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ch

The AharonovBohm effect

Romain Maurand

March 10

KoMat2 ProSeminar

Introduction
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There exist effects of electromagnetic potentials on charged particules, even in region where all fields (forces on particules) vanish
Y. Aharonov, D.Bohm The Physical Review 115, (1959).

Electromagnetic potentials are not just mathematical tricks

March 10 KoMat2 ProSeminar 2

Some Basics
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Charged particule in a electromagnetic field

Lorentz Forces

v B F =q( E + )

B ( E , ) verify Maxwell equations and can be definied as

= B A

Vector potential A

A U = E t
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U Scalar potential
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Question?
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Electron 1 Coherent source Electron 2

Batelaan, H. & Tonomura, A. Physics Today 62, 38(2009).

Can exists a difference between 1 and 2 due to the presence of the Solenoid ?
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Double-slit experiment
path1

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path2 Coherent electrons source

For one path Interferences

March 10

1 =

p dl=k l path
path

Intensity

=k l
KoMat2 ProSeminar

I =2I0 [1+cos ( )]
5

Double-slit experiment
path1

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Coherent electrons source

path2

B Out side of a solenoid ( E , ) are zero No Lorentz forcesBUT

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Double-slit experiment
Electromagnetic Hamiltonien
2 1 H= [ q A] +V 2m i

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Canonical momentum

p v A =m +q
Phase factor
1 =
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=k l path + 1 p dl path

A q dl
path

KoMat2 ProSeminar

Double-slit experiment
path1

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Coherent electrons source

path2

=k l path +

1 q dl=k l path + q dl A A path1 path2

KoMat2 ProSeminar 8

March 10

Double-slit experiment
Reminder

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A dl=dl B dS =
With 0 the one-electron flux quantum definied as 0 = h e

=k l path 2 0
Intensity

I =2I0 [1+cos ( )]
Tonomura et al. PRL 56,792 (1986).
March 10

The interference pattern depends on the enclosed flux

KoMat2 ProSeminar 9

Double-slit experiment

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-Whitout forces, fringes will move in bloc due to the presence of a vector poential - AB effect doesnt depend on the electron velocity nondispersive/topological - Gauge tranformation of the vector potentiel

= A' A+
A' A dl dl= dl=0
the phase-shift is a gauge invariant
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Double-slits experiment
Tonomura et al. PRL 56,792 (1986).

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Experimental realisation by Tonomura et al. 1982-1986

March 10 KoMat2 ProSeminar 11

Solid-state
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I = I 1+ I 2 ?

-Can we get interference term in current? -What about disorder in metals?

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Solid-state
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784 nm diameter gold ring at 1K

l e L<L
Sample is quantum-mecanically coherent- Mesoscopic physics Resistance oscillations with a period of 0
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Solid-state
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AB effect in carbon nanotube

B
Bachtold, A. et al. Nature 673-675(1999). March 10 KoMat2 ProSeminar 14

And
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- Universal conductance fluctuations (UCF)

- Geometrical phase or Berry phase

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UCF
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With two paths

I =A1+ A2=A1+A2 + A1 A2 +A2 A1

2 2

A wire with defects

I = A j = A j + Ai A j
2 2 j j i j
Slide from Gilles Montambaux March 10 KoMat2 ProSeminar 16

UCF
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Lee et al. PRB 35, 1040 (1987)

Conductance oscillations reflects the disordered configuration

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Berry phase
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The Aharonov-Bohm experiment: a geometric phase acquired by electrons due to differences in local values of the magnetic vector potential.

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Berry phase
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Other examples Light polarization

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Berry phase
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Other examples

Pendulum phase

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Thanks
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