Summations

• Given a sequence a1, a2… of numbers, the infinite sum a1

+ a2 + ··· can be written as


 n

a
k =1
k
or lim
n →
ak

k =1

For any real number c and any finite sequences a1, a2...
an and b1, b2... bn the summation can be written as
𝑛 𝑛

= 𝑐 ෍ 𝑎𝑘 + ෍ 𝑏𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

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 Popular Series
• Arithmetic Series (difference of two successive numbers
is a constant)
n
1

k =1
k = n(n + 1)
2
• Sum of squares
n
1
k =1
k = n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2

6
n
1 2
• Sum of cubes 
k =1
k 3
=
4
n ( n + 1) 2

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 Geometric Series
• Geometric Series (every two consecutive terms have a
common
n
ratio)
 x k

k =0
= 1 + x + x 2
+ x 3
+ ... + x n

n +1
n
x −1

k =0
x =
k

x −1

• When summation is infinite and |x| < 1, we have infinite

decreasing geometric series  k 1

k =0
x =
1− x
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 Important series

1 1 1 1 n 1
Hn = 1 + + + + ..... + =  k = ln(n) + O(1)
2 3 4 n k =1

 (a − a
k =1
k ) = an − a0
k −1

https://www.math.drexel.edu/~tolya/123_harmonic.pdf
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 Finite Product
• The finite product a1 a2 · · an can be written
n

a
k =1
k

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 Permutations
• A permutation of a finite set S is an ordered sequence of
all the elements of S, with each element appearing
exactly once. For example, if S = {a, b, c}, there are 6
permutations of S:abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba.
• There are n! permutations of a set of n elements, since
the first element of the sequence can be chosen in n
ways, the second in n - 1 ways, the third in n - 2 ways,
and so on . n!
• k-permutations of n-set n(n − 1)(n − 2)....(n − k + 1) = (n − k )!

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 Combinations
• A k-combination of an n-set S is simply a k-subset of S.
For example, there are six 2-combinations of the 4-set
{a, b, c, d}: ab, ac, ad, bc, bd, cd. In General: n!
k !(n − k )!
• Binomial Expansion and Binomial Coefficients
n
 n  k n−k
( x + y) =    x y
n

k =0  k 

n
n
2 =
n
 
k =0 k 
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 Logarithms

• If x = by then y= logb (x)

• log(xy) = log(x) +log (y)
• log(x/y) = log (x) – log(y)
• logb (x) = logk (x) /logk (b)
• 2logn=n

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 Exponentials

• a(b+c) = abac
• abc = (ab)c
• ab /ac = a(b-c)
• b = a logab
• bc = a c*log ab

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 Relations
• Binary relation on a set A is a collection of ordered
pairs of elements of A.
• It is a subset of the Cartesian product A2 = A × A.
• Binary relation between two sets A and B is a subset
of A × B.
• Reflexive: for all x in X it holds that xRx. E.g. "greater
than or equal to" is a reflexive relation but "greater than"
is not.
• Irreflexive (or strict): for all x in X it holds that not xRx.
"Greater than" is an example of an irreflexive relation.

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 Relations
• Symmetric: for all x and y in X it holds that
if xRy then yRx. “is a blood relative of" is a symmetric
relation, because x is a blood relative of y if and only
if y is a blood relative of x.
• Antisymmetric: for all x and y in X it holds that
if xRy and yRx then x = y. "Greater than or equal to" is
an antisymmetric relation, because if x≥y and y≥x,
then x=y.
• Asymmetric: for all x and y in X it holds that
if xRy then not yRx. "Greater than" is an asymmetric
relation, because if x>y then not y>x.
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 Relations
Transitive: for all x, y and z in X it holds that
if xRy and yRz then xRz. "Is an ancestor of" is a transitive
relation, because if x is an ancestor of y and y is an ancestor
of z, then x is an ancestor of z.

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 Questions, Suggestions and Comments

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 Question 1
There are 20 people who work in an office together. Four of
these people are selected to attend four different
conferences. The first person selected will go to a
conference in New Delhi, second will go to Kolkata, third to
Chennai, and fourth to Mumbai. How many such selections
are possible?

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 Question 2
a c*log ab can be written as
A) bc
B) ba
C) ab
D) ca

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