Chapter 6-1 DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS 3 1 2022

235 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES CHAPTER SIX
FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS & FLEXURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS
CHAPTER SIX
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS
DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS
AXIAL COMPRESSION
Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression. Usually, columns carry
bending moments as well, about one or both axes of the cross section, and the bending action
may produce tensile forces over a part of the cross section. Even in such cases, columns are
generally referred to as compression members, because the compression forces dominate their
behavior.
Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression with a ratio of
height to least lateral dimension exceeding 3.
In addition to the most common type of compression member, that is, vertical elements in
structures, compression members include arch ribs; rigid frame members inclined or otherwise;
compression elements in trusses, shells, or portions thereof that carry axial compression; and
other forms.
Two types of reinforced concrete compression members are in use:

1. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and transverse ties.
2. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spirals.
The main reinforcement in columns is

longitudinal, parallel to the direction of the load,
and consists of bars arranged in a square,
rectangular, or circular pattern, as was shown in
Fig. 6.1.
The ratio of longitudinal steel area Ast to gross
concrete cross section Ag is in the range from
0.01 to 0.08, according to ACI Code 10.6.1.1.
The lower limit is necessary to ensure
resistance to bending moments not accounted for
in the analysis and to reduce the effects of creep
and shrinkage of the concrete under sustained
compression.
Ratios higher than 0.08 not only are
uneconomical but also would cause difficulty
owing to congestion of the reinforcement,
particularly where the steel must be spliced.
Most columns are designed with ratios below
0.04.
Larger-diameter bars are used to reduce placement costs and to avoid unnecessary congestion.
The largest bars, No. 14 and No. 18 (No. 43 and No. 57), are produced mainly for use in
columns.
According to ACI Code 10.7.3.1, a minimum of four longitudinal bars is required when the
bars are enclosed by spaced rectangular or circular ties, and a minimum of six bars must be
used when the longitudinal bars are enclosed by a continuous spiral.
A minimum of three longitudinal bars must be used when the bars are enclosed by triangular
ties.
The minimum number of longitudinal bars: Four bars for tied columns and Six bars for spiral
columns.
UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD/ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING/ CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT/ THIRD YEAR COURSE/ 2022-2023
PROF. DR. ABDULMUTTALIB I. SAID ALMUSAWI
Minimum Spacing between Longitudinal Bras
According to (ACI318M, 2014), article 25.2.3, for longitudinal reinforcement in columns,

pedestals, struts, and boundary elements in walls, clear spacing between bars shall be
4
S = Maximum[1.5d , 40 , × maximum size of aggregate]
3
Columns may be divided into two broad categories: short columns, for which the strength
is governed by the strength of the materials and the geometry of the cross section, and slender
columns, for which the strength may be significantly reduced by lateral deflections.
ACI-ASCE survey indicated that 90 percent of columns braced against sidesway and 40 percent
of unbraced columns could be designed as short columns.
Effective lateral bracing, which prevents relative lateral movement of the two ends of a column,
is commonly provided by shear walls, elevator and stairwell shafts, diagonal bracing, or a
combination of these.
Although slender columns are more common now because of the wider use of high-strength
materials and improved methods of dimensioning members, it is still true that most columns in
ordinary practice can be considered short columns.
Only short columns will be discussed in this chapter; the effects of slenderness in reducing
column strength will be covered in next Chapter.
Design Strength of Axially Loaded Columns
According to ACI Code 22.4.2, design strength of axially loaded column, can be determined as
follows:
o For spiral column the design strength is:
∅𝑃 = 0.85∅ 0.85𝑓 𝐴 − 𝐴 +𝐴 𝑓
with ∅ = 0.75.
o For tied columns:
∅𝑃 = 0.80∅ 0.85𝑓 𝐴 − 𝐴 +𝐴 𝑓
with ∅ = 0.65.
According to ACI Code 22.4.2, the design strength of an axially loaded column is to be found
based on above with the introduction of certain strength reduction factors.
These strength reduction factors are lower for columns than for beams, reflecting the greater
effect of column failure on a structure.
A beam failure would normally affect only a local region, whereas a column failure could result
in the collapse of the entire structure.
In addition, these factors reflect differences in the behavior of tied columns and spirally
reinforced columns
A basic ϕ factor of 0.75 is used for spirally reinforced columns and 0.65 for tied columns, vs. ϕ
= 0.90 for most beams.
A further limitation on column strength is imposed by ACI Code 22.4.2 to allow for accidental
eccentricities of loading not considered in the analysis. This is done by imposing an upper limit
on the axial load that is less than the calculated design strength.
This upper limit is taken as 0.85 times the design strength for spirally reinforced columns and
0.80 times the calculated strength for tied columns
Checking of Lateral Reinforcement (Ties), ACI Code Article 25.7.2
In general, in members with large axial forces and small moments, longitudinal bars are spaced
more or less uniformly around the perimeter (Fig. 6.2 a to d).
When bending moments are large, much of the longitudinal steel is concentrated at the faces
of highest compression or tension, that is, at maximum distances from the axis of bending (Fig.
6.2 e to h).
All bars of tied columns shall be enclosed by lateral ties at least No 10 in size for longitudinal
bars up to No. 32 and at least No. 13 in size for Nos. 36, 43, and 57 and bundled longitudinal
bars.
The spacing of the ties shall not exceed:
𝑆 = min [16𝑑 , 48𝑑 , 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛]

Arrangement of Rectilinear Ties
Rectilinear ties shall be arranged so that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall
have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie with an included angle of not more than
135°, as shown in Fig. 6.2j, and no bar shall be farther than 6 in. (150 mm) clear on each side
long the tie from a laterally supported bar, as illustrated in Fig. 6.2b, c, e, and f.
Intermediate lateral support can be provided by crossties, such as those shown in Fig. 6.2 c
and e, which must be continuous with a hook at one end with a bend not less than 135° and a
standard hook at the other end, both of which must engage a longitudinal bar.
Deformed wire or welded wire reinforcement of equivalent area may be used in place of ties.
Circular ties may be used where longitudinal bars are located around the perimeter of a circle.
Rectilinear ties arrangement according to ACI Code requirements can be summarized as follows
Anchorage of Circular Ties
Circular ties shall be permitted where

longitudinal bars are located around the
perimeter of a circle.
Anchorage of individual circular ties shall be in

accordance with:
i. Ends shall overlap by at least 150 mm
ii. Ends shall terminate with standard hooks,
iii. Overlaps at ends of adjacent
circular ties shall be staggered
around the perimeter enclosing
the longitudinal bars.
Lateral Reinforcement (Spiral)
 For spirally reinforced columns, ACI Code requirements

(25.7.3) for lateral reinforcement may be summarized
as follows:
 Spirals shall consist of a continuous bar or wire not less
than 10mm. in diameter with a clear spacing between
turns of the spiral not greater than 3 in (75 mm). nor
less than 1 in (25 mm) .
 Compare the spiral ratio provided by the designer
(𝜌 ) with the minimum recommended spiral ratio
by the ACI Code (𝜌 ):
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4𝐴
𝜌 = =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷 𝑆
𝐴 𝑓
𝜌 = 0.45 −1
𝐴 𝑓
 The provided clear spacing (𝑆 ) between turns of the spiral must be:
𝑆 ≤ 80 and 𝑆 ≥ 25
A tied column fails at the load given by above Eq. At this load,
the concrete fails by crushing and shearing outward along
inclined planes, and the longitudinal steel by buckling outward
between ties.
In a spirally reinforced column, when the same load is
reached, the longitudinal steel and the concrete within the
core are prevented from moving outward by the spiral.
The concrete in the outer shell, however, not being so
confined, does fail; that is, the outer shell spalls off when the
load Pn is reached.
It is at this stage that the confining action of the spiral has a
significant effect, and if sizable spiral steel is provided, the
load that will ultimately fail the column by causing the spiral
steel to yield or fracture can be much larger than that at which
the shell spalled off.
Furthermore, the axial strain limit when the column fails will
be much greater than otherwise; the toughness of the column
has been much increased.
The situation is best understood from Figure below , which compares the performance of a tied
column with that of a spiral column whose spalling load is equal to the ultimate load of the tied
column.
The failure of the tied column is abrupt and complete. This is true, to almost the same degree,
of a spiral column with a spiral so light that its strength contribution is considerably less than
the strength lost in the spalled shell.
With a heavy spiral the reverse is true, and with considerable prior deformation the spalled
column would fail at a higher load.
The “ACI spiral,” its strength contribution about compensating for that lost in the spalled shell,
hardly increases the ultimate load.
However, by preventing instantaneous crushing of concrete and buckling of steel, it produces a

more gradual and ductile failure, that is, a tougher column.
Example 6.1
For a column that has the cross-section area shown in Figure below, check the column adequacy
with ACI Code requirements and compute the design axial load. Use f = 27.5 MPa , and f =
420MPa.
Solution
Longitudinal reinforcement
Check ρ within acceptable limits:
𝐴 = 400 = 160 000 𝑚𝑚
𝜋 × 30
𝐴 = × 8 = 5 652 𝑚𝑚
4
5 652
0.01 < 𝜌 = = 3.53% < 0.08
160 000
Check minimum number of longitudinal bars:
8 > 4 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Check minimum distance between
longitudinal bars:
𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚[1.5 × 30 , 40 ], 𝑆 = 45 < 110 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Design Axial Strength, 𝜙𝑃

Calculate the maximum design axial load strength ∅𝑃 ( ):
∅𝑃 = 0.80 × 0.65[0.85 × 27.5(160 000 − 5 652) + 5 652 × 420] = ∅𝑃 = 3 110 𝑘𝑁
Lateral reinforcement (Ties)
Checking of Lateral Reinforcement (Ties):
Ties diameter: ∵ ∅ = 30 < 32 , ∴ we can use ∅ = 10 for ties
Ties spacing:
S = min[16 × 30 , 48 × 10 , 400 ] = 400 =S ∴ Ok.
Ties arrangement: ∵ S < 150
Example 6.2
Check the column shown in figure below with general requirements of the ACI Code, then
determine whether this column is adequate to carry a factored load of P u= 2250 kN or not.
In your analysis:
 Assume small eccentricity.
 Use f = 27.5 MPa , and f = 420MPa.
Solution
𝜋 × 380
𝐴 = = 113 354 𝑚𝑚
4
×
𝐴 = × 7 = 3 434 𝑚𝑚
3 434
𝜌 = = 3.0%
113 354
0.01 < 𝜌 < 0.08 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Check minimum number of longitudinal bars
7 > 6 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Check minimum distance between longitudinal bars
𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚[1.5 × 25 , 40 ]
𝑆 = 40.0 < 80 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Design Axial Strength
Calculate the maximum design axial load strength ∅P ( ):
∅𝑃 = 0.85 × 0.75[0.85 × 27.5(113 354 − 3 434) + 3 434 × 420] =
∅𝑃 = 2 557 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑃 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Check the lateral reinforcement (Spiral):
Check Spiral Diameter:
∅ = 10𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑘.
Check Spiral Steel Ratio:
𝜋 × 10
𝐴 = = 78.5
4
4 × 78.5
𝜌 = = 0.0209
(380 − 2 × 40) × 50
113 354 27.5
𝜌 = 0.45 × −1 × = 0.0178 < 0.0209 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
𝜋 × 300 420
4
Check the Clear Spacing:
25 < [𝑆 = 50 − 10 = 40 ] < 80 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
ACI Design Procedure for a Short Column under an Axial Load (Small Eccentricity)
Earlier ACI versions have defined small eccentricity as follows:
For spirally reinforced columns: 𝑒/ℎ ≤ 0.05.
For tied reinforced columns: 𝑒/ℎ ≤ 0.10.
For short columns, definition of minimum eccentricity is implicitly included in the design Eqs.
ACI Code procedure for design of a short column under an axial compression force
can be summarized as follows:
 Determine the applied factored axial load 𝑃 :
 Establish a desired 𝜌 .
 Determine the required gross column area 𝐴 :
For tied column:
𝑃
𝐴 =
0.80 × ∅[0.85𝑓 1 − 𝜌 +𝑓 𝜌 ]
For spiral column:
𝑃
𝐴 =
0.85 × ∅[0.85𝑓 1 − 𝜌 +𝑓 𝜌 ]
 Select the column dimensions. Round the answer to the nearest 25 .
 Find the load that carried by the concrete:
For tied column: ∅P = 0.80 × ∅[0.85f A (1 − ρ )]
For spiral column: ∅P = 0.85 × ∅[0.85f A (1 − ρ )]
 Determine the load required to be carried by the longitudinal steel:
∅P = P − ∅P
 Determine the required steel area of longitudinal bars:
For tied column: ∅P = 0.80∅[A f ]
For spiral column: ∅P = 0.85∅[A f ]
 Determine the required number of bars:
𝐴
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑟 =
𝐴
Round required number to the nearest integer and check with requirement of the ACI
for the minimum number of longitudinal bars:
No. of Bars ≥4
No. of Bars ≥6
 Check the spacing between the longitudinal bars:
𝑆 ≥ 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 [1.5𝑑 , 40 ]
 Design the lateral reinforcement:
Ties: Select ties diameter:
If 𝜑 ≤ 32 then:, 𝜑 = 10 mm Else, 𝜑 = 13 𝑚𝑚
Select ties spacing: 𝑆 ≤ 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚[16𝜑 , 48𝜑 , 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠]
Arrange the ties according to requirements of the ACI for maximum spacing between
longitudinal bars (use the standard arrangements above.
Spiral:
𝜑 ≥ 10
′
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐
Compute 𝜌 𝜌𝑠𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = 0.45 − 1
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑠𝑦
Let 𝜌 =𝜌 to compute the required 𝑆 :

4𝐴
𝑆 =
𝐷 𝜌
The clear spacing 𝑆 between turns of the spiral must be:
25 ≤ 𝑆 ≤ 80
Example 6.3
Design a tied column to carry a factored axial load of P u=3 184 kN.
 Assume that there is no identified applied moment.
 Assume that the column is short. , Assume ρ = 0.03.
 Assume f = 27.5MPa, f = 420MPa.
 Try square section.
 Try φ = 29 , A = 645mm , Try φ = 10 .
Solution
Compute A :
3184 × 10 N
A = = 173 587mm
0.80 × 0.65[0.85 × 27.5(1 − 0.03) + 420 × 0.03]
Try square section:
B = 173 587mm = 416.6
Try B = 425 , ∴ A = 180 625mm .
Compute ∅P :
∅P = 0.8 × 0.65[0.85 × 27.5 × 180 625(1 − 0.03)] = 2 130kN
Compute ∅P :
∅P = 3 184 − 2 130 = 1 054 kN
Compute 𝐴 :
1 054 × 10 = 0.8 × 0.65 × [420 × A ]
A = 4 826 mm
Compute Number of longitudinal bars:
Try φ = 29 :
4 826
No. = = 7.48
645
Try 8φ29 : ∵ 8 ≥ 4 ∴ Ok.
Check spacing between longitudinal bars:
1
S = [425 − 2 × 40 − 2 × 10 − 3 × 29 ] = 119
2
S = Maximum[1.5d , 40 ] = 43.5 < 119 ∴ Ok.
Design of Ties:
Ties diameter:
∵𝜑 < 32 , ∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜑 = 10
Tie spacing:
𝑆 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚[16 × 29 , 48 × 10 , 425 ] = 425
Try 𝜑10 @425
Ties arrangement:
As we intend to use eight rebars and spacing between rebars is less than 150mm, then the
ties reinforcement is presented in figure above
Example 6.4
Redesign the column of Example 6.3 as a circular spirally reinforced column with
Pu = 3 429 kN.
Solution
Compute A :
3429 × 10 𝑁
𝐴 = = 152 488 𝑚𝑚
0.85 × 0.75[0.85 × 27.5(1 − 0.03) + 420 × 0.03]
𝜋𝐷
= 152 488 𝑚𝑚 , ∴ 𝐷 = 441 , 𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝐷 = 450
4
Compute ∅P :
𝜋 × 450
∅P = 0.85 × 0.75 × 0.85 × 27.5 × (1 − 0.03) = 2 298𝑘𝑁
4
Compute ∅P
∅P = 3 429𝑘𝑁 − 2 298𝑘𝑁 = 1 131 𝑘𝑁
Compute 𝐴
0.85 × 0.75 × [𝐴 × 420] = 1 131 000 𝑁, 𝐴 = 4 224𝑚𝑚
Compute number of longitudinal bars:

Try 𝜑 = 29 , 𝐴 = 645𝑚𝑚 .
4 224
𝑁𝑜. = = 6.55
645
Try 7𝜑29 . ∵ 7 ≥ 6 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.

𝐷 = 450 − 2 × 40 − 2 × 10 − 29 = 321
[𝜋 × 321 − 7 × 29 ]
𝑆 = = 115
7
𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 [1.5𝑑 , 40 ] = 43.5 < 115 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Spiral Design:
Spiral diameter:
∵𝜑 = 10 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Compute 𝜌 :
𝐷 = 450 − 2 × 40 = 370
𝜋 × 370
𝐴 = = 107 467 𝑚𝑚
4
𝜋 × 450
𝐴 = = 158 962 𝑚𝑚
4
158 962 27.5
𝜌 = 0.45 −1 × = 14.2 × 10
107 467 420
𝜋 × 10
𝐴 = = 78.5
4
4 × 78.5
∴𝑆 = = 59.8
370 × 14.2 × 10
Try 𝜑10 @ 60
∵𝑆 = 50 < 80 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
∵𝑆 = 50 > 25 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Use 𝜑10 @ 60
The final section of the column is shown in above Figure
Example 6.5
Check the adequacy of the column that shown
below according to the requirement of the ACI Code
and compute its design strength.
Assume:
 Short column
 f = 27.5 MPa , f = 420 MPa , 𝐴 = 637.5 𝑚𝑚
Answers
Longitudinal reinforcement:
Check 𝜌 within acceptable limits:
𝐴 = 90 000 𝑚𝑚 , 𝐴 = 2 550 𝑚𝑚
0.01 < 𝜌 = 2.83% < 0.08
Check minimum number of longitudinal bars:
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 4 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Check minimum distance between longitudinal bars:
𝑆 = 43 < 143 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Calculate the maximum design axial load strength ∅𝑃 ( ):
∅𝑃 = 1 620 𝑘𝑁
Lateral reinforcement (Ties):
Ties diameter: ∵ ∅ = 29 < 32 , ∴ 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅ = 10 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
Ties spacing: 𝑆 = 300 =𝑆 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Ties arrangement: For a column with four rebars only, no interior ties are required.
Example 6.6
Design a square tied column to support an axial load of P = 4 078 𝑘𝑁. Design the necessary
ties also. Assume:
 Short column , f = 34.5 MPa , f = 420 MPa , ρ = 0.05 , φ = 32 , φ = 10
Answers
Compute 𝐴 :
𝐴 = 160 510𝑚𝑚
Try square section:
𝐵 ≈ 400
Try 𝐵 = 400 , ∴ 𝐴 = 160 000𝑚𝑚 .
Compute ∅𝑃 :
∅𝑃 = 2 318𝑘𝑁
Compute ∅𝑃 :
∅𝑃 = 1 760𝑘𝑁
Compute 𝐴 :
𝐴 = 8 059 𝑚𝑚

𝑁𝑜. ≈ 10 ∵ 10 > 4 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
𝑆 = 57.3 ,𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚[1.5𝑑 , 40 ] = 48 < 57.3 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Design of Ties:
Ties diameter: ∵ 𝜑 = 32 , ∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜑 = 10
Tie spacing 𝑆 = 400 , Try 𝜑10 @400
Ties arrangement: Sketch for details of longitudinal and lateral reinforcements are shown in
above figure
Example 6.6
Repeat Example 6.5, using a rectangular section that has width b = 350 .
Answers
Compute 𝐴 :𝐴 = 160 510𝑚𝑚
Try rectangular section with 𝑏 = 350 :
ℎ = 459 𝑚𝑚
Try 𝑏 = 350 , ℎ = 460 ∴ 𝐴 = 161 000 𝑚𝑚 .
Compute ∅𝑃 :
∅𝑃 = 2 332𝑘𝑁
Compute ∅𝑃 :
∅𝑃 = 1 746𝑘𝑁
Compute 𝐴 :𝐴 = 7 994 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑜. = = 9.94, Try 10𝜑32 . ∵ 10 > 4 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
𝑆 = 77.3
𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚[1.5𝑑 , 40 ] = 48 < 74 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Design of Ties:
Ties diameter: ∵ 𝜑 = 32 , ∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜑 = 10
Tie spacing 𝑆 = 350 Try 𝜑10 @350
Ties arrangement: Sketch for details of longitudinal and lateral reinforcements are shown in
Figure above.
𝑆 = 77 , ∵ 𝑆 = 77 < 150 , ∴ No additional interior ties are required.
COMPRESSION PLUS BENDING OF RECTANGULAR COLUMNS
Members that are axially, that is, concentrically, compressed occur rarely, if ever, in buildings
and other structures. Columns chiefly carry loads in compression, but simultaneous bending is
almost always present.
Bending moments are caused by continuity, that is, by the fact that building columns are parts
of monolithic frames in which the support moments of the girders are partly resisted by the
abutting columns, by transverse loads such as wind forces, by loads carried eccentrically on
column brackets, or in arches when the arch axis does not coincide with the pressure line.
Even when design calculations show a

member to be loaded purely axially, inevitable
imperfections of construction will introduce
eccentricities and consequent bending in the
member as built.
For this reason, members that must be
designed for simultaneous compression and
bending are very frequent in almost all types
of concrete structures.
When a member is subjected to combined
axial compression P and moment M, as in
Figure below, it is usually convenient to
replace the axial load and moment with an
equal load P applied at eccentricity e = M∕P.
The two loadings are statically equivalent.
All columns may then be classified in terms of the equivalent eccentricity. Those having
relatively small e are generally characterized by compression over the entire concrete section,
and if overloaded, will fail by crushing of the concrete accompanied by yielding of the steel in
compression on the more heavily loaded side.
Columns with large eccentricity are subject to tension over at least a part of the section, and if
overloaded, may fail due to tensile yielding of the steel on the side farthest from the load.
For columns, load stages below the ultimate are generally not important. Cracking of concrete,
even for columns with large eccentricity, is usually not a serious problem, and lateral deflections
at service load levels are seldom, if ever, a factor.
Design of columns is therefore based on the factored load, which must not exceed the design
strength, as usual, that is, ϕMn ≥ Mu, and ϕPn ≥ Pu
STRAIN COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS AND INTERACTION DIAGRAMS
Figure 6.1a shows a member loaded parallel to its axis by a compressive force Pn at an
eccentricity e measured from the centerline. The distribution of strains at a section a-a along
its length, at incipient failure, is shown in Fig.6.1b.
With plane sections assumed to remain plane, concrete strains vary linearly with distance from
the neutral axis, which is located a distance c from the more heavily loaded side of the member.
With full compatibility of deformations, the steel strains at any location are the same as the
strains in the adjacent concrete; thus, if the ultimate concrete strain is εu, the strain in the bars
nearest the load is εs′ , while that in the tension bars at the far side is εs.
Compression steel with area As′ and tension steel with area As are located at distances d′ and
d, respectively, from the compression face.
The corresponding stresses and forces are shown in Fig.6.1c. Just as for simple bending, the
actual concrete compressive stress distribution is replaced by an equivalent rectangular
distribution having depth a = β1c. A large number of tests on columns with a variety of shapes
have shown that the strengths computed on this basis are in satisfactory agreement with test
results.
Equilibrium between external and internal axial forces shown in Fig.6.1c requires that
∑ 𝐹 = 0 , 𝑃 = 0.85𝑓 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴 𝑓 − 𝐴 𝑓 6.1
Also, the moment about the centerline of the section of the internal stresses and forces must
be equal and opposite to the moment of the external force Pn, so that
∑𝑀 = 0 , 𝑀 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 0.85𝑓 𝑎𝑏 − +𝐴 𝑓 −𝑑 + 𝐴 𝑓 (𝑑 − ) 6.2
These are the two basic equilibrium relations for rectangular eccentrically compressed
members. For assumption that fy in compression will be attained once the concrete reaches its
limiting strain εu=0.003., ACI Code 22.4.2 places an upper limit of 80,000 psi ( 550 MPa) should
be placed on stress in the compression steel fs.
FIGURE 6.1 Column subject to eccentric compression: (a) loaded column; (b) strain distribution
at section a-a; and (c) stresses and forces at nominal strength.
For a given eccentricity determined from the frame analysis (that is, e = Mu∕Pu) it is possible
to solve Eqs.6.1 and 6.2 for the load Pn and moment Mn that would result in failure as follows.
In both equations, fs′ , fs, and a can be expressed in terms of a single unknown c, the distance
to the neutral axis. This is easily done based on the geometry of the strain diagram, with εu
taken equal to 0.003 as usual, and using the stress-strain curve of the reinforcement.
The result is that the two equations contain only two unknowns, Pn and c, and can be solved
for those values simultaneously. However, to do so in practice would be complicated
algebraically, particularly because of the need to incorporate the limit fy on both fs′ and fs.
Concept of Interaction Diagram
A better approach, providing the basis for practical design, is to construct a strength
interaction diagram defining the failure load and failure moment for a given column for the
full range of eccentricities from zero to infinity.
For any eccentricity, there is a unique pair of values of Pn and Mn that will produce the state
of incipient failure. That pair of values can be plotted as a point on a graph relating Pn and Mn,
such as shown in Figure below.
A series of such calculations, each corresponding to a different eccentricity, will result in a curve
having a shape typically as shown in Figure.
On such a diagram, any radial line represents a particular eccentricity e = M∕P. For that
eccentricity, gradually increasing the load will define a load path as shown, and when that load
path reaches the limit curve, failure will result.
Note that the vertical axis corresponds to e = 0, and P0 is the capacity of the column if
concentrically loaded.
The horizontal axis corresponds to an infinite value of e, that is, pure bending at moment
capacity M0.
Small eccentricities will produce failure governed by concrete compression, while large
eccentricities give a failure triggered by yielding of the tension steel.
Construction of A nominal Interaction Diagram
For a given column, selected for trial, the interaction diagram is most easily constructed by
selecting successive choices of neutral axis distance c, from infinity (axial load with eccentricity
0) to a very small value found by trial to give Pn = 0 (pure bending).
For each selected value of c, the steel strains and stresses and the concrete force are easily
calculated as follows.
o For the tension steel:
𝜖 =𝜖 ,𝑓 =𝐸 𝜖 ≤𝑓
o While for the compression steel:
𝑐−𝑑 𝑐−𝑑
𝜖 =𝜖 ,𝑓 = 𝐸 𝜖 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 80000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (550 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝑐 𝑐
o The concrete stress block has depth: 𝑎 = 𝛽 𝑐 ≤ ℎ
′
o and consequently, the concrete compressive resultant is 𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏
The nominal axial force Pn and nominal moment Mn corresponding to the selected neutral axis
location can then be calculated from Eqs. (6.1) and (6.2), respectively, and thus a single point
on the strength interaction diagram is established.
The calculations are then repeated for successive choices of neutral axis to establish the curve
defining the strength limits, as in Figure. The calculations, of a repetitive nature, are easily
programmed for the computer or performed using a spreadsheet.
o Substitute the values of 𝑓 , 𝑓 , and 𝑎 into the following relations to compute the values of
𝑃 and 𝑀 that corresponding to assume “c” value.
∑ 𝐹 = 0.0 , 𝑃 = 0.85𝑓 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴 𝑓 − 𝐴 𝑓
∑ 𝑀 = 0.0 , 𝑀 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 0.85𝑓 𝑎𝑏 − +𝐴 𝑓 −𝑑 + 𝐴 𝑓 (𝑑 − )
 These steps (starting from assuming of “c” to obtain the corresponding 𝑃 and 𝑀 ) represent a point on the
interaction diagram. Then these will be repeated until enough number of points on interaction is obtained to
draw the required diagram.
 Construct interaction diagram through connecting between points drawn.
Significant Points on the Column Interaction Diagram
Figure 6.2 below and Table 6-1 illustrate a series of strain distributions and the corresponding
points on an interaction diagram for a typical tied column. As usual for interaction diagrams,
axial load is plotted vertically and moment horizontally. Points on the interaction diagram will
have different strength-reduction factors, f factors, for column design in ACI Code Table 21.2.2.
1. Point A—Pure Axial Load.

Point A in Fig.6.2 and the corresponding strain distribution represent uniform axial compression
without moment, sometimes referred to as pure axial load. This is the largest axial load the
column can support.
2. Point B—Zero Tension, Onset of Cracking.
The strain distribution at B in Fig.6.2 corresponds to the axial load and moment at the onset of
crushing of the concrete just as the strains in the concrete on the opposite face of the column
reach zero. Case B represents the onset of cracking of the least compressed side of the column.
Because tensile stresses in the concrete are ignored in the strength calculations, failure loads
below point B in the interaction diagram represent cases where the section is partially cracked.
3. Region A–C—Compression-Controlled Failures.
Columns with axial loads Pn and moments Mn that fall on the upper branch of the interaction
diagram between points A and C initially fail due to crushing of the compression face before the
extreme tensile layer of reinforcement yields. Hence, they are called compression-controlled
columns.
TABLE 6-1 Strain Regimes and Strength-Reduction Factors, , for Columns and Beams
Fig. 6.2 Strain distributions corresponding to points on the interaction diagram.
4. Point C—Balanced Failure, Compression-Controlled Limit Strain.

Point C in Fig. 6.2 corresponds to a strain distribution with a maximum compressive strain of
0.003 on one face of the section, and a tensile strain equal to the yield strain, y, in the layer
of reinforcement farthest from the compression face of the column. The extreme tensile strain
t occurs in the extreme tensile layer of steel located at dt below the extreme compression
fiber. A balanced failure occurs when concrete at the extreme compression face reaches the
maximum useable compression strain (0.003) simultaneously with yielding of the reinforcement
nearest to the opposite face of the column (tensile face).
Traditionally, the ACI Code defined a balanced failure as one in which the steel strain at the
centroid of the tensile reinforcement reached yield in tension when the concrete reached its
crushing strain. In the 2002 ACI Code the definition of balanced failure was changed to
correspond to the yield of the extreme tensile layer of reinforcement rather than the yield at
the centroid of the tension reinforcement. The two definitions are the same if the tensile
reinforcement is all in one layer.
It is useful to define what is termed a balanced failure mode and corresponding eccentricity eb
with the load Pb and moment Mb acting in combination to produce failure, with the concrete
reaching its limiting strain εu at precisely the same instant that the tensile steel on the far side
of the column reaches yield strain. This point on the interaction diagram is the dividing point
between compression failure (small eccentricities) and tension failure (large eccentricities).
The values of Pb and Mb are easily computed with reference to Figure 6.1. For balanced failure,
𝑐= 𝑐 =𝑑 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 a = ab = β1 cb
5. Point D—Tensile-Controlled Limit.

Point D in Fig. 6.2 corresponds to a strain distribution with 0.003 compressive strain on the top
face and a tensile strain of ty + 0.003 in the extreme layer of tension steel (the layer closest
to the tensile face of the section). The failure of such a column will be ductile, with steel strains
at failure that are about two and a half times the yield strain (for Grade-60 steel). This is defined
as the tension- controlled strain limit. The strain of ty + 0.003 was chosen to be significantly
higher than the yield strain to ensure ductile behavior.
6. Region C–D—Transition Region.
Flexural members and columns with axial loads and moments that would plot between points C
and D in Fig. 6.2 are called transition failures because the mode of failure is transitioning from
a brittle failure at point C to a ductile failure at point D, corresponding respectively to steel
strains of ty and ty + 0.003 in the extreme layer of tension steel. This is reflected in the
transition of the -factor, which equals 0.65 (tied column) or 0.75 (spiral column) at point C
and equals 0.9 at point D (see Table 6-1).
7. Region D–E—Tension-Controlled Failures.
Columns with axial loads, Pn, and moments, Mn, that fall on the lower portion of the interaction
diagram between D and E experience significant tension yielding in the extreme layer of tension
reinforcement before the concrete at the extreme compression face reaches the maximum
useable compression strain, 0.003. Beam sections designed following the procedures given in
Chapter 3 would be represented by the Point E (Pn = 0).
Notes on Design Interaction Diagram
For high eccentricities, as the eccentricity increases to infinity (pure: bending), the ACI Code
recognizes that the member behaves progressively more like a flexural member and less like a
column. This is acknowledged in ACI Code by providing a linear transition in ∅ from values of
0.65 (for tied column) and 0.75 (for spiral column) to 0.90 (for beam) as the net tensile strain
in the extreme tensile steel 𝜖 increases from 0.002 for Grade 60 reinforcement to 0.005.
At the other extreme, for columns with very small or zero calculated eccentricities, the. ACI
Code recognizes that accidental construction misalignments and other unforeseen factors may
produce actual eccentricities in excess of these small design values. Therefore, regardless of
the magnitude of the calculated eccentricity, ACI Code limits the maximum design strength to
0.80 ∅𝑃 , for tied columns and to 0.85∅ 𝑃 for spirally reinforced.
Column design strengths (∅𝑃 , ∅𝑀 ) can be obtained by multiplied the nominal strengths (𝑃 ,
𝑀 ) by the corresponding factor of safety “∅” to obtained the Design Interaction Diagram and
as shown in Figure below.
Example 6.7 Column strength interaction diagram.
A 300 × 500 mm column is reinforced with four No. 9 (No. 29) bars of area 1.0 in 2 (645
mm2)each, one in each corner as shown in Figure below. The concrete cylinder strength is fc′
= 28 MPa and the steel yield strength is 420 MPa. Determine (a) the load Pb, moment Mb, and
corresponding eccentricity eb for balanced failure; (b) the load and moment for a representative
point in the tension failure region of the interaction curve; (c) the load and moment for a
representative point in the compression failure region; and (d) the axial load strength for zero
eccentricity. Then (e) sketch the strength interaction diagram for this column. Finally, (f) design
the transverse reinforcement, based on ACI Code provisions.
Solution.
(a) The neutral axis for the balanced failure condition is easily found with εu = 0.003 and εy =
420∕200,000 = 0.0021:
cb = 435×0.003/0.0051 = 256 mm
giving a stress-block depth a=0.85 × 256= 218 mm.
For the balanced failure condition, by definition, fs = fy.
The compressive steel stress is found from Eq:

𝒄−𝒅
𝒇 𝒔 = 𝑬 𝒔 𝝐𝒖 ≤ 𝒇𝒚 ≤ (𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂)
𝒄
𝟐𝟓𝟔 − 𝟔𝟓
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 = 𝟒𝟒𝟖 ≤ 𝟒𝟐𝟎 ≤ (𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂)
𝟐𝟓𝟔
confirming that the compression steel, too, is at the yield.
The concrete compressive resultant is C = 0.85 × 28 × 218 × 300 x 10 -3 = 1557 kN
The balanced load Pb is then found from Eq. to be

Pb = 0.85 f c′ ab + fs′ A s′ − fs As
Pb = 1557 + 420 × 1290 x 10-3 – 420 x 1290 x 10-3 = 1557 kN
and the balanced moment from Eq.

𝒉 𝒂 𝒉 𝒉
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝒂𝒃 − + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 − 𝒅 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 (𝒅 − )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑴𝒃 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟕(𝟐𝟓𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝟗) + 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟎 𝐱 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒔 (𝟐𝟓𝟎 − 𝟔𝟓) + 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟎 𝒙 𝟒𝟐𝟎 (𝟒𝟑𝟓 − 𝟐𝟓𝟎)
= 420 x 10-3 = 420 kN.m
The corresponding eccentricity of load is eb = 420∕1557 = 241 mm.
FIGURE Column interaction diagram for Example 6.7: (a) cross section; (b) strain
distribution; (c) stresses and forces; and (d) strength interaction diagram
The error in neglecting this deduction is only 1 percent in this case; the difference generally
can be neglected, except perhaps for columns with reinforcement ratios close to the maximum
of 8 percent.
(e) From the calculations just completed, plus similar repetitive calculations that will not be
given here, the strength interaction curve of Figure above is constructed. Note the characteristic
shape, described earlier, the location of the balanced failure point as well as the “small
eccentricity” and “large eccentricity” points just found, and the axial load capacity. In the
process of developing a strength interaction curve, it is possible to select the values of steel
strain εs, as done in step a, for use in steps b and c. Selecting εs uniquely establishes the
neutral axis depth c, and is useful in determining Mn and Pn for values of steel strain that
correspond to changes in the strength reduction factor ϕ.
( f ) The design of the column ties will be carried out following the ACI Code restrictions. For
the minimum permitted tie, a No. 3 (No. 10) bar, used with No. 9 (No. 29) longitudinal bars,
a column the least dimension of which is 300 mm, the tie spacing is not to exceed
48 ×10 = 480 mm
16 × 29 = 464 mm
b = 300 mm
The last restriction controls in this case, and No. 3 (No. 10) ties will be used at 300 mm. spacing.
A Set of Design Interaction Curves
Our textbook (Design of Concrete Structures, 16 th Edition, by David Darwin, Charles W. Dolan)
includes the group of useful Design Interaction Diagrams.
Graphs A.5 through A.16 of Appendix A are representative of column design charts, in this case
for concrete with fc′ = 4000 psi (28 MPa) and steel with yield strength fy = 60 ksi, (420 MPa)
for varying cover distances.
Graphs A.5 through A.8 are drawn for rectangular columns with reinforcement distributed
around the column perimeter; Graphs A.9 through A.12 are for rectangular columns with
reinforcement along two opposite faces. Circular columns with bars in a circular pattern are
shown in Graphs A.13 through A.16.
The graphs consist of nominal strength interaction curves. However, instead of plotting Pn
versus Mn, corresponding parameters have been used to make the charts more generally
applicable, that is, load is plotted as Kn = Pn∕( fc′ Ag), while moment is expressed as
Rn = Pne∕( f c′ Agh).
Families of curves are drawn for various values of ρg = Ast∕Ag between 0.01 and 0.08. The
graphs also include radial lines representing different eccentricity ratios e∕h, as well as lines
representing different ratios of stress fs∕fy or values of strain εt = 0.002 and 0.005 in the
extreme tension steel.
Charts such as these permit the direct design of eccentrically loaded columns throughout the
common range of strength and geometric variables. They may be used in one of two ways as
follows. For a given factored load Pu and equivalent eccentricity e = Mu∕Pu:
1. (a) Select trial cross-sectional dimensions b and
h (refer to Fig. below).
(b) Calculate the ratio γ (see Fig. below) based on
required cover distances to the
bar centroids, and select the corresponding column
design chart.
(c) Calculate Kn = Pu∕(ϕ f c′ Ag) and
Rn = Pue∕(ϕ fc′ Agh), where Ag = bh.
(d) From the graph, for the values found in (c),
read the required reinforcement ratio ρg.
(e) Calculate the total steel area Ast = ρgbh.
2. (a) Select the reinforcement ratio ρg.

(b) Choose a trial value of h and calculate e∕h and γ.
(c) From the corresponding graph, read Kn = Pu∕(ϕ
f c′ Ag) and calculate the required Ag.
(d) Calculate b = Ag∕h.
(e) Revise the trial value of h if necessary to obtain
a well-proportioned section.
(f) Calculate the total steel area Ast = ρgbh.
Example 6-8 Selection of reinforcement for column of given size.
In a three-story structure, an exterior column is to be designed for a service dead load of 998
kN, maximum live load of 1320 kN, dead load moment of 180 kN.m, and live load moment of
260 kN.m. The minimum live load compatible with the full live load moment is 738 kN, obtained
when no live load is placed on the roof but a full live load is placed on the second floor.
Architectural considerations require that a rectangular column be used, with dimensions b=500
mm and h= 625 mm.
(a) Find the required column reinforcement for the condition that the full live load acts.
(b) Check to ensure that the column is adequate for the condition of no live load on the roof.
Material strengths are fc′ = 28 MPa and fy=420 MPa.
Example 6-9 Selection of column size for a given reinforcement ratio.

A column is to be designed to carry a factored load Pu = 2140 kN and factored moment Mu =
665 kN.m. Material strengths fy = 420 MPa and fc′ = 28 MPa are specified. Cost studies for the
particular location indicate that a reinforcement ratio ρg of about 0.03 is optimum. Find the
required dimensions b and h of the column. Bending will be about the strong axis, and an
arrangement of steel with bars concentrated in two layers, adjacent to the outer faces of the
column and parallel to the axis of bending, will be used.
Example 6-10
Check the adequacy of column shown below

for general ACI requirement then use an
appropriate interaction diagram to find its
design axial load and design bending
moment.
Use 𝑓 ’ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
𝐴 = 645𝑚𝑚.
Solution
 The procedure for analysis of an eccentrically loaded column is exactly similar to the
procedure of a concentrically loaded column in all steps except in the computing of design
axial force and bending moment (∅𝑃 , ∅𝑀 ).
 Longitudinal reinforcement:
𝐴 = 500 × 350 = 175 000 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 645 × 6 = 3 870 𝑚𝑚 , 0.01 < 𝜌 = = 2.2% < 0.08
Check minimum number of longitudinal bars: 6 > 4 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚[1.5 × 29 , 40 ] , 𝑆 = 43.5 < 82 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
 Calculate the design axial load strength and bending moment for given eccentricity
(∅𝑃 , ∅𝑀 ): γ= = 0.7
Based on 𝛾 value and as the reinforcements are distributed on two faces of the rectangular
column, then the interaction diagram that will be used is as shown in Figure below. For
.
= = 0.25, the R for the interaction diagram will be: R = = 0.17
M = P . e = 0.17 × 28 × (500 × 350) × 500 = 417 kN. m
As we working with compression controlled section (i.e. with a section has 𝜖 < 0.002)
then the strength reduction factor is ∅ = 0.65
∅M = 0.65 × 417 kN. m = 271 kN. m∎
and the K for the interaction diagram will be: K = 0.69 =
P = 0.69 × 28 × 500 × 350 = 3 381 kN , ∅P = 0.65 × 3 381 kN = 2 198 kN ∎
 Lateral reinforcement (Ties):
Ties spacing:
S = min[16 × 29 , 48 × 10 , 350 ] = 350 >S ∴ Ok.
Then, alternate longitudinal bars will be supported by corner bars.
Example 6-11
It was required to check the
column shown in Figure below to
general requirements of ACI code
and to compute its design
strength. Material properties
where f = 27.5 MPa , and f =
420MPa. Solve this example based
on interaction diagram instead of
equations for axially loaded
columns.
Solution
Checking for General Requirements
General requirements of ACI code are nominal in nature and do not relate to use of interaction
diagram or use equation in computing of column design strength:
×
𝐴 = 400 = 160 000 𝑚𝑚 , 𝐴 = × 8 = 5 652 𝑚𝑚
5 652
0.01 < 𝜌 = = 3.53% < 0.08
160 000
Check minimum number of longitudinal bars: , 8 > 4 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚[1.5 × 30 , 40 ] , 𝑆 = 45 < 110 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Checking of Lateral Reinforcement (Ties):
Ties spacing: S = min[16 × 30 , 48 × 10 , 400 ] = 400 =S ∴ Ok.
Then, alternate longitudinal bars are supported.
Column Design Strength
Strength of axially loaded columns are not related to whether reinforcement are distributed on
two faces or on four faces nor related to 𝛾 value. To emphasize this fact, two extremes
interaction diagrams, the first one for reinforcement distributed on four faces and with 𝛾 value
of 0.6 while the other with reinforcement on two faces and with 𝛾 value of 0.9, have been
compared in below.
Adopting any one of interaction diagrams for rectangular columns with 𝑓 = 4 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓 = 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖
will leads to:
For
5 652
𝜌 = = 3.53%
160 000
𝑃
𝐾 = ≈ 1.06
𝑓𝐴
(1.06 × 27.5 × 400 × 400)
𝑃 = = 4664 𝑘𝑁
1000
For compression control region and with tied columns:
𝜙 = 0.65
𝜙𝑃 = 0.65 × 4664 = 3032 𝑘𝑁
This design strength is close to that computed based on equations in
Example 6.1,
∅𝑃 = 3110 𝑘𝑁
Example 6 -12
It was required to check the column
shown in Figure below to general
requirements of ACI code and then
determine whether this column is
adequate to carry a factored load of
Pu= 2250 kN. Material properties where
f = 27.5 MPa , and f = 420MPa. Resolve
this example based on interaction
diagram instead of equations for axially
loaded columns.
Solution
Checking for General Requirements of ACI Code
× ×
𝐴 = = 113 354 𝑚𝑚 , 𝐴 = × 7 = 3 434 𝑚𝑚 , 𝜌 = = 3.0%
0.01 < 𝜌 < 0.08 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Check minimum number of longitudinal bars , 7 > 6 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Check minimum distance between longitudinal bars
𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚[1.5 × 25 , 40 ] , 𝑆 = 40.0 < 80 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Check the lateral reinforcement (Spiral):
Check Spiral Diameter: ∅ = 10𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑘.
Check Spiral Steel Ratio:
× × .
𝐴 = = 78.5 ,𝜌 =( )
= 0.0209
× ×
113 354 27.5
𝜌 = 0.45 × −1 × = 0.0178 < 0.0209 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
𝜋 × 300 420
4
Check the Clear Spacing: 25 < [𝑆 = 50 − 10 = 40 ] < 80 ∴ 𝑂𝑘.
Axial Design Strength of the Column
With any of interaction diagrams for circular columns, 𝜌 = = 3.0%
𝑃
𝐾 = ≈ 1.1
𝑓𝐴
𝜋 × 380
1.1 × 27.5 ×
4
𝑃 = = 3431 𝑘𝑁
1000
As axially loaded columns are located in compression-controlled regions, therefore 𝜙 of 0.75 is
adopted for this spiral column:
𝜙𝑃 = 0.75 × 3431 = 2573 𝑘𝑁
This value is close to that of 2557 kN which computed based on relations for axially loaded
columns in Example 6.2 The proposed column is adequate as:
𝜙𝑃 = 2573 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑃 = 2250 kN
Design of A Column with Compression Load Plus Uniaxial Moment

General Guides for Columns Design
 The following guides that related to columns design have been proposed by J. G. MacGregor
in his book “Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, 4th Edition):
 Type of Column:
o For eccentricity, e/h, greater than 0.2, a tied column with bars in the faces farthest from axis
of bending is most efficient. Even more efficiency can be obtained by using of a rectangular
column.
o Tied columns with bars in four faces are used for e/h ratios of less than about 0.2 and also
when moments exist about both axes. Many designers prefer this arrangement because
there is less possibility of construction error in the field if there are equal numbers
of rebars in each face of the column.
o Spiral columns are relatively infrequent in non-seismic areas. In seismic areas or in other
situations where ductility is important, spiral columns are used frequently.
 Estimating the Column Size:
o The initial stage in column design involves estimating the required size of column. There is
no simple rule for doing this, since the axial-load capacity of a given cross section varies with
the moment acting on section. For very small moments following relations can be used
o For Tied Columns:

𝑃
𝐴 ≥
0.4 𝑜𝑟 0.3 [𝑓 + 𝑓 𝜌 ]
o For spiral column:
𝑃
𝐴 ≥
0.5or 0.4 [𝑓 + 𝑓 𝜌 ]
o Both of these relations will tend to underestimate the column size if there are moments
present.
 Column Thickness “b”:
o The Fire Codes usually specified minimum column size as follows:
Minimum column thickness for fire rating requirements, adopted from
Fire Rating (hours) Minimum Column Thickness (mm)

1 hour 𝑏 ≥ 225 𝑚𝑚
2-3 hours 𝑏 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚
o Although the ACI Code does not specify a minimum column size, the minimum dimension
of cast-in-place tie column should not be less than 200mm and preferably not less
than 250mm.
o The diameter of a spiral column should not be less than about 300mm.
Using Interaction Charts in Design Process

Conventional design charts permit the direct design of eccentrically loaded columns throughout
the common range of strength and geometric variables.
Selection of Reinforcement for Column of Given Size

For a given factored load P and equivalent eccentricity e = and given cross section this
direct procedure can be summarized as follows:
Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement:
 Calculate the ratio 𝛾 based on required cover distances to the bar centroid, and select the
corresponding column design chart.
 Calculate 𝐾 = and 𝑅 = where A is section gross area.
∅ ∅
Strength reduction value is selected based on type of section (i.e. is the member a
compression controlled member or a tension controlled member or in the transition
region).
 From the graph, for the values found in above, read the required reinforcement ratio ρ .
 Calculate the total steel area A .
 Compute the required number of longitudinal bars:
A
No. of Longitudinal Bars =
A
 The limitations on the number and arrangement of longitudinal bars are as discussed in
the design of columns for axial loads.
Design of Lateral Reinforcement
Design of lateral reinforcement is exactly as discussed in the design of columns for axial
loads. For convenience, these procedures have been represented in below:
Ties:
 Select ties diameter:

 If 𝜑 ≤ 32 then: 𝜙 = 10 Else 𝜙 = 13
 Select ties spacing: 𝑆 ≤ 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚[16𝜑 , 48𝜑 , 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠]
 Arrange the ties according to requirements of the ACI for maximum spacing between
longitudinal bars.
Spiral:
 Spiral Diameter 𝜙 ≥ 10
 Compute 𝜌
𝐴 𝑓
𝜌 = 0.45 −1
𝐴 𝑓
Let 𝜌 = 𝜌 to compute the required 𝑆 :
4𝐴
𝑆 =
𝐷 𝜌
 Check with Limitation for Clear Spacing
The clear spacing 𝑆 between turns of the spiral must be:
25 ≤ 𝑆 ≤ 80
Example 6-13
In a two-story building that shown in Figure below an exterior column is to be designed for
the following loading:
First Load Pattern: 𝑃 = 987 𝑘𝑁 , 𝑃 = 1 481 𝑘𝑁 , 𝑀 = 220 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀 = 315 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Second Load Pattern: 𝑃 = 987 𝑘𝑁, 𝑃 = 738 𝑘𝑁 , 𝑀 = 220 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚, 𝑀 = 315 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Architectural considerations required that a rectangular column to be used, with dimensions:
𝑏 = 500 and ℎ = 625 , Materials: 𝑓 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Reinforcement: Try 𝜑 = 32 for longitudinal reinforcement (𝐴 = 819 𝑚𝑚 ).
Try 𝜑 = 10 for lateral reinforcement. Based on above data
 Design the column for first load pattern.
 Check to ensure that the column is adequate for the second load pattern.
First Load Pattern
Second Load Pattern

Solution
Design of Column for First Load Pattern
The column will be designed initially for full load, then it would be checked for adequacy when
live load is partially removed.
According to the ACI safety provisions, the column must be designed for a factored load:
P = 1.2 × 987 + 1.6 × 1 481 = 3 554 kN
𝑀 = 1.2 × 220 + 1.6 × 315 = 768 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement:
 Calculate the ratio γ based on required cover distances to the bar centroid, and select the
corresponding column design chart.
𝛾ℎ = 625 − 2 × 40 − 2 × 10 − 32 = 493 𝑚𝑚
𝛾ℎ 493
𝛾= = = 0.79
ℎ 625
Say 𝛾 = 0.80 and assume that the reinforcement will be distributed on four faces. Then
the interaction diagram that used in the design is that shown in figure below.
 Calculate K = and R = :
∅ ∅
𝑀 768 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑒 0.216𝑚
𝑒= = = 0.216 𝑚, = = 0.35
𝑃 3 554 kN ℎ 0.625𝑚
 Based on ratio, one can see that the tensile strain for this column under proposed loads
is less than 0.002. Therefore the section is compression controlled section and strength
reduction factor is ∅ = 0.65.
P 3 554 000 N
K = = = 0.625
∅f A N
0.65 × 28 × (625 × 500)mm
mm
Pe 768 × 10 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
R = = = 0.216
∅f A h 0.65 × 28 𝑁 × (625 × 500)mm × 625𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚
 From the graph, the required reinforcement ratio, ρ , would be: ρ = 0.04
 Calculate the total steel area A : 𝐴 = 0.04 × 625 × 500 = 12 500 𝑚𝑚
 Compute the required number of longitudinal bars:
No. of Longitudinal Bars = = = 15.3 Try 16 ∅ 32.
Design of Lateral Reinforcement:
 Ties diameter: ∵ ∅ = 32 , ∴ we can use ∅ = 10 for ties

 Ties spacing: S = min[16 × 32 , 48 × 10 , 500 ] = 480
Use ∅10mm @ 475 mm
 Ties arrangement:
The following arrangement can be used for our column:
Column Checking for Second Load Pattern
Aim of Checking for the Second Load Pattern:
 Before starting the checking, it is useful to discuss the aim of this checking.
 At first sight this checking seems unnecessary as the column that designed with live load
acting on all floors and roofs of course will be adequate when live loads acting on the floor
under consideration only.
 Unfortunately the problem is not so simple as appear, i.e. some columns that are adequate
for full live loads may be not adequate for partially live load, this strange fact can be
explained as follows:
o Assume that required reinforcement has been selected based on full live loads as was done
in previous article, and assume that load path for dead and full live loads will be as shown
in Figure below.
o As the axial force in a column resulting from accumulation of loads acting on the floor under
consideration and on above floors and roof, then removing live loads from above floors and
roof will decrease the axial force in that column.
o For gravity loads, bending moments in a column are mainly resulting from negative
moments of beams that connected directly to the column, the removing of live loads from
above floors and roof does not change the bending moments in the column. Based on this
reasoning, bending moments have been assumed the same in first and second load
patterns.
 Then with second load pattern, load path will move vertically in downward direction (as we
have negative ΔP and zero ΔM). With this movement, load case that was inside the
interaction diagram may move to be outside it. Therefore, the section that was pass under
full live load may fail under partial live load!
Checking Details:
 Check to ensure that the column is adequate for the second load pattern:
𝑃 = 1.2 × 987 + 1.6 × 738 = 2 365 𝑘𝑁 𝑀 = 768 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Say 𝛾 = 0.80
𝑀 768 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑒 0.325 𝑚
𝑒= = = 0.325 𝑚 = = 0.52
𝑃 2 365 kN ℎ 0.625𝑚
P 2 365 000 N
K = = = 0.416
∅f A N
0.65 × 28 × (625 × 500)mm
mm
Pe 768 × 10 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
R = = = 0.216
∅f A h 0.65 × 28 𝑁 × (625 × 500)mm × 625𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚
 From Figure below with ρ = 0.028 < ρ , one concludes that vertical movement
of load path in downward direction is not too large to transfer the load case from inside
to outside the interaction diagram, then the section stills adequate.
Example 6-14 Selecting of Column Size for a Given Reinforcement Ratio

A column is to be designed to carry factored loads of: 𝑃 = 2 139 𝑘𝑁, 𝑀 = 667 𝑘𝑁.
Assume that:
 Bending moment about major or strong axis.
 Material strengths 𝑓 = 420𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
are specified.
 Cost studies for the particular location indicate
that a reinforcement ratio of about 0.03 is
optimum.
 Column depth: h=625mm.
 ∅ = 36𝑚𝑚 for longitudinal reinforcements (𝐴 =
1 006 𝑚𝑚 ).
 Steel with bars concentrated in two layers,
adjacent to the outer faces of the column and
parallel to the axis of beading, will be used.
Find the required column width “b” and design the longitudinal lateral reinforcements.
Solution
Column Width “b” and Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement
 Calculate the ratio γ based on required cover distances to the bar centroid, and select the
corresponding column design chart. 𝛾ℎ = 483 𝑚𝑚
γh 483
γ= = = 0.78
h 625
 Say γ = 0.80 and as steel is assumed to be concentrated in two layers, then the design
interaction diagram will be as shown in Figure below.As
e= = = 0.31 and
.
= = 0.496 ≈ 0.5 then (from Figure)
.
P
K = = 0.51
∅f bh
 As we working in the compression controlled region, then the strength reduction factor ∅
is 0.65.
2 139 000 N
b= = 369 mm
N
0.65 × 28 × 0.51 × 625mm
mm
Use 375mm by 625mm section.
A = 0.03 × 625mm × 375mm = 7 031 mm
No. of Rebars = = 6.99 , Use 8∅36𝑚𝑚 rebars.
Design of Lateral Reinforcement

 Ties diameter:
∵ ∅ = 36 > 32 , ∴ we must use ∅ = 13 for ties
 Ties spacing:
S = min[16 × 36 , 48 × 13 , 375 ] = 375
Use ∅13mm @ 375 mm
 Ties arrangement:
As can be shown from figure below, the proposed distribution does not satisfy the ACI
Code requirements related to minimum spacing between longitudinal rebars. Then
bundled rebars must be used in our design.
842 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A
2.0
Interaction diagram
0.10
1.9 fc′ = 4 ksi
e /h =
fy = 60 ksi h
1.8 γ = 0.60 γh
1.7
0
0.2
b
1.6
0.08
1.5 0.07 e Pn
0
0.3
1.4 0.06
1.3
0.05
0
fs =
1.2 0
0
5
0.
4
0.04
0.
ϕ fc′ Ag
Pu
1.1
0.03
=
1.0
fc′ Ag
Pn
0.02
0.9
Kn =
ρg = 0.01
0.8
1 fy
0.7
f s=
2
0.6
= 1.00
e/h
0.5
0.4
0.3
εt = 0.0
02
0.2 fs = f
y
ε t=
0.1
0.0
05
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Pne Pue
Rn = =
fc′ Ag h ϕ fc′ Ag h
GRAPH A.5
Column strength interaction diagram for rectangular section with bars on four faces and γ = 0.60. (Graph for educational
purposes only.)
DESIGN AIDS 843
2.0
Interaction diagram
0.10
1.9 fc′ = 4 ksi
e /h =
fy = 60 ksi h
1.8 γ = 0.70 γh
1.7
0
0.2
b
1.6 0.08
1.5 0.07 e Pn
0
0.3
1.4 0.06
0
fs =
1.3
0.05
1.2 0
0
5
0.
4
0.04
0.
ϕ fc′ Ag
Pu
1 .1
0.03
=
1.0
fc′ Ag
Pn
0.02
0.9
Kn =
ρg = 0.01
0.8 1 fy
f s=
2
0.7
0.6 .00
=1
e/h
0.5
0.4
εt = 0.002
fs = fy
0.3
0.2
εt =
0.1 0.0
0 5
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Pne Pue
Rn = =
GRAPH A.6
purposes only.)
2.0
Interaction diagram
0.10
1.9 fc′ = 4 ksi
e /h =
fy = 60 ksi h
1.8 γ = 0.80 γh
1.7
0
0.2
b
1.6 0.08
1.5 0.07
e Pn
0
0.3
1.4 0.06
=0
1.3
fs
0.05
1.2 0
0
5
0.
4
0.04
0.
ϕ fc′ Ag
Pu
1 .1
0.03
=
1.0
fc′ Ag
Pn
0.02
0.9
Kn =
1 fy
ρg = 0.01 f s=
2
0.8
0.7
0.6 .00
=1
e/h
0.5
εt = 0.002
0.4 fs = fy
0.3
0.2
εt =
0.00
0.1 5
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Pne Pue
Rn = =
GRAPH A.7
purposes only.)
DESIGN AIDS 845
2.0
Interaction diagram
0.10
1.9 fc′ = 4 ksi
e /h =
fy = 60 ksi h
1.8 γ = 0.90 γh
1.7
0
0.2
b
1.6 0.08
1.5 0.07 e Pn
0
0
0.3
1.4 0.06
fs =
1.3
0.05
1.2 0
0
5
0.
4
0.04
0.
ϕ fc′ Ag
Pu
1 .1
0.03
=
1.0
fc′ Ag
Pn
0.02
1 fy
0.9
f s=
2
Kn =
ρg = 0.01
0.8
0.7
0.6
= 1.00
e/h
0.5
εt = 0.002
fs = fy
0.4
0.3
0.2
εt = 0
.005
0.1
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Pne Pue
Rn = =
GRAPH A.8
purposes only.)
2.0
Interaction diagram
0.10
1.9 fc′ = 4 ksi
e /h =
fy = 60 ksi h
1.8 γ = 0.60 γh
1.7
0
0.2
b
0.08
1.6
1.5 0.07 e Pn
0
0.3
1.4 0.06
1.3
0.05
0
1.2 0
=
0
5
0.
4
0.04
fs
0.
ϕ fc′ Ag
Pu
1 .1
0.03
=
1.0
fc′ Ag
Pn
0.02
0.9
Kn =
ρg = 0.01
0.8
1 fy
0.7 f s= 2
0.6 .00
=1
e/h
0.5
0.4
0.3
εt = 0.0
02
0.2 fs = f
y
εt =
0.1 0.0
05
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Pne Pue
Rn = =
GRAPH A.9
Column strength interaction diagram for rectangular section with bars on end faces and γ = 0.60. (Graph for educational
purposes only.)
DESIGN AIDS 847
2.0
Interaction diagram
0.10
1.9 fc′ = 4 ksi
e /h =
fy = 60 ksi h
1.8 γ = 0.70 γh
1.7
0
0.2
b
0.08
1.6
1.5 0.07 e Pn
0
0.3
1.4 0.06
1.3
0.05
0
=
1.2
fs
0
0
5
0.
4
0.04
0.
ϕ fc′ Ag
Pu
1 .1
0.03
=
1.0
fc′ Ag
Pn
0.02
0.9
Kn =
ρg = 0.01
0.8
1 fy
f s= 2
0.7
0.6 .00
=1
e/h
0.5
0.4
εt = 0.002
fs = fy
0.3
0.2
0.1
εt = 0.0
05
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Pn e Pu e
Rn = =
GRAPH A.10
purposes only.)
2.0
Interaction diagram
0.10
1.9 fc′ = 4 ksi
e /h =
fy = 60 ksi h
1.8 γ = 0.80 γh
1.7
0
0.2
b
0.08
1.6
1.5 0.07 e Pn
0
0.3
1.4 0.06
1.3
0.05
0
=
fs
1.2 0
0
5
0.
4
0.04
0.
ϕ fc′ Ag
Pu
1 .1
0.03
=
1.0
fc′ Ag
Pn
0.02
0.9
Kn =
ρg = 0.01
0.8 1f
f s= 2 y
0.7
.00
0.6 =1
e/h
0.5
0.4 εt = 0.002
fs = fy
0.3
0.2 εt = 0.005
0.1
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Pne Pue
Rn = =
GRAPH A.11
purposes only.)
DESIGN AIDS 849
2.0
Interaction diagram
0.10
1.9 fc′ = 4 ksi
e /h =
fy = 60 ksi h
1.8 γ = 0.90 γh
1.7
0
0.2
b
1.6
0.08
1.5 0.07 e Pn
0
0.3
1.4 0.06
0
1.3 =
0.05 fs
1.2 0
0
5
4
0.04 0.
0.
ϕ fc′ Ag
Pu
1 .1
0.03
=
1.0
fc′ Ag
Pn
0.02
0.9
Kn =
ρg = 0.01 1f
0.8 f s= 2 y
0.7
= 1.00
0.6 e/h
0.5
εt = 0.002
0.4
fs = fy
0.3
0.2 εt = 0.005
0.1
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Pn e Pu e
Rn = =
GRAPH A.12
purposes only.)
2.0
Interaction diagram
0.10
e /h = 0.05
1.9 fc′ = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi h
1.8 γ = 0.60 γh
1.7 0.08
0
0.2
1.6 0.07
1.5 0.06 e Pn
0
0.3
1.4
0.05
1.3
0
fs =
0.04
1.2 0
0
5
0.
4
0.
ϕ fc′ Ag
0.03
Pu
1 .1
=
1.0 0.02
fc′ Ag
Pn
0.9 ρg = 0.01
Kn =
0.8
1 fy
f s=
2
0.7
= 1.00
0.6 e/h
0.5
0.4
0.3
εt = 0
0.2 .002
fs =
f y
0.1
εt = 0.005
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Pn e Pu e
Rn = =
GRAPH A.13
Column strength interaction diagram for circular section with γ = 0.60. (Graph for educational purposes only.)
DESIGN AIDS 851
2.0
Interaction diagram
0.10
e /h = 0.05
1.9 fc′ = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi h
1.8 γ = 0.70 γh
1.7 0.08
0
0.2
1.6 0.07
1.5 0.06 e Pn
0
0.3
1.4
0.05 0
fs =
1.3
0.04
1.2 0
0
5
0.
4
0.
ϕ fc′ Ag
0.03
Pu
1 .1
=
1.0 0.02
fc′ Ag
Pn
0.9 ρg = 0.01
Kn =
1 fy
2
0.8 =
fs
0.7
= 1.00
0.6 e/h
0.5
0.4 εt = 0.002
0.3 fs = fy
0.2
0.1
εt = 0.005
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Pn e Pu e
Rn = =
GRAPH A.14
2.0
Interaction diagram
e /h = 0.05
0.10
1.9 fc′ = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi h
1.8 γ = 0.80 γh
1.7 0.08
0
0.2
1.6 0.07
1.5 e Pn
0.06
0
0
0.3
fs =
1.4
0.05
1.3
0.04
1.2 0
0
5
0.
4
0.
ϕ fc′ Ag
0.03
Pu
1 .1
=
1.0 0.02
fc′ Ag
Pn
1 fy
0.9 ρg = 0.01 = 2
Kn =
fs
0.8
0.7
.00
=1
0.6 e/h
0.5 2
εt = 0.00
fs = fy
0.4
0.3
0.2
εt =
0.1 0.0
0 5
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Pne Pue
Rn = =
GRAPH A.15
DESIGN AIDS 853
2.0
Interaction diagram
0.10
e /h = 0.05
1.9 fc′ = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi h
1.8 γ = 0.90 γh
1.7 0.08
0
0.2
1.6 0.07
1.5 e Pn
0
0.06
fs =
0
0.3
1.4
0.05
1.3
0.04
1.2 0
0
5
4
0.
0.
ϕ fc′ Ag
0.03
Pu
1 .1
=
1.0 0.02 1 fy
fc′ Ag
Pn
= 2
f s
0.9 ρg = 0.01
Kn =
0.8
0.7
.00
=1
0.6 e/h
εt = 0.002
0.5 fs = fy
0.4
0.3
0.2
εt =
0.1 0.0
05
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Pn e Pu e
Rn = =
GRAPH A.16

Chapter 6-1 DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS 3 1 2022

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235 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES CHAPTER SIX

FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS & FLEXURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS

Two types of reinforced concrete compression members are in use:

The main reinforcement in columns is

Minimum Spacing between Longitudinal Bras

According to (ACI318M, 2014), article 25.2.3, for longitudinal reinforcement in columns,

Design Strength of Axially Loaded Columns

Checking of Lateral Reinforcement (Ties), ACI Code Article 25.7.2

𝑆 = min [16𝑑 , 48𝑑 , 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛]

Anchorage of Circular Ties

Circular ties shall be permitted where

Anchorage of individual circular ties shall be in

Lateral Reinforcement (Spiral)

 For spirally reinforced columns, ACI Code requirements

However, by preventing instantaneous crushing of concrete and buckling of steel, it produces a

Design Axial Strength, 𝜙𝑃

Let 𝜌 =𝜌 to compute the required 𝑆 :

Compute number of longitudinal bars:

Check spacing between longitudinal bars:

Compute Number of longitudinal bars:

COMPRESSION PLUS BENDING OF RECTANGULAR COLUMNS

Even when design calculations show a

STRAIN COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS AND INTERACTION DIAGRAMS

Concept of Interaction Diagram

Construction of A nominal Interaction Diagram

Significant Points on the Column Interaction Diagram

1. Point A—Pure Axial Load.

Fig. 6.2 Strain distributions corresponding to points on the interaction diagram.

4. Point C—Balanced Failure, Compression-Controlled Limit Strain.

5. Point D—Tensile-Controlled Limit.

Notes on Design Interaction Diagram

Example 6.7 Column strength interaction diagram.

The compressive steel stress is found from Eq:

The balanced load Pb is then found from Eq. to be

and the balanced moment from Eq.

A Set of Design Interaction Curves

2. (a) Select the reinforcement ratio ρg.

Example 6-8 Selection of reinforcement for column of given size.

Example 6-9 Selection of column size for a given reinforcement ratio.

Check the adequacy of column shown below

Design of A Column with Compression Load Plus Uniaxial Moment

o For Tied Columns:

Minimum column thickness for fire rating requirements, adopted from

Fire Rating (hours) Minimum Column Thickness (mm)

Using Interaction Charts in Design Process

Selection of Reinforcement for Column of Given Size

Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement:

 Select ties diameter:

Second Load Pattern

 Ties diameter: ∵ ∅ = 32 , ∴ we can use ∅ = 10 for ties

Column Checking for Second Load Pattern

Aim of Checking for the Second Load Pattern:

Example 6-14 Selecting of Column Size for a Given Reinforcement Ratio

Design of Lateral Reinforcement

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