WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

FACTORS AFFECTING MAIZE PRODUCTION: IN CASE OF KOLME TURO

WOREDA IN KONSO ZONE

A SENIOR RESEARCH PROPOSAL፡-SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS: IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR B.SC. DEGREE IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

PREPARED BY:-

ABSA KALALE

ID NO: AGR/R/076/09

ADVISOR Dr. ZEWDE.

JANUARY, 2019

WALAITA SODO; ETHIOPIA

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Primarily I would like to thanks the God who provides me all the courage to make our dream to
come true. Then my appreciation and dedication goes to my advisor Dr. Zewde for his
professional guidance, constructive criticism and suggestion in doing this research. I would like
to thanks instructor Lemi G, (MSC) for his valuable and constructive comments and suggestions
that contributed to the successful realization of the study. I would like to thanks Tigist Mulat,
Abera Abebe and Birkinesh for their support in providing essential supportive materials (laptop).
My appreciation also goes to staff members of Department of Agricultural Economics at Wolaita
Sodo University.

i
 Table of Contents

Contents page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................................................................i
Table of Contents.........................................................................................................................................................ii
ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYM..................................................................................................................................iii
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the Study....................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem...................................................................................................................................1
1.3. Objective of the Study......................................................................................................................................2
1.3.1. General Objectives....................................................................................................................................2
1.3.2. Specific Objectives....................................................................................................................................2
1.4 Research Questions............................................................................................................................................2
1.5 Scope of the study..............................................................................................................................................2
1.6 Significance of the Study...................................................................................................................................3
1.7 Limitations of the Study....................................................................................................................................3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Theoretical Literature........................................................................................................................................4
2.1.1 Definition of maize......................................................................................................................................4
2.1.2 Factors of maize production.........................................................................................................................4
2.1.3. Maize production globally..........................................................................................................................4
2.1.4. Maize production in Ethiopia......................................................................................................................6
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................................8
3.1. Description of the study area............................................................................................................................8
3.2. Type and source of data collection....................................................................................................................8
3.3. Sample Techniques and Size............................................................................................................................8
3.4. Data Analysis....................................................................................................................................................9
3.4.1. Analysis of descriptive statistics................................................................................................................9
3.4.2. Econometric Analysis..............................................................................................................................10
4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET.....................................................................................................................................12
4.1. Work plan.......................................................................................................................................................12
4.2. Budget............................................................................................................................................................ 13
5. REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................................................14
QUESTIONNAIRE........................................................................................................................................................ 16

ii
ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYM

FAO Food Assessment Organization

FAAOS Food and Agricultural Organization Statistics

GDP Gross Domestic Product

Ha Hectare

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Kg Kilogram

NALEP National Agriculture and Livestock Extension Program

Qt Quintal

WFP World Food Program

iii
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

In south, nation, nationalities and people of regional states of maize production is

recognized as a high yield crop provided optimum crop management used. Yield
potential of maize is essentially dependent on amount of intercepted solar radiation, water
and nitrogen supply moderated by factors that limit physiological processes. The industry
is subject to continuing challenges from use of economic and market forces and
expectations of the broader community, especially in resource use efficiency and
environmental management and needs to maintain a dynamic research and development
program to undergo production practices in the long term (Martin et al, 2004).

In a study conducts in Ethiopia on Enhancing the Contribution of Maize to Food Security

in Ethiopia, the increment of production in the 1990s indicates a green revolution for
food self-sufficiency in Ethiopia. However, the availability of quality seed with necessary
inputs at the right time and place with a reasonable price is crucial. Unavailability of
improve infrastructure and maize grain marketing represents major limiting factors for
maize production. Wise utilization and conservation of natural resources will also have a
significant impact on maize grain production. (Nigussie, 2006)

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Agriculture is a backbone for developing world both in household consumption and to
increase the national GDP. Maze is one of the important crops to cover this aspect. But
the declining trends on quantities of maize production will be evident at the global and
regional level with a majority of the world producers of maize recording significant
declines in the quantities of maize exported (Pingali, 2001). Importation of maize leads to
lack of market to maize farmers regionally and locally which discourages farmers to
continue farming this product (Mutunga et al., 2003).

Farmers have not adopt the use of the modern technologies through government agencies
and have not receive some training on maize production through programs such as the

1
NALEP program. So, declines in maize production have persist. Agricultural markets are
characterize by the following constraints among others: long chains of transactions betIen
the farm-gate and consumers; poor access to appropriate and timely information; small
volumes of products of highly various quality offers by individual smallholder farmers;
and poor structured and poor marketsie (Mudes, et al, 2006).

Constraints to credit access have been identify as some of the barriers to adoption and use
of sufficient and improve agricultural inputs in developing countries The demand for
improved seeds was also relatively low, due mainly to poor promotion and marketing
efforts, high prices, and the inability of farmers to purchase complementary inputs,
especially fertilizer. Other factors that affect maize production are: - Soil acidity is one of
the factors limiting maize production. Farmers lack storage facilities thus maize gets
destroys due to humid, theft and exposure to unworthy conditions. Maize production also
affect due to the decrease in land since population increase is on the rise thus land for
cultivation is being encroached (Farm Management Handbook,2007). So, the above
authors investigate these factors that affect maize production, I will also check these and
other hidden factors that affect maize production in the study Study

1.3. Objective of the Study

1.3.1. General Objectives
• The overall objective of the study is to describe maize production in Kolme turo
Woreda.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

• To identify factors that affect the quantity of maize production in Kolme turo
Woreda.

1.4 Research Questions

• What factors are affecting the maize production in Kolme turo Woreda?

1.5 Scope of the study

The scope of the study includes the determining factors that affect maize production in
Lehayite kebele. This kebele is found in Kolme turo woreda known for medium scale
production of maize. The study took place between the month of March and targeted

2
farmers in woreda. Objectives are formulated to capture the essence of maize production
from the farmers in Kolme turo woreda.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study is important to a number of stakeholders which include: farmers, researchers,
extension agent, policy makers etc. Farmers know reasons why they are not able to
maximize maize production; they are in a position to know the causes and determining
that affect maize production; they will learn best farming practices to enhance sufficient
collection of maize quantities. Maize collection and manufacturing plants have insights
on determining factors that affect maize production, they advise on ways to maximize
maize quantities and this will result to higher production in their region of operation.
Donor communities will be educated to enlighten on the challenges, provide monetary
support, and collaborate with farmers on solutions to maize producing farmers on the
existing problems. Researchers will be added exiting pool of knowledge on the concept
of maize, document information on effective ways on maximizing productivity thus vital
for the konso economy, will be enable future researches built on document knowledge.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

The researcher anticipated the language barrier limitation as some of the respondents who
are farmers in the local regions are not in a position to communicate in the same dialect
fluently and the researcher solved this by the use of translators who came in handy. The
study will also limited geographically owing to the terrain of the region The study will
limits in terms of the willingness of the respondents to participate in the study. They vieId
the intentions of the research with a lot of suspicion. The researcher therefore aimed to
assure the respondents that the data will be collected is for confidential and academic
purposes only.

3
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Literature

2.1.1 Definition of maize

Maize (Zea mayss .) is an exhaustive cereal crop. It is a multipurpose crop that provides
food for human, feed for animals especially poultry and livestock and raw material for
the industries (Khaliq et al., 2004). It is the third most important cereal crop after wheat
and rice

2.1.2 Factors of maize production

Factors that influence productivity of a particular producer may be classified into three. These
are:-

A. The quantity and quality of inputs used including land, labor and capital, fertilizer, seeds
farm and farmer characteristics and external factors such as government policy (Wiebe, 2006].

B. Capital inputs among others include seed, fertilizer, and farm equipment.

C. Farm and farmer characteristics on the other hand include factors such as size and
topography of area cultivated, location of the farm with respect to input and output
markets, age, gender, education level, household size, access to extension services, and
access credit (Michele, 2007).

The amount of land that can be sown and harvested is, clearly, tied to available and
affordable labor supply. Planting and harvesting are both activities that require far more
labor than the rest of the agricultural cycle. In communities where these activities are
shared, productivity on individual plots may be greater than if families had to provide all
the labor that they could not afford to hire. Communal farming, although no longer
common, provides some of the same advantages (Morris, 2004).

2.1.3. Maize production globally

Maize production in the global arena can be categorized into white maize production and
yellow maize production (Meyer et al., 2006). White maize is biologically and
genetically very similar to yellow maize, although there is a difference in appearance due

4
to the absence of carotid oil pigments in the kernel which otherwise cause the yellow
color of the grain. Production conditions and cultivation methods are largely identical
(Martinez, 2004).

World production of white maize is currently estimated at around 65-70 million tons,
representing 12-13 percent of the annual world output of all maize. Over 90 percent of
the white maize is produced in the developing countries, where it accounts for around one
quarter of total maize output and just under two-fifths of the total maize area. In the
developing world, a larger area is planted to white than to yellow maize in the tropical
highland and sub-tropical/mid-altitude environments, and it occupies about 40 percent of
the lowland tropical maize area (Lopez, 2006).

Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is
produced each year than any other grain. The United States produces 40% of the world's
harvest; other top producing countries include China, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, India,
France and Argentina. FAO. (2010) FAOSTAT shows that in 2008, North America
recorded the largest production of maize with about 38.8% of the global output. This is
followed by Asia (28.5%); South America (11.2%); Europe (11.1%); Ethiopia (6.9%);
Central America (3.4%); and Oceania (0.07%). Argentina, Brazil and China account for
over 60 percent of total maize output in the developing world, China alone for 45 percent.
When these countries are excluded from consideration, white maize constitutes over 60
percent of the maize area in developing countries, and just under 60 percent of total
maize output in those countries. By contrast, white maize is a product of much lower
importance for the developed world. In the United States, for example, by far the world's
largest producer of maize, white maize cultivation accounts for less than one percent of
the total domestic maize output, produced to a large extent under contract farming due to
the relatively limited market (Martinez, 2000).

Two other significant areas of white maize production are, firstly, Central America
excluding the Caribbean sub-region, where it represents about 90 percent of total maize
output of the region, and, secondly, the northern part of South America Colombia and
Venezuela. Among the main producers in Asia China, Indonesia and the Philippines.

5
Yellow maize is considerably more important in their total cereal production than white
maize. White maize tends, however, to be a main staple food in certain areas of these
countries (Morris, 2004).

2.1.4. Maize production in Ethiopia

Introduced into Ethiopia by the konso in the 10th to 14th century, maize has become
Ethiopia's most staple food and feed system. In 2008, the top exporters of maize in south,
nation, nationalities in Ethiopia sidama, wolaita, and konso, oromiya, with the top
importers of maize production (a maize exporter until the late 1990s), Kenya and Djibouti
facing a growing population, several studies (Pingali, 2004) (World Bank, 2007) note that
it is critical for Ethiopia and other countries to increase maize production in order to feed
their people. According to FAO/WFP 2006/2008 crop and food supply assessment, the
production of the country’s staple food, maize was on a long term decline, dropping by
70% over a period of five years in most areas. This was due to non-cultivation of the
arable lands due to delayed rainfall and the high risk of making loss from agriculture as
well as shortage of seeds for alternative crops among others.

According to reports of IPCC (2007), factors such as endemic poverty, bureaucracy, lack
of physical and financial capital, frequent social unrest and ecosystem degradation
contribute to Ethiopia’s vulnerability to climate variability. Despite progress made in
national and international policies since the first world Conference on women in the
International Assessment of Agriculture Knowledge, Science and Technology
Development (IAASTD, 2009) reported urgent action is still necessary to implement
gender and social equity in policies and practices in order to better address gender issues
as integral to the development process especially for maize production.

Most of the maize produced and consumed in Ethiopia comes from smallholder rural
farms. Production takes place under difficult conditions characterized inter alia, by poor
soils; low-yielding varieties; inadequate access to yield-enhancing inputs such as
fertilizers and improved seeds; inadequate access to finance by producers, suppliers and
buyers; and variable climatic and environmental conditions. There are also heavy post-
harvest losses due to poor storage and processing facilities and technologies. The entire
maize value chain, from input supply through production to marketing and consumption,

6
suffers from constraints that could be removed if known technologies and policy and
marketing innovations could be harnessed effectively and efficiently (FAOSTAT, 2007).
Traditionally Clay-lined maize grain silos are used for storage in Ethiopia In each
instance, Subsistence farmers and agribusiness alike must take into account the
difficulties of storing maize at optimal conditions and balance humidity, the moisture
content of the kernels, and the potential for pest infestations

7
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Description of the study area

Kolme_Turo woreda is one of the woreda of Konso zone of southern nation’s
nationalities and people’s regional state (SNNPRS) in southern Ethiopia. Delebena, the
capital of Kolme_Turo is located about 615km and 385km south Ist of Addis Ababa and
Hawassa respectively. Astronomically the area was located at 50°30° north and 37°30°
east latitude and longitude respectively. Kolme_Turo is bounded by Oromiya region in
South, Karat Zureya woreda in east, Derashe woreda in north, Ali woreda in north Ist and
Debub-Omo zone in Ist. Its altitude ranges from 1200-2000m above sea level (Poula
Black, 1999).
The climate of the area was dry and the temperature varies from below 16°c at a night in
the higher regions during the rainy seasons to 32°c in the lower regions during the dry
seasons. Annual rainfall is about 66cm, and there are two rainy seasons in the area, one
from February to May and the other from October to December (Korea,Garra, 2000).

The total population living in Kolme_Turo at present is about 100,000 from which
51.76% females and 48.24% males with annual growth rate of 2.6%. The total land area
of the woreda is about 1305km2, characterized by Hill Mountains, intersected by gullies
and valley in which approximately about 650km 2 have been under cultivation over a
period of hundreds of years (population census of 2007).

3.2. Type and source of data collection

In order to collect reliable data, both primary and secondary sources of data will be used
for this study. To achieve the purpose of this study, the primary data will be collected
through interview. Secondary sources of data will be gathered from different published
and unpublished documents, books, electronic sources, magazines, written documents &
reports of agricultural offices about the maize production.

3.3. Sample Techniques and Size

Kolme turo woreda will be selected at first stage, by using purposive sampling
techniques. Then at the second stage two kebele administrations namely Lehayite and
Arfayide kebele will purposively be selected. The total households head live in the study

8
area are 2245 households. The sample size will be employed for the identify target
population will be scientifically compute. But due to lack of budget and time, the
heaviness of the population to interview, I will select 50 respondents to gather the
relevant information. The sample size will be determined using Yamane formula.

N
n
1  N (e) 2

Where: n = statistically acceptable sample size

N = Total size of target population

e = level of precision (error level) at 90% confidence level (0.1).

Using this formula, the statistically acceptable sample size from the given population
with maintaining a 90% confidence level.

3.4. Data Analysis

The study will be adopted both the qualitative and quantitative analysis in order to
achieve the objective of the study. According to Cooper (2003) qualitative research
includes an array of interpretive techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate and
otherwise come to terms with the meaning, not the frequency of certain more or less
naturally occurring phenomena in the social world.

He refers it as interpretive research because it seeks to develop understanding through a

detailed description. For quantitative techniques, inferential statistics will apply which
deals with drawing conclusions and, in some cases, making predictions about the
properties of a population based on information

3.4.1. Analysis of descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics describe the main features of a collection of data quantitatively. It
aims to summarize a data set quantitatively. Descriptive statistical used to describe
coefficient of variation, variance, standard deviation, standard error etc.

9
3.4.2. Econometric Analysis
To analyze the determining factor affecting maize production. I will be used multiple
linear regression model of OLS (ordinary least square) estimation. It could be an essential
method of econometric analysis to recognize and realize patterns of the influencing
factors. The most important variables that could determine maize production include
family size, income, land size, labor, fertilizer, oxen and improved seed.

Definition of dependent variables

Production Quantity (Q): It is a continuous variable representing dependent variable. It

is the amount of maize produce by the household and measured in quintal. It is the
quantity (value) of agricultural output per unit quantity (value) of input(s) used in
production (OECD, 2007).It is affected by different factors, like family size, labor force,
inputs...Etc.

The Independent variables are:

Family size– this is the total number of family members that can be taken as a proxy for
maize production. This continuous variable will expected to influence production of
maize positively. That means as the family size increases the production increases,

Labor force– this is a continuous variable representing the availability of economically

active labor force in the household (male and female). It was expected to take positive
effect. An increase in economically active labor force to increase the farmer’s
participation in the maize farming.

Income: is continuous variable for a factor of production and it is important for its ability
to help in producing other goods (Martinez, 2000). In this study the term capital will be
used to refer to the monetary requirement in the maize production process. It was
expected to affect the maize production positively because, when farmers have enough
capital, they can produce enough quantity of maize. Because they can perform the
farming system at the require time.

10
Land size: The total land will be used for maize production is measured in terms of
number of hectares the household owns and it will be expected to affect the household
level maize production positively because, a farmer who owns a large area of land for
maize production than a farmer who own less area of land and under the same input
utilization condition can produce more.

Fertilizer: Is any material of natural and synthetic origin that applied to soils or plant
tissues to supply one more plant nutrient essential to the growth of plants. Fertilizer
would artificial or natural (compost).This important is one of the most inputs which
increase the quantity of maize.

Oxen: It is a number of bulls or castrated bull, will be used for pulling heavy loads. It is a
source of power. It will be expected to affect the household level maize production
positively because when the number of oxen increase. The productivity of maize also
increases.

11
 4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET

4.1. Work plan

The following table shows the time plan through which I would follow while doing the research.

Table 1. Summary of work plan

No, Activities January February March April May June

1 Preparing X
questionnaire

2 Data collection X

3 Reviewing data X

4 Data summarizing X

5 Data coding and X

entry

6 Data processing X

7 Data analysis X

8 Writing the first X

draft report

9 Revising the draft X

10 Writing the final X

report

11 Submission of X
report

12 Presentation of X
report

12
4.2. Budget
The table below indicates the planed cost that I will incur during the time of study

Table 2 .Summary of budget

No Items Quantities Unit price Total cost

1 Pen 4 5 20

2 Printing paper/type 60 page 5 300

3 Ruler 1 6 6

4 Photo copy 2 pad 30 60

5 Binding 2 12 24

6 CD 1 10 10

7 Transportation 2 trip 200 400

8 Flash(floppy disk) 1 180 180

9 Contingency _ _ 60

10 Enumerators 4 50 200

11 Total 1260

13
 5. REFERENCES

Akande, S.O., 2007. “Comparative Cost and Return in Maize Production in Nigeria”.
NISER Individual Research Project Report, NISER, Ibadan, pp: 1- 35.

Anderson, S. & Baland, J. (2002). "The economics of ROSCAs and intra household
resource allocation. 117(3) 963-995. Oxford University Press

Doyer, O. T., D'Haese, M. F., Kirsten, J. F., & vanRooyen, C. J. (2007). Strategic focus
areas and emerging trade arrangement in the South African agricultural industry since
the dimese of the marketing board. Agrekon , 46 (4), 494-513

FAOSTAT. (2010) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
FAO Statistical Database, 2010, from http://faostat.fao.org

FAOSTAT. (2010) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
FAO Statistical Database, 2010, from http://faostat.fao.org

International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for

Development. (2009). Agriculture at a Crossroads. Washington, D.C.: Island Pres

IPCC., ( 2007). New Assessment Methods and the Characterisation of Future Conditions:
In Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability,pp: 976.
Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the
Intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge university press,
Cambridge, UK

Jones, M. Mukumbu, and S. Jiriyengwa. (2007). "Maize Marketing and Price Policy in
Eastern and Southern Africa." In D. Byerlee and C.K. Eicher (eds.), Africa's
Emerging Maize Revolution. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Kombo and Tromp (2006). Sample determination, New analysis procedures ISBN 32/32
2 Nairobi University publishers: Nairobi

López-Pereira, M.A., and Morris, M.L., (2007). Impacts of International Maize

Martin,I.F.,et al(2005).maize breeding for four Australian environments.pp77-80

14
Martinez, A.( 2000). Fertilizer Use Statistics and Crop Yields.

Martinez, A.( 2004). Fertilizer Use Statistics and Crop Yields. Muscle Shoals, Alabama:
IFDC.

Meyer, F. H. (2010). Model closure and price formation under switching grain market
regimes in South Africa. University of Pretoria. Pretoria: Published Phd thesis

Michele. B, (2007). Linkages betIen FAO Agroclimatic Data Resources and the
Development of GIS Models for Control of Vector-borne Diseases. Acta Tropica
79, pp.21–34

Ministry of Agriculture. (2010). Strategic Plan 2008-2012. Nairobi: Kenya Ministry of

Agriculture.

Morris, M. (2004). Assessing the benefits of international maize breeding research: An

overview of the global maize impacts study. Part II of the CIMMYT 1999-2000 world
maize facts and trends

Mude, A., Kumar, P., (2006). Estimating the Ilfare impacts of maize price policy in
Kenya. Study presented at the World Bank Workshop on Poverty and Economic
Growth, Washington, DC.

Nigussie, M., Tanner, D. and Twumasi-Afriyie S. (eds.). 2002. Enhancing the

Contribution of Maize to Food Security in Ethiopia: Proceedings of the Second
National Maize Workshop of Ethiopia, 12-16 November 2001, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia

OECD (2007). Putting the Young in Business: Policy Challenges for Youth
Entrepreneurship, the LEED Programme, Territorial Development Division, Paris

Pingali, P.L., (Ed.), 2004. CIMMYT 2002-2005 World maize facts and trends:Policies
Review,2006. Rome.

15
 QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear respondents this questionnaires is designed to investigate the factor affecting maize
production you are sincerely and kindly requested to fulfill below questionnaires. You are
one of the respondents selected to participate on this study. Please assist us in giving
correct and complete information to present a representative finding on the current status
of the factors affecting the maize production

Background Information

PART ONe: Demographic characteristics

1. Sex a. Male b .Female

2. Age

a. below 15 years b.15 – 30 years c.31 – 40 years d . 41 – 50 years

e. 51 years and above

3. Marital status: a. Married b. unmarried c. divorced d. widow

4. How many family members do you have?

a. Less than two b. two-Five c. Six-Nine D. above Nine

PART TWO: Production activity

5. Have you participate in maize cropping or farming? a. yes b. no

6. If yes in question no5, for how long have you been practicing maize farming?

a. Less than 1 year’s c. between 6– 10 years

b. Between 2 – 5 years d. Over 10 years

16
7. If no in question no 5, why? ------------------

8. farm Land size______

9. Size of Land where you practice maize farming

a. Less than 5 Hectares c.9 – 10 Hectares

b. 5 – 8 Hectares d. Over 10Hectares

10. Which type of livestock do you have?

a. cow c. donkey

b. oxen d. sheep and goat

e. all f. none

11. If your answer is b in question no 8 how many oxen do you have?

a. one c. Three

b. two d. more than three

PART THREE: MARKET CONDITIONS

12. Do you sell or use for other purpose your product?

13. If your answer is for sell where do you sell your product?

a. Turo Town b.Koleme c. Karat town

d. to all

14. If your answer is for other purpose identify?

15. To whom do you sell your produce?

a. Wholesalers b. Retailers c. consumer d. to all

17
PART FOUR : IMPUT APPLICATION

16. Do you use fertilizer? a. yes b. no

17. If your answer is yes in question no 16what types of fertilizer you use?

a. organic fertilizer b. inorganic fertilizer c. both organic and inorganic fertilizer

18. How money quintals of fertilizer per hectare you use?

a. less than one quintal b. two- three quintal c. more than three

19. Is the price of fertilizer fluctuates?

20. If your answer is yes in question no 19what is the reason?

21. Do you use labor force?

22. If your answer is yes in question no21 how much labor you use per month?

a. less than 20 people c. between 31-50 people

b. between 21-30 people d. greater than 50 people

23. Do you have accesses to credit? a. yes b. no

24. If your answer is yes for no- 25 where did you get?

25. Have you get extension service? a. yes b. no

26. If yes in question no 27, who provide and frequency of extension contact?

a. Daily b. Weekly c. Monthly d. Annually

27. If your answer is no in question no 27 why?

28. How many income you generate per year?

29. How many quintal of maize you produce per hectare?

18
19