CITATIONS & REFERENCING

TH
APA 7 Edition
Topics to be covered…

▪ Rationale for citations & referencing

▪ Basic elements of APA Style 7th edition

▪ Using elements of APA Style 7th edition

▪ Differences between APA Style 6th and 7th editions

Citations - a brief introduction
What is Citing and Referencing?

“Referencing is a standardized method of acknowledging sources of

information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way
that uniquely identifies their source.”

SOURCE: http://library.curtin.edu.au/research_and_information_skills/referencing/apa.pdf
What is Citing and Referencing?

“Referencing is a standardized method of acknowledging sources of

information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way
that uniquely identifies their source.”

SOURCE: http://library.curtin.edu.au/research_and_information_skills/referencing/apa.pdf
Why do we cite?

▪ To give credit to the author whose work you used to help you write
your paper

▪ To help you produce authoritative, credible and scholarly works

▪ To show your readers the source of your information

▪ To allow your readers to consult and verify your sources

independently

▪ To avoid plagiarism and promote a culture of intellectual honesty

When to Cite ✪ Each in-text citation must correspond
clearly to only one reference list entry.

▪ Cite sources to document all ideas, facts, data, and findings you
mention in your paper that are not common knowledge.
▪ Cite only works you have read and ideas you have incorporated into
your writing.
▪ Include in-text citations for both paraphrases and quotations.
▪ In general, each work cited in text must have an entry in the
reference list, and each work in the reference list must be cited in the
text.
APA 7th Edition Style Manual
APA Style – Key Components

▪ In-text citations

▪ Quotations

▪ Reference List
In-Text Citations
In-text Citations ✪ Personal communications, do
not have a reference list entry.

▪ APA Style uses an author–date citation that identifies the source of

the work in the text and directs readers to its reference list entry.
▪ Both paraphrases and quotations require in-text citations that
include:
- surname(s) of the author(s) or name(s) of the group author(s)
- year of publication
▪ Even when sources cannot be retrieved (e.g., because they are
personal communications), still credit them in the text—but do not
create a reference list entry for them.
APA 7th Edition Section 8.4 and 8.10
 ✪ Pay close attention to
Parenthetical Citation the punctuation.

▪ Put the author and date in parentheses, separated by a comma.

(Steiner, 2020)
▪ If the parenthetical in-text citation is at the end of a sentence, put the period or
other ending punctuation after the closing parenthesis.
(Weiman et al., 2011)?
▪ Put commas around the year when text describing the work is in the same
parentheses.
(see Felton, 2016, for more details).
▪ Put a semicolon between other text when in the same parentheses.
(e.g., depression, anxiety; Felton et al., 2016).
APA 7th Edition Section 8.11
Narrative In-text Citation ✪ Multiple authors in the
narrative in-text citation are
not listed in alphabetical order

▪Mention the author in the narrative of your paper, usually followed by the date in
parentheses.
Hargrett et al. (2018) reported

In Harris et al.’s (2020) study

According to a 2017 review by Burken and Margolis,

▪If multiple sources appear within the narrative of a sentence, they can be listed in any
order.
Studies by Warren (2018), Gutiérrez et al. (2013, 2016), and Stone and
Stein (2019) have examined
APA 7th Edition Section 8.11
Works by one author

▪ Include the author’s name in every in-text citation.

(Crépeaux, 2019)

Crépeaux (2019)

APA 7th Edition Section 8.17

Work by Two Authors ✪ Note when to use the word and vs
when to use the ampersand symbol

▪ Include both authors’ names in every in-text citation.

▪ Use an ampersand (&) between the authors’ names in parenthetical in-text
citations.
(García-Carrión & Villanueva, 2016)
▪ Write the word “and” between the authors’ names in narrative in-text
citations.
García-Carrión and Villanueva (2016)

APA 7th Edition Section 8.17

Work by Three or More Authors
✪ Note methodology for
shortening names

▪ Write the first author’s name and then shorten the rest of the names to “et al.” in every in-text
citation, including the first in-text citation.
(Browning et al., 2014)
Browning et al. (2014)

▪ Include additional author names when two or more works would shorten to the same in-text
citation to avoid ambiguity. For instance, instead of having identical in-text citations for Chavez
et al., 2016:
Shorten Chavez, Luis, Rodriguez, & Mayers, 2016 to (Chavez, Luis, et al., 2016).
Leave Chavez, Luis, & Byer, 2016 as (Chavez, Luis, & Byer, 2016)

APA 7th Edition Section 8.17

Work By A Group Author ✪ Note use of acronyms

▪ Write the full group name(s).

▪ You can use an acronym for a group author if the group has a well-known acronym and you cite works by
it at least three times in your paper.

✔Spell out the name of the group and provide an acronym on first use.
✔Use the acronym consistently in the rest of your paper.
✔Do not include the acronym in the reference list entry.

(Caribbean Tourism Organization[CTO], 2018)

Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO, 2018) APA 7th Edition Section 8.17 & 8.21
Quoting and Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing ✪ Note paraphrasing is
preferred to direct quoting

▪ Whenever possible, paraphrase in your own words instead of directly quoting.

▪ Be sure the paraphrase is accurate to the meaning of the original text.

▪ Credit paraphrases with an author–date citation in text using either the parenthetical or narrative
format.
Self-confidence increases across the lifespan (Thurman, 2019).
Montez et al. (2020) evaluated 5-year-old children as they engaged in a series of social–emotional
tasks.

APA 7th Edition Section 8.23 - 8.24

Long paraphrase

▪ If a long paraphrase refers to the same source for several sentences, it is not necessary to repeat the author–
date citation in every sentence.

✔Include the full author–date citation on first mention of the work.

✔Include the author, but not the date, in later narrative citations—as long as it is clear that the same work continues to be
paraphrased.

▪ Include both the author and date in all parenthetical citations.

▪ Reintroduce a citation if the paraphrase continues in a new paragraph, the source changes, or you incorporate
other sources.

▪ Dotzen (2018) experimentally manipulated . . . Dotzen then provided participants . . . These findings and those
of other reports show . . . (Dotzen, 2018; Suarez, 2015, 2016; Xu et al., 2002, 2019b).
APA 7th Edition Section 8.10
Quotations

▪ Limit use of direct quotations to cases in which it is important to reproduce both what and how it
was said—e.g., reproducing an exact definition or responding to exact wording.

▪ All quotations need an in-text citation with the author, year, and location of the quotation.

✔Include a page number or range if available. Separate discontinuous page numbers by

commas (39–47, 50).

✔For works without page numbers (e.g., webpages and websites), use a heading name, section
name, or paragraph number.

✔For audio-visual works, provide a time stamp for the beginning of the quotation.
APA 7th Edition Section 8.25 – 8.33
Short Quotation

▪ Quotation of fewer than 40 words

▪ Incorporate the quotation into your text in double quotation marks.

▪ Always include a full citation (parenthetical or narrative) in the same sentence as the quotation and
include the page number or range (or other location information, e.g., paragraph number).

▪ Place periods and commas that are part of the quote within closing quotation marks. Place other
punctuation marks inside quotation marks only when they are part of the quoted material.

APA 7th Edition Section 8.25 – 8.33

Short Quotation & Parenthetical Citation

▪ Place the citation immediately after the quotation or at the end of the
sentence. If the citation is at the end of the sentence, put end punctuation
after the closing parenthesis.

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high

performance along one domain does not translate to high
performance along another” (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

The report concluded by asking the question: “What steps can

individuals take to lessen their carbon footprint and address man-
made contributors to climate change?” (Federal Weather Agency,
2019, para. 4).
APA 7th Edition Section 8.25 – 8.33
Short Quotation & Narrative Citation

▪ Include the author and year in the sentence and place the page number or other locator in
parentheses after the quotation.

Quartz and Suarez (2020) considered each participant’s “annual household income,
each parent’s level of education, and the number of children under 16 years old in the
household” (p. 162).

If the quotation precedes the narrative citation, put the page number or location
information after the year and a comma.

“Change is coming, whether you like it or not,” as Greta Thunberg said (2019, para. 4).

APA 7th Edition Section 8.25 – 8.33

Block Quotation

▪ Quotation of 40 or more words

▪ Start a block quotation as a new paragraph.
Indent the whole quotation 0.5 in. from the left margin using the tab key.
Indent the first line of any subsequent paragraphs within the quotation an
additional 0.5 in.
▪ Always include a full citation (parenthetical or narrative), including
the page number (or other location information).
▪ Double-space the block quotation. Do not add extra space before or
after it.
▪ Do not use quotation marks around the block quotation.
▪ Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis.
APA 7th Edition Section 8.25 – 8.33
Block Quotation & Parenthetical Citation

▪Provide the author, year, and page number (or other location information) in
parentheses after the quotation’s final punctuation.

Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is
central to many people’s everyday lives, and yet it presents
considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically.
Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have
combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech
and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day &
Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

APA 7th Edition Section 8.25 – 8.33

Block Quotation & Narrative Citation

▪ Provide the author in the narrative followed by the year in parentheses.

▪ Then provide the page number (or other location information) for the quotation in parentheses after
the final punctuation.

We followed methods described in Porkey et al. (2000) study to arrange the testing area:
A square desk was placed at the back of the room. Two yellow pencils, a green pen, and a
purple eraser were arranged in a line on it. The judges’ table was placed 2 m from the desk and
was covered with a black cloth that reached the floor. Three chairs were placed behind the
table and facing the desk. No other objects were in the room during the testing session. (pp.
173–174)

APA 7th Edition Section 8.25 – 8.33

Block Quotation Consisting of Two Paragraphs

APA 7th Edition Section 8.25 – 8.33

Reference List
 ✪ Check your work to
ensure no works cited in
the text are missing from
Reference List the reference list.
▪ A reference list provides a reliable way for readers to identify and locate the
works cited in your paper.
▪ In general, each work cited in the text must appear in the reference list, and
each work in the reference list must be cited in the text.
▪ Exceptions that do not need a reference list entry are:
▪ personal communications
▪ general mentions of websites and periodicals
▪ common software and apps
▪ quotations from research participants in your own study
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 2.12 and 8.4
Reference List

▪ Start the reference list on a new page after the text and before any tables,
figures, footnotes, and/or appendices.
▪ Write the label “References,” centered and in bold at the top of the page.
▪ Alphabetize reference entries by the last name of the first author (but see
Publication Manual Sections 9.44–9.49 for exceptions).
▪ Double-space all reference entries (both within and between entries).
▪ Apply a hanging indent to references automatically using the paragraph-
formatting function of your word-processing program
▪ The first line of the reference entry is flush left and subsequent lines are
indented 0.5 in.
Reference Elements

An APA Style reference These elements answer the

has four elements: following questions:

Author Who?

Date When?

Title What?

Source Where?
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Section 9.4
 ✪ On a page from an organizational or government
Author website, the organization or government agency itself
is considered the author, unless otherwise specified.

GENERAL FORMAT
▪ Separate authors’ names with a comma.
▪ Use an ampersand (&) before the final author, even when there
are only two authors. End with a period.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
▪ For a work with no author, start the reference with the title of
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.8–9.12
the work.
Author

FORMAT OF INDIVIDUAL AUTHOR NAMES

▪ Invert author names: Put the last name first, followed by a comma and
the author’s initials.
▪ Use one space between initials.
▪ Write the name exactly as it appears on the published work, retaining
the capitalization, hyphenation, two-part names, etc.
hooks, b. Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.7–9.11
Santos-García, S., & Velasco Rodríguez, M. L.
van der Waal, P. N.
Date
GENERAL FORMAT
▪ Put the date in parentheses, followed by a period and a space.
(2020).
(2020, February).
(2020, February 3).
(2020, Winter). Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.13–9.17
Date
NO DATE
▪ When a work does not have a date, use “n.d.” (which stands for “no date”).
Camp, S. R. (n.d.).

APPROXIMATE DATE
▪ When the date of original publication is approximate (for religious or classical works), use
“ca.” (which stands for “circa”).
(ca. 1886).
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.13–9.17
NOT YET PUBLISHED
▪ When a journal article has been accepted for publication but is not yet published, use “in
press.”
Eyenga, F. (in press).
Date
SPECIFIC DATE
▪ Use more specific dates for works published on a regular basis, including:
▪ newspaper and magazine articles
▪ blog posts
▪ YouTube videos
▪ social media posts

▪ Include the year first, then a comma and the month, day, and/or season in parentheses,
followed by a period and a space.
Adler, S. E. (2018, November). Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.13–9.17

▪ For webpages and websites, provide as specific a date as possible.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, February 4).
Date ✪ Most references do
not need retrieval dates.
RETRIEVAL DATE
▪ Include a retrieval date only for a work that is designed to change over time
and when you are not citing an archived version of the webpage.
▪ Works with references that commonly require retrieval dates:
▪ articles from the UpToDate database
▪ updated social media profile pages
▪ online dictionary entries
▪ The retrieval date, when needed, appears in the Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.16
source element of the
reference in the format: “Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL”
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Culture. In Merriam-Webster.com online dictionary. Retrieved
March 25, 2019, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/culture
Source

▪ WHERE the work can be retrieved

▪ Works that stand alone: The work’s publisher, database or archive,
social media site, or website, plus any DOI or URL.
▪ Works that are part of a greater whole: Information about the greater
whole (e.g., journal or book), plus any DOI or URL.
▪ For works without a source, do one of the following:
▪ Cite the work as a personal communication in the text only (no list
reference entry). Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.23–9.37

▪ Locate and cite another work that your readers can retrieve.
Source

WORKS THAT STAND ALONE

▪ Write the source in standard (non-bold, non-italic) font and in sentence case.
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
WORKS THAT ARE PART OF A GREATER WHOLE
▪ Write the first part of the source in italic title case—for example, italicize the name of a
periodical and its volume number. The rest of the source is written in standard (non-bold,
non-italic) font.
Wentzel, K. R., Muenks, K., McNeish, D., & Russell, S. (2018). Emotional support, social goals, and classroom
behavior: A multilevel, multisite study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(5), 611–627.
Mettler, K. (2019, February 25). An iceberg twice the size of New York City is about to break off of Antarctica. The
Washington Post. https://wapo.st/2tKh9mt

Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.23–9.37

Source

FORMAT
▪ Put a period after the periodical, publisher, database or archive, social media site, or website
name.
▪ Do not include a physical location for most works.
▪ End with a DOI or URL if the work has one; do not put a period after.
Adler, S. E. (2018, November). Puppy cuteness is perfectly timed to manipulate humans. The
Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/11/survival-of-the-
cutest/570799/
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.23–9.37
▪ When the author and the publisher are the same, such as with many reports, books, and websites
by group authors, omit the publisher name from the reference to avoid repetition.
 ✪ If an online work has both
Source a DOI and a URL, include only
the DOI.

DOI AND URL

▪ The DOI or URL is the final component of the source
element.
▪ Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless of
whether you used the online version or the print version.
▪ If a print work does not have a DOI, do not include any DOI
or URL in the reference list entry. Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.23–9.37
Source
FORMAT OF DOI AND URL
▪ Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks.
▪ Begin with “http:” or “https:”

▪ Do not write “DOI:” before a DOI or “Retrieved from” before a URL (except in rare
cases; see Publication Manual Section 9.16 for more).
▪ Copy and paste DOIs and URLs directly into your paper to avoid errors.
▪ Do not put a period after the DOI or URL.
Wentzel, K. R., Muenks, K., McNeish, D., & Russell, S. (2018). Emotional support,
social goals, and classroom behavior: A multilevel, multisite study. Journal of
Educational Psychology, 110(5), 611–627. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000239

Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.23–9.37

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The Similarity Report

The color of the

report icon
indicates the
similarity score
of the paper,
based on the Orange: Red:
amount of Blue: Green: Yellow:
matching or One word to 50-74% 75-100%
similar text that No matching 25-49%
text
24% matching
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range is 0% to
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