.75Φ = 0.75 x 0.65 = 0.49
96
48
Design strength of a single bolt for steel failure

in shear:
0.75ΦVsa= 0.49 x 4.94 = 2.42 kips
97

Shear in Y-direction
bolt:
5Vua/24 = 2.42 kips
Thus max. Vua = 0.75ΦVsa = 11.62 kips for the

group of bolts
This is the maximum shear demand that the

whole bolt formation can support for steel failure
in shear in Y-direction
98
49
Shear in X-direction
bolt:
Vua/6 = 2.42 kips
Thus max. Vua = 0.75ΦVsa = 14.52 kips for the

group of bolts
This is the maximum shear demand that the

whole bolt formation can support for steel failure
in shear in X-direction
99
D.6.2 - CONCRETE BREAKOUT (SHEAR)
Vn
100
50
D.6.2.1(a) - CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH OF
SINGLE ANCHOR (SHEAR)
AVc
Vcb = ψ ed ,Vψ c ,V Vb ……………..(D-21)
AVco

101
D.6.2.1(b) - CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH OF

ANCHOR GROUP (SHEAR)
AVc
Vcbg = ψ ec ,Vψ ed ,Vψ c ,V Vb ……..(D-22)
AVco
Accounts for eccentricity
102
51
ACI 318-08 SECTION D.1 - DEFINITIONS
Anchor Group
A number of anchors of approximately equal
effective embedment depth with each anchor
spaced at less than…….. 3ca1 from one or
more adjacent anchors when subjected to
shear.
103
ACI 318-08 SECTION D.1 - DEFINITIONS
Anchor Group
In X-direction, ca1 = 4 in.
Row spacing = 6 in. < 3 x 4 in. .......OK
In Y-direction, ca1 = 4 in.

Column spacing = 8 in. < 3 x 4 in. .......OK
The example bolt formation acts as a group for shear

acting in X- and in Y- directions.
104
52
D.6.2.4 – ANCHORS CLOSE TO 3 OR 4 EDGES
Where 3 or more edge distances ≤ 1.5ca1 Æ

effective ca1 used in Eq.(D-23) through (D-28)
not to exceed the largest of:
» ca2 /1.5 [in either direction]
» ha /1.5
» (1/3) maximum spacing between anchors
105
D.6.2.4 – ANCHORS CLOSE TO 3 OR 4 EDGES
Vn
ca1 =
12 in. Point A
c’ a1
5 in. 9 in. 7 in. 8 in.
Assumed Failure Surface for Limiting ca1

106
53
D.6.2.1(c)-(d) – SHEAR PARALLEL TO EDGE
• Compute shear strength perpendicular to

edge, Vn
• Based on testing, shear strength parallel to
edge = 2Vn (where Vn is shear strength
perpendicular to edge)
Actual Compute
Vn
2Vn
107
D.6.2.1(c)-(d) – SHEAR PARALLEL TO EDGE
• For shear force parallel to edge (ψed,V = 1)

» Vcb = 2 [Vcb per Eq. (D-21)]
» Vcbg = 2 [Vcbg per Eq. (D-22)]
• At corner, use smaller of:

» Strength perpendicular to edge
» Strength parallel to edge
108
54
PROJECTED AREA OF CONCRETE BREAKOUT
ca1
1.5ca1
35o
Plan view
AVco = 2 (1.5ca1) (1.5ca1)
Vn
= 4.5(ca1)2
(D-23) 1.5ca1
1.5ca1 1.5ca1 Edge of concrete
Vn
hef
AVco 1.5ca1
Front view Side section

109
If ha < 1.5ca1 and s1 < 3ca1

AVc = (2 x 1.5ca1 + s1)ha
Vn
AVc
ca1
ha
1.5ca1 s1 1.5ca1
110
55
If ha < 1.5ca1
AVc = (2 x 1.5ca1) x ha
Vn/2
Vn/2
Avc
ca1
ha
1.5ca1 1.5ca1
111
If ha < 1.5ca1
AVc = (2 x 1.5ca1)ha
Vn
AVc ca1
ha
1.5ca1 1.5ca1
112
56
D.6.2.2 - BASIC CONC. BREAKOUT (SHEAR)
• Single anchor in shear in cracked concrete

0.2
⎛l ⎞
Vb = 7⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ d o fc' (ca1 )1.5 ……..(D-24)
⎝ do ⎠
• le = hef for anchors with constant stiffness
• le ≤ 8do
113
• If anchors rigidly welded to attachment, and

• minimum attachment thickness not less
than (a) 3/8 in., or (b) anchor diameter/2
0 .2
⎛l ⎞
Vb = 8⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ d o fc' (ca1 )1.5 ……..(D-25)
⎝ do ⎠
• le as defined in D.6.2.2
114
57
• For group of anchors welded to attachment,

strength based on ca1 for row farthest from
edge
• Center-to-center anchor spacing ≥ 2.5 in.
• If ca2 ≤ 1.5hef, supplementary reinforcement
is provided at corners
115
• For group of anchors
1
ψ ec ,V = ……..……..(D-26)
⎡ 2eV'⎤
⎢1 + ⎥
⎣ 3ca1 ⎦
Consider only anchors resisting shear in

direction of load
116
58
Edge of Concrete
s/2
Vn ev’ s/2
117
• If ca2 ≥ 1.5 ca1

ψed,V = 1.0 …..………………….(D-27)
• If ca2 < 1.5ca1

ca 2
ψ ed ,V = 0.7 + 0.3 …….(D-28)
1.5ca1
118
59
• For uncracked concrete (ft < fr ) at service load

ψc,V = 1.4
• For cracked concrete

» ψc,V = 1.0 No reinforcement* or < No. 4 bar
» ψc,V = 1.2 With reinforcement.* ≥ No. 4 bar
» ψc,V = 1.4 With reinforcement.* ≥ No. 4 bar
(enclosed within stirrups w/spacing ≤ 4 in.)
* Edge or supplementary reinforcement

119
Vn Vn Vn
ψc,V = 1.0 ψc,V = 1.2

ψc,V = 1.4
120
60
ACI 318-08 D.6.2.8 – CONCRETE DEPTH EFFECT
1.5ca1
ψ h ,V = for ha < 1.5ca1
ha
ca1
Vn
ha
1.5ca1
121
SHEAR IN Y-DIRECTION
20" 8" 4"
6" e´Vx = 1"
6"
vuay
4"
122
61
Failure Mode 1: Concrete breakout occurs from

the anchors closest to the edge
ca1 = 4 in.
20" 8" 4"
ha = 18 in. > 1.5ca1 …….OK
ca2,right = 4 in. < 1.5ca1
ca2,left = 20 in. > 1.5ca1 ……OK
Vuay/3 Only one edge distance < 1.5ca1

4" ca1 need not be revised
1.5ca1
123

AVc = [1.5ca1 + 8 + 4][Min(ha, 1.5ca1)]

20" 8" 4"
= [1.5x4 + 8 + 4][1.5x4]
= 108 in.2
AVco = 4.5ca12 = 4.5x42 = 72 in.2
Number of bolts, n = 2
AVc < nAVco ……………OK
4"
1.5ca1
AVc/AVco = 1.5
124
62

Basic concrete breakout strength
0 .2
⎛l ⎞
Vb = 7⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ d o fc' (ca1 )1.5
⎝ do ⎠
le = hef = 12 in. > 8do = 4 in. le = 4 in.

0.2
⎛ 4 ⎞
Vb = 7⎜ ⎟ 0.5 4000 (4 )1.5
⎝ 0 .5 ⎠
= 3796/ 1000 = 3.8 kips

125

Eccentricity factor
1 1
ψ ec ,V = = = 0.86
⎡ 2eV' ⎤ ⎡ 2 × 1⎤
⎢1+ ⎥ ⎢⎣1+ 3 × 4 ⎥⎦
⎣ 3ca1 ⎦
126
63

Edge factor
ca2, right = 4 in. < 1.5ca1 (= 6 in.)

ca 2
ψ ed ,V = 0.7 + 0.3
1.5ca1
4
= 0.7 + 0 .3
1 .5 × 4
= 0.90
127

Cracking factor
Concrete is cracked at service load. It is assumed that

supplementary reinforcement comprising of No. 4 bars
is present the anchors and the edges. No stirrup is used
to enclose the reinforcement.
ψc,V = 1.2
128
64

AVc
Vcbg = ψ ec ,Vψ ed ,Vψ c ,V Vb ………(D-22)
AVco
108
Vcbg = 0.86 x 0.90 x 1.2 x 3.8
72
= 5.29 kips
129
Condition A – Applies to concrete breakout when

supplementary reinforcement is present
…….D.4.4(c)
Condition B – Applies when supplementary reinforcement

is not present OR to anchor pryout
…….D.4.4(c)
130
65

Strength reduction factor, Φ
Φ = 0.75 for Condition A
…….D.4.4(c)
..……D.3.3.3
0.75Φ = 0.75 x 0.75 = 0.56
131

Design strength of the first row in concrete breakout in

shear:
0.75ΦVcbg= 0.56 x 5.29 = 2.96 kips
This needs to be compared against the fraction of the

total shear demand causing this failure
132
66

Vuay/3 = 2.96 kips
Vuay = 8.88 kips
This is the total shear demand that the whole group can
support before Mode 1 failure takes place
133

the anchors in the 2nd row from the edge
ca1 = 4 + 6 = 10 in.
20" 8" 4"
ha = 18 in. > 1.5ca1 …….OK
2Vuay/3 ca2,left = 20 in. > 1.5ca1 ……OK
6"
Only one edge distance < 1.5ca1
1.5ca1
134
67

AVc = [1.5ca1 + 8 + 4][Min(ha, 1.5ca1)]

20" 8" 4"
= [1.5x10 + 8 + 4][1.5x10]
= 405 in.2
AVco = 4.5ca12 = 4.5x102 = 450 in.2
6"
4"
1.5ca1
AVc/AVco = 0.9
135

0 .2
⎛l ⎞
Vb = 7⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ d o fc' (ca1 )1.5
⎝ do ⎠

0.2
⎛ 4 ⎞
Vb = 7⎜ ⎟ 0.5 4000 (10 )1.5
⎝ 0 .5 ⎠
= 15,005 / 1000 = 15 kips

136
68

Eccentricity factor
1 1
ψ ec ,V = = = 0.94
⎡ 2eV' ⎤ ⎡ 2×1 ⎤
⎢1+ ⎥ ⎢⎣1+ 3 × 10 ⎥⎦
⎣ 3ca1 ⎦
137

Edge factor
ca2, right = 4 in. < 1.5ca1 (= 15 in.)

ca 2
ψ ed ,V = 0.7 + 0.3
1.5ca1
4
= 0.7 + 0.3
1.5 × 10
= 0.78
138
69

Cracking factor

ψc,V = 1.2
139

AVc
AVco
405
Vcbg = 0.94 x 0.78 x 1.2 x 15
450
= 11.88 kips
140
70

…….D.4.4(c)
..……D.3.3.3
0.75Φ = 0.75 x 0.75 = 0.56
141

Design strength of the 2nd row in concrete breakout in

shear:
0.75ΦVcbg= 0.56 x 11.88 = 6.65 kips

142
71

2Vuay/3 = 6.65 kips
Vuay = 9.98 kips
143

the anchors in the 3rd row from the edge
ca1 = 4 + 6 + 6 = 16 in.
20" 8" 4"
ha = 18 in. < 1.5ca1
Vuay
6"
ca2,left = 20 in. < 1.5ca1
6"
3 edge distances < 1.5ca1
4" ca1 needs to be revised
Ca2,left = 20 in.
144
72

Revised ca1 = Greater of -

ca2,right /1.5 = 4 / 1.5 = 2.67 in.
ca2,left /1.5 = 20 / 1.5 = 13.33 in.
ha /1.5 = 18 / 1.5 = 12 in.
(1/3) spacing between anchors = 8 / 3 = 2.67 in.
ca1 = 13.33 in.
145

AVc = [1.5ca1 + 8 + 4][Min(ha, 1.5ca1)]

20" 8" 4"
= [1.5x13.33 + 8 + 4][18]
= 576 in.2
6" AVco = 4.5ca12 = 4.5x13.332 = 800 in.2
6"
4"
1.5ca1 = 20 in.
AVc/AVco = 0.72
146
73

0 .2
⎛l ⎞
Vb = 7⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ d o fc' (ca1 )1.5
⎝ do ⎠

0.2
⎛ 4 ⎞
Vb = 7⎜ ⎟ 0.5 4000 (13.33 )1.5
⎝ 0 .5 ⎠
= 23,093 / 1000 = 23.1 kips

147

Eccentricity factor
1 1
ψ ec ,V = = = 0.95
⎡ 2eV' ⎤ ⎡ 2×1 ⎤
⎢1+ ⎥ ⎢⎣1+ 3 × 13.33 ⎥⎦
⎣ 3ca1 ⎦
148
74

Edge factor
ca2, right = 4 in. < 1.5ca1 (= 20 in.)

ca 2
ψ ed ,V = 0.7 + 0.3
1.5ca1
4
= 0.7 + 0.3
1.5 × 13.33
= 0.76
149

Cracking factor

ψc,V = 1.2
150
75

AVc
AVco
576
Vcbg = 0.95 x 0.76 x 1.2 x 23.1
800
= 14.4 kips
151

…….D.4.4(c)
..……D.3.3.3
0.75Φ = 0.75 x 0.75 = 0.56
152
76

Design strength of the 3rd row in concrete breakout in

shear:
0.75ΦVcbg= 0.56 x 14.4 = 8.10 kips

153

Vuay = 8.10 kips
154
77
Design concrete breakout strength of the anchor

group based on three failure modes:
1st Mode: 8.88 kips

2nd Mode: 9.98 kips
3rd Mode: 8.10 kips
0.75ΦVcbg,y = 8.10 kips
155
SHEAR IN X-DIRECTION
8" 4"
6"
vuax
6"
4"
156
78

8" 4" ca1 = 4 in.

ha = 18 in. > 1.5ca1 (= 6 in.) ….OK
1.5ca1
ca2,top > 1.5ca1 ……………OK
6" Vuax/2 ca2,bottom < 1.5ca1
6"
157

8" 4"
AVc = [1.5ca1 +6+6+4][Min(ha, 1.5ca1)]
= [1.5x4 + 6 + 6 + 4][1.5x4]
1.5ca1
= 132 in.2
6" AVco = 4.5ca12 = 4.5x42 = 72 in.2
6"
4"
AVc/AVco = 1.83
158
79

0 .2
⎛l ⎞
Vb = 7⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ d o fc' (ca1 )1.5
⎝ do ⎠

0.2
⎛ 4 ⎞
Vb = 7⎜ ⎟ 0.5 4000 (4 )1.5
⎝ 0 .5 ⎠
= 3796/ 1000 = 3.8 kips

159

Eccentricity factor
1 1
ψ ec ,V = = =1
⎡ 2eV' ⎤ ⎡ 2×0⎤
⎢1+ ⎥ ⎢⎣1+ 3 × 4 ⎥⎦
⎣ 3ca1 ⎦
160
80

Edge factor
ca2, bottom = 4 in. < 1.5ca1 (= 6 in.)

ca 2
ψ ed ,V = 0.7 + 0.3
1.5ca1
4
= 0.7 + 0 .3
1 .5 × 4
= 0.90
161

Cracking factor

ψc,V = 1.2
162
81

AVc
AVco
132
Vcbg = 1.0 x 0.90 x 1.2 x 3.8
72
= 7.52 kips
163

…….D.4.4(c)
..……D.3.3.3
0.75Φ = 0.75 x 0.75 = 0.56
164
82


shear:
0.75ΦVcbg= 0.56 x 7.52 = 4.21 kips

165

Vuax/2 = 4.21 kips
Vuax = 8.42 kips
166
83

the anchors in the 2nd column from the edge
8" 4" ca1 = 8 + 4 = 12 in.

1.5ca1 ha = 18 in. = 1.5ca1 ……….OK
ca2,top > 1.5ca1 ……………OK
6" Vuax ca2,bottom < 1.5ca1
6"
167

AVc = [1.5ca1 +6+6+4][Min(ha, 1.5ca1)]

8" 4"
= [1.5x12 + 6 + 6 + 4][1.5x12]
1.5ca1
= 612 in.2
6" AVco = 4.5ca12 = 4.5x122 = 648 in.2

Vuax
6"
4"
AVc/AVco = 0.94
168
84

0 .2
⎛l ⎞
Vb = 7⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ d o fc' (ca1 )1.5
⎝ do ⎠

0.2
⎛ 4 ⎞
Vb = 7⎜ ⎟ 0.5 4000 (12 )1.5
⎝ 0 .5 ⎠
= 19,724/ 1000 = 19.7 kips

169

Eccentricity factor
1 1
ψ ec ,V = = =1
⎡ 2eV' ⎤ ⎡ 2×0⎤
⎢1+ ⎥ ⎢⎣1+ 3 × 4 ⎥⎦
⎣ 3ca1 ⎦
170
85

Edge factor
ca2, bottom = 4 in. < 1.5ca1 (= 18 in.)

ca 2
ψ ed ,V = 0.7 + 0.3
1.5ca1
4
= 0.7 + 0.3
1.5 × 12
= 0.77
171

Cracking factor

ψc,V = 1.2
172
86

AVc
AVco
612
Vcbg = 1.0 x 0.77 x 1.2 x 19.7
648
= 17.19 kips
173

…….D.4.4(c)
..……D.3.3.3
0.75Φ = 0.75 x 0.75 = 0.56
174
87


shear:
0.75ΦVcbg= 0.56 x 17.19 = 9.62 kips

175

Vuax = 9.62 kips
176
88
Design concrete breakout strength of the anchor

group based on two failure modes:
1st Mode: 8.42 kips

2nd Mode: 9.62 kips
0.75ΦVcbg,x = 8.42 kips
177
D.6.3 - CONCRETE PRYOUT
Vn
178
89
D.1 - DEFINITIONS
Concrete Pryout Strength
The strength corresponding to formation of a

concrete spall behind a short, stiff anchor
with an embedded base that is displaced in
the direction opposite to the applied shear
force.
179
Single anchor Vcp = kcpNcb ………….(D-29)

Group of anchors Vcpg = kcpNcbg ………..(D-30)
where
• kcp = 1.0 for hef < 2.5 in.
• kcp = 2.0 for hef ≥ 2.5 in.
• Ncb computed from Eq. (D-4)
• Ncbg computed from Eq. (D-5)
180
90
In the current problem:
hef = 12 in. > 2.5 in. Æ kcp = 2.0

Ncbg = 35.0 kips
Vcpg = 2 x 35.0 = 70.0 kips
181
Φ = 0.70
(Condition B applies for pryout failure) …….D.4.4(c)

..……D.3.3.3
0.75Φ = 0.75 x 0.70 = 0.53
182
91
Design strength of the anchor group in concrete

pryout
0.75ΦNcpg= 0.53 x 70.0 = 37.1 kips
183
D.6 - DESIGN FOR SHEAR LOADING
• D.6.1 – Steel Strength = 14.52 kips for shear in X-direction

= 11.62 kips for shear in Y-direction
• D.6.2 – Concrete Breakout Strength = 8.42 kips for shear in X-direction
= 8.10 kips for shear in Y-direction
• D.6.3 – Concrete Pryout Strength = 37.1 kips for shear in both directions
Group strength for shear in X-direction = 8.42 kips, governed by concrete

breakout strength
Group strength for shear in Y-direction = 8.10 kips, governed by concrete

breakout strength
Not suitable for application in buildings assigned to SDC C or higher
184
92
D.7 - TENSION/SHEAR INTERACTION
Nu
5 5
⎛ Nua ⎞ ⎛V ⎞
3 3
φ Nn ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ua ⎟ = 1.0
⎝ φNn ⎠ ⎝ φVn ⎠
⎛ Nua ⎞ ⎛ Vua ⎞
⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1 .2
⎝ φNn ⎠ ⎝ φVn ⎠
0.2φNn
Vu
0.2φVn φVn
185
D.8 - PRECLUDE SPLITTING FAILURE
Nn Nn
Nn
Nn
186
93
D.8 - PRECLUDE SPLITTING FAILURE
• At design stage, specific products may not be

known
• In absence of supplementary reinforcement for
crack control, D.8 sets minimum cover, spacing,
member thickness
187
D.1 - DEFINITION
Supplementary reinforcement - Reinforcement

proportioned to tie a potential concrete failure
prism to the structural member.
• See References D.8, D.11, and D.12 (Page 423)
188
94
RD.4.2.1 - SUPPLEMENTARY REINFORCEMENT
“… reinforcement oriented in the direction of load

and proportioned to resist the total load within the
breakout prism, and fully anchored on both sides
of the breakout planes, may be provided instead
of calculating breakout capacity.”
189
318-08 – NEW DEFINITION
• Anchor reinforcement — Reinforcement used to

transfer the full design load from the anchors into
the structural member. See D.5.2.9 or D.6.2.9.
190
95
318-08 – MODIFIED DEFINITION
• Supplementary reinforcement — Reinforcement

that acts to restrain the potential concrete
breakout but is not designed to transfer the full
design load from the anchors into the structural
member.
191
ACI 318-08: ANCHOR REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION
D.5.2.9 — Where anchor reinforcement is developed in

accordance with Chapter 12 on both sides of the breakout
surface, the design strength of the anchor reinforcement
shall be permitted to be used instead of the concrete
breakout strength in determining ϕNn. A strength reduction
factor of 0.75 shall be used in the design of the anchor
reinforcement.
192
96
193
194
97
ACI 318-08: ANCHOR REINFORCEMENT IN SHEAR
D.6.2.9 - Where anchor reinforcement is either developed in

accordance with Chapter 12 on both sides of the breakout
surface, or encloses the anchor and is developed beyond
the breakout surface, the design strength of the anchor
reinforcement shall be permitted to be used instead of the
concrete breakout strength in determining ϕVn. A strength
reduction factor of 0.75 shall be used in the design of the
anchor reinforcement.
195
196
98
197
198
99
199
200
100
For more information…
201
Quick Anchor
Calculates the strength of a single anchor or a group

of anchors:
¾ 4 possible failure modes in tension
¾ 3 possible failure modes in shear
Has a simple interface for data input
Provides one short output to quickly check the final

results
Provides one detailed output for checking the

calculations at every step.
101
Limitations
Only for cast-in-place bolts
Assumes that all bolts are subjected to tension

¾ In case of load eccentricity or applied moment,
user needs to determine which bolts are in tension
and input only those bolts
Assumes that all bolts are subjected to shear in one

direction
¾ In case of shear eccentricity or applied torque,
user needs to determine which bolts are in shear
in one direction and input only those bolts
203
102

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ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETE:

2006 IBC/ ACI 318-05 APPENDIX D

Web Seminar Part 1

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

2006 IBC Section 1911 – Where strength design is

2006 IBC Section 1912 – The provisions of this section shall

hef = Effective embedment depth

hef = Effective embedment depth

• Anchors used to transmit tension, shear, or both

• Provisions for: Cast-in-place & post-installed

THE CCD METHOD (RD.4.2.2)

“… predicts the load capacity of an anchor or group

Failure 40 n=9 n=6

• High-Cycle Fatigue or Impact Excluded

• Factored loads from elastic analysis

D.3.3.1-3 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

• Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, F

• Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, F

2006 IBC SECTION 1908.1.16

D.3.3.5 - …or the minimum design strength

Attachment — The structural assembly,

φNn ≥ Nua (D-1)

• Lowest φNn and φVn from applicable failure modes

4" Wide flange column

20" 8" 4"

D.5 - DESIGN FOR TENSILE LOADING

• D.5.1 – Steel Strength

• D.5.2 – Concrete Breakout Strength

• D.5.3 – Pullout Strength

• D.5.4 – Concrete Side-Face Blowout

Check for possible compression in anchor group

Nua/6 + [Mua/8]/3 = 5Nua/24

Check for possible compression in anchor group

Nua/6 Nua/6 + [Mua/12]/2 = 5Nua/24

Check for possible compression in anchor group due to

Maximum tension = Nua/6 + Nua/24 + Nua/24

Minimum tension = Nua/6 – Nua/24 – Nua/24

D.5.1 - STEEL FAILURE (TENSION)

Nsa = nAsefuta …………………………………………….(D-3)

where futa ≤ 1.9 fya

D.5.1 - STEEL FAILURE (TENSION)

Calculating for one bolt:

Ase = 0.142 in.2

Strength reduction factor, Φ:

Φ = 0.75 for ductile steel elements under tension

For SDC C or above, a factor of 0.75 is applied

0.75Φ = 0.75 x 0.75 = 0.56

D.5.1 - STEEL FAILURE (TENSION)

Design strength of a single bolt for steel failure

0.75Φ Nsa = 0.56 x 8.24

Equating with the maximum demand on a single bolt:

Nua/4 = 4.61 kips

This is the maximum tension demand that the whole bolt

D.5.2 – CONCRETE BREAKOUT (TENSION)

Concrete Breakout Strength

The strength corresponding to a volume of

D.5.2.1 - CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH OF

Accounts for projected area of failure surface