independent samples matched pairs

(𝑋𝑋�1 − 𝑋𝑋�2 ) − (𝜇𝜇1 − 𝜇𝜇2 ) 𝑋𝑋�𝐷𝐷 − 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 • quantitative

• quantitative 𝑇𝑇 = ~ 𝑡𝑡[df] 𝑇𝑇 = ~ 𝑡𝑡[df = 𝑛𝑛𝐷𝐷 − 1]
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷 sample large
samples large 𝑆𝑆 2 𝑆𝑆 2
� 1+ 2 √𝑛𝑛𝐷𝐷 or population of
or populations normal 𝑛𝑛1 𝑛𝑛2 differences normal

𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇1 (Wilcoxon Rank Sum) 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇+ (Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum)

• quantitative • quantitative
samples small sample small
𝑛𝑛1 (𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑛𝑛2 + 1) 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 + 1)
and populations non-normal 𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇+ − and population of
𝑍𝑍 = 2 ~ 𝑁𝑁(0, 1) 𝑍𝑍 = 4 ~ 𝑁𝑁(0, 1)
• ordinal differences non-normal
� 𝑛𝑛1 𝑛𝑛 2 (𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑛𝑛 2 + 1) � 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛𝑛 + 1)
12 24
𝑛𝑛1 > 10 and 𝑛𝑛2 > 10 𝑛𝑛 > 30

�𝑃𝑃�1 − 𝑃𝑃�2 � − 0
𝑍𝑍 = ~ 𝑁𝑁(0, 1)
1 1 𝑋𝑋+ ~ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(𝑛𝑛, 𝑝𝑝+ = 0.50)
�𝑃𝑃��1 − 𝑃𝑃�� � + �
𝑛𝑛1 𝑛𝑛2
• quantitative or ordinal 𝐻𝐻0 ∶ 𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 = 0
• quantitative or ordinal
reduced to two categories
�𝑃𝑃�1 − 𝑃𝑃�2 � − (𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 ) reduced to plus/minus
• nominal 𝑍𝑍 = ~ 𝑁𝑁(0, 1) 𝑋𝑋+𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 0.5 ∙ 𝑛𝑛
𝑍𝑍 = ~ 𝑁𝑁(0, 1)
𝑃𝑃� − 𝑃𝑃�1 � 𝑃𝑃�2 �1 − 𝑃𝑃�2 � 0.5 ∙ √𝑛𝑛
� 1 �1 + 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 10
𝑛𝑛1 𝑛𝑛2
𝐻𝐻0 ∶ 𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 = 𝐷𝐷 (≠ 0)