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Download Free PDF View PDF COMPARISON OF FRICTION STIRS WELDING TECHNIQUE
WITH CONVENTIONAL WELDING METHODS Editor IJRET Download Free PDF View PDF
EVALUATION OF PROCESSES PARAMETER AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN
FRICTION STIR WELDED STEELS IAEME Publication The present study focuses on Friction
Stir Welding of steel being very popular due to the vast application in the fields of automotive and
ship building industries. Till date lot of work has been done with similar type of titanium alloys,
specifically on Ti-6Al-4V to produce defect free sheets of it. TWI in 1991 patented a technique
called friction Stir Welding (FSW), which can weld materials by melting the material by 70-80% of
its melting temperature. The main goals of this study are mechanical characterization of the joints
and to develop numerical models using FEM. This study reviews the fabrication of various
Aluminium alloys via Friction stir welding. The microstructures of joints were analyzed using optical
microscope and scanning electron microscope. In the process, strength of the joint and percentage
elongation varies from the parent material. The authors of the papers also clearly explained about the
usages and applications of their methods and provided several statistical data for clear observation of
their methods. The mechanical strength of diffusion-bonded joints was investigated by conducting
flexure testing whereas of the friction stir welded joints was examined by performing tensile tests on
Instron Machine. But, there will be no comprehensive variation in the physical and chemical
properties, as the materials in the composite exhibit the same micro properties that of individual
materials, even when they are joined together(distinctive phases exist). In this process aluminum
alloy butt joint are prepared using Friction stir welding with varying process parameters are rotation
speed, transverse speed by keeping constant load and tool geometry. This review paper deals with an
objective to provide deeper insight about the analysis of various process parameters involved in
joining two dissimilar grades of aluminium matrix composites with different reinforcements using
friction stir welding process. A comparison is made on Fusion welding (metal inert gas arc welding)
and frictional stir welding through various mechanical testing method. RELATED PAPERS 1971-
MJ-FacteurH.pdf Michel Jacquet Download Free PDF View PDF Transfers. Finally, FSW is
identified as an additional area for research can be carried out in the welding science. You can
download the paper by clicking the button above. This joining technique is energy efficient,
environment friendly, and versatile. This method has been used to weld aluminium workpieces
previously, but now it is used to weld aluminium composites, dissimilar metals, soft metals, etc.
FSW has inspired researchers to attempt joining dissimilar materials such as aluminium to copper
which differ in properties and sound welds with none or limited intermetallic compounds has been
produced. All microhardness testing for this study was completed in accordance with ASTM E384-
06. It is observed that the joint fabricated using HSS tool material at a rotational speed of 1400 rpm
obtained higher mechanical properties as compared to those of 900 rpm, 1120 rpm and 1800 rpm
Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is
currently unavailable. FSW and FSSW are promising and found to be the very important progression
in metal joining area. Application of Friction Stir Welding in aerospace industries is very broad. The
wear properties were also analyzed using pin and disk apparatus. These optimized results of both
welding processes were compared on dif erent resulted value criterion. FSW trials were carried out
using a vertical machining centre (VMC) on an AA6061 alloy. This can be credited to over-aging of
the aluminum alloy due to the heat produced by the joining procedure. The process uses a rotating
tool, which is non consumable to produce frictional heat as well as plastic deformation at the
welding area. Literally, joining of two materials together by melting, as the composite is traditionally
processed, alters the mechanical properties (i.e)The mechanical properties or macro properties of the
composite is far more superior when compared to individual materials. This study reviews the
fabrication of various Aluminium alloys via Friction stir welding.
The finest and bad samples from eight samples were studied using the for microstructure test before
and after heating. Particularly, Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) are having the capability to
replace traditionally used metals and their alloys like iron, brass, bronze, copper and steel due to its
reduced weight and improved properties. As it is a complex process, to identify the significant
variables, initial tr. This particular attribute make the composites differ from alloys, in which the
physical and chemical properties of the resultant alloy material changes compared to individual
metals, when two or more metals are mixed together at specific proportion to form alloys(single
phase emerges when mixing). Friction stir welding is preferred for joining these materials as it is a
solid state forge welding process and problems related with welding of such can be subdued through
this process. The main goals of this study are mechanical characterization of the joints and to develop
numerical models using FEM. Finally, the range of mechanical properties that can be achieved is
discussed. Lubricants are required to reduce the all basic issues of friction, wear and adhesion in any
fast moving interacting surfaces where rapid actuation is required. Finally, FSW is identified as an
additional area for research can be carried out in the welding science. JMS JAVIER MAEZTU
SOLA Download Free PDF View PDF RELATED TOPICS Engineering Computer Science Food
Science and Technology Aluminium Alloys See Full PDF Download PDF About Press Blog People
Papers Topics Job Board We're Hiring. Welding is the predominantly used metal joining process, due
to its low cost, strength and versatility and certainly has the upper hand when compared to its peers
like fastening, brazing and soldering. Effect on welding quality of main parameters: rotation speed,
travel speed, tool tilt angle, axial force and weld time has been studied. This paper looks at the
review, on friction stir welding process, various welding variables like tool rotation, transverse speed,
tool tilt, plunge depth and tool design, for the welding of aluminum alloys or various dissimilar
alloys. FSW process, a so-called welding-head pin rotating at speeds usually in excess of a few
hundred rpm, travels down the length of contacting metal plates, creating a highly plastically
deformed zone through the associated force and frictional heating. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) has
become a major joining process in the railway, aerospace, auto industries and ship building industries
especially in the fabrication of aluminium alloys. This study reviews the fabrication of various
Aluminium alloys via Friction stir welding. The main constrained of welding steel has considered
due to severe loads and temperatures at the interface of FSW tool and parent materials. At this
scenario, technology advancement has growing faster and outpaced the fundamental need to just join
the materials and their microstructural. It will be much easier and lenient to understand from this
paper to research. In particular, FSW can be used to join high-strength aerospace aluminum alloys
and other high temperature metallic alloys that are difficult to weld by conventional fusion welding
method. Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) technique will be employed to understand the
nature of TMAZ in titanium alloys. This paper gives the review of basic concepts of Friction Stir
Welding on tool design, mode of metal transfer and process parameters. An attempt has been made
to study the effects of various friction stir welding parameters like tool geometry, tool rotational
speed, welding speed, axial force, tool tilt angle, tool plunged depth etc. Download Free PDF View
PDF Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium 6061 Alloy Friction Stir Welding MGES
Journals Download Free PDF View PDF Characterization And Study of Friction Stir Welding of
AA6101 Aluminum Alloy IJERA Journal Friction stir welding (FSW) combines two plates by
frictional heating at the interface with the localized plastic deformation within the material. Location
of the crack, whether at the center, interface or, across the weld has predominant role on the fatigue
life of the specimen. Heat affected zone (HAZ), which can be identified only by hardness test due to
no difference in grain structure compared with the base metal, is formed beside the weld zone.
Welding of Aluminium alloys have always been a challenge due to their poor weldability. The result
showed that there was a variation in the grain size in each weld zone depending upon the material
and the process parameters of FSW in a joint. Heat is generated by friction between the rotating tool
and the workpiece material. Effect of welding speed on microstructures, hardness distribution and
tensile properties of the welded joints were investigated.
To develop it, several researchers showed their interests in this technique. See Full PDF Download
PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Related Papers Joining of Various Metals and Alloys via Friction
Stir. The frictional heat is produced from a rapidly rotating non-consumable high strength tool pin
that extends from a cylindrical shoulder. It possesses excellent mechanical properties in addition to
good corrosion resistance. Ti and pcBN based alloys are suitable for joining steel alloys up to 15 mm
thick was found during study. These welded joints have higher tensile strength to weight ratio and
finer micro structure. Download Free PDF View PDF Use of Nanotechnology in Reduction of
Friction and Wear sundeep dola, IJIRAE - International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced
Engineering The potential opportunities promised by nanotechnology for enabling nanopolymer
composites as lubricants. Welding of Aluminium alloys have always been a challenge due to their
poor weldability. Vickers Micro hardness evaluation of AA6061-AA6061 shows that after Friction
Stir welding (FSW) at parent metal Vickers Micro hardness slightly higher than weld zone. See Full
PDF Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers Topics Job Board We're Hiring. Download
Free PDF View PDF Mechanical and microstructure characterization of friction stir welding for
dissimilar alloy-A Review Editor IJREI Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid state
joining process that uses a non-consumable tool to join two different materials without melting the
workpiece material. Download Free PDF View PDF PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FRICTION
STIR WELDING ON ALUMINIUM AA7075 AND AA2024 ALLOY MATERIAL rama prasad
Friction stir welding was invented at Welding institute, United Kingdom in the year 1991 and has
ever since been proved to be one of the best solid state joining methods for materials such as
aluminium and magnesium. In particular, it can be used to join high-strength aerospace Aluminium
alloys and other metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. Download Free
PDF View PDF EFFECT OF FRICTION STIR WELDING PARAMETERS ON IMPACT
STRENGTH OF THE AZ31 MAGNESIUM ALLOY JOINTS TJPRC Publication In this
experimental work, a study was done to see the effect of Friction stir welding parameters on the
impact strength of the welded joints of AZ31 magnesium alloy. This review paper deals with an
objective to provide deeper insight about the analysis of various process parameters involved in
joining two dissimilar grades of aluminium matrix composites with different reinforcements using
friction stir welding process. Joining two dissimilar grades of aluminium matrix composites with
different reinforcements is considered to be a challenging one because of the varying physical and
chemical properties of the matrix material. There it cools, consolidates and results in joint formation.
It is demonstrated that FSW of aluminum is becoming an increasingly mature technology with
numerous commercial applications. Advantages, disadvantages, application and future scope are also
discussed in this study. The process uses a rotating tool, which is non consumable to produce
frictional heat as well as plastic deformation at the welding area. With the development of reliable
welding tools and precise control systems, FSW of aluminum has reached a new level of technical
maturity. The plates were welded usinga tool made up of alloy steel using three different pin profiles
i.e. cylindrical, tapered and threaded. They were tested for mechanical properties such as tensile
strength and Rockwell hardness respectively. Some of the aluminium alloys which are not weld able
(Al-Cu, Al-Zn-Mg alloy) by fusion welding techniques, which produce defects and reduce the
mechanical properties on the weld nugget could be welded using friction stir welding (FSW)
successfully with excellent joint efficiencies. The tensile properties, microstructure, microhardness,
fractography and corrosion resistance of the FSW joints were investigated in this study. Application
of Friction Stir Welding in aerospace industries is very broad. The advantageous attributes of the
individual materials are combined together, when they are joined to form composite. Its cost
effectiveness and ability to weld dissimilar metals makes it a commonly used welding process in
recent times. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) has become a major joining process in the railway,
aerospace, auto industries and ship building industries especially in the fabrication of aluminium
alloys.
If a researcher tries to make some research in this field, he has to go through thousands of journals
where hours of time is being consumed. By varying the process parameters, defect free and high
efficiency welded joints were produced. The thesis presents an experimental investigation of friction
stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys AA7075T651 and AA6082T651. Electron Back Scattered
Diffraction (EBSD) technique will be employed to understand the nature of TMAZ in titanium
alloys. Conclusion: It is demonstrated that FSW of aluminum and other material is becoming an
emerging technology with numerous commercial applications. To browse Academia.edu and the
wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Friction
stir welding (FSW) was developed for microstructural modification of metallic material. In the
process, strength of the joint and percentage elongation varies from the parent material. Worldwide,
there are now over 135 licensees of FSW and new techniques and applications are being developed
daily. Large advance has been accomplished in friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum in every
side of tool manufacture, microstructure properties estimate in the last decennia. FSW of Aluminium
to Aluminium has captured important attention from manufacturing industries, such as Shipbuilding,
Automotive, Railway and Aircraft production. On the basis of compared analysis it was found that
friction stir welding performed better in selective mechanical properties compared to tungsten inert
gas welding. The heat thus generated results in thermal softening of the material. Download Free
PDF View PDF Advances in Friction Stir Welding and Processing Prof Esther T. Effect on welding
quality of main parameters: rotation speed, travel speed, tool tilt angle, axial force and weld time has
been studied. The main constrained of welding steel has considered due to severe loads and
temperatures at the interface of FSW tool and parent materials. The mechanical properties such as
tensile strength, hardness and impact strength were evaluated. Welding of Aluminium alloys have
always been a challenge due to their poor weldability. Many researchers have carried out Friction Stir
Welding process with different combinations of metal alloys and metal matrix composites. See Full
PDF Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers Topics Job Board We're Hiring. The joints
were welded at a three different rotational speeds keeping feed rate constant.The Impact strength of
the welded joints was evaluated using Charpy test. Hardness of FSW copper weld zone mainly
depended on the density of dislocation rather than grain size. The microhardness distribution of all
the joints showed typical. RELATED PAPERS 2014-08-Media Asuransi-Peran Market Leader. (1)
Retnowati Suparjan Download Free PDF View PDF Voto electronico: entre votos y maquinas. All
microhardness testing for this study was completed in accordance with ASTM E384-06. The
working principle of this process, microstructure characterization, welding parameters, mechanical
properties and application area of FSW for improved welding is discussed. Tensile strength increases
with the increase in speed of the tool and also there exists an optimum values for particular feed of
the tool. The plates were welded usinga tool made up of alloy steel using three different pin profiles
i.e. cylindrical, tapered and threaded. The finest and bad samples from eight samples were studied
using the for microstructure test before and after heating. Hardness analysis has shown the increase
in the values of hardness in the stir zone as compare with the base metal.
It is demonstrated that FSW of aluminum is becoming an increasingly mature technology with
numerous commercial applications. At present AA6101 is used by the electrical industries only. In
this study, the effect of rotational speed on microstructure, hardness and mechanical properties of
Friction stir welded Mg AZ31B alloy have been investigated. Findings: The microstructure and the
likelihood of defects also reviewed. But, there will be no comprehensive variation in the physical and
chemical properties, as the materials in the composite exhibit the same micro properties that of
individual materials, even when they are joined together(distinctive phases exist). Welding is the
predominantly used metal joining process, due to its low cost, strength and versatility and certainly
has the upper hand when compared to its peers like fastening, brazing and soldering. In particular,
FSW can be used to join high-strength aerospace aluminum alloys and other high temperature
metallic alloys that are difficult to weld by conventional fusion welding method. By using this
technique material which are hard welded can be welded. Variable Process Parameters have been
employed to analyse the influence of Microstructural and Tensile Properties. Standard T6 heat
treatment develops the mechanical characteristics of the aluminum-steel joint. In this review paper,
the basic processes and their various parameters are included for understanding of the FSW and
FSSW. In particular, it can be used to join high-strength aerospace Aluminium alloys and other
metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. Joints fabricated at the
rotational speed of 1200 rpm with threaded pin profile showed better impact strength than the joint
welded with other pin profiles. Higher fatigue life has been observed for specimens with crack at the
center of the weld in contrary with the specimens for cracks at the interface. This process uses a non-
consumable tool to generate additional heat in the abutting surfaces for welding of metals and alloys.
Many researchers carried out study on FSW of steel and found on weld process parameters,
mechanical properties, microstructure and the tool employed to produce the weld. To solve that
problem several Review journals are being published and also successfully solved this issue of time
consumption. Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry,
preview is currently unavailable. More the contact surface of the pin profile more will be the impact
strength. It is observed that the joint fabricated using HSS tool material at a rotational speed of 1400
rpm obtained higher mechanical properties as compared to those of 900 rpm, 1120 rpm and 1800
rpm Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview
is currently unavailable. When the weld constraints such as tool or work piece rotation speed,
welding time, axial load are optimum the friction between the work piece and the tool generates
enough heat to create a plastic deformation layer at the weld interface. In view of the costlier
process, Taguchi L9 is used for carrying out the research. Hardness of FSW copper weld zone mainly
depended on the density of dislocation rather than grain size. Friction stir welding is considered to
be most suitable method to join two aluminium alloys or their composites. Vickers Micro hardness
evaluation of AA6061-AA6061 shows that after Friction Stir welding (FSW) at parent metal Vickers
Micro hardness slightly higher than weld zone. Download Free PDF View PDF A REVIEW ON
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF ALUMINIUM IJESRT Journal Aluminium alloy has gathered
wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high strength to weight ratio.
In both cases the analysis refers to aluminum alloys (6056 and AA2195-T0). This can be credited to
over-aging of the aluminum alloy due to the heat produced by the joining procedure. Knowledge base
for setting basic welding parameters has been created and comparison of a sample of plates and FSW
technologies on a simple final element method model plates examined in order to identify differences
in stress distribution character in the finalized using COMSOL 4.3b Multiphysics software. But today
it is one of the necessary and important type of welding techniques.
The joining of lightweight materials such as titanium alloys in aerospace industries offer two main
benefits: Near net shape and reduction in buy to fly ratio. Standard T6 heat treatment develops the
mechanical characteristics of the aluminum-steel joint. It will be much easier and lenient to
understand from this paper to research. Demand for increasingly complex materials is growing in
lockstep with developments in conventional manufacturing methods, resulting in new metal
manufacturing breakthroughs including revolutionary welding technologies. Electron Back Scattered
Diffraction (EBSD) technique will be employed to understand the nature of TMAZ in titanium
alloys. The welding parameters such as tool rational speed, transverse welding speed, tilt angle and
tool pin profile play a vital role in deciding the quality and strength of welding joint. The welding
parameters such as tool shoulder diameter, tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force play a
major role in deciding the joint strength. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) has become a major joining
process in the aerospace, railway and ship building industries especially in the fabrication of
aluminum alloys. The result showed that there was a variation in the grain size in each weld zone
depending upon the material and the process parameters of FSW in a joint. The AZ31 magnesium
alloy was taken in form of plates with a thickness of 6mm. You can download the paper by clicking
the button above. FSW was developed for microstructural modification of metallic material This
Review paper present the overview of the effect of FSW mechanism responsible for the formation of
weld, microstructure refinement, wear of FSW tool and other mechanical properties. Some
exceptions have been observed from the above relations, as described in the article. Friction stir
welding has become a alternative to the fusion welding as weld produce is free from all defects
present in fusion welding. Experiments for surface roughness, Rockwell hardness and tensile tests
are carried out and reported in this paper. Location of the crack, whether at the center, interface or,
across the weld has predominant role on the fatigue life of the specimen. These techniques are
energy efficient, economical, better than conventional welding processes, and versatile. Download
Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently
unavailable. TWI in 1991 patented a technique called friction Stir Welding (FSW), which can weld
materials by melting the material by 70-80% of its melting temperature. Optical micrographic
analysis has shown the refinement of the grains in the weld nugget region due to severe plastic
deformation imparted by the non-consuming tool. Many researchers have carried out Friction Stir
Welding process with different combinations of metal alloys and metal matrix composites. See Full
PDF Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Related Papers Influences of Process Parameter
and Microstructural Studies in Friction Stir Welding of Different Alloys: A Review husain mehdi
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid state joining process that uses a non-consumable
tool to join two different material without melting the workpiece material. In this study, the effect of
rotational speed on microstructure, hardness and mechanical properties of Friction stir welded Mg
AZ31B alloy have been investigated. Conventional fusion welding techniques have limitation of
joining Aluminium alloys due to defects like depletion of alloying elements, porosity, blow holes, pin
holes etc. Vickers Micro hardness of AA 6082-6082 at the weld region is higher than HAZ, Parent
metal. FSW and FSSW are promising and found to be the very important progression in metal
joining area. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate additional heat in the abutting
surfaces for welding of metals and alloys. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.
RELATED PAPERS 1971-MJ-FacteurH.pdf Michel Jacquet Download Free PDF View PDF
Transfers.
Large advance has been accomplished in friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum in every side of
tool manufacture, microstructure properties estimate in the last decennia. The basic principles of
FSW are described, including metal flow and thermal history, before discussing how process
parameters affect the weld microstructure and the likelihood of defects. This welding process is a
solid state welding procedure that uses a non-consumable rotating tool that is permitted to rub
against the work piece hence generating frictional heat. Particular attention was paid for three
different parameters as rotational speed, tilt angle and travel speed were used during this process
with two values for each. Regression models were developed to predict the Tensile Strength and
Hardness for various tool rotational speeds, welding speed and tool angles for different tool pin
profiles without requiring experimental tests. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) has become a major
joining process in the railway, aerospace, auto industries and ship building industries especially in the
fabrication of aluminium alloys. Many researchers have carried out Friction Stir Welding process with
different combinations of metal alloys and metal matrix composites. The joining of lightweight
materials such as titanium alloys in aerospace industries offer two main benefits: Near net shape and
reduction in buy to fly ratio. For better understanding the materials transport will be studied by the
aid of scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(EDX). When the weld constraints such as tool or work piece rotation speed, welding time, axial
load are optimum the friction between the work piece and the tool generates enough heat to create a
plastic deformation layer at the weld interface. Crack growth rate, and crack interaction for
specimens with multiple cracks have also been studied and characterized. The microstructures of
joints were analyzed using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. See Full PDF
Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Related Papers Metals The Effect of Cooling
Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy during
Submerged Friction Stir Welding Kiran Wakchaure Submerged friction stir welding (SFSW) is a new
modification of friction stir welding. Friction Stir Welding is the most remarkable welding
technology that has been invented and developed in last two decades. Mathematical modeling
equations are developed to predict the tensile strength, impact strength, elongation, and micro-
hardness of the dissimilar FSW joints AA7075T651 and AA6082T651. Aditya,” Experimental Study
to Develop Joining Methods for New or Modified High Temperature Titanium Alloys: Metallurgical
Characterizations, Microstructural Integrity and Mechanical Performance” Poster presentation at the
JCATI Conference at WSU in Pullman, April 21, 2014. In this paper we are going to discuss the
effect of different parameters on Dissimilar FSW. Conventional fusion welding techniques have
limitation of joining Aluminium alloys due to defects like depletion of alloying elements, porosity,
blow holes, pin holes etc. The properties such as defects, microstructure, hardness, tensile and bend
behaviour on welded plates are to be studied and compared with the base metal. Download Free PDF
View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. In
modern days, welding two alloys or composites (same or different) together has gathered
momentum, due to its adaptability and flexibility to be used in any adverse environmental
conditions. JMS JAVIER MAEZTU SOLA Download Free PDF View PDF RELATED TOPICS
Engineering Computer Science Food Science and Technology Aluminium Alloys See Full PDF
Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers Topics Job Board We're Hiring. The finest and bad
samples from eight samples were studied using the for microstructure test before and after heating.
Download Free PDF View PDF COMPARISON OF FRICTION STIRS WELDING TECHNIQUE
WITH CONVENTIONAL WELDING METHODS Editor IJRET Download Free PDF View PDF
EVALUATION OF PROCESSES PARAMETER AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN
FRICTION STIR WELDED STEELS IAEME Publication The present study focuses on Friction
Stir Welding of steel being very popular due to the vast application in the fields of automotive and
ship building industries. In-welded condition there is a noticeable change in the hardness and
strength of the aluminum alloy in the joint section. Joints fabricated at the rotational speed of 1200
rpm with threaded pin profile showed better impact strength than the joint welded with other pin
profiles. The limitations of FSW are reduced by intensive research and development. The plates were
welded usinga tool made up of alloy steel using three different pin profiles i.e. cylindrical, tapered
and threaded. This joining process is energy efficient, environment friendly and versatile.
Furthermore, the inhomogeneity of the weld nugget is discernible by the fatigue life for specimens
with cracks located at advancing, or, on retreating interface.