PING:-

Used to check L3 status of network device

Used to check connectivity and latency

TRACEROUTE:-

Used to Identify Router/L3 Switch Coming in Between source and Destination PC

DNS (Domain Naming System):-

Used to Translate Name to IP

Uses Port No UDP/TCP - 53

DNS server will have Name to IP Mapping

TELNET:-

Used to get Remote access of Router/Switch

Uses Port No TCP - 23

Disadvantage the data going between PC and Router/Switch is clear text

SSH:-

Used to get Remote access of Router/Switch

Uses Port No TCP – 22

Advantage the data going between PC and Router/Switch is encrypted

TFTP:-

Used to transfer files between source and destination

Uses Port No UDP – 69

TFTP normally use for IOS upgrade

 PORT-SECURITY:-

Used for mac binding

#int f0/1

#switchport mode access

#switchport port-security

#switchport port-security mac-address abcd.12ed.defr

If port goes in error disable then shut/no-shut port

PORTFAST:-

PortFast causes a port to enter the spanning tree forwarding state immediately, bypassing the listening
and learning states.

#int f0/1

#spanning-tree portfast

PortFast with BPDU Guard

Portfast should be enabled on only those ports where PC/Printer would be connected

Now if someone connects switch or hub on that port this can cause loop

Using bpdu guard that port will go in error disable state if switch or hub is connected and require
network engineer to shut /no shut

#int f0/1

#spanning-tree portfast

#spanning-tree bpduguard enable

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