4/12/2020

The Steady Magnetic

Field
Dr Saad W. O. Luhaib
Lecture at Electrical Eng.
University of Mosul

The static magnetic fields

Sources of magnetic fields:
1- Permanent magnetic fields.
2- Electric field changing linearly with time.
3- A direct current
Next we will study the magnetic field produced by direct current
There are two major laws governing magnetostatics fields:-
a- Biot-Savart Law
b- Ampere’s law

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Biot-Savart Law
×
= /

The contribution to the

magnetic field ( ) at a point P is:

(i) directly proportional to:

(a) the current I1 flows along the wire,

(b) the differential length ,

(c) the sin of the angle between the differential length and the direction to the
observation point θ.

(ii) inversely proportional to : the square of the distance between

the current element and the observation point.

The magnetic field is in the direction that a right hand screw

turns while advancing in the direction of the current.

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Magnetic Field Due to Different Current

Distributions
We can have different current distributions: line current, surface
current, and volume current as shown below. If we define K as the
surface current density (in amperes/meter) and J as the volume
current density (in amperes/meter square), the source elements are
related as

× × ×
= = =

Ex 1 Consider an infinitely long straight filament carrying a direct current I

and situated along the z-axis as shown. Find the magnetic field intensity at
P(0,y,0).
Solutions
×
=
4
= , = −z , = +
×( −z )
= = /
4 + 4 +

= /
⟹ = /
4 4
+ +

Thus

=
As can be seen the magnetic field intensity changes only with ρ
and is in φ direction.

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Ex 2: for the finite length current element on the z-axis, use Biot-Savart law
to calculate H .
×
=

= , = −z , = +
×( −z )
= = /
4 + 4 +

= /
4
+

tan = ⇒ z = ρ tan

dz = ρ sec
ρ sec
= /
⟹ = cos
4 + 4

= sin ⟹ = [ − ]
4

Ex 3/ determine H at P2(0.4, 0.3, 0) in the field of an 8. A filamentary current is directed inward

from infinity to the origin on the positive x axis, and then outward to infinity along the y axis. This
arrangement is shown in Figure
Solution
Let H=Hx+Hy, where Hx and Hy are the contributions of the magnetic field intensity at the point
P2(0.4, 0.3, 0) due to the portion of the filaments along x and y, respectively.

= [ − ]

.
⃗ = 0.3 , = 0.3 = tan = −90° into the p
.

.
= tan = 53.13° out of the p
.
8
= [ (−53.13° ) − (−90)]
4 ∗ 0.3

= where

= × =− × =−
−12
= /

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For Hy
.
⃗ = 0.4 , = 0.4 = tan = −36.86° into the p
.

.
= tan = 90° out of the p
.
8
= [ (90° ) − (−36.86° )]
4 ∗ 0.3
8
=

where
= × = × =−
−8
= /

−12 −8 −20
= + = /

Ex 4/ determine H at P2(-3,4,0) due to the filament that shown in figure

Solution
Let H=Hx+Hz ,

= [ − ]

⃗=4 , =4

( )
= tan = 36.86° out of the p

= tan = 90° out of the p ∞ x

3
= [ (90° ) − (36.86° )]
4 ∗4
0.3 3A
= /
4
0
where
= × = × = P(ρ,x)
0.3 (4,-3)
= /
4

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For Hz , = [ − ]

⃗ = −3 +4 , = −3 + 4 = 5

= tan = −90° into the p

= tan = 0° out of the p

3
= [ (0° ) − (−90° )]
4 ∗5
3
=
20
/ ∞ z

where

−3 +4 3 +4 3A
= × =− × =
5 5
3 ∗ (3 + 4 )
= /
20 ∗ 5
0 P(ρ,z)
(5,0)
0.3 3 ∗ (3 + 4 )
= + = + /
4 100
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Ampere's Circuital Law

Ampere's circuital law states “the line integral of H about any closed path
is equal to the direct current enclosed by that path
. =

Ex 5/ Consider the infinitely long

current filament, situated along the z-axis as shown.
Solution:
We know that , = =
. =
= ⟹ 2π =
= /
2
For the circular path always the
. = ( )

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Ex 6: Consider an infinitely long coaxial transmission line carrying a

uniformly distributed total current I in the center conductor and − I in the
outer conductor.
Region (1) <a
. = . = ,

. = ∗ ( )
2 = ∗ ⇒ = /
2
Region (2) a < <b
. = , 2 = ⇒ = /

Region (3) b < <c

= , . = − ∗
−
−
−
−
2 = − ∗ − ⇒ =
− 2
Region (4) >c

. = − = 0, 2 =0 ⇒ =0 /

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Ex 7/, let us consider a sheet of current flowing in the positive y direction and
located in the z = 0 plane.
Appling the amperes law on the Rectangular
closed path give us

∮ . = . =
H cannot vary with x or y. If the sheet is
subdivided into a number of filaments,
it is evident that no filament can produce an Hy
component. Moreover, the Biot-Savart law shows that the contributions to Hz
produced by a symmetrically located pair of filaments cancel. Thus, Hz is zero
also; only an Hx component is present.

>0
=
− <0
To find the exact value of H we should determine H0 by ampere’s law

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. = + + + . =

= +0∗ + +0∗ =
1
=
2
1
>0
= 2
1
− <0
2
For that we can write the general formula
1
= ×
2

Ex/ Plane y=1 carries current K=30 az A/m. Find H at (0,0,0)

Sol
1
= 30 ×− = 15 /
2

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Ex 8/A circular loop located on x2+y2=9, z=0 carries a direct current of 10A
along aφ. Determine the H at (0,0,h) and (0,0,-h).

×
= , =− +ℎ = +ℎ
4
× (− +ℎ )
= , = /
4 +ℎ
× (− +ℎ ) + ℎ
= /
= /
4 +ℎ 4 +ℎ
By the symmetry there is no component

in the direction of ρ

= /
4 +ℎ

= /
/
2 +ℎ

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Solenoids
Ex 9/ A solenoid of length and radius a consists of N turns of wire
carrying current I. Show that a point P along its axis.

We apply the result in previous example,

= /
= /
2 + 2 +

Where = = and tan = / , = − csc

ℓ

∗ − csc ∗ − sin
= /
=
2 + ( cot ) 2

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∗ − sin
= = cos
2 2
= cos − cos
2
For long solenoid ℓ ≫ ⟹ ⋍0 ≃ 180∘
=
ℓ

Applications of solenoid

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Toroids
Ex 10/The toroid shown has N turns wire and carrying a current of I. Find H
everywhere

. =

Region 1 r<a
= 0, ⟹ =0
Region 2 a <r<b
= , . = 2 ⟹ =
2
Region 3 r>b
= 0, ⟹ =0
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Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density

In free space, magnetic flux density is defined as:

= Webers/m2 or Tesla (T)
,µo is the permeability of free space, = 4 × 10 / (henrys/meter).
For any type of medium the magnetic flux density can be written as
= T
where = , is the relative permeability
The total magnetic flux (Φ )through a surface is given by
= .

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Ex 11 / find the magnetic flux crossing the portion of the plan = ,

0.01 ≤ ≤ 0.05 and 0 < <2 as shown in figure below. A current
filament of 2.5 A.
solution
= , =

=
2

=∫ . =

= .
2
.

.
4 × 10 ∗ 2.5 5
= ln = ln ∗ 2 = 1.6
2 2 1
.

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Ex 12/ A radial magnetic field

2.4 × 10
= cos /
Exists in free space. Find the magnetic flux Φ crossing the surface defined by
(a) ≤ ≤ , −2 ≤ ≤ 2
(b) 0≤ ≤2 , 0≤ ≤2
(c) = , 0.01 ≤ ≤ 0.05 and 0 < <2
Solution
2.4 × 10
= = cos

=∫ . =

2.4 × 10
= cos . = 2.4 × 10 sin

= 17.06
(b) = ⟹ =0

(c) = ⟹ =0

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Inductance
We now define inductance (or self-inductance) as the ratio of the total flux
linkages to the current which they link,

= ( )

Ex 13 / Find the inductance per unit length of a coaxial conductor such as that
shown in figure
Between the conductors

= and =

=∫ . =

= . ⟹ = ln = ln
2 2 2

= ln /
2

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Ex 14/ Find the inductance of an ideal solenoid with 300 turns, ℓ=0.5m and
the circular cross section of radius 0.02m

Sol
300
= = ⟹ = 600
ℓ 0.5

= . Φ= ∗

Φ 300 ∗ [600 ] ( 0.02 )

= = = 284.2

Replace the solenoid by toroid and determine the value of L

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