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Elements of Computing Systems-2

Hack Machine Language

Ms. Sreelakshmi K, Assistant Professor

Center for Computational Engineering and Networking (CEN)
Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore
Acknowledgment: Prof. Noam Nisan, Prof. Shimon Schocken
 A typical HACK program

Observations:

• Hack program: a sequence of Hack instructions

• White space is permitted

• Comments are welcome

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 Input / output

I/O handling (high-level):

Software libraries enabling text, graphics, audio, video, etc.

I/O handling (low-level):

Bits manipulation.
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 Memory mapped output

Memory mapped output

A designated memory area, dedicated to manage a display unit

The physical display is continuously refreshed from the memory map,

many times per second

Output is effected by writing code that manipulates the screen memory map

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Screen memory map

To set pixel (row,col) on/off:

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DEMO of Screen memory map in Hardware
Simulator

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 Memory mapped input

The physical keyboard is associated with a keyboard memory map.

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When a key is pressed on the keyboard, the key’s scan code appears in
the keyboard memory map

 When no key is pressed, the resulting code is 0.

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The Hack character set

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 Handling the keyboard
To check which key is currently pressed:
• Probe the contents of the Keyboard chip
• In the Hack computer: probe the contents of
RAM[24576].

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DEMO of Keyboard memory map in Hardware
Simulator

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Hack assembly language (overview)

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 Hack Programming
• Working with registers and memory
• Branching
• Variables
• Iteration
• Pointers
• input/output

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Registers and memory

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Typical operations

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 Program example: add two numbers

Implicit line
numbers

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Program example: add two numbers

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Terminating a program

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 Terminating a program

NOP slide
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Terminating a program

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 Built-in symbols
• The Hack assembly language features built-in symbols:

These symbols can be used to denote “virtual registers”

• Example: suppose we wish to use RAM[5] to represent some variable,

say x, and we wish to let x=7

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 Built-in symbols
• The Hack assembly language features built-in symbols:

• SCREEN and KBD : base addresses of I/O memory maps

• Remaining symbols: used in the implementation of the Hack virtual machine

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Thank You

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