MARWA 37764611 CH 6

TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1) Data granularity refers to the extent of detail within the data (fine and detailed or coarse
and abstract).

⊚ true
⊚ false

2) Data timeliness refers to the extent of detail within the data (fine and detailed or coarse
and abstract).

⊚ true
⊚ false

3) Organizational data has three primary areas including levels, formats, and granularities.

⊚ true
⊚ false

4) The four primary traits of the value of data include type, timeliness, quality, and
governance.

⊚ true
⊚ false

5) The four primary traits of the value of data include levels, formats, granularities, and
type.

⊚ true
⊚ false

6) There are only two main primary traits that help you determine the value of data:
timeliness and quality.

⊚ true
⊚ false

7) If a manager identifies numerous data integrity issues, they should consider the reports
generated from that data as invalid and not use them when making decisions.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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8) Real-time systems refer to the extent of detail within the data (fine and detailed or coarse
and abstract).

⊚ true
⊚ false

9) Data granularity means immediate, up-to-date data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

10) Real-time systems provide real-time data in response to requests.

⊚ true
⊚ false

11) Data integrity issues occur when a system produces incorrect, inconsistent, or duplicate
data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

12) Data governance refers to the overall management of the availability, usability, integrity,
and security of company data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

13) Transactional data is used when performing operational tasks and repetitive decisions
such as analyzing daily sales reports and production schedules to determine how much inventory
to carry.

⊚ true
⊚ false

14) Organizational data comes at the same level, formats, and granularities.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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15) Reports for each salesperson, product, and part are examples of detail or fine data
granularities.

⊚ true
⊚ false

16) Master data management (MDM) is the practice of gathering data and ensuring that it is
uniform, accurate, consistent, and complete, including such entities as customers, suppliers,
products, sales, employees, and other critical entities that are commonly integrated across
organizational systems. MDM is commonly included in data governance.

⊚ true
⊚ false

17) Accurate data asks if there is an incorrect value in the data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

18) Complete data asks if there is a value missing from the data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

19) Consistent data asks if the aggregate or summary data is in agreement with detailed data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

20) Timely data asks if the data is current with respect to the business needs.

⊚ true
⊚ false

21) Unique data asks if each transaction and event are represented only once in the data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

22) Complete data asks if there is an incorrect value in the data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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23) Consistent data asks if there is a value missing from the data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

24) Accurate data asks if the aggregate or summary data is in agreement with the detailed
data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

25) Unique data asks if the data is current with respect to the business needs.

⊚ true
⊚ false

26) Timely data asks if each transaction and event is represented only once in the data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

27) Determining if there are any duplicate customers in the data is an example of a unique
characteristic of high-quality data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

28) Determining if all total columns equal the true total of the individual item is an example
of a consistent characteristic of high-quality data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

29) A data steward is responsible for ensuring the policies and procedures are implemented
across the organization and acts as a liaison between the MIS department and the business.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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30) Data stewardship is the management and oversight of an organization’s data assets to help
provide business users with high-quality data that is easily accessible in a consistent manner.

⊚ true
⊚ false

31) Data validation includes the tests and evaluations used to determine compliance with data
governance polices to ensure correctness of data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

32) Determining if a name is spelled correctly is an example of an accurate characteristic of

high-quality data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

33) Determining if data is updated weekly, daily, or hourly is an example of an accurate

characteristic of high-quality data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

34) A foreign key is a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a
table.

⊚ true
⊚ false
35) The core component of any system, regardless of size, is a database and a database
management system.

⊚ true
⊚ false

36) A foreign key provides details about data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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37) A data element (or data field) is the smallest or basic unit of data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

38) Data elements can include a customer’s name, address, email, discount rate, preferred
shipping method, product name, quantity ordered, and so on.

⊚ true
⊚ false

39) Data models are logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements
by using graphics or pictures.

⊚ true
⊚ false

40) Metadata provides details about data. For example, metadata for an image could include
its size, resolution, and date created.

⊚ true
⊚ false

41) A data dictionary compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model.

⊚ true
⊚ false

42) Relational database models store data in the form of logically related two-dimensional
tables.

⊚ true
⊚ false

43) Relational database management systems allow users to create, read, update, and delete
data in a relational database.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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44) Attributes (also called columns or fields) are the data elements associated with an entity.

⊚ true
⊚ false

45) A record is a collection of related data elements.

⊚ true
⊚ false

46) A primary key is a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given record in a
table.

⊚ true
⊚ false

47) A foreign key is a primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table
and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables.

⊚ true
⊚ false

48) Metadata are logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements by
using graphics or pictures.

⊚ true
⊚ false

49) A DBMS provides details about data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

50) Entities are the data elements associated with an attribute.

⊚ true
⊚ false

51) A field is a collection of related data elements.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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52) A foreign key uniquely identifies a given record in a table.

⊚ true
⊚ false

53) A primary key is a foreign key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table
and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables.

⊚ true
⊚ false

54) Databases offer many security features including passwords to provide authentication,
access levels to determine who can access the data, and access controls to determine what type of
access they have to the data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

55) Data redundancy is the duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple
places.

⊚ true
⊚ false

56) Relational databases offer many advantages over using a text document or a spreadsheet,
which include decreased flexibility and decreased scalability and performance.

⊚ true
⊚ false

57) The physical view of data deals with the physical storage of data on a storage device.

⊚ true
⊚ false

58) The logical view of data focuses on how individual users logically access data to meet
their own particular business needs.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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59) The logical view of data deals with the physical storage of data on a storage device.

⊚ true
⊚ false

60) The physical view of data focuses on how individual users logically access data to meet
their own particular business needs.

⊚ true
⊚ false

61) A business rule defines how a company performs certain aspects of its business and
typically results in either a yes/no or true/false answer.

⊚ true
⊚ false

62) Data redundancy is the duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple
places.

⊚ true
⊚ false

63) Data integrity is a measure of the quality of data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

64) Integrity constraints are rules that help ensure the quality of data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

65) Relational integrity constraints are rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-
based constraints.

⊚ true
⊚ false

66) Data integrity are rules that help ensure the quality of data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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67) Data latency is the time it takes for data to be stored or retrieved.

⊚ true
⊚ false

68) Business-critical integrity constraints enforce business rules vital to an organization’s

success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraints.

⊚ true
⊚ false

69) One of the advantages found in a relational database is increased data redundancy.

⊚ true
⊚ false

70) Relational integrity constraints are rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-
based constraints.

⊚ true
⊚ false

71) A comparative analysis can compare two or more datasets to identify patterns and trends.

⊚ true
⊚ false

72) A dataset is an organized collection of data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

73) The banking industry uses business intelligence to understand customer credit card usage
and nonpayment rates.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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74) Many organizations find themselves in the position of being data rich and information
poor. Even in today’s electronic world, managers struggle with the challenge of turning their
business data into business intelligence.

⊚ true
⊚ false

75) Many organizations find themselves in the position of being data poor and information
rich.

⊚ true
⊚ false

76) Competitive monitoring can compare two or more datasets to identify patterns and trends.

⊚ true
⊚ false

77) A data lake is a storage repository that holds a vast amount of raw data in its original
format until the business needs it.

⊚ true
⊚ false

78) Source data identifies the primary location where data is collected. It can include
invoices, spreadsheets, timesheets, transactions, and electronic sources such as other databases.

⊚ true
⊚ false

79) A data point is an individual item on a graph or chart.

⊚ true
⊚ false

80) Organizational data includes simple structured data elements in a database.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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81) A dataset is an individual item on a graph or chart.

⊚ true
⊚ false

82) A data mart contains a subset of data warehouse data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

83) Data aggregation is the collection of data from various sources for the purpose of data
processing.

⊚ true
⊚ false

84) An example of a data aggregation is to gather data about particular groups based on
specific variables such as age, profession, or income.

⊚ true
⊚ false

85) The complete removal of dirty data from a source is practical and possible.

⊚ true
⊚ false

86) Dirty data is an MIS problem, not a business problem.

⊚ true
⊚ false

87) Dirty data is erroneous or flawed data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

88) A repository is a central location in which data is stored and managed.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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89) A data warehouse is a central location in which data is stored and managed.

⊚ true
⊚ false

90) A data warehouse is a logical collection of data, gathered from many different operational
databases, that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.

⊚ true
⊚ false

91) Data warehouses struggle with combining too much standardized data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

92) The primary purpose of a data warehouse is to perform transactional processes.

⊚ true
⊚ false

93) The primary purpose of a data warehouse is to perform analytical process.

⊚ true
⊚ false

94) Within the data warehouse model, the internal databases could include marketing, sales,
inventory, and billing.

⊚ true
⊚ false

95) A data mart contains a subset of data warehouse data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

96) ETL, within a data warehouse model, stands for exit, track, and load.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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97) ETL, within a data warehouse model, stands for extraction, transformation, and loading.

⊚ true
⊚ false

98) Within the data warehouse model, the external databases could include competitor data,
industry data, and stock market analysis.

⊚ true
⊚ false

99) Dirty data is erroneous or flawed data. The complete removal of dirty data from a source
is impractical or virtually impossible.

⊚ true
⊚ false

100) Data cleansing or scrubbing is a process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent,
incorrect, or incomplete data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

101) Duplicate data, inaccurate data, misleading data, and incorrect data are all problems
associated with dirty data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

102) Many firm’s complete data quality audits to determine the accuracy and completeness of
their data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

103) Infographics present the results of data analysis by displaying patterns and relationships
in a graphical format.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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104) Data Artists are experts at creating a story from the information.

⊚ true
⊚ false

105) Analysis paralysis occurs when there is not enough information to perform an analysis.

⊚ true
⊚ false

106) Data visualization describes technologies that allow users to see or visualize data to
transform information into a business perspective.

⊚ true
⊚ false

107) Data visualization tools are primarily limited to Excel.

⊚ true
⊚ false

108) Distributed computing processes and manages algorithms across many machines in a
computing environment.

⊚ true
⊚ false

109) A ledger records classified and summarized transactional data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

110) A blockchain is a type of distributed ledger, consisting of blocks of data that maintain a
permanent and tamper-proof record of transactional data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

111) Proof-of-stake is a way to validate transactions based and achieve the distributed
consensus.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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112) Proof-of-work is a requirement to define an expensive computer calculation, also called

mining, that needs to be performed in order to create a new group of trustless transactions
(blocks) on the distributed ledger or blockchain.

⊚ true
⊚ false

113) Proof-of-work is a way to validate transactions based and achieve the distributed
consensus.

⊚ true
⊚ false

114) Proof-of-stake is a requirement to define an expensive computer calculation, also called

mining, that needs to be performed in order to create a new group of trustless transactions
(blocks) on the distributed ledger or blockchain.

⊚ true
⊚ false

115) Bitcoin is a type of digital currency in which a record of transactions is maintained and
new units of currency are generated by the computational solution of mathematical problems; it
operates independently of a central bank.

⊚ true
⊚ false

116) A blockchain is formed by linking together blocks, data structures containing a hash,
previous hash, and data.

⊚ true
⊚ false

117) The genesis block is the first block created in the blockchain.

⊚ true
⊚ false

118) The hash is the first block created in the blockchain.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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119) A hash is a function that converts an input of letters and numbers into an encrypted
output of a fixed length.

⊚ true
⊚ false

120) A genesis block is a function that converts an input of letters and numbers into an
encrypted output of a fixed length.

⊚ true
⊚ false

121) Hashes are the links in the blockchain.

⊚ true
⊚ false

122) Immutable simply means unchangeable.

⊚ true
⊚ false

123) Immutable simply means changeable.

⊚ true
⊚ false

124) Immutability is the ability for a blockchain ledger to remain a permanent, indelible, and
unalterable history of transactions.

⊚ true
⊚ false

125) A non-fungible token (NFT) is a digital signature backed by blockchain technology that
proves ownership of something.

⊚ true
⊚ false

126) Just like bitcoins, non-fungible tokens are unique and create scarcity.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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127) It is possible to buy an NFT (non-fungible token) that represents physical objects but also
digital assets such as a tweet.

⊚ true
⊚ false

128) Much of the current market for NFTs is centered around collectibles, such as digital
artwork, sports cards, and rarities.

⊚ true
⊚ false

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
129) Employees need to compare different types of data for what they commonly reveal to
make strategic decisions. Which of the following represents the three common types of data
found throughout an organization?

A) levels, facts, granularities

B) levels, facts, data
C) levels, formats, granularities
D) data, formats, governance

130) Which of the following represents the different organizational levels of data?

A) detail, summary, aggregate

B) document, presentation, spreadsheet, database
C) individual, department, enterprise
D) executives, managers, operational employees

131) Which of the following represents the different data formats?

A) detail, summary, aggregate

B) document, presentation, spreadsheet, database
C) individual, department, enterprise
D) executives, managers, operational employees

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132) Which of the following represents the different data granularities?

A) detail, summary, aggregate

B) document, presentation, spreadsheet, database
C) individual, department, enterprise
D) executives, managers, operational employees

133) Which of the following is not a primary trait of the value of data?

A) governance
B) type
C) timeliness
D) cost

134) What encompasses all of the data contained within a single business process or unit of
work and its primary purpose is to support the performing of daily operational tasks?

A) transactional data
B) analytical data
C) timeliness
D) quality

135) What encompasses all organizational data and its primary purpose is to support the
performing of managerial analysis tasks?

A) transactional data
B) analytical data
C) timeliness
D) quality

136) What is immediate, up-to-date data?

A) real-time data
B) real-time systems
C) data granularity
D) data governance

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137) What provides real-time data in response to query requests?

A) real-time data
B) real-time systems
C) data level
D) data quality

138) What is one of the biggest pitfalls associated with real-time data?

A) it is only available to high-level executives due to the expense

B) it is only available in aggregate levels
C) it continually changes
D) it rarely changes

139) Which of the following is not one of the five characteristics common to high-quality
data?

A) accuracy
B) completeness
C) quantity
D) consistency

140) What is a real-time system?

A) provides the same data elements with different values

B) provides real-time data in response to query requests
C) automates tasks for organizational systems
D) provides all of the data contained within a single business process or unit of work

141) Which of the following implies that aggregate or summary data is in agreement with
detailed data?

A) uniqueness
B) completeness
C) consistency
D) integrity

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142) Which of the following implies that data is current with respect to the business
requirement?

A) uniqueness
B) accuracy
C) consistency
D) timeliness

143) What is it called when each transaction, entity, and event is represented only once in the
data?

A) uniqueness
B) accuracy
C) consistency
D) timeliness

144) Which of the following refers to the extent of detail within the data?

A) knowledge data
B) data granularity
C) data intelligence
D) data analytics

145) Which of the following represent the four primary traits that help determine the value of
data?

A) type, timeliness, quality, governance

B) statistics, tracking, quality, governance
C) type, cost, governance, policy
D) timeliness, quality, quantity, governance

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146) What are the two different categories of data type?

A) analytical and productive

B) analytical and analysis
C) transactional and analytical
D) transactional and productive

147) Which of the following encompasses all of the data contained within a single business
process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support daily operational tasks?

A) targeted data
B) analytical data
C) productive data
D) transactional data

148) Which of the following encompasses all organizational data, and its primary purpose is to
support the performing of managerial analysis tasks?

A) analytical data
B) transactional data
C) statistical data
D) targeted data

149) Ben works at a top accounting firm in Salt Lake City, and his responsibilities include
writing letters, memos, and emails along with generating reports for financial analysis and
marketing materials for products. Ben’s duties provide value-added to his company and would be
categorized as occurring in different data

A) lists.
B) formats.
C) granularities.
D) focuses.

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150) Ben works at a top accounting firm in Salt Lake City, and his responsibilities include
developing individual and departmental goals and generating financial analysis across
departments and the enterprise as a whole for the executive team to review. Ben’s duties provide
value-added to his company and would be categorized as occurring in different data

A) levels.
B) formulas.
C) granularities.
D) focuses.

151) Ben works at a top accounting firm in Salt Lake City, and his responsibilities include
developing reports for each salesperson, product, and part as well as departmental-wide sales
reports by salesperson, product, and part. Ben’s duties provide value-added to his company and
would be categorized as occurring in different data

A) levels.
B) formulas.
C) granularities.
D) focuses.

152) Which of the following refers to immediate, up-to-date data?

A) daily data
B) strategic data
C) real-time data
D) crisis data

153) Which of the following does not represent a company or group that requires up-to-the-
second data?

A) 911 responders
B) stock traders
C) banks
D) construction companies

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154) Which of the following provides real-time data in response to requests?

A) sales system
B) transactional system
C) real-time system
D) salary system

155) Which of the following are examples of transactional data?

A) airline tickets, sales receipts, packing slips

B) trends, sales statistics
C) product sales results, grocery receipts, growth projections
D) airline tickets, sales growth spreadsheets

156) Which of the following are examples of analytical data?

A) airline tickets, sales receipts, packing slips

B) hotel reservations, sales receipts, packing slips
C) future growth analysis, sales projections, product statistics
D) packing slips, grocery receipts, competitor data

157) Most people request real-time data without understanding that continual ________ is one
of its biggest pitfalls.

A) improvements
B) change
C) clustering
D) cleansing

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158) Which of the following occurs when the same data element has different values?

A) data modeling issue

B) data gap analysis issue
C) data governance issue
D) data inconsistency issue

159) Which of the following occurs when a system produces incorrect, inconsistent, or
duplicate data?

A) data inconsistency issue

B) data integrity issue
C) data cost issue

160) Which of the following includes all of the five characteristics common to high-quality
data?

A) accuracy, completeness, strength, support, positive feedback

B) accuracy, association, referral, sales, marketing
C) accuracy, competition, support, customer service, visibility
D) accuracy, completeness, consistency, timeliness, uniqueness

161) Which of the following would not be considered for the complete characteristic of high-
quality data?

A) Is a value missing from the personal data?

B) Is each transaction represented only once in the data?
C) Is the address incomplete?

162) Which of the following would not be considered for the timely characteristic of high-
quality data?

A) Is the zip code missing in the address?

B) Is the data current with respect to business needs?
C) Is the customer address current?
D) Is the data updated weekly or hourly?

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163) Which of the following would not be considered for the accurate characteristic of high-
quality data?

A) Is the name spelled correctly?

B) Is the email address invalid?
C) Do the name and phone values have the exact same data?
D) Is aggregate data in agreement with detailed data?

164) Which of the following would not be considered for the unique characteristic of high-
quality data?

A) Are there any duplicate orders?

B) Are there any duplicate customers?
C) Is aggregate data in agreement with detailed data?
D) Is each transaction and event represented only once in the data?

165) Which of the following would not be considered for the consistent characteristic of high-
quality data?

A) Do all sales columns equal the total for the revenue column?
B) Is the two-digit state code missing in the data?
C) Is all summary data in agreement with detailed data?

166) Which of the following is a reason for low-quality data?

A) online customers intentionally enter inaccurate data to protect the privacy

B) different systems have different data entry standards and formats
C) third-party and external data contains inaccuracies and errors
D) All of the answers are correct.

167) Some of the serious business consequences that occur due to using low-quality data to
make decisions are all of the following, except

A) inability to accurately track customers.

B) inability to identify selling opportunities.
C) the success of the organization.
D) lost revenue opportunities from marketing to nonexistent customers.

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168) What is the overall management of the availability, usability, integrity, and security of
company data?

A) data intelligence
B) data governance
C) data lake
D) data map

169) What occurs when the same data element has different values?

A) data inconsistency
B) data integrity issues
C) data governance
D) master data management

170) What occurs when a system produces incorrect, inconsistent, or duplicate data?

A) data inconsistency
B) data integrity issues
C) data governance

171) What is the practice of gathering data and ensuring that it is uniform, accurate, consistent,
and complete, including such entities as customers, suppliers, products, sales, employees, and
other critical entities that are commonly integrated across organizational systems?

A) data inconsistency
B) data integrity issues
C) data governance
D) master data management

172) What is data inconsistency?

A) occurs when the same data element has different values

B) occurs when a system produces correct and consistent data
C) refers to the overall management of the availability and usability of company data
D) the practice of gathering data and ensuring that it is uniform, accurate, and consistent

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173) What are data integrity issues?

A) occur when the same data element has identical values

B) occur when a system produces incorrect, inconsistent, or duplicate data
C) refer to the overall management of the availability and usability of company data
D) the practice of gathering data and ensuring that it is uniform, accurate, and consistent

174) What role does a data steward fulfill?

A) acts as a liaison between the finance and accounting departments

B) ensures policies and procedures are never implemented across the organization
C) acts as a liaison between the MIS department and the business and ensures policies
and procedures are implemented across the organization

175) What is the term for the management and oversight of an organization’s data assets to
help provide business users with high-quality data that is easily accessible in a consistent
manner?

A) data steward
B) data stewardship
C) data master management

176) What is the term for the tests and evaluations used to determine compliance with data
governance policies to ensure correctness of data?

A) data steward
B) data stewardship
C) data validation

177) What is data stewardship?

A) the time it takes for data to be stored or retrieved

B) the management and oversight of an organization’s data assets
C) the person responsible for ensuring policies and procedures are implemented across
the organization

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178) What is a data steward?

A) the time it takes for data to be stored or retrieved

B) the management and oversight of an organization’s data assets
C) the person responsible for ensuring policies and procedures are implemented across
the organization
D) when a company examines its data to determine if it can meet business expectations,
while identifying possible data gaps

179) What is data validation?

A) the time it takes for data to be stored or retrieved

B) the management and oversight of an organization’s data assets
C) the tests and evaluations used to determine compliance with data governance policies
to ensure correctness of data
D) when a company examines its data to determine if it can meet business expectations,
while identifying possible data gaps

180) What maintains data about various types of objects, events, people, and places?

A) database
B) data model
C) data mart
D) data point

181) What does a database maintain data on?

A) inventory
B) transactions
C) employees
D) All of the answers are correct.

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182) In the relational database model, what is a person, place, thing, transaction, or event
about which data is stored?

A) entity
B) relationships
C) attribute
D) foreign key

183) Why do relational databases use primary keys and foreign keys?

A) create an entity
B) create physical relationships
C) create logical relationships
D) create an attribute

184) What is a primary key?

A) a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
B) a primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to
provide a logical relationship among the two tables
C) a characteristic or property of an entity
D) a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given attribute in a table

185) What is a foreign key?

A) a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
B) a primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to
provide a logical relationship among the two tables
C) a characteristic or property of an entity
D) a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given attribute in a table

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186) Which of the following creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while
controlling access and security?

A) database element
B) database management system
C) data governance
D) data master management

187) Which of the following asks users to write lines of code to answer questions against a
database?

A) structured query language

B) relational query language
C) structured elements
D) data cube

188) What is the primary tool that retrieves data and helps users graphically design the answer
to a question?

A) data visualization tool

B) structured tool
C) query-by-example tool
D) relational fact tool

189) What is the smallest or basic unit of data?

A) database
B) data element
C) data model
D) data integrity issue

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190) What is a logical data structure that details the relationship among data elements using
graphics or pictures?

A) data model
B) data element
C) data cube
D) data mart

191) What compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model?

A) data entity
B) data element
C) data attribute
D) data dictionary

192) Which of the following allows users to create, read, update, and delete data in a relational
database?

A) infographic system
B) bitcoin system
C) relational database management system
D) blockchain

193) Which of the following illustrates the primary concepts of the relational database model?

A) ethics, applications, keys, relationships

B) entities, attributes, keys, relationships
C) endeavor, aspire, control, regulate

194) Which of the following stores data about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event and
is usually referred to as a table?

A) entity
B) extraction
C) attribute
D) foreign key

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195) What type of keys do you need to use to create a relational database model?

A) primary keys, secondary keys

B) primary keys, foreign keys
C) entity keys, attribute keys

196) What is a field that uniquely identifies a given record in a table?

A) foreign key
B) primary key
C) secondary key

197) What is the role of a foreign key?

A) it is a primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to
provide a logical relationship between the two tables
B) it is a unique way to identify each record

198) Your textbook discussed a record store example in which one user could perform a query
to determine which recordings had a track length of four minutes or more and another user could
perform an analysis to determine the distribution of recordings as they relate to the different
categories. This is an advantage of which database advantage?

A) decreased scalability and performance

B) decreased data security
C) increased data redundancy
D) increased flexibility

199) Which of the following is not an advantage of database-stored data?

A) increased flexibility
B) increased performance
C) increased data redundancy
D) increased data integrity

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200) What is the logical view of data?

A) deals with the physical storage of data on a storage device such as a hard disk
B) deals with the logical storage of data on a storage device such as a hard disk
C) focuses on how users logically access data to meet their particular business needs
D) focuses on how users physically access data to meet their particular business needs

201) Which of the following is correct in reference to a database?

A) a database can support only one logical view

B) a database can support many physical views
C) a database can support many logical views
D) a database can support up to three logical views

202) Which of the below is not an advantage of using a relational database?

A) increased data quality

B) increased flexibility
C) decreased data redundancy
D) decreased data security

203) What is the term for the time it takes for data to be stored or retrieved?

A) data governance
B) data latency
C) data validation
D) data gap analysis

204) What is data latency?

A) the time it takes for data to be stored or retrieved

B) the management and oversight of an organization’s data assets
C) the person responsible for ensuring policies and procedures are implemented across
the organization
D) when a company examines its data to determine if it can meet business expectations,
while identifying possible data gaps

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205) What is data redundancy?

A) duplication of data
B) storing the same data in multiple places
C) storing duplicate data in multiple places
D) All of the answers are correct.

206) What is the primary problem with redundant data?

A) it is difficult to determine which values are the most current.

B) it is often inconsistent.
C) it is difficult to determine which values are the most accurate.
D) All of the answers are correct.

207) Which of the following is true in regard to the elimination of redundant data?

A) uses additional hard disk space

B) makes performing data updates harder
C) improves data quality
D) All of the answers are correct.

208) What are the rules that help ensure the quality of data?

A) data integrity
B) integrity constraints
C) relational integrity constraints
D) business-critical integrity constraints

209) What are rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-based constraints?

A) data integrity
B) integrity constraint
C) business-critical integrity constraint
D) relational integrity constraint

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210) What type of integrity constraint does not allow someone to create an order for a
nonexistent customer?

A) relational integrity constraint

B) business-critical integrity constraint
C) data-critical integrity constraint
D) mission-critical integrity constraint

211) Which of the following is a business-critical integrity constraint?

A) system will not allow an entry for an order for a nonexistent customer
B) system will not allow returns of fresh produce after 15 days past delivery
C) system will not allow shipping a product to a customer who does not have a valid
address
D) systems will not allow shipping of a nonexistent product to a customer

212) What is identity management?

A) enforces business rules vital to an organization’s success

B) the practice of gathering data and ensuring that it is uniform, accurate, consistent, and
complete
C) a broad administrative area that deals with identifying individuals in a system and
controlling their access to resources within that system
D) when a company examines its data to determine if it can meet business expectations,
while identifying possible data gaps

213) What is the term for a broad administrative area that deals with identifying individuals in
a system and controlling their access to resources within that system by associating user rights
and restrictions with the established identity?

A) identity management
B) master data management
C) data validation
D) data latency

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214) Which of the following focuses on how individual users logically access data to meet
their own particular business needs?

A) physical view
B) logical view
C) foreign key view
D) business view

215) The book cited www.EllisIsland.org, which generates more than 2.5 billion hits, as a
website that offers a database that can easily adjust to handle massive volumes of data. What is
this an example of?

A) increased scalability and performance

B) increased data security
C) reduced data redundancy
D) increased flexibility

216) One of the primary goals of a database is to eliminate data redundancy by recording each
piece of data in only one place in the database. What does the elimination of data redundancy do
for a database?

A) reduces disk space requirements

B) makes updating data easier
C) improves data quality
D) All of the answers are correct.

217) What are rules that help ensure the quality of data?

A) data integrity
B) integrity constraints
C) data quality
D) data ethics

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218) What are the rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-based constraints?

A) responsibly integrity constraints

B) quality constraints
C) web integrity constraints
D) relational integrity constraints

219) What is an organized collection of data?

A) dataset
B) dirty data
C) data cube
D) data point

220) What is an individual item on a graph or a chart?

A) dataset
B) dirty data
C) data cube
D) data point

221) What is a central location in which data is stored and managed?

A) repository
B) data warehouse
C) data lake
D) data element

222) What is a collection of data from various sources for the purpose of data processing?

A) repository
B) data warehouse
C) data aggregation
D) data cube

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223) What can compare two or more datasets to identify patterns and trends?

A) comparative analysis
B) competitive monitoring
C) data-driven decision management
D) competitive analysis

224) What can help managers keep tabs of competitor’s activities on the web using software
that automatically tracks all competitor website activities such as discounts and new products?

A) comparative analysis
B) competitive monitoring
C) data governance
D) source data

225) Which of the following represents the data analysis cycle?

A) compare, contrast, cost, concept

B) collect, analyze, communicate, visualize
C) fact, data, information, intelligence
D) raw, cooked, source, set

226) Which of the following is included in the data analysis cycle?

A) collect
B) analyze
C) communicate
D) All of the answers are correct.

227) Which of the following identifies the primary location where data is collected?

A) comparative analysis
B) competitive monitoring
C) data governance
D) source data

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228) What includes invoices, spreadsheets, time sheets, and transactions?

A) data aggregation
B) competitive monitoring
C) data compliance
D) source data

229) What is data that has not been processed for use?

A) raw data
B) competitive monitoring
C) data cube
D) source data

230) What is another name for raw data that has undergone processing?

A) data lake
B) cooked data
C) data cube

231) What is a storage repository that holds a vast amount of raw data in its original format
until the business needs it?

A) data latency
B) data lake
C) data governance

232) What is a data lake?

A) a business that can answer questions using the why approach

B) a storage repository that holds a vast amount of raw data in its original format until the
business needs it
C) a technique for establishing a match, or balance, between the source data and the
target data warehouse
D) an approach to business governance that values decisions that can be backed up with
verifiable data

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233) What is a data map?

A) a business that can answer questions using the why approach

B) a storage repository that holds a vast amount of raw data in its original format until the
business needs it
C) a technique for establishing a match, or balance, between the source data and the
target data warehouse
D) an approach to business governance that values decisions that can be backed up with
verifiable data

234) What is data-driven decision management?

A) a business that can answer questions using the why approach

B) a storage repository that holds a vast amount of raw data in its original format until the
business needs it
C) a technique for establishing a match, or balance, between the source data and the
target data warehouse
D) an approach to business governance that values decisions that can be backed up with
verifiable data

235) What is source data?

A) identifies the primary location where data is collected

B) a storage repository that holds a vast amount of raw data in its original format until the
business needs it
C) a technique for establishing a match, or balance, between the source data and the
target data warehouse

236) What is a data point?

A) identifies the primary location where data is collected

B) an individual item on a graph or chart
C) a technique for establishing a match, or balance, between the source data and the
target data warehouse
D) an approach to business governance that values decisions that can be backed up with
verifiable data

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237) Which of the following questions is an example of how managers can use business
intelligence (BI) to answer tough business questions?

A) where has the business been?

B) where is the business now?
C) where is the business going?
D) All of the answers are correct.

238) Businesses collect a tremendous amount of ________ data as part of their routine
operations.

A) operational
B) transactional
C) aggregate
D) comparative

239) Kassandra Young is a business manager at Weith Productions. Although she does not
have a background in technology, her job requires her to work with analytical tools to make data-
driven decisions. To make her job easier, what can she customize to display data quickly and run
custom reports?

A) data point
B) data cleansing
C) dashboard
D) dataset

240) What is it called when a manager has so much data that they cannot make a decision?

A) data rich, information poor

B) data rich, content poor
C) data rich, communication poor
D) data rich, intelligence

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241) A data warehouse is a ________ collection of data, gathered from many different
________ databases, that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.

A) logical; operational
B) physical; operational
C) logical; transactional
D) physical; transactional

242) Which of the following is incorrect in terms of data warehousing and business
intelligence?

A) they do not include data from other operational systems

B) operational systems are always integrated
C) operational data is mainly current
D) operational data frequently has quality issues

243) What do data warehouses support?

A) OLAP and transactional processing

B) analytical processing and transactional processing
C) online transactional systems
D) OLAP and analytical processing

244) What is the primary purpose of a data warehouse?

A) combines strategic data

B) organizes departments
C) integrates computers and employees

245) The status of a lightbulb can be referred to in many ways (on, off, O/F, 1/0) in a data
warehouse. What is the name for ensuring status is referenced in the same way throughout the
warehouse?

A) data scaling
B) streamlining data points
C) standardizing data

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246) Why were data warehouses created?

A) The numbers and types of operational databases increased as businesses grew.

B) Many companies had data scattered across multiple systems with different formats.
C) Completing reporting requests from numerous operational systems took days or weeks
to fulfill.
D) All of the answers are correct.

247) What is extraction, transformation, and loading?

A) It is a process of entering data, tracking data, and loading it into a database.

B) It is a process that extracts data from internal and external databases, transforms it
using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads it into a data warehouse.
C) It is a process that is performed at the end of the data warehouse model prior to putting
the data in a cube.
D) It is a process that is performed at the beginning of all business processes.

248) Which of the following are examples of external databases in the data warehouse model?

A) marketing, sales, inventory, and billing

B) accounting data mart
C) competitor and industry data, mailing lists, and stock market analyses

249) Which of the following is an example of data found in an external database in the data
warehouse model?

A) marketing data
B) sales data
C) competitor data
D) All of the answers are correct.

250) Which of the following describes ETL?

A) a process that extracts data from internal and external databases

B) a process that transforms data using a common set of enterprise definitions
C) a process that loads data into a data warehouse
D) All of the answers are correct.

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251) Which of the following statements is true regarding customer data?

A) Customer data can exist in several operational systems.

B) Customer data in each operational system can change.
C) Customer data in each operational system can be different.
D) All of the answers are correct.

252) Which of the following occurs during data cleansing?

A) cleaning missing records

B) cleaning redundant records
C) cleaning inaccurate data
D) All of the answers are correct.

253) Which of the following occurs during data cleansing?

A) cleaning data marts

B) cleaning redundant customer data
C) cleaning accurate data
D) cleaning correct data

254) Within the beginning stage of the data warehouse models process, which of the following
are included in the internal databases?

A) marketing, sales, inventory, and accounting

B) All of the answers are correct.
C) competitor and industry data, mailing lists, and stock market analyses
D) marketing data and stock market analysis numbers

255) What is the ultimate outcome of a data warehouse?

A) data keys
B) data relationships
C) data point
D) data marts

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256) Which of the following contains a subset of data warehouse data?

A) data point
B) data mart
C) data pool
D) data lake

257) What are the primary differences between a data warehouse and a data mart?

A) data warehouses make quick decisions; data marts make slow decisions
B) data warehouses tackle ethical issues; data marts tackle hypothetical issues
C) data warehouses have a more organization-wide focus; data marts have a functional
focus
D) data warehouses have a physical focus; data marts have a logical focus

258) Which of the following is the common term for the representation of multidimensional
data?

A) block
B) square
C) column
D) cube

259) What is a data cube?

A) multidimensional data
B) storage repository
C) column in a spreadsheet
D) dirty data

260) What is another term for data cleansing?

A) data point
B) data scrubbing
C) data scrapping
D) data aggregation

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261) What determines the accuracy and completeness of organizational data?

A) data quantity audit

B) data quality audit
C) data intelligence audit
D) data cost audit

262) Which of the following is not a data cleansing activity?

A) identifying redundant records

B) identifying inaccurate or incomplete data
C) identifying missing records or attributes
D) identifying sales trends

263) What is erroneous or flawed data?

A) dirty data
B) data cleansing
C) data scrubbing
D) data lake

264) Which of the following is a problem associated with dirty data?

A) duplicate data
B) incorrect data
C) violates business rules
D) All of the answers are correct.

265) Which of the following is a problem associated with dirty data?

A) duplicate data
B) correct data
C) accurate data
D) All of the answers are correct.

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266) Which of the following is a problem associated with dirty data?

A) inaccurate data
B) misleading data
C) nonformatted data
D) All of the answers are correct.

267) Which of the following is a problem associated with dirty data?

A) inaccurate data
B) nonintegrated data
C) violates business rules
D) All of the answers are correct.

268) Which of the following is a problem associated with dirty data?

A) accurate data
B) integrated data
C) violates business rules
D) All of the answers are correct.

269) Which of the following is a problem associated with dirty data?

A) nonformatted data
B) misleading data
C) incorrect data
D) All of the answers are correct.

270) Which of the following is a problem associated with dirty data?

A) formatted data
B) misleading data
C) correct data
D) All of the answers are correct.

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271) Business analysis is difficult to achieve from operational databases. Which of the
following is a reason why?

A) inconsistent data definitions

B) lack of data standards
C) All of the answers are correct.
D) poor data quality

272) Which of the following is not a dirty data problem?

A) duplicate data
B) inaccurate data
C) specific data
D) nonintegrated data

273) Which of the following is true of data artists?

A) are experts at creating a story from any information

B) have philosophical and political reasons for breaking into systems
C) work at the request of system owners to find system vulnerabilities
D) reward individuals for discovering and reporting software bugs

274) What are the benefits of data artists?

A) They help people understand complex data.

B) They create music and sculpture from combinations of data.
C) They are responsible for ensuring policies and procedures are implemented properly.
D) They record classified transactional data.

275) What processes and manages algorithms across many machines in a computing
environment?

A) distributed computing
B) ledger
C) blockchain
D) immutable

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276) What records classified and summarized transactional data?

A) distributed computing
B) ledger
C) blockchain
D) immutable

277) What is a type of distributed ledger consisting of blocks of data that maintains a
permanent and tamper-proof record of transactional data?

A) distributed computing
B) ledger
C) blockchain
D) immutable

278) What simply means unchangeable?

A) distributed computing
B) ledger
C) blockchain
D) immutable

279) What is distributed computing?

A) processes and manages algorithms across many machines in a computing environment

B) records classified and summarized transactional data
C) a type of distributed ledger, consisting of blocks of data
D) simply means unchangeable

280) What are the three primary components in a blockchain?

A) hash
B) data
C) previous hash
D) All of the answers are correct.

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281) What are the three advantages of using blockchain technology?

A) immutability
B) digital trust
C) Internet of Things integration
D) All of the answers are correct.

282) What is a ledger?

A) processes and manages algorithms across many machines in a computing environment

B) records classified and summarized transactional data
C) a type of distributed ledger, consisting of blocks of data

283) What is a blockchain?

A) processes and manages algorithms across many machines in a computing environment

B) records classified and summarized transactional data
C) a type of distributed ledger consisting of blocks of data

284) What is immutable?

A) processes and manages algorithms across many machines in a computing environment

B) records classified and summarized transactional data
C) a type of distributed ledger, consisting of blocks of data
D) simply means unchangeable

285) What is proof-of-work?

A) a requirement to define an expensive computer calculation, also called mining, that

needs to be performed in order to create a new group of trustless transactions (blocks) on the
distributed ledger or blockchain
B) a way to validate transactions and achieve a distributed consensus
C) a type of digital currency in which a record of transactions is maintained and new
units of currency are generated by the computational solution of mathematical problems; it
operates independently of a central bank
D) All of the answers are correct.

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286) What is proof-of-stake?

A) a requirement to define an expensive computer calculation, also called mining, that

needs to be performed in order to create a new group of trustless transactions (blocks) on the
distributed ledger or blockchain
B) a way to validate transactions and achieve a distributed consensus
C) a type of digital currency in which a record of transactions is maintained and new
units of currency are generated by the computational solution of mathematical problems; it
which operates independently of a central bank

287) What is Bitcoin?

A) a requirement to define an expensive computer calculation, also called mining, that

needs to be performed in order to create a new group of trustless transactions (blocks) on the
distributed ledger or blockchain
B) a way to validate transactions and achieve the distributed consensus
C) a type of digital currency in which a record of transactions is maintained and new
units of currency are generated by the computational solution of mathematical problems; it
which operates independently of a central bank
D) All of the answers are correct.

288) What is a requirement to define an expensive computer calculation, also called mining,
that needs to be performed in order to create a new group of trustless transactions (blocks) on the
distributed ledger or blockchain?

A) distributed computing
B) proof-of-work
C) blockchain

289) What is a way to validate transactions and achieve a distributed consensus?

A) distributed computing
B) proof-of-work
C) blockchain
D) proof-of-stake

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290) What a type of digital currency in which a record of transactions is maintained, new units
of currency are generated by the computational solution of mathematical problems, and it
operates independently of a central bank?

A) distributed computing
B) proof-of-work
C) blockchain
D) bitcoin

291) What is the first block created in the blockchain?

A) genesis block
B) hash
C) block
D) proof-of-stake

292) What is a function that converts an input of letters and numbers into an encrypted output
of a fixed length?

A) genesis block
B) hash
C) block
D) proof-of-stake

293) What is the ability for a blockchain ledger to remain a permanent, indelible, and
unalterable history of transactions?

A) genesis block
B) hash
C) immutability
D) proof-of-stake

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294) What are links in a blockchain?

A) genesis blocks
B) hashes
C) proofs-of-work
D) bitcoins

295) In a block in a blockchain, what represents the transactional data, sender, receiver, and
number of coins?

A) data
B) hash
C) previous hash
D) proof-of-stake

296) In a block in a blockchain, what represents a block’s unique identifier like a fingerprint?

A) data
B) hash
C) previous hash
D) proof-of-stake

297) In a block in a blockchain, what represents the hash of the previous block?

A) data
B) hash
C) previous hash
D) proof-of-stake

298) Identify the correct statement about Ethereum.

A) a way to validate transactions and achieve a distributed consensus

B) the first block created in a blockchain
C) the most actively used blockchain
D) a block’s unique identifier such as a fingerprint

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299) Which of the following is a feature of a non-fungible token (NFT)?

A) unique and irreplaceable

B) cannot combine one NFT with another to “breed” a third, unique NFT
C) does not contain ownership details
D) All of the answers are correct.

300) What is currently the most common use for NFTs (non-fungible tokens)?

A) food and services

B) expensive electronic devises
C) sharing money amongst peers
D) collectibles such as digital artwork

301) Which of the following allows someone to own a tweet or digital image?

A) non-fungible token
B) Bitcoin token
C) digital artist
D) data steward

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