Landscape Report

IEC COLLEGE OF ART & FASHION
Affiliated with Limkokwing University of Creative Technology
BA IN INTERIOR ARCHITECURE
NAI 24102 – LANDSCAPE DESIGN
ASSIGNMENT: REPORT ON LANDSCAPE DESIGN
STUDENT NAME: AADARSH SHRESTHA, MANISH TAMANG, SUJAN

SHRESTHA, SHRISTI SHARMA, SWETA ALE, SUNIL NARAYAN SHARMA
REGISTRATION NO: IEC/BIA/LIM/20220
SEMESTER: 4TH
BATCH: 2022
LECTURER NAME: AR. PABI TULADHAR STHAPIT
SUBMISSION DATE:
DATE RECEIVED BY LECTURER: ………………………
DATE RETURN TO STUDENT: …………………………….
2022 batch (4TH Sem)

B.A in Interior Architecture
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TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that this project has been made by Aadarsh Shrestha, Manish Tamang,
Sujan Shrestha, Shristi Sharma, Sweta Ale, Sunil Narayan Sharma for the successful
completion of the project assigned in Landscape Design.
________________________ _____________________
Ms Shailaja Adhikary Lecturer
Managing Director of IEC College of Art & Fashion AR. Pabi Tuladhar Sthapit

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely acknowledge with thanks to IEC College of Art & Fashion, Kathmandu
for providing me an excellent opportunity to work in this project.
I would like to express my gratitude to our lecturer Ar. Pabi Tuladhar Sthapit of
IEC College, Kathmandu for his excellent support.
Finally, I would like to thank my college & batch mates for their kind co–operation
and assistance.
________________
Student Name: Aadarsh Shrestha
Sujan Sherstha
Shristi Sharma
Sweta Ale
Manish Tamang
Sunil Narayan Sharma
Batch: 2022

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Contents
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN ................................................................................................................... 2
________________ .......................................................................................................................... 3
1. INTRODUCTION: ............................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 . WHAT IS A LANDSCAPE DESIGN? ................................................................................... 7
1.2. BACKGROUND: .......................................................................................................................... 7
1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: ............................................................................................. 7
1.4. OBJECTIVES: ............................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.1. GENERAL:............................................................................................................................. 7
1.4.2. SPECIFIC: .............................................................................................................................. 8
1.5. SCOPE: .......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.6. LIMITATIONS: ............................................................................................................................ 8
2. LITERATURE REVIEW: .................................................................................................................... 8
2.1. LANDSCAPE: ............................................................................................................................... 8
2.2. HISTORY: ..................................................................................................................................... 9
The beginning of landscaping:.......................................................................................................... 9
2.3. TYPES OF LANDSCAPE: ........................................................................................................... 9
2.4. ANTHROPOMETERY: .............................................................................................................. 11
2.5. STANDARD DIMENSION: ....................................................................................................... 12
2.5. ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES LANDSCAPE: ...................................................................... 13
2.7. LANDSCAPE DESIGN: ............................................................................................................. 17
2.7.1. TYPES: ..................................................................................................................................... 17
2.7.1. TRENDS: .................................................................................................................................. 20
2.8. LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS: ....................................................................................................... 22
2.8.1. PHYSICAL STRUCTURES: ................................................................................................... 22
2.8.2. SAFETY, SIGNAGE AND SECURITY: ................................................................................ 25
2.8.3. PARKING: ............................................................................................................................... 26
............................................................................................................................................................ 26
2.8.4. PATHWAY: ............................................................................................................................. 26

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2.8.5. VEGETATION: ........................................................................................................................ 26

2.8.6. OUTDOOR LIGHTING:.......................................................................................................... 27
3. NATIONAL CASE STUDY: ............................................................................................................. 29
3.1. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY, DHULIKHEL ......................................................................... 29
3.2. KATHAMANDU WORLD SCHOOL........................................................................................ 29
3.1. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY, DHULIKHEL ......................................................................... 29
3.1.1. INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................................... 29
3.1.2. SITE ANALYSIS: .................................................................................................................... 31
3.1.3. ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE: .............................................................................................. 33
3.1.4. PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE: ............................................................................................ 37
3.1.5. STYLE: ..................................................................................................................................... 38
3.1.6. HARDSCAPE: ......................................................................................................................... 39
3.1.7. SOFTSCAPE: ........................................................................................................................... 40
3.1.8. PARKING FACILITIES: ......................................................................................................... 41
2.9.1.10. MATERIALS: ..................................................................................................................... 41
3.1.9. SIGNAGE: ................................................................................................................................ 42
3.2. Kathmandu World School ............................................................................................................... 43
3.2.1. INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................................... 43
3.2.2. AREA: ...................................................................................................................................... 43
3.2.3. ORIENTATION: ...................................................................................................................... 44
3.2.4. ORIENTATION: ...................................................................................................................... 44
3.2.6. PARKING: ............................................................................................................................... 51
3.2.7. SIGNAGE: ................................................................................................................................ 52
3.2.8. LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS: .................................................................................................... 54
3.2.9. COMPARATIVE STUDY: ...................................................................................................... 56
4. NATIONAL CASE STUDY: ............................................................................................................. 57
4.1. ST. AUGUSTINE’S SCHOOL, KALIMPONG ......................................................................... 57
4.2. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, SCARBOROUGH ................................................................... 57
4.1. ST. AUGUSTINE’S SCHOOL, KALIMPONG ......................................................................... 57

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4.1.1. INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................................... 57

4.1.2. ORIENTATION: ...................................................................................................................... 58
Symmetry as a Design Principle: .................................................................................................... 61
4.1.4. SOFTSCAPE: ........................................................................................................................... 64
4.1.5. HARDSCAPE: ......................................................................................................................... 65
STATUE: ........................................................................................................................................ 65
4.2. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, SCARBOROUGH ................................................................... 69
4.2.1. INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................................... 69
4.2.2. SITE ANALYSIS: .................................................................................................................... 70
4.2.3. SWOT ANALYSIS: ................................................................................................................. 71
4.2.5. SOFTSCAPE: ........................................................................................................................... 76
4.2.6. HARDSCAPE: ......................................................................................................................... 78
4.2.6. HARDSCAPE: ......................................................................................................................... 81
4.2.7. SIGNAGE: ................................................................................................................................ 84

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1. INTRODUCTION:
1.1. WHAT IS A LANDSCAPE DESIGN?
Landscape design is a specialized field of study and practice that involves planning, arranging, and
designing outdoor spaces to create aesthetically pleasing, functional, and sustainable environments. It
encompasses the strategic arrangement of natural and man-made elements, including plants, trees,
shrubs, pathways, water features, lighting, and other elements, to enhance the overall appearance and
usability of a specific outdoor area. The goal of landscape design is to harmoniously blend the natural
features of the site with the desired human needs and activities. Landscape designers take into
consideration factors such as climate, soil conditions, topography, and existing vegetation to create a
cohesive and balanced outdoor space. They also consider the intended use of the area, be it a
residential garden, public park, commercial plaza, or educational institution, to tailor the design to
meet the needs of the users.
1.2. BACKGROUND:
In this project, we are designing a landscape based on a specific concept in original site analysing all
the SWOT of that place required for the design of the landscape. We have also done case study of
existing retail stores in Nepal as well as International via google close to the concept we have selected
to know the materials used and how the design has been shown to make our design outstand among
them all.
1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
Landscaping in Nepal plays a pivotal role in preserving the country's natural and cultural heritage,
supporting its economy, protecting the environment, enhancing urban living, and promoting
community well-being. With proper planning and sustainable practices, landscaping can contribute
significantly to a more resilient, beautiful, and harmonious Nepal.
1.4. OBJECTIVES:
1.4.1. GENERAL:
• Incorporating functional landscaping elements that create a seamless and enjoyable experience
for visitors to explore and appreciate the outdoor space.
• Maximizing the use of available land areas in the landscape design to optimize functionality,
aesthetics, and user engagement.

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1.4.2. SPECIFIC:
• The landscape design should be strategically planned to showcase and highlight the natural
beauty of the outdoor space.
• Effective storage and organization of landscaping materials and inventory should be prioritized
for efficient management.
1.5. SCOPE:
Landscaping in Nepal holds significant potential across various sectors, bolstering tourism and
hospitality industries by enhancing the appeal of hotels, resorts, and public spaces. It is crucial for
improving living environments, promoting sustainable urban development, and conserving the
environment through native plants and water management. Moreover, landscaping provides
recreational spaces, fosters conducive learning environments, and boosts agriculture and horticulture.
In mountainous regions, it controls erosion and mitigates natural disasters' impact, contributing to
public health and well-being. Integrating landscaping into urban planning offers ecological benefits and
creates job opportunities for skilled workers, architects, and horticulturists, ultimately contributing to
the nation's growth and welfare.
1.6. LIMITATIONS:
There are several limitations and challenges that can be faced while designing a landscape. Here are
some of the limitations:
• Limited awareness and knowledge
• Budget constraints
• Lack of professional expertise
2. LITERATURE REVIEW:
2.1. LANDSCAPE:
Landscape design for exteriors is the art and science of planning and arranging outdoor spaces to create
functional, aesthetically pleasing, and sustainable environments. It involves the deliberate selection
and placement of various natural and man-made elements, such as plants, hardscape features, water
elements, lighting, and furniture, to transform outdoor areas into beautiful and functional living spaces.
The goal of landscape design for exteriors is to harmonize the natural and built environment,
considering factors like climate, site conditions, intended use, and the preferences and needs of the
users. It requires a deep understanding of horticulture, environmental science, architecture, and
aesthetics to create well-balanced and visually appealing outdoor spaces. Landscape designers take

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into account elements like color, texture, scale, and proportion to create a sense of balance and unity
in the design. They also consider views, sightlines, and focal points to guide the flow of movement and
draw attention to key features.
2.2. HISTORY:
The beginning of landscaping:
Landscaping, an ancient art form, has evolved over time to become a multifaceted and transformative
profession. Beginning with the gardens of ancient civilizations
such as the Egyptians and Romans, landscaping has served as
serene sanctuaries for relaxation and religious ceremonies. In
the medieval and Renaissance periods, landscapes embraced
both practical and aesthetic purposes. The 18th-century
English Landscape Garden movement introduced naturalistic
designs, while the 19th century saw the emergence of public
parks in response to urbanization. The 20th century marked
the rise of landscape architecture with a focus on
sustainability. Now, in the 21st century, landscaping continues to evolve with the integration of
technology and ecological considerations, aiming to create harmonious and resilient outdoor spaces
that elevate the quality of life worldwide.
2.3. TYPES OF LANDSCAPE:
Landscapes can be categorized into various types based on their characteristics, features, and the
activities they support. Here are some common types of landscapes:
• Natural Landscape: These are landscapes that are largely untouched by human intervention
and showcase the Earth's natural features, such as mountains, rivers, forests, deserts, and
lakes. They are known for their scenic beauty and biodiversity.
• Rural Landscape: Rural landscapes typically consist of agricultural fields, farms, villages, and
small towns. They are characterized by a more traditional way of life and often showcase
agricultural activities.
• Urban Landscape: Urban landscapes are associated with cities and urban areas, characterized
by dense buildings, roads, infrastructure, and various human-made structures. They are the
result of intense human activity and often reflect modern lifestyles.

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• Suburban Landscape: Suburban landscapes lie on the outskirts of urban areas and blend
elements of both urban and rural environments. They typically consist of residential areas,
commercial spaces, and green spaces.
• Coastal Landscape: These landscapes are found along coastlines and are influenced by marine
features, such as beaches, cliffs, dunes, and estuaries. They often attract tourists due to their
scenic beauty and recreational opportunities.
• Mountainous Landscape: Mountain landscapes feature rugged terrains, high elevations, and
often snow-capped peaks. They are known for their natural beauty and may have unique
ecosystems and wildlife.
• Desert Landscape: Deserts are arid landscapes characterized by limited vegetation and sparse
water resources. They can be sandy, rocky, or a mix of both.
• Cultural Landscape: Cultural landscapes are shaped by human activities and hold cultural,
historical, or religious significance. They may include monuments, heritage sites, gardens, and
designed landscapes.
• Park and Garden Landscape: These are planned and designed landscapes created for
recreational, aesthetic, and leisure purposes. They include public parks, botanical gardens,
and private gardens.
• Industrial Landscape: Industrial landscapes are associated with heavy industrial activities and
often include factories, refineries, power plants, and transportation infrastructure.
• Agricultural Landscape: Agricultural landscapes are characterized by extensive farmlands and

the cultivation of crops and livestock. They play a crucial role in food production.
• Water Landscape: Water landscapes consist of bodies of water like rivers, lakes, ponds, and
waterfalls. They often have a calming effect and are utilized for recreational purposes.

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2.4. ANTHROPOMETERY:
Anthropometry is the study and measurement of human body dimensions, proportions, and physical
characteristics. It plays a crucial role in various fields, including design, ergonomics, architecture, and
product development. By understanding the range of human sizes and shapes, anthropometry helps
ensure that objects, spaces, and products are designed to be comfortable, safe, and usable for a diverse
range of individuals.
In design and architecture, anthropometric data is used to create spaces and structures that
accommodate people's physical dimensions and movements. This helps in designing environments that
are user-friendly, accessible, and inclusive. From the height and width of doorways to the placement
of furniture, anthropometric measurements guide design decisions to optimize comfort and
functionality.
In summary, anthropometry is a vital tool for creating spaces, products, and environments that cater
to the diversity of human sizes, shapes, and abilities, promoting comfort, accessibility, and user
satisfaction.

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2.5. STANDARD DIMENSION:
The standard dimensions for these zoning considerations may vary based on local regulations, design
preferences, and the intended users. However, here are some general guidelines for each zoning
aspect:
• Seating and Ergonomics:
Bench seat height: 16-18 inches (41-46 cm)

Bench seat depth: 18-20 inches (46-51 cm)
Backrest height: 14-18 inches (36-46 cm)
Backrest angle: 100-110 degrees
Pathways and Accessibility:
• Pathway width: 48-60 inches (122-152 cm) for wheelchair accessibility

Pathway slope: 1:20 maximum gradient for accessible pathways
Playgrounds and Recreational Spaces:
• Swing seat height: 12-24 inches (30-61 cm) above ground

Slide width: 18-24 inches (46-61 cm)
Play structure platform height: 30 inches (76 cm) for toddlers, up to 6 feet (183 cm) for older
children
• Signage and Information Displays:

Font size: 1 inch (2.54 cm) letter height per 10 feet (3 meters) of viewing distance
• Heights of Amenities:
Water fountain height: 30-36 inches (76-91 cm)
Countertop height: 36 inches (91 cm)
Lighting and Visibility: Mount lighting fixtures at a height that avoids glare and provides even
illumination.
• Reach Zones:
Reach height for shelves and storage: 48-60 inches (122-152 cm)
• Gathering Spaces:
Allow approximately 18-24 inches (46-61 cm) per person for seating in gathering areas.

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• Safety Considerations:
Railing height: 36-42 inches (91-107 cm) above the walking surface
It's important to note that these dimensions are general guidelines and might need adjustments based
on specific project requirements and local regulations. Additionally, considering the diverse range of
users' heights, abilities, and needs is essential to create inclusive and accessible outdoor spaces. Always
refer to relevant accessibility standards and consult with experts to ensure compliance and user
comfort.
2.5. ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES LANDSCAPE:
The elements of landscape refer to the fundamental components that are used in the design and
composition of outdoor spaces. These elements are combined by landscape architects to create
harmonious and visually appealing landscapes. Following elements are as follows:
1. UNITY:
The concept of unity is the idea that all the parts and aspects of the landscape should work
together to make a cohesive and harmonious composition. It entails making sure that the
design components work well together and convey a sense of unity rather than looking jumbled
or disorganized. A harmonious and well-balanced visual experience for the spectator is
facilitated by achieving unity in a landscape design. Several strategies can be used to achieve
harmony in a landscape design:
• Consistency of Theme: Throughout the landscape, a unified theme or design concept should be
formed and upheld. The chosen theme should direct the choice of plants, materials, and overall
layout, whether it's a formal garden, a naturalistic wood, or a contemporary urban park. As
particular plant species, colours, shapes, or materials are used consistently throughout the
landscape, it serves to connect various areas and produce a sense of continuity.
• Transitional: Smooth transitions between various landscape features are essential to attaining
oneness. A sense of flow and coherence can be produced by making subtle modifications to the
plantings, textures, or hardscape components.

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• Balance: To avoid a lopsided or cluttered appearance, it is crucial to balance the distribution of

features such as plants, hardscape, and open areas. Depending on the general design concept,
either symmetrical or asymmetrical balance can be applied.
• Scale and Proportion: To generate a sense of harmony, consistency in the scale and proportion
of the elements is essential. Making sure that big and minor aspects are properly balanced can
help to increase the overall cohesiveness of the design.
• Color Harmony: Careful consideration of the colour

palette and its distribution throughout the landscape
helps to create a unified and visually appealing
composition. Cohesive color schemes contribute to a
sense of unity and coherence.
For example:
Unity develops from the story line. Here in
Jeff de Jong's garden a story line around "sacred space
gardening" creates unity with the feeling of peace and
tranquility.
2. Line:
Lines are a powerful design element that define rooms and connect people to the
landscape. For a professional touch, use sweeping bold lines and curves rather
than small zigzags and small wavy curves. Line is a fundamental element of landscape design
that serves as a powerful tool for guiding the observer's gaze, creating movement, and shaping
the overall visual experience within the landscape. It plays a crucial role in determining how
people perceive and interact with the space. Functions of Lines in Landscape Design:
• Guiding Movement: Lines are like visual pathways that lead people through the landscape. A
straight path leading from a gate to the front door of a house, for instance, directs visitors and
creates a clear route to follow.
• Creating Emphasis: Lines can be used strategically to highlight specific features or focal points
in the landscape. For example, a curving path leading to a central fountain or a sculpture can
draw attention to that area.

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• Establishing Visual Flow: Lines play a vital role in creating a sense of movement and flow within
the landscape. They guide the eyes from one area to another, providing a sense of continuity
and connection.
• Creating Mood: Different types of lines can evoke different emotions. Straight lines may feel
more formal and structured, while curved lines can evoke a sense of calm and. Landscape
designers can use lines to shape the mood and ambiance of a space.
• Adding Interest and Variety: The use of various types of

lines in combination adds visual interest and diversity to
the landscape. Mixing straight, curved, and meandering
lines can create a dynamic and engaging experience for the
observer.
In the Japanese Garden at Butchart Gardens, Victoria BC.

The path (primary line) invites into the garden as seen in
fig. Secondary lines form the beds
3. Forms
In landscape design, "form" refers to the three-dimensional shape, structure, and configuration
of various elements within the landscape. It encompasses the physical appearance and
arrangement of objects, such as plants, hardscape features, and architectural elements. Form
plays a crucial role in defining the visual character and spatial organization of a landscape.
• Horizontal and spreading forms emphasis the lateral extent and breath of space. They are
comfortable because it corresponds with the natural direction of eye movement.
• Rounded forms are most common in plant materials. They allow for easy eye movement and
create a pleasant undulation that leads itself to plant groupings.
• Vase-shaped trees define a comfortable “people space” beneath the canopy.
• Weeping forms lead the eye back to the ground. What is below the weeping form often
becomes a focal point.
• Pyramidal forms direct the eyes upward, so use sparingly. Grouping pyramidales will soften the
upward influence. They will look more natural in the surroundings with foliage to the ground.

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4. Texture:
Texture can be defined as the relationship between the foliage

and twig size, and the mass of the plants. Closeup, texture comes
from the size and shape of the leaves, the size of twigs, spacing of
leaves and twigs, the colours and shading, the gloss or dullness of
leaves. At a distance, texture comes from the entire mass effect
of plants and the qualities of light and shadows.
Texture changes with distance. Up close, texture comes from the

size and shape of leaves and twigs, plus the coloring and shading.
At a distance, it comes the mass and play of light.
5. Color:
Color is powerful in creating mood and feeling. Color therapy is a popular topic
in our rapid paced modern world.

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2.7. LANDSCAPE DESIGN:

2.7.1. TYPES:
Landscape design encompasses various styles and approaches that cater to different preferences,
environments, and purposes. Here are some types of landscape design:
• Formal Landscape Design: Characterized by clean lines,

symmetry, and geometric shapes, formal landscape design
exudes a sense of elegance and order. It often includes well-
manicured lawns, precisely trimmed hedges, and symmetrical
plantings.

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• Informal Landscape Design: Informal designs have a more

relaxed and natural appearance. They feature curved lines,
asymmetry, and a mix of native and ornamental plants,
creating a casual and inviting atmosphere.
• Contemporary Landscape Design: Contemporary designs

embrace minimalist principles with simple lines, sleek
materials, and open spaces. They often incorporate modern
elements like concrete, steel, and glass.
• Mediterranean Landscape Design: Inspired by landscapes of

the Mediterranean region, this style features warm colors,
gravel pathways, terracotta pots, and drought-resistant plants
like lavender, rosemary, and olive trees.
• Tropical Landscape Design: Tropical landscapes are lush and

vibrant, featuring exotic plants with large leaves, bright
flowers, and a sense of tropical paradise. Palm trees, bamboo,
and water features are common in this design.

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• Japanese Zen Garden Design: Zen gardens are designed for

meditation and contemplation. They typically consist of raked
gravel, rocks, and minimal plantings to create a serene and tranquil
environment.
• Cottage Garden Design: Cottage gardens are charming and

romantic, filled with a profusion of colorful flowers, climbing vines,
and rustic elements like arbors and trellises.
• Desert Landscape Design: Desert landscapes are designed for arid

regions and feature drought-resistant plants like cacti and
succulents. They often incorporate rocks, gravel, and sand to create
a natural, low-maintenance environment.
• Eclectic Landscape Design: Eclectic designs blend elements from

various styles, resulting in unique and personalized outdoor spaces.
It often combines different plantings, materials, and decor to reflect
individual tastes.

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• Xeriscape Landscape Design: Xeriscaping is a water-efficient

approach that uses low-water plants and features suited to arid
conditions, promoting water conservation and sustainable
landscaping.
2.7.1. TRENDS:
Landscaping trends can evolve based on changing preferences, technologies, and environmental
concerns. Here are some landscaping trends that have been emerging in recent years:
• Sustainable Landscaping:
With increasing awareness of environmental issues, sustainable landscaping practices have
gained popularity. This includes using native plants that require less water and maintenance,
incorporating rain gardens to manage water runoff, and using eco-friendly materials for
hardscaping.
• Low-Maintenance Landscapes:
People today often have busy lifestyles, leading to a rise in low-maintenance landscape designs.
This involves choosing plants that are hardy and require minimal upkeep, as well as using
features like automated irrigation systems and synthetic turf.
• Outdoor Living Spaces:

Landscaping is no longer limited to just gardens. Outdoor living spaces like patios, decks, and
even full outdoor kitchens are becoming more common. These spaces are designed for
relaxation, entertainment, and extending indoor living to the outdoors.
• Vertical Landscaping:
As urban living continues to grow, vertical landscaping techniques like green walls and living
fences are gaining popularity. These features not only add aesthetic appeal but also contribute
to improved air quality and insulation.

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• Wildlife-Friendly Gardens:
Creating habitats for local wildlife has become a focus for many homeowners. Landscaping
designs that incorporate birdhouses, butterfly gardens, and bee-friendly plants contribute to
biodiversity and help support local ecosystems.
• Edible Landscapes:
Combining beauty with functionality, edible landscapes blend ornamental plants with edible
ones. This trend involves incorporating fruit trees, berry bushes, and vegetable beds into
traditional landscaping designs.
• Tech-Enhanced Landscaping:
Technology has also found its way into landscaping. Smart irrigation systems, lighting controlled
by mobile apps, and even robotic lawnmowers are becoming more common, making landscape
management more efficient and convenient.
• Naturalistic Water Features:

Rather than formal fountains, naturalistic water features like ponds, streams, and waterfalls are
gaining popularity. These features create a more relaxed and natural ambiance while attracting
local wildlife.
• Xeriscaping:
Particularly in arid regions, xeriscaping, or water-efficient landscaping, is on the rise. This
approach focuses on using drought-resistant plants, minimizing water usage, and designing
landscapes that thrive in the local climate.
• Japanese and Zen Gardens:

The timeless appeal of Japanese and Zen gardens continues to captivate people. These
minimalist designs incorporate gravel, rocks, carefully pruned plants, and often a sense of
tranquility that fits well with modern living.

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2.8. LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS:

2.8.1. PHYSICAL STRUCTURES:
In landscape design, various physical structures are added to enhance the exterior environment and
create functional, aesthetic, and practical spaces. Some common physical structures used in landscape
design include:
• Pavilions and Gazebos: These open structures provide shaded

seating areas and add a focal point to the landscape. They are
often used for relaxation, outdoor dining, or as gathering spots.
• Walkways and Paths: Designed using various materials like

concrete, gravel, or paving stones, walkways and paths guide
people through the landscape, connecting different areas and
adding an organized flow.
• Patios and Decks: These flat, hard surfaces extend from the
house or other buildings and are ideal for outdoor seating,
dining, and entertaining.

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• Fences and Walls: Used for privacy, security, or as decorative

elements, fences and walls can define the property boundaries
and add visual interest to the landscape.
• Water Features: Such as fountains, ponds, and waterfalls, water

features add a calming and decorative element to the landscape.
They can also attract wildlife and provide a soothing ambiance.
• Outdoor Furniture: Tables, chairs, benches, and loungers are

essential elements for creating comfortable and inviting outdoor
seating areas.
• Arbors and Trellises: These structures add vertical interest and

are often used to support climbing plants like vines and roses.

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• Sculptures and Art Installations: Artistic elements can be

incorporated into the landscape design to add visual appeal and
create a unique atmosphere.
• Play Equipment: In family-friendly landscapes, play structures like

swings, slides, and climbing frames may be included to provide
recreational opportunities for children.
• Outdoor Lighting: Properly placed lighting fixtures illuminate the

landscape at night, enhancing safety and creating a magical
ambiance.
• Outdoor Kitchens and Grilling Areas: Perfect for outdoor cooking

and entertainment, these areas may include built-in grills,
countertops, sinks, and storage.

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• Pergolas: Similar to arbors, pergolas are larger structures that

provide partial shade and are often used as support for climbing
plants.
2.8.2. SAFETY, SIGNAGE AND SECURITY:
Safety, in the context of playgrounds, is generally understood as the prevention of injuries. Risk
aversion and fear of lawsuits on the part of the adults who design playgrounds prioritizes injury
prevention above other factors, such as cost or developmental benefit to the users. It is important
that children gradually develop the skill of risk assessment, and a completely safe environment does
not allow that.
Sometimes the safety of playgrounds is disputed in school or among regulators. Over at least the
last twenty years, the kinds of equipment to be found in playgrounds has changed, often towards
safer equipment built with plastic. Playgrounds with equipment that children may fall off often use
rubber mulch on the ground to help cushion the impact.
Playgrounds are also made differently for different age groups. Often schools have a playground
that is taller and more advanced for older schoolchildren and a lower playground with less risk of
falling for younger children.
Safety efforts sometimes paradoxically increase the likelihood and severity of injuries because of
how people choose to use playground equipment. For example, older children may choose to climb
on the outside of a "safe" but boring play structure, rather than using it the way the designers
intended. Similarly, rather than letting young children play on playground slides by themselves,
some injury-averse parents seat the children on the adult's lap and go down the slide together.
Also concerning the safety of playgrounds is the material in which they are built. Wooden
playgrounds act as a more natural environment for the children to play but can cause even more
minor injuries. Slivers are the main concern when building with wood material. Wet weather is also
a threat to children playing on wooden structures. Most woods are treated and do not wear terribly
fast, but with enough rain, wooden playgrounds can become slippery and dangerous for children
to be on.

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2.8.3. PARKING:
The standard parking space dimensions range between

8.5 to 9 feet wide by 18 to 24 feet long. So, the minimum
parking space required for one car parking is 8′ 6″ wide
and 18′ long in size
In general, most typical bikes will take up a bike parking

spot of 30" x 72" x 48" when parked. For the footprint of
bikes parked at a horizontal bike rack, additional space
will need to be added to the dimensions of the bike. In
general, the total space to park two bicycles should be
84" x 32".
2.8.4. PATHWAY:
The pathway is a pedestrian network of tunnels and

overhead bridges, commercial spaces, and transit
stations in the downtown area called the Loop. There
are different kinds of pathway designs that can be
used in the landscape, which includes straight
pathway made of brick, tiles, block paving, wood
materials, grass, natural flagstone.
2.8.5. VEGETATION:
Establish a lawn or a groundcover first to prevent soil from washing or blowing away. Putting
trees in next, because they take many years to become established. Adding foundation, corner,
and entrance plantings. These plantings around adds appearance to it. Using borders and screens
to create spaces and serve other functions. Refinements such as flower beds, ponds, lighting, and
specimen plants are all possible additions for many areas of the landscape.

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Affiliated with Limkokwing University of Creative
Technology
2.8.6. OUTDOOR LIGHTING:
7 types of outdoor landscape lighting fixtures:
• Spotlights:
It’s a general term because spotlights become a

certain type of light when used in a certain way. For
example, if you point a spotlight upwards at a wall,
it becomes an uplight that creates a wall grazing
effect.
• Flood Lights:
Flood lights are the most useful of the types of

outdoor landscape lights for brightening large areas.
They are spotlights with a high brightness and wide
coverage range. They often illuminate driveways
and patios from above
• Up/Downlights:
With a wide range of uses these spotlights are some

of the best from a design standpoint. Uplights can
bring statues to life, create patterns on walls, and
beautify your yard.

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• Step Lights:
It’s all in the name. Step lights go either on walls

beside the stairs or on the front, vertical face.
• Garden Lights:
Placing them in natural areas can show your

favourite and most beautiful plants to the
world. They’re almost like beautiful
mushrooms of light. The light goes downwards
and slightly out. This way everyone will see the
plants instead of spots from looking at a bulb.
• Bollard Lights:
These are posts with lights right on the top. No

light shield/cover. Bollard lights are one of the
only types of outdoor landscape lights that can
shine in every direction.
• String Lights:
Perfect for stringing through trees and over

hardscapes so you can truly enjoy them. They
provide a more subtle light for a picturesque
scene.

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3. NATIONAL CASE STUDY:

3.1. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY, DHULIKHEL
3.2. KATHAMANDU WORLD SCHOOL
3.1. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY, DHULIKHEL
3.1.1. INTRODUCTION:
Kathmandu University, located in Dhulikhel, Nepal, is a prominent educational institution

renowned for its academic excellence and contributions to various fields. Established in 1991,
the university is a private, nonprofit institution that aims to provide high-quality education
and research opportunities to students from Nepal and around the world.
Location: Kathmandu University's main campus is situated in Dhulikhel, a picturesque town

located about 30 kilometers east of Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. The campus is
nestled amidst the beautiful Himalayan foothills, providing a serene and conducive
environment for learning and research.
Academic Programs: The university offers a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and
doctoral programs in various disciplines, including but not limited to:
• Engineering
• Medicine
• Management
• Arts
• Education
• Science
• Social Sciences
Infrastructure: Kathmandu University boasts modern infrastructure, well-equipped

laboratories, libraries, research centers, and classrooms that facilitate effective teaching and
learning. The scenic surroundings provide an inspiring backdrop for academic pursuits.
Research and Innovation: The university places a strong emphasis on research and innovation.
It encourages faculty and students to engage in cutting-edge research across diverse fields,
contributing to the advancement of knowledge and the development of solutions to societal
challenges.

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Collaborations: Kathmandu University has established collaborations with numerous national

and international universities, research institutions, and industries. These partnerships
enable students and faculty to benefit from a global perspective and access to international
resources.
Social Engagement: The university is committed to community service and social

engagement. It undertakes various initiatives and projects aimed at addressing local and
national issues, contributing to sustainable development, and promoting social well-being.
Cultural and Extracurricular Activities: Kathmandu University encourages students to

participate in cultural, sports, and extracurricular activities, fostering holistic development
and a well-rounded educational experience.
Kathmandu University in Dhulikhel stands as a beacon of higher education in Nepal, providing

a platform for academic growth, research, innovation, and holistic development. With its
commitment to excellence and its serene location, the university continues to attract
students, researchers, and scholars who seek to make a positive impact on society and
contribute to the advancement of knowledge.
IMAGE: Kathmandu university

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3.1.2. SITE ANALYSIS:
A site analysis of Kathmandu University in Dhulikhel involves assessing various aspects of the
campus and its surroundings to understand its characteristics, potential, and constraints.
Here's a general overview of what a site analysis might entail:
1. Location and Accessibility:

• Evaluate the campus's proximity to Dhulikhel town, transportation routes, and major
cities.
• Assess the ease of accessibility for students, faculty, and visitors.
2. Topography and Landforms:
• Study the natural landforms and contours of the site, including hills, slopes, and
valleys.
• Identify potential areas prone to erosion, landslides, or other natural hazards.
3. Vegetation and Ecology:
• Identify existing plant species and natural habitats on the campus.
• Evaluate the ecological health and biodiversity of the site.
4. Water Features:
• Analyze the presence of water bodies, drainage patterns, and potential flood risk.
• Assess the quality of water sources and their impact on the campus environment.
5. Climate and Microclimate:
• Study local climate data, including temperature, rainfall, and wind patterns.
• Identify microclimates within the campus that might influence plant growth and
human comfort.
6. Soil and Geology:
• Conduct soil tests to determine soil composition, drainage characteristics, and fertility.
• Assess the stability of the soil and potential for erosion or foundation issues.
7. Cultural and Historical Context:
• Research the history and cultural significance of the site and surrounding area.
• Identify any historical structures or artifacts that contribute to the campus's identity.
8. Built Environment:
• Evaluate the layout of existing buildings, their functions, and condition.
• Assess the architectural style and compatibility of structures with the overall campus
aesthetic.

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9. Infrastructure and Utilities:

• Review the availability and capacity of utilities like electricity, water supply, sewage,
and waste disposal.
10. Social and Community Context:
• Consider the relationship between the campus and the local community.
• Identify opportunities for collaboration and engagement with nearby residents.
11. Noise and Air Quality:
• Analyze noise levels and sources of pollution that could impact the campus
environment.
• Assess air quality and the presence of pollutants.
12. Views and Visual Impact:
• Identify key vistas and viewpoints on the campus.
• Consider how the campus's visual impact relates to its surroundings.
13. Safety and Security:
• Evaluate the campus's security measures and emergency response plans.
• Identify potential hazards or areas of concern.
14. Future Development Potential:
• Identify areas suitable for expansion or new facilities.
• Consider zoning regulations and environmental restrictions.
15. Sustainability and Green Initiatives:
• Assess opportunities for incorporating sustainable practices such as energy efficiency,
renewable energy sources, and waste reduction.
A thorough site analysis provides valuable insights that can guide the university in making
informed decisions about campus development, improvements, and preservation of its
unique characteristics. Keep in mind that this is a general outline, and a comprehensive site
analysis may involve more specific considerations based on the university's goals and
priorities.

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3.1.3. ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE:
The landscape of Kathmandu University in Dhulikhel, Nepal, comprises various natural and
human-made elements that contribute to its overall character and identity. Here are some
specific elements that make up the landscape of Kathmandu University:
Hills and Topography:

• The campus is located amidst the hilly terrain of Dhulikhel, offering panoramic views
of the surrounding landscape.
• The undulating topography adds a dynamic and picturesque quality to the campus.
Vegetation and Gardens:
• The campus is adorned with a variety of trees, shrubs, and flowering plants.
• Well-maintained gardens and green spaces enhance the aesthetic appeal and provide
spaces for relaxation and study.
IMAGE: Vegetation and Garden

Water Features:
• The presence of streams, ponds, and water fountains adds a serene and calming
aspect to the campus.
• Water features contribute to the overall ambiance and provide habitats for aquatic
life.
IMAGE: Water Features of KU

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Architectural Structures:
• The university buildings showcase a blend of modern and traditional architectural
styles.
• Unique structures such as academic buildings, libraries, and administrative facilities
contribute to the campus's visual identity.
IMAGE: Main building of KU
Open Spaces and Plazas:

• Courtyards, open spaces, and plazas create communal gathering areas for students,
faculty, and visitors.
• These spaces serve as hubs for social interaction and events.
IMAGE: Open space

Cultural and Artistic Elements:
• Art installations, sculptures, and cultural artifacts add a touch of creativity and cultural
significance to the campus. These elements reflect the university's commitment to art
and culture.

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Walking Paths and Trails:

• Walking paths and trails wind through the campus, connecting different areas and
encouraging exploration.
• These paths provide opportunities for outdoor activities and exercise.
Sustainable Practices:
• Elements such as solar panels, rainwater harvesting systems, and green building
designs showcase the university's commitment to sustainability.
• These practices contribute to the campus's ecological footprint and provide
educational opportunities for students.
Viewpoints and Scenic Vistas:
• The elevated location of the campus offers breathtaking views of the surrounding hills
and valleys.
• Scenic viewpoints provide spaces for reflection and appreciation of the natural beauty.
Wildlife and Biodiversity:
• The presence of various plant and animal species contributes to the campus's
biodiversity.
• The university's efforts to preserve natural habitats support local wildlife.

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Historical and Cultural Sites:

• The region's historical significance is reflected in the architecture and cultural
elements present on the campus.
• These sites connect the university to the local history and heritage.
Outdoor Seating Areas:
• Benches, seating areas, and outdoor study spots offer opportunities for students and
faculty to enjoy the campus environment.
• These spaces encourage outdoor learning and relaxation.
IMAGE: Outdoor benches and relaxing area
These elements combine to create a unique and vibrant landscape that shapes the identity of
Kathmandu University in Dhulikhel, Nepal. Each element plays a role in enhancing the
educational, cultural, and aesthetic experiences of the university community.

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3.1.4. PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE:
Rhythm and Repetition:

Incorporate repeating patterns, shapes, and colors to establish a sense of rhythm and visual
flow throughout the campus.
Focal Points:
Create focal points using standout features like sculptures, water features, or unique
architectural structures to draw attention and provide visual interest.
Functionality and Accessibility:
Design outdoor spaces that cater to the needs of the university community, ensuring ease of
movement and accessibility for all.
Sustainability:
Integrate sustainable practices such as native plantings, water-efficient landscaping, and
renewable energy sources to minimize the environmental impact.
Cultural and Local Context:

Incorporate elements that reflect the cultural and historical context of the region, celebrating
local traditions and heritage.
Variety and Diversity:

Introduce a variety of plant species, textures, and forms to create a visually rich and diverse
landscape.
Seasonal Interest:
Select plants and elements that provide visual interest throughout the seasons, ensuring the
landscape remains appealing year-round.
Natural Processes:
Work with the existing natural processes, such as water drainage and wind patterns, to inform
the design and placement of landscape elements.
User Experience:
Consider the needs and preferences of the users, creating spaces that are enjoyable and
conducive to various activities.
Adaptability:
Design the landscape with flexibility in mind, allowing for future growth, changes, and
adaptations as the university's needs evolve.

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Education and Interaction:

Incorporate educational elements that inform students and visitors about the environment,
sustainability, and local ecology.
Safety and Security:

Prioritize the safety and security of users by considering lighting, clear sightlines, and well-
defined pathways.
3.1.5. STYLE:
Blend of Traditional and Modern Elements: The university's architecture often combines
traditional Nepali architectural elements with contemporary design features. This blend
reflects a connection to the cultural heritage of Nepal while embracing modern functionality.
Earthquake-Resistant Design: Given Nepal's seismic activity, buildings are often designed to
be earthquake-resistant. This could influence the choice of materials, structural systems, and
architectural design.
Integration with Landscape: The campus buildings may be designed to harmonize with the
natural surroundings and topography of Dhulikhel, creating an integrated and serene
environment.
Functional Spaces: The campus architecture is likely to prioritize functional spaces for
classrooms, laboratories, libraries, and communal areas that support academic and social
activities.

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3.1.6. HARDSCAPE:
Hardscaping refers to any man-made structure within landscaping design that is made of
inanimate materials like gravel, brick, wood, pavers, or stone. Any solid structure in an
outdoor area that is not plant life is considered hardscape.
IMAGE: Hardscape of Kathmandu university

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3.1.7. SOFTSCAPE:
A softscape consists of all the living elements within a landscape—trees, flowers, grass, shrubs
and other plants. It also pertains to other aspects that fall under gardening, including weed
management, the use of mulch and other tasks like mowing, trimming, grading, and planting.
IMAGE: Softscape of Kathmandu university

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3.1.8. PARKING FACILITIES:
Generally defined as a building, structure, land, used or used for off-street parking of motor
vehicles. This may be expanded to include bicycles. Performance Pricing – Parking Pricing
means that motorists pay directly for using parking facilities.
IMAGE: Parking spaces

2.9.1.10. MATERIALS:
Stone pavement:
Stone pavement refers to a type of surface covering made by arranging various stones in a
pattern to create a pathway, road, or walking area. It has been used for centuries as a durable
and aesthetically pleasing way to create paths and roads in outdoor spaces. Stone pavement
can be found in various forms, including cobblestone streets, flagstone pathways, and more
intricate designs using different types and sizes of stones. The advantages of stone paving are:

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• Versatility & Safety.

• Low cost.
• Unlimited paver styles & colors.
• Custom designs.
• Easy installation.
• Maintenance free.
• Superior physical characteristics durability.
• 50 years + life expectancy.
IMAGE: stone pavement on walk ways
3.1.9. SIGNAGE:
Signage is any kind of visual display used to convey information. For example, informational
business signs can help people make decisions, know how to act, or provide advice. Other
types of influential signage can contain marketing information to encourage the reader about
the benefits of a product or service.
Signages used in Kathmandu University

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IMAGE: Signages
3.2. Kathmandu World School
Kathmandu World School (KWS) is situated

in Gundu, Bhaktapur, Nepal. It is located
approximately 12 kilometres away from the
Kathmandu City.Kathmandu World School is
committed to providing quality education
across its different levels, catering to
students from elementary to secondary
levels, as well as those pursuing A-level qualifications since 2016. The combination of a
spacious landscape and well-designed structures aims to create a holistic educational
experience for its students. The main vision of KWS is likely to have a vision and mission that
emphasize providing. Holistic education, fostering critical thinking, promoting creativity, and
nurturing well-rounded individuals who can contribute positively to society.
3.2.2. AREA:
The school campus encompasses 55 ropani of land, with a specific distribution of areas. As
consists of an elementary school, a secondary school, and an A-level program larger area is
required. The campus is divided into two main sections:
• Landscape
• Structures
The landscape covers approximately 30 ropani, which includes outdoor spaces, gardens,
playgrounds, and open areas. These spaces are often used for recreational activities, sports,

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and outdoor learning or for ECA -Extra curriculum activities.
The remaining 20 ropani are occupied by various structures, which include classrooms,
administrative buildings, laboratories, libraries, auditoriums, and other educational facilities.
These structures house the academic and non-academic functions of the school, providing
Students with a conducive environment for learning and personal development.
3.2.3. ORIENTATION:
The Kathmandu World School is situated with its orientation

towards the south. This means that the front of the school,
including its main entrance and possibly other significant
facilities, faces the southern direction. The orientation is
toward south, placement of buildings is in relation to factors
such as sunlight, prevailing winds, and other environmental
considerations to optimize energy, efficiency, comfort, and
aesthetics.
The school is bordered by lush green forested areas on three sides:
• North: The northern side of the school is bordered by a lush green forested area. This
natural boundary provides a scenic and serene backdrop to the school. The forested
area might also contribute to a peaceful environment and aesthetic appeal.
• East: Similarly, the eastern side of the school is also adjacent to a dense and verdant
forested region. This natural feature could offer a refreshing atmosphere and possibly
some privacy from outside disturbances.
• South: The southern side of the school is bordered by another expanse of lush green
forested area. This orientation not only provides a connection to nature but also offers
protection from some of the direct sunlight and heat during certain parts of the day.
• West: On the western side of the school, there are local residences.
3.2.4. ORIENTATION:
The Kathmandu World School is situated in a region with gentle slopes, creating an interesting
and dynamic topographical landscape. The elevation of the school is approximately 1,401
meters (4,596 feet) above sea level. This topography has several implications for the school
and its surroundings:

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• Scenic Views: The elevation of around 1,401 meters above sea level allows for a
scenic view from various points within the school premises.
• Architectural Integration: The hilly and gently sloping terrain has influenced the
design and layout of the school's buildings.
The different landscape elements in Kathmandu world school are divided into:
• Hardscape
• Softscape
• Hardscape
As hardscape refers to the non-living or man-made elements of a landscape or
outdoor environment the following are the hardscape of KWS:
1. Sport Fields
2. Kids Playing Area
3. Sculpture
4. Boundry Wall
5. Pathways
6. Gateways
A. Sport Field: A sports field refers to an open outdoor area that has been intentionally
designed and prepared for specific sports and recreational activities, typically
featuring a specialized playing surface made from materials such as natural grass,
artificial turf, concrete, or asphalt, and often encompassing facilities like basketball

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courts, volleyball courts, swimming pool, badminton court and futsal courts as
hardscape elements for designated sports.
• Swimming Pool
It is an open-air rooftop swimming pool,
situated on top of ECA building. This
provides a distinctive aquatic facility to
wide spectrum of student swimmers, from
beginners to those seeking a more
immersive experience as pool's dimensions
span from a shallow 3 ft. to a deeper 10 ft.
• Basketball Court
There are three basketball courts, one located on the top of a structure.
Additionally, two more basketball courts can be found on the sports field.
Each of these courts is distinguished by its own distinct colour scheme, creating a
visually vibrant and dynamic environment.
• Volleyball court
There is a single volleyball court positioned within the sports field area.

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• Cricket pitch
Within the sports area, there exists a compact cricket pitch accompanied by a net-
enclosed structure.
• Badminton court
At top the CCA (Co-Curricular Activities) structure, there are two badminton
courts.

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• Futsal
Two futsal fields are available, one situated on the rooftop of a two-story parking
structure, while the other is allocated to a separate area.
B. Kids playing area: The children's play area is located atop the administrative block and
features various elements, including slides and a monkey climber, providing a fun and
engaging environment for elementary school students.
C. Sculpture: Within the landscape, a pair of sculptures stands as distinctive elements

that catch the eye and add a unique charm. One sculpture captures the graceful form
of a giraffe, possibly evoking a sense of nature's wonder and elegance. The second
sculpture portrays the iconic figure of Spider-Man, a symbol of adventure and
imagination. These sculptures introduce an element of surprise and playfulness to the
surroundings, offering viewers a diverse visual experience.

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D. Boundry Wall: A boundary wall, as a landscape element refers to a constructed barrier

that demarcatesthe perimeter of a property or outdoor space. In this context, it's built
using a combination of brickwork and a "jali" fence. The brickwork provides a solid
foundation and structure, while the jali fence. This combination of materials not only
defines the property's boundaries but also adds to the aesthetics and functional
aspects of the landscape by blending structural integrity with visual appeal.
E. Pathways: The pathway at the school is curved, adapting to the non-level terrain. This
design choice harmoniously integrates with the natural landscape. Alongside the
pathway, softscape elements such as plants and greenery flourish, creating a visually
pleasing contrast.

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Even staircases are thoughtfully designed to double as pathways, ensuring accessibility for
All with a wheelchair-friendly feature, exemplifying a commitment to inclusivity and
functionality.
F. Gateway:
So,these are the hardscape elements of KWS which makes landscape beautiful.
• Softscape:
The softscape of Kathmandu World School (KWS) is composed of a variety of
natural elements that contribute to the landscape's organic beauty and
ecological balance. The softscape elements at KWS include an assortment of
trees, plants, flowers, and a pond. These features are carefully integrated along
the pathways and within the school's surroundings to create an aesthetically
pleasing and harmonious outdoor environment. The combination of these
elements forms a diverse and captivating softscape that enriches the overall
ambiance, and provides a peaceful and refreshing environment for the school's
students as well as others.

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3.2.6. PARKING:
Parking, as an aspect of landscape design, pertains to designated areas within a property or

outdoor space that are specifically intended for the temporary placement of vehicles. In the
context of Kathmandu World School (KWS), there are three distinct parking areas allocated
for different types of vehicles:
• School Vans Parking: This designated space accommodates the parking needs of the
school's vans.
• Bike Parking: The allocated bike parking area caters to staff who use bike.
• Three-Storey Parking: The two-storey parking structure is designed to cater to cars

and bus. With its multi-level layout, it optimizes the use of vertical space, providing

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ample parking capacity for these larger vehicles while minimizing the footprint on the ground.
3.2.7. SIGNAGE:
Signage, as a landscape element within a school, refers to the strategically placed visual
communication. Different Signage used are:
1. School name Signage:

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2. Direction Signage:
3. Awareness Plant Signage:
4. Flag Signage:

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3.2.8. LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS:
1. Colour:
The colour in landscape element is colour pallet chosen for vegetation, signage and
pathways or colours used on landscape. Each shade is thoughtfully chosen to weave
together an immersive experience that aligns with the values and stages of education.
• Primary colour, plants of sunny yellow and passionate red are presented. These warm
colours encapsulate the exuberance of young learners, breathing life into the
environment with their joyful and energetic presence. The signage and trees, adorned
in various shades of green, forge a harmonious link between learning and the natural
world. This connection emphasizes the holistic approach to education that the school
embodies.
• Secondary colour, orange, purple, and pink is found on flowers. These colours mirror
the journey of maturing minds, symbolizing curiosity, creativity, and the full spectrum
of possibilities that lie ahead.
• Neutral colour, while the vibrant colours of vegetation take center stage, pathways
are grey and white. These neutral shades provide a serene backdrop, allowing the
vibrant vegetation to shine and guiding visitors on their journey through the
landscape.
The diverse colours present in the landscape's shows the harmony between each other as
Well multifaceted essence of education.
2. Form:
The trees at Kathmandu World School (KWS) has distinct shapes that contribute to the
overall visual of the landscape which are:
• Oval Form:
Contributes a balanced and slightly elongated shape contributing
symmetry and creating a sense of harmony and stability within the
landscape.
• Round Form:
Contributes a sense of uniformity and solidity by adding a classic and
timeless appeal to the landscape.

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• Conical Form:
This form adds verticality and visual interest to the landscape,
drawing the eye upward and creating a sense of attention for
structure behind it.
• Upright Form:
This form adds a sense of strength and stability to the
landscape.
• Horizontal Form:
This form introduces a feeling of relaxation and openness to the landscape, creating
areas of shade and a sense of tranquillity.
3. Line of Sight:
The line of sight in Kathmandu world school is curve lines, this refers to the deliberate
design of visual pathways which is gradually bending and curving throughout the
school. This curve lines not only adds a sense of intrigue and exploration to the
surroundings but also harmoniously blends among built environment with the natural
landscape as it is in hill, creating a seamless and visually engaging experience.
4. Scale of balance:
The scale of balance at Kathmandu World School (KWS) is achieved through
asymmetry, it means that elements are deliberately arranged in an unbalanced
manner, with varying sizes, shapes, and visual weights on either side of a central axis.
This design approach adds adynamic and visually interesting quality to the landscape,
creating a sense of movement and energy while still maintaining a harmonious overall
composition.

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In conclusion, the landscape of Kathmandu World School (KWS) is a thoughtful example for
fusion of nature, architecture, and educational ideals.
3.2.9. COMPARATIVE STUDY:
The comparative Study between national case study:
• Orientation:
The orientation of KWS is towards the south, optimizing sunlight exposure and energy
efficiency.
KU: The orientation of KU is towards the north, which can influence temperature
regulation and energy consumption.
• Landscape:
KWS has an urban landscape with limited green space, potentially impacting outdoor
activities and aesthetics.
KU urban landscape includes green spaces and offers views of mountains, enhancing
the visual appeal and recreational opportunities.
• Theme:
There is no specific theme mentioned for KWS.
KU features a theme with a logo, which could help establish a unique identity and
visual representation.
• Landform:
KWS is situated uphill, which provides scenic viewpoints.
KU's landform is uphill with slopes as well as plains, offering diverse topography for
landscape planning.
• Water Features:
KWS has a swimming pool as a water feature and pond.

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KU boasts multiple water features, including a swimming pool, fountains, and ponds,
enhancing the aesthetic and recreational aspects.
• Sustainability Approach:
KWS emphasizes sustainability through building orientation and limited green
pockets.
KU takes a comprehensive sustainability approach include building orientation,
incorporation of green pockets, and the use of photovoltaic (PV) panels for landscape
lighting.
In this comparative study, we can see that KWS and KU have distinct characteristics in terms
of their orientation, landscape, themes, landform, water features, and sustainability
approaches. KU appears to emphasize a stronger connection to the natural environment,
including mountain views, multiple water features, and green spaces. The utilization of PV
panels and green pockets also highlights KU's commitment to sustainability and energy
efficiency.
4. NATIONAL CASE STUDY:

4.1. ST. AUGUSTINE’S SCHOOL, KALIMPONG
4.2. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, SCARBOROUGH
4.1. ST. AUGUSTINE’S SCHOOL, KALIMPONG
St. Augustine's School is a minority Christian School

established and administered by the Roman Catholic
Diocese of Darjeeling. The school is under the religious
jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Darjeeling
who is also the President of the Governing Body. St.
Augustine's School, Kalimpong, is a school which conducts
classes from Lower Kinder Garten to Class XII, and is
affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate
Education, New Delhi. The School is recognized by the
Department of Education, Government of West Bengal.
The school was established in the year 1945 A.D. The
School aims at the education of the Catholic Community
around and extends its services to members of other
communities to the extent possible. The School stands for

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the academic excellence, development of skills -and character formation based on the love of
God and the service of humanity as modeled in Jesus Christ with a view of training citizens
remarkable for all-round development and sincere com-mitment to God and country.
4.1.2. ORIENTATION:
It is situated in the town of Kalimpong of Kalimpong District. The school covers 14 acres of
land and has two entrance ways, in the north and south of it. A church is nearby the school
area and it is also close to another regional school there. The forest area makes the ambience
peaceful and pleasant to study.
• SWOT:
Here it follows:
Strength:
The site is quiet and free from disturbance, making it a suitable place for a educational
institution. The school holds prominent history which holds attraction.
Weaknesses:
The roadways are quite narrow leading to problems at times of heavy traffic.
Opportunities:
Proper use of internet marketing to promote the school would be beneficial.
Threats:
Maintenance of the hardscapes would help to overcome possible accidents.

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COLOR:
The color elements of a landscape can include the hues of the sky, vegetation, water, and
various objects present. Warm colors like reds, oranges, and yellows can evoke feelings of
warmth and energy, while cool colors like blues and greens can create a sense of calm and
tranquility. The interplay of these colors contributes to the overall aesthetic and emotional
impact of the landscape.
Fig. unity achieved
FORM:
The form of this landscape is greatly influenced by the evergreen trees present in the region.
Evergreen trees are known for its conical shape, the conical shape is just one of the many
strategies that trees have evolved to survive and thrive in their respective habitats. It allows
the tree to efficiently capture the sunlight necessary for photosynthesis. The tree becomes
more stable due to arrangement of branches in this manner. The conical shape offers better
wind resistance. The streamlined form reduces the impact of strong winds, preventing the
tree from being uprooted or broken. This is particularly important in open or exposed areas.

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LINE OF SIGHT:
Line of sight is the direct path between two points. It's called the "line of sight" because if a
person was standing at one point, the LOS would be the path they look along. If an object
were blocking the view, it would be considered out of sight or an obstructed line of sight. In
this landscape curve lines are use as the flow pint in the viewer’s eye movement. The curve
line was also influenced by the terrain of the site.

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SCALE OF BALANCE:
Symmetry is a fundamental principle in the art of landscaping that creates a sense of harmony
and balance in outdoor spaces. It involves the arrangement of elements in such a way that
they mirror each other across an axis or a central point. This concept of symmetry underlines
the careful consideration of scale and balance, resulting in visually pleasing and inviting
landscapes.
1. Scale: Scale refers to the relative size and proportion of various elements within a
landscape. Achieving balance through symmetry requires a keen understanding of
how elements of different sizes interact with one another. By strategically placing
larger elements on one side of the axis and mirroring them with appropriately scaled
counterparts on the other side, a sense of proportionate harmony is established.
2. Balance: Balance in landscaping involves distributing visual weight evenly throughout

a space. Symmetry plays a pivotal role in achieving this equilibrium. By arranging
identical or nearly identical elements on both sides of a central line or point, you
create a visual equilibrium that is not only aesthetically pleasing but also calming to
the eye.
Symmetry as a Design Principle:
1. Formal Gardens: Formal gardens often employ symmetry as a dominant design

principle. Paths, hedges, flower beds, and water features are meticulously laid out to
create a sense of order and balance. This approach evokes a sense of elegance and
sophistication, harkening back to classical design traditions.

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2. Focal Points: Symmetrical landscaping can accentuate focal points such as statues,
fountains, or architectural features. By framing these points with symmetrical
plantings or structures, you draw attention to them and enhance their visual impact.
WATER:
As a design element, water contributes coolness, moisture, sparkle, lightness, depth, serenity.
Its is shown in the form of a swimming pool, which is near the paring area.

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STYLE/ THEME:
The theme of this landscape is terracing, piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series
of successively receding flat surfaces is terracing. This theme is used because of the terrain of
the area are shaped this way, ultimately looking like steps.

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4.1.4. SOFTSCAPE:
Softscape refers to the living, horticultural elements of a landscaped area, typically consisting
of plants, trees, grass, shrubs, flowers, and other organic materials. It also includes playing
area like grounds etc.

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4.1.5. HARDSCAPE:
Hardscape refers to the non-living, man-made elements of a landscaped area or outdoor

space. These elements provide structure, organization, and functionality to the landscape,
often serving as the foundation upon which the softscape (living, horticultural elements) is
arranged. Hardscape elements include a wide range of materials and features designed to
enhance the aesthetics and usability of outdoor spaces.
• Rainwater harvesting pipes

Rainwater pipes are used to harvest the collected
rainwater and use it for other purposes. In this institute
the collected rainwater was supplied to the swimming
pool and was used for refilling purposes.
• Pavements
These are walking path for the employee, students and
visitors who come to the premises. Pavements greatly
reduce the risk of accidents which is a top priority for a
school.
BOUNDARY WALL AND FENCES:
Boundary walls, also known as perimeter walls or property

walls, are structural barriers that define the boundaries of a
property or landscaped area. These walls serve multiple
purposes, including providing security, privacy.
STATUE:
A statue is a three-dimensional artistic representation of a person,

animal, object, concept, or abstract form. Statues are typically created
by sculptors using various materials such as stone, metal, wood, clay,
bronze, marble, and more. They are a prominent form of visual art.

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GRASS PAVER:
Grass pavers, also known as turf pavers or permeable pavers, are a type of paving system
designed to allow the growth of grass or vegetation while providing a stable surface for
vehicles, pedestrians, or other types of traffic. These pavers are used in various applications
to balance the need for paved surfaces with environmental concerns, such as stormwater
management and green space preservation.

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RETAINING WALL:
A retaining wall is a structure designed to hold back soil and prevent erosion,
creating a level area on one side while there's a change in elevation on the other.
Retaining walls are commonly used in landscaping, construction, and civil
engineering projects to stabilize slopes, create terraced landscapes, and manage
the effects of gravity on uneven terrain.
BASKETBALL COURT:
A basketball court is a specifically designed area where the sport of basketball is played. It
consists of a rectangular playing surface marked with lines and includes features that facilitate
the game. The institute has a total of four basketball court.

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VOLLEYBALL COURT:
A volleyball court is a specially designed area where the sport of volleyball is played. It consists
of a rectangular playing surface marked with lines and includes features that facilitate the
game.
PARKING:
Parking refers to the act of temporarily leaving a vehicle in a designated area, typically known
as a parking space, for a certain period of time. Parking is an essential aspect of urban and
suburban transportation and infrastructure planning. It involves finding a suitable place for
vehicles to be stationed when not in use.
SIGNAGE:
Signage refers to visual communication tools that use graphics, symbols, text, and other visual
elements to convey information, instructions, directions, warnings, or promotions to an
audience. Signage is used in various contexts, such as public spaces, businesses, roadways,
events, and more. It serves to inform, guide, advertise, and enhance safety.

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4.2. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, SCARBOROUGH
The University of Toronto Scarborough (UTSC) is one of the three campuses of the University
of Toronto, located in Scarborough, a district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1964,
UTSC is known for its strong emphasis on research, academic excellence, and a diverse and
inclusive learning environment. UTSC's campus features modern facilities, state-of-the-art
research centers, and a blend of natural and architectural beauty. The campus is characterized
by its striking architecture, green spaces, and proximity to the Scarborough Bluffs and Lake
Ontario. UTSC offers a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs across various
disciplines, including arts, sciences, business, computer science, health sciences, social
sciences, and more. Students have the opportunity to pursue diverse academic interests while
receiving a high-quality education.

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4.2.2. SITE ANALYSIS:

.
The UTSC campus is situated in Scarborough, a district in the eastern part of Toronto, Ontario,
Canada. The address of the campus is 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4. The campus
covers a significant area and features a combination of modern and contemporary buildings.
It includes academic and administrative buildings, research facilities, student residences,
recreational spaces, and more. There are open spaces, walkways, and green areas
interspersed throughout the campus One of the prominent natural features near the UTSC
campus is the Scarborough Bluffs, a series of steep cliffs along Lake Ontario's shoreline. The
campus's proximity to the bluffs provides stunning views of the lake. Additionally, there are
landscaped areas, gardens, and courtyards that enhance the campus's aesthetics. UTSC has
300 Acres of land out of which 50% are covered by landscape and vegetation.

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4.2.3. SWOT ANALYSIS:

.
Strengths:
1. Academic Excellence: UTSC is part of the prestigious University of Toronto, known for
its high academic standards, research contributions, and faculty expertise.
2. Diverse Community: The campus embraces diversity, fostering a rich cultural and
intellectual environment that benefits students and faculty.
3. Location: The proximity to the Scarborough Bluffs and Lake Ontario provides a scenic
and inspiring backdrop for campus life.
4. Sustainability Initiatives: UTSC has demonstrated a commitment to sustainability
through initiatives such as LEED-certified buildings and energy-efficient designs.
Weaknesses:
1. Space Constraints: As the student population grows and academic programs expand,
there might be limitations in available space for facilities and amenities.
2. Transportation Challenges: While public transportation options are available, the
campus's location might pose challenges for students commuting from certain areas.
3. Limited Name Recognition: While the University of Toronto is well-known globally,
UTSC might have slightly less recognition compared to the downtown St. George
campus.
Opportunities:
1. Program Diversification: UTSC can continue to expand its range of academic programs
to meet the changing demands of students and industries.
2. Community Engagement: The campus can strengthen ties with the local community,
offering resources and expertise to address local challenges.
3. Technology Integration: Embracing emerging technologies in teaching, research, and
campus operations can enhance the student experience.
4. Partnerships and Collaborations: Forming partnerships with local businesses,
organizations, and other institutions can lead to joint ventures and increased
resources.

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Threats:
1. Competition: Other universities and educational institutions in the region can attract
potential students and faculty.
2. Funding Constraints: Economic factors might impact the availability of funding for
facilities, research, and scholarships.
3. Enrollment Fluctuations: Changes in student enrollment due to various factors, such
as demographic shifts or global events, can impact campus dynamics.
4. Rapid Technological Changes: Keeping up with rapidly evolving technology trends in
education and research might pose challenges.
COLOR:
The University of Toronto's blue color is often represented as a royal blue or a deep shade of
blue, and it is used in the university's branding, logos, and official materials. White is used as
a complementary color and is often combined with blue for a classic and professional
appearance.The green color often represents growth, sustainability, and the natural
surroundings of the campus. It can vary from a vibrant green to a more subdued shade,
depending on the context.White is often used as a complementary color alongside green. It
represents purity, clarity, and openness.

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FORM:
The coniferous and deciduous trees in the area have a big impact on the shape of this
environment. The characteristic conical shape of evergreen trees is just one of the many ways
that trees have evolved to survive and prosper in their various surroundings. It makes it
possible for the tree to effectively absorb the sunlight required for photosynthesis. The
placement of the branches in this way makes the tree more stable. Better wind resistance is
provided by the conical shape. The tree won't be uprooted or broken because of the
streamlined form, which lessens the impact of high winds. In regions that are exposed or
open, this is especially crucial. The deciduous tree give cluster form of look to landscape.
LINE OF SIGHT:
"Line of sight" refers to an unobstructed straight-line path between an observer's eye and a
particular point or object. Line of sight determines what is visible from a particular location.
Line of sight gives views of attractive elements, landmarks, or focal points. It can enhance the
overall visual experience of a space. On the other hand, line of sight can also impact privacy.
Design choices can either provide privacy or expose areas to public view, depending on the
intended use of the space. Designers consider line of sight for effective communication, such
as placing signage, billboards, or public announcements where they are easily visible.

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SPACES:
Open green spaces and lawns provide areas for relaxation, outdoor activities, and social
interactions. They contribute to the campus's visual appeal and offer a respite from indoor
settings.

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WATER:
Fountains, ponds, and water elements can provide a calming and aesthetically pleasing
environment while also offering auditory and visual stimuli.
RECREATIONAL AREA:
Sports fields, courts, and outdoor fitness spaces provide opportunities for physical activity
and sports events.

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4.2.5. SOFTSCAPE:
Softscape refers to the living, horticultural, and plant-based elements of a landscape design.
These elements can include trees, shrubs, grass, flowers, and other vegetation that contribute
to the aesthetic appeal, environmental sustainability, and overall atmosphere of an outdoor
space. Softscape is a critical component of landscape design, as it adds color, texture, and life
to the built environment. Softscape elements at the University of Toronto Scarborough (UTSC)
campus:
1. Trees: Trees provide shade, improve air quality, and create a sense of scale and maturity
in outdoor spaces. Different tree species can offer varying foliage colors, textures, and
seasonal changes.
2. Shrubs and Bushes: Shrubs are often used to define spaces, create borders, and add visual
interest. They can be shaped and maintained to create specific patterns or forms.
3. Flower Beds: Flower beds filled with annuals, perennials, and seasonal blooms add bursts
of color and beauty to the landscape. These beds might be placed in prominent areas or
along walkways.

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4. Ground Cover Plants: Ground cover plants such as low-growing shrubs, ornamental
grasses, or spreading perennials are used to cover open areas, control erosion, and add
texture.
5. Vines and Climbers: Vines and climbing plants are used to adorn walls, trellises, and other
structures, softening the appearance of built elements.
6. Planters and Containers: Placing planters and containers with various plants around the
campus add greenery to paved areas and hardscapes.
7. Rain Gardens: Rain gardens are landscaped areas designed to capture and absorb
rainwater runoff. They often feature native plants that help manage stormwater.
8. Green Roofs: Some buildings might feature green roofs, where vegetation is planted on
the roof surface. Green roofs help with insulation, stormwater management, and
biodiversity.
9. Edible Gardens: Community gardens or edible landscapes can incorporate fruit-bearing

trees, herbs, and vegetables, providing opportunities for learning and engagement.

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4.2.6. HARDSCAPE:
Hardscape refers to the non-living, constructed elements of a landscape design. These

elements provide structure, organization, and functionality to outdoor spaces.
1. Pathways and Walkways: Paved pathways made of materials such as concrete, asphalt,
pavers, or gravel facilitate pedestrian movement throughout the campus. They connect
buildings, amenities, and outdoor areas.
2. Plazas and Courtyards: Hardscaped plazas and courtyards provide gathering spaces for
students, faculty, and visitors. These areas might feature seating, decorative paving
patterns, and focal points.

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3. Terraces and Steps: Terraced seating areas and steps can create elevation changes while
providing spaces for seating and social interaction.
4. Outdoor Seating Areas: Benches, seating walls, and other seating elements made from
hardscape materials offer comfortable places for rest and relaxation.
5. Retaining Walls: Retaining walls are used to manage slopes and create level areas. They
can also serve as seating or decorative elements.
6. Pergolas and Shade Structures: Pergolas, arbors, and shade structures made from wood,
metal, or other materials provide relief from the sun and add architectural interest.
7. Pedestrian Bridges: Bridges made of hardscape materials such as concrete or steel can
connect different areas of the campus, allowing for safe pedestrian passage over roads,
and other obstacles.

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8. Plinth and Sculpture Bases: Hardscaped plinths or pedestals can be used to display
sculptures, artworks, and other decorative elements.
9. Water: Highland creek valley

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10. Sports Courts: Hardscape materials like asphalt or concrete can be used to create sports
courts for activities such as basketball, tennis, or volleyball.
4.2.6. HARDSCAPE:
Hardscape refers to the non-living, constructed elements of a landscape design. These

elements provide structure, organization, and functionality to outdoor spaces.
11. Pathways and Walkways: Paved pathways made of materials such as concrete, asphalt,
pavers, or gravel facilitate pedestrian movement throughout the campus. They connect
buildings, amenities, and outdoor areas.

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12. Plazas and Courtyards: Hardscaped plazas and courtyards provide gathering spaces for
students, faculty, and visitors. These areas might feature seating, decorative paving
patterns, and focal points.
13. Terraces and Steps: Terraced seating areas and steps can create elevation changes while
providing spaces for seating and social interaction.
14. Outdoor Seating Areas: Benches, seating walls, and other seating elements made from
hardscape materials offer comfortable places for rest and relaxation.
15. Retaining Walls: Retaining walls are used to manage slopes and create level areas. They
can also serve as seating or decorative elements.
16. Pergolas and Shade Structures: Pergolas, arbors, and shade structures made from wood,
metal, or other materials provide relief from the sun and add architectural interest.
17. Pedestrian Bridges: Bridges made of hardscape materials such as concrete or steel can
connect different areas of the campus, allowing for safe pedestrian passage over roads,
and other obstacles.

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18. Plinth and Sculpture Bases: Hardscaped plinths or pedestals can be used to display
sculptures, artworks, and other decorative elements.
19. Water: Highland creek valley

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20. Sports Courts: Hardscape materials like asphalt or concrete can be used to create sports
courts for activities such as basketball, tennis, or volleyball.
4.2.7. SIGNAGE:
Signage plays a crucial role in guiding and informing people within a campus environment like
the University of Toronto Scarborough (UTSC). Effective signage helps students, faculty, staff,
and visitors navigate the campus, find key locations, and access important information

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IEC COLLEGE OF ART & FASHION

Affiliated with Limkokwing University of Creative Technology

NAI 24102 – LANDSCAPE DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT: REPORT ON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

STUDENT NAME: AADARSH SHRESTHA, MANISH TAMANG, SUJAN

REGISTRATION NO: IEC/BIA/LIM/20220

LECTURER NAME: AR. PABI TULADHAR STHAPIT

DATE RECEIVED BY LECTURER: ………………………

DATE RETURN TO STUDENT: …………………………….

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

2.8.5. VEGETATION: ........................................................................................................................ 26

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

4.1.1. INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................................... 57

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

1.1. WHAT IS A LANDSCAPE DESIGN?

1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

2.3. TYPES OF LANDSCAPE:

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

• Agricultural Landscape: Agricultural landscapes are characterized by extensive farmlands and

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

2.5. STANDARD DIMENSION:

• Seating and Ergonomics:

Bench seat height: 16-18 inches (41-46 cm)

• Pathway width: 48-60 inches (122-152 cm) for wheelchair accessibility

• Swing seat height: 12-24 inches (30-61 cm) above ground

• Signage and Information Displays:

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

2.5. ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES LANDSCAPE:

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

• Balance: To avoid a lopsided or cluttered appearance, it is crucial to balance the distribution of

• Color Harmony: Careful consideration of the colour

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

• Adding Interest and Variety: The use of various types of

In the Japanese Garden at Butchart Gardens, Victoria BC.

• Vase-shaped trees define a comfortable “people space” beneath the canopy.

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

Texture can be defined as the relationship between the foliage

Texture changes with distance. Up close, texture comes from the

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

2.7. LANDSCAPE DESIGN:

• Formal Landscape Design: Characterized by clean lines,

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

• Informal Landscape Design: Informal designs have a more

• Contemporary Landscape Design: Contemporary designs

• Mediterranean Landscape Design: Inspired by landscapes of

• Tropical Landscape Design: Tropical landscapes are lush and

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

• Japanese Zen Garden Design: Zen gardens are designed for

• Cottage Garden Design: Cottage gardens are charming and

• Desert Landscape Design: Desert landscapes are designed for arid

• Eclectic Landscape Design: Eclectic designs blend elements from

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

• Xeriscape Landscape Design: Xeriscaping is a water-efficient

• Outdoor Living Spaces:

2022 batch (4TH Sem)

• Naturalistic Water Features:

• Japanese and Zen Gardens: