9

■ .

'

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 ANNALES ANTIQUITATIS.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES
OF

ANCIENT HISTORY

SYNCHRONISTICALLY AND ETHNOGRAPHICALLY ARRANGED.

COMPILED FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES.

OXFORD:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY D. A. TALBOYS.

M DCCC XXXV.
gijjb ao

OXFORD:

PRINTED BY TALBOYS AND BROWNE

 PREFACE.
The compilers of chronological tables may justly be placed among that class of writers whom England’s great lexicographer
has characterised as the slaves of science—as “ the pioneers of literature, whose humble office it is to remove rubbish and
clear away obstructions from those paths through which learning and genius press forward to conquest and glory.” But
however humble may be their station in the ranks of literature, it must at least be admitted that they should possess the
qualities of patience, industry, and research.
The science of Chronology has been divided by some of the ablest writers on the subject into two separate and distinct
branches—Technical and Historical: the former relating to the computation of the several measures of time, and founded on
astronomical principles; while the office of the latter is, from given data, to arrange and harmonise the different systems fur¬
nished by the historians of different ages and countries.
Our present concern is with the historic species, of which it may not be too much to say that it is encompassed and per¬
plexed with difficulties of which those only can adequately judge, who are acquainted with the nature of the materials from
which the chronologer has to construct his system. Not only are his sources of information scanty and his data confused,
but from the loss or mutilation of those ancient contemporary documents, which would have illustrated the earlier periods
of history, he is compelled to have recourse to more questionable, because more recent records ; and by comparing these
together, and rejecting whatever seems to rest upon weak or uncertain testimony, he can at last obtain but a faint glimmer¬
ing outline of the truth, or perhaps no more than the most probable among a number of conjectures. As we ascend the
stream of time, and endeavour to penetrate the mists of fable and obscurity in which the history of the primitive ages
is involved, our utmost research is repaid by nothing more real or substantial than shadowy legends, embellished by the
poetic imagery and glowing descriptions of ancient bards.
Unsatisfactory however as such fragments are, they are useful as tending to illustrate, and as furnishing strong corrobora¬
tive evidence of the truth of the Mosaic history, from which alone an authentic account of man’s origin can possibly be de¬
duced. It must however be recollected, that the Scriptures were written for nobler and more exalted purposes than the
mere transmission of dates or the gratification of antiquarian curiosity; and hence wre must not be surprised if, on topics con¬
nected with chronology, we fail to meet with the information we desire, and find ourselves at a loss to ascertain the precise
time at which some of the most important transactions took place.
This increased uncertainty, however, seems to have aroused the diligence and ingenuity of clironologers, who have com¬
piled system upon system without adding much to our stock of knowledge respecting the remote ages of antiquity. Thus,
for example, there are not less than three hundred different dates assigned as the era of the creation, varying, in the ex¬
tremes, no less than three thousand years; and equal uncertainty, though perhaps not extending to an equal number of dis,-
cordant opinions, prevails respecting other eras, and perplexes the chronological student at every step of his enquiry.
But, notwithstanding the obstacles which beset this pursuit, much has been effected by the laborious researches of
modern chronologers. Many difficulties have been removed which were once deemed insuperable; many obscurities have
been cleared up which had long baffled the sagacity of older commentators ; and it may perhaps reasonably be doubted, whe¬
ther any addition of importance can be made to the store of materials already accumulated.
Still, if little original matter remains to be explored, if few enquiries can be instituted which have not already been antici¬
pated, much yet remained to be done in the way of simplifying and throwing into a popular form those works which, from
their cost, their language, or from other causes, were inaccessible to the general reader. To effect this is the object of the
following work: its main design has been to condense and bring together the results of previous investigation, scattered as
they are over numerous volumes in various languages, and to place them in such order as would render them most useful
and most easily available to the chronological student. And when we consider the importance of this science as an auxiliary
of history, without whose aid she fails to convey those lessons of practical wisdom for which her pages are perused—when we
reflect that deprived of this light the eye of history is quenched in darkness, we cannot believe that a utilitarian will deem
our labour profitless.
Accordingly, in tracing the progress of civilisation, in pencilling out the leading features of history, and in marking down
the causes and events which have contributed to the rise, progress, and decay of empires and states, free use has been made of
the labours and researches of the most distinguished scholars both at home and abroad. The writings of professor Heeren
have been particularly consulted with reference to the Asiatic and African nations; and to his volumes, so replete with erudi¬
tion, so lucid in their style, and so precise in their information, these tables are indebted for much valuable matter. In Grecian
chronology, Mr. Fynes Clinton’s Fasti Hellenici—the most satisfactory and erudite treatise which the English or any other
language can boast of upon this subject—has been uniformly followed throughout, as it has in all other points of history it
discusses. The kindness with which its accomplished author examined and corrected the first three sheets of this work,
embracing the most embarrassing period of chronology, demands the expression of grateful acknowledgment which is here
very respectfully tendered.
In scriptural history the dates of Usher and our authorised Bibles have been usually adopted; though it has been deemed
advisable in numerous instances to add those of Dr. Hales, and occasionally those of Mr. Fynes Clinton. In such oases the
initials of their respective names are added, so that it is hoped no confusion may arise respecting the authority.
The columns relating to India and the east have been kindly superintended by professor Wilson, whose accurate acquaint¬
ance with the history and literature of that country is too well known to require any notice in this place.
Germany, the great storehouse of modern learning, has long possessed many excellent works similar to the present: ot
these much use has been made. The labours of Gatterer, Huebler, Bredow, and the Latin work of Dumbeck founded upon
them, have been frequently consulted; as have also the works of Blair, and the elegant and useful compilation of Major Bell.
The plan of the tables of civilisation, science, and literature, has, with some slight modification, been copied from the Tafeln
der Geschichte of Dr. Ed. Vehse, of Berlin. Assistance, too, has in numerous instances been derived from the kindness of
many individuals in this university, whose names would do honour to any work, but who might perhaps dislike a more par¬
ticular acknowledgment.
With regard to the plan, the contents, and general execution of the work, it is presumed, with some confidence, that they
will speak for themselves. Much pains have been bestowed upon them—it is hoped not in vain. Perfection in such a
compilation will not be looked for; yet it is humbly believecLHiat if the reader find but little to praise, he will not find much
to censure—his indulgence is implored for its faults, let himTax his liberality in estimating its merits.

June, 1835.
 CONTENTS
PAGE

I. GENERAL TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL ERAS. 1

II. CONSPECTUS OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY.2> 8

III. THE RISE, PROGRESS, AND DECLINE OF THE PRINCIPAL STATES OF AN¬
TIQUITY, SYNCHRONISTICALLY AND ETHNOGRAPHIC ALLY ARRANGED 4—25

IV. A GENERAL VIEW OF THE PROGRESS OF CIVILISATION, AND OF ARTS,

SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE, ARRANGED IN SYNCHRONISTICAL ORDER,
UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADS:

1. Religion. 30 a, 34 a

2. Government. 30 b, 34 b

3. Legislation* and Jurisprudence . . . . 27 a, 30 c, 34 c

4. Finance . ... 27 b, 31 a, 35 a

5. War and Marine. . . . 27 c, 31 b. 35 b

6. Agriculture. . . . 27 d, 31 c, 35 c

7. Trade and Manufacture. . . . 27 e, 31 d, 35 d

8. Civilisation in general. 32 a, 36 a

9. Poetry and Rhetoric. . . . 28 b, 32 b, 36 b

10. Philosophy. 32 c, 36 c

11. Physics. , . . 28 d, 32 d, 36 d

12. History. 32 e. 36 e

13. Architecture. 33 a, 37 a

14. Sculpture, etc. . . . 29 b, 33 b, 37 b

15. Painting. 33 c, 37 c

16. Music.. ... 29 d, 33 d, 37 d

17. Luxuries, Manners, and Customs . . . . . 29 e, 33 e, 37 e

[The above figures refer to the page, and the letters to the columns.]

V. GENEALOGICAL TABLES OF ANCIENT HISTORY.38, 39

1. Trojan Genealogy. 2. Early Greek Genealogy. 3. Perseid.®.

4. Pelopid^e, 5. Heraclid^e. 6. Cadmus. 7. Kings of Athens.
8. Kings of Sparta. 9. Athenian Families. 10. Kings of Macedonia.
11. Carthaginian Families. 12. The Jews. 13. The Uesars.
14. House of Constantine. 15. The Seleucid^e. 16. The Ptolemies.

VI. GENERAL INDEX OF THE NAMES OF PERSONS, PLACES, EVENTS, ETC.,

BY WHICH THE AGE OF EVERY CELEBRATED INDIVIDUAL AND FACT
MAY BE AT ONCE FOUND IN CONNECTION WITH ITS CONTEMPORA¬
RIES.

The history oj the Middle Ages, upon the same plan as the present Work, is in the Press, and will
shortly be published. Modern history will speedily follow.
 PRINCIPAL ERAS OF ANCIENT AND MODERN TIMES. 1

NORMAL YEAR. Month and

Julian Olym¬
DAY OF COM- A.U.C. B.C. A. C.
PERIOD. piads.
The Julian Year, called also the Year of the Old Calendar, or Old Style, was modelled by Julius Caesar with MENCEMENT.
the assistance of Sosigenes, forty-six years B. C. It consisted of 365 days six hours, and was intercalated every
fourth year by an additional day, inserted after the 23rd of February. The first Julian year commenced. January 1. 4669 183.4 709 45
'1 his solar year was reformed by Lillius, in the pontificate of Gregory XIII., and is now adopted throughout
the greater part of Europe : it is called the Gregorian Year, or New Style.

FUNDAMENTAL ERAS.
I. The Christian Vulgar Era was invented by Dionysius Exiguus about 530 A. C., though not much used till it
received the sanction of Bede in the eighth century. January 1. 4714 195.1 754 1
II. The Era of Diocletian, called also The Era of Martyrs, still used by the Abyssinians, Copts, and Ethiopians. August 29. 4997 265.4 1037 284
III. The Era of the Greek Christians, which is threefold:
1. The Historic Era, or Era of Alexandria (invented by Julius Africanus, in the third century) supposes
the lapse of 5502 years from the creation to the birth of Christ. August 29. 5502
2. The Ecclesiastical Era of Antioch (invented by Panodorus, an Egyptian monk) calculates from the crea¬
tion to the birth of Christ 5492 years. Sept. I. 5492
3. The Civil Era of Constantinople assigns the creation of the world to the 5508th year B. C. Sept. 1. . . 5508
IV. The Era of the Creation of the World, according to Abp. Usher’s calculation by the Hebrew text. 7*10 4004
-to Dr. Hales, who follows the longer chronology of Jose¬
phus and the Septuagint. 5411
--*-to Fynes Clinton..*. 4138
V. The Era of the Deluge, according to Abp. Usher. 2366 2348
---to Dr. Hales.... 1559 '3155
-to Fynes Clinton.. 2482

INDIAN ERAS.
I. The Era of Vikramaditya, from the death of a raja of that name. 4657 180.3 696 56
II. The Era of Salivahana (the years of which are called Saca) much used in the south and west of India. 4791 214.2 831 78
III. The Era of the Kaliyuga. 1613 3101

CHINESE ERA.
A cyclical era of sixty years, commencing B. C. 2700. Consequently at the date of the present year (1835) we
are in the 35th year of 76th cycle.

JEWISH ERAS.
I. Before the Babylonish captivity:—
1. The Call of Abraham, according to Abp. Usher. 2793 1921
-to Dr. Hales. 2078
2. The Era of the Exode, according to Usher.:.. 3223 1491
--to Dr. Hales. 1648
3. The Era of the Foundation of Solomon’s Temple, according to Abp. Usher. 3702 1012
-—- to Dr. Hales. 1027
II. After the Babylonish captivity:—
4. The Era of the commencement of the Captivity, according to Abp. Usher... 4126 48.1 165 588
--to Dr. Hales. 4128 48.3 167 586
5. The Era of the Completion and Dedication of the Second Temple. 4199 66.2 239 515
6. The Era of the Seleucidce, or of Contracts, sometimes called also the Era of Alexandria. 4402 117.1 442 312
7- The Era of the Maccabees.... 4551 154.2 591 163

PERSIAN ERA.
The Era of Yezdejird III., or Persian Era... June 16. 5345 353.1 1385 632
.

MOHAMMEDAN ERA.
The Era of the Hejira, or Flight of Mohammed. July 16. 5335 530.3 1375 622 ;

EGYPTIAN, ASSYRIAN, and ETHIOPIAN ERAS.

I. The Era of the Pharaohs, according to the regnal years, and entire dynasties, of which there is a threefold
method of computation:—
a. The generation of Herodotus contains thirty-three years, or three generations in a century.
b. The generation of Dionysius Halicarnassensis contains twenty-seven years.
c. A reign, according to Newton, from eighteen to twenty years—according to Fynes Clinton, twenty-
four years and one-third—according to Dr. Hales, twenty-two years and one-third; and hence the pro¬
portion of generations to reigns is as thirty-three and one-third to twenty-two and one-third, or nearly as
three to two.
II. The Era of Nabonassar.. Feb. 27. 3967 8.2 7 747
III. The Philippic Era, (so called from Philip Aridaeus). Nov. 12. 4390 114.1 430 324
IV. Era of the Victory of Actium. (See below.)
V. Mundane Era of the Abyssinians, which places the birth of Christ in the 5500th year from the creation, and
supposes 5492 years to have passed from that period to our era. Consequently they exceed our date of the
nativity by eight years.

GRECIAN ERAS.

I. Trojan Era. 3530 1184

II. Olympiads. July. 3938 1.1 776
III. Pythiads, (the third year of an Olympiad is always the first of a Pythiad.) 4132 %
49.3 171 582
IV. Attic Era (invented by an Athenian), used in the Arundelian marbles. 4450 129.1 490 264
V. Calippic Era, (a cycle of seventy-six years). June 29. 4384 112.3 424 ' 330

ROMAN ERAS.
I. Era of the building of the City, according to Varro. April 21. 3961 6.4 1 753
--- according to Cato. 751
-—- according to Fabius Pictor..,.,. 747
II. Capitoline Era.. 3962 7-1 2 752
III. Consular Era. 4205 67-4 245 509
IV. Era of Antioch. 4665 182.4 705 49
V. Julian Era. January 1. 4669 183.4 709 45
VI. Spanish Era, or Era of the Ccesars. January 1. 4676 185.3 716 38
VII. Action Era in Egypt. Sept. 1. 4684 187-3 724 30
VIII. The Augustin Era. Feb. 14. 4687 188.2 727 27
IX. Era of the Capitoline Games (in the time of the emperor Domitian) 4799 216.2 839 86
X. Era of Indictions, or of Constantine the Great. 5025 272.4 1065 312

FRENCH ERA.
Revolutionary Era... Sept. 22. 6505 1792

ENGLISH ERAS.
I. Era of the Norman Conquest. 5770 1066
II. Era of the Revolution. 6401 1688 |
2 GENERAL VIEW OE UNIVERSAL HISTORY,
2000 B. C. to 476 A. C. ANCIENT HISTORY. FROM THE EARLIEST RECORDS OF MANKIND, AND THE PRIMEVAL
ASIATIC KINGDOMS BEFORE THE REIGN OF CYRUS.
China. India. Persia. Assyria. Media. Babylonia. Phoenicia. Syria. I Kingdoms of Asia Minor. Palestine.
I. 1. Fa¬ I. Mere fa- 1. No certain I. Kingly Known as a Troy. Ph It yg ia Ly uia .
I. Call of Abraham, 1921.
Dynasty bulous I. Affairs of ble to 800. I. history. government, nation as early 1. Governed: I. Atyadae II. The Exodus,'1491.
of Ilia to tradi¬ little moment Mythic Period. II. Ante-Chal- 1050-572, in as 2000. Teucer by native : to the year III. Monarchy, 1096.
1767. tions mixed up II. Capture daeati Period, to which year 1040, subject about 1400 princes. : 1225. IV. Division of the kingdom.
II. till about with fable, of Nineveh, II. the year 630. Tyre was taken to the Jews : II. to 718 k 7
V
Dyn. of 1500 I 606. Revolt from III. 630-538 II. Republican 980-740, go- 1184, de¬ : Heraclidae. Israel Judah
Shang, to B. C. Assyria, 711. the ruling nation constitution vern. by kings, struction II. : III. to 546 976-721. 976-587.
1122. Partial III. Under in West Asia. under suffetes. 740, subject to of Troy. A Lydian :Mermnadse. V. V.
III. probabi¬ Golden age the domi- Regal dynasty, IV. Babylon Tributary ! Assyria, province : IV. subject Assyrian Babylonian
To the lity to the of Jemsheed. nion of 709-559. taken by Cyrus kings under [559, seized by about 560.: to Persia. Captivity. Captivity.
year 258. fourth Persia 559. 538. Persian rule, the Persians.
Tcheu. century THE GREAT PERSIAN MONARCHY, FOUNDED
II. 559 to 333.
559 Midnight B. C.
ofhistory. Flourishing period of the Empire from Cyrus to Darius, 559 to 522.
II. VI. Return from the Capti¬
Interregn.
Sandro- Dynasty of the Acheemenida; from Darius to the peace of Cimon, 522 to 450. vity, 536, but dependent
Tcheu-
cottus. Decline of the Empire—Sedition of the satraps—From the peace of Cimon to Alexander the Great, 450 to 333. upon Persia till 323.
Kue, from
770-320. III.
Flou¬ III. 333 to 301. IMMENSE MACEDONIAN EMPIRE OP ALEXANDER
rishing
period IV. 301. Dismemberment of the Macedonian Monarchy, and Division
of the
IV. Schi- king¬ Parthta. Bactria. Armenia. PONTUS. Pergamus Bithynia Papiilagonia. Cappadocia. Syri A. Judjea.
ho-ang-ti, dom of 250-226, 250-126, A Syrian province to Flourishes. Continues Kings fin. 323, Falls into A Persian pro¬ 312-64, Seleu-
founder Magadhfi A. C. A. C. 190, then divided into 480-64. from the year the hands of the vince till the time cidoe. VII. Under the Ptolemies
of the Tsin V. Syrian 132 subd. 283-130. 378. kings of Pontus. of Alexander. 305-281, great¬ and Seleucid®, 323-167.
Raja
dynasty, period, by the Major. : Minor. Roman Bequeath¬ 179-63, native 281 to 17 A. C. est splendour
Vikra-
30 250-206. to 130. Parthians Eight con-: Depend, prov. 130. ed to the princes. governed by its of the kingdm. VIII. 167-39, Maccabees.
maditya,
V. 206-220 116 Their secutive : on Rome Conq.by Romans, own kings. 203-198, wars
d. 56.
A. C. dyn. province. kings, till : 81, A. C. the Ro¬ 75. Subject to Rome, 17 A. C. a Ro¬ with Rome. IX. Under the Ilerodians
of Han. IV. B. C. 5. : mans, 64. 63. man province. 64, Roman pr. and Romans, 39 to A. C. 70.
VI. Perk)d of the
VI. Dyn. History
eastern nomad wars,
of Tsie, fr. interrupt¬
* to 53. THE GREEK. OR EASTERN PART OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
265-420. ed. VII. Roman period
V. to 226, A.C.
Govern¬ VIII. SASSANinjE, 412, a pro¬ 292. Partition of the Empire under Diocletian—again united by Constantine 324—finally divided 395.
VII. 420- ment of or new Persian emp. vince of
476 480, Dyn. different to 652. Persia. The Eastern Empire continues from 395 to the taking- of Constantinople by the Turks.
A.C. of Song. native 360-400 flourishes. :

MIDDLE AGES. FROM THE RISE OF THE STATES FOUNDED BY THE BARBARIANS, TO
dynasties,
400 REIGN OF ANARCHY, BRUTE FORCE,
VIII. 480- till the IX.
502, Tsi. invasions Greek Por¬ Spain. Netherlands. France. Germany. Ita ly. Switzerland
IX. 502-35 of 652- Empire. tugal. 1. 419, Visigoths. I. From the ear¬
Lo-ang. Mahmud I. II. Divided into separate liest period to I. 486. Merovin¬ I. Monarchy of the I. Ostrogoths,
of Ghizni, 1500. I. Henry to kingdoms 711: the insurrection gians. Franks. 489-569. I.
A. C. Wars with John the ' ^ of Cl. Civilis (Merovingian Dyn.)
1r
X. 535-89, 999. Under Persians, [Bastard. Arabs. Christians. the Batavian, II. Carlovingians, 486-752. II. 569. Lombards. A free people
Tschie. Establish. Huns, etc. -Legiti¬ I. Emirs 718 Pelayo. A. C. 70. 752. from the
the
ment of 395-1057 mateline 711-755. Leon Sc Castile II. To the times III. Carlovingians, most remote
XI. 589-619 Moham. of Bur¬ II. Kings separate f • ofCharlemagne, 774-888. antiquity, to
Sui. gov. by
domi- II. gundian 755-1031. 1026-1230 ^ ►n 800. Divided 843. Decline of II. Carlovingian Dyn. the times of
M oham- kings, Decline of United I ® 3 into numberless the royal preroga¬ 752-911. IV. Native and other Albert
nion of Period
XII. 619- 1095- the Arabian 1230-1516 § % earldoms, and tive, which is princes, 888-961.
med of the T\1 1 Gfl
907, Tang. Ghori, 1383. power. JNavarre, ! • ~
the Comneni,
1193.
XIII. RISE AND ESTABLISHMENT OF
VI. Arabs or bloody
907-957,
wars invaded by the
Ile-hu- In the II.
Distinct 885-1512. free towns, nobles. III. Emperors of the V. Germanic dynasty,
Tse-hu. end of Mos- Spu-1
traded Arabian Arragon, 1000-1300. House of Saxony, 961-1002. of Ilapsburg
the four¬ rious
principali¬ 1035-1516. III. 987 Capetians 911-1024. and
teenth lems. line of
on the in¬ Burgun¬ ties, 1. Counts of Bar¬ Ill 1108. The mon¬ Normans in Naples William
XIV. century,
vasion of III. Almora- celona, Annexed to archy strengthened: IV. Houses of Fran¬ and Sicily, Tell, to the
960, Tsao- different dian
the cru¬ kings, vides, 1094. 801-1162. Burgundy, 1. by the submission conia and Ilohen- 1072-1194. year
Quang-ni. indepen-
saders, of the tiers etat: Stauffen, 1024-1273.
dent
Moham. REGENERATION OF EUROPE, AND
XV. kingdoms -1261.
1279, establish-
III. 2. by its union with VI. Successful struggles
Cublai Khan ed. from 1369-1477. V. Houses of Haps- 1308.
the larger fiefs, for liberty, 1137-1183.
conquers Tamer- X. From the John IV. 1165, burg, Luxemburg, and
The Christian 1195. VII. 1265, Guelf and
China. lane the Bas¬ Almohades. Bavaria, 1273-1437. II.
kingdoms become States-general, Ghibelin factions.
Mongul subdues From of the tard, to Albertto Maximilian I.
more powerful. 1302. VIII. 1265-1282
dynasty till part of atin em- Emanu¬ 1437-1493.
1479. All Spain IV. Charles count of Anjou.
1368. Hin- the el the V.1238, IV. House of Va¬ Rise of Austrian great¬ From the
Great, Kingdom of united under To Mary wife lois, 1328. IX. Guelfs and Ghibe-
dostan, ness. recovery of
year Granada, to Ferdinand the of Maximilian lins again, 1300.
and ; 1383- their liberty,
The monarchy be¬ X. Germans, Bohemi¬
XVI. takes nople by I 1495. 1492. Catholic. I. of Austria, Acquisition of Hungary and the
comes more despotic. ans, Hungarians,
1517 After the Delhi, 1500 1477.
1444.
and Bohemia. formation
expulsion 1261-1453 1314-1414.
1398.

MODERN HISTORY. FROM THE TIME OF CHARLES V. OR THE REFORMATION,

Turkey. V. Italian wars, of a
of the Tar- to the (Per. I. 1498. Height of 1515-1556.Wars V. 1492-1515. XI. 1414. Power of republic,
Mogul From 395 Portuguese power with F'rance, re¬ To the indepen- VI. From Maximilian Venice and the Medici, to Ulric
tars follows dynasty year to 1298, and wealth. specting Italy. dence of the VI. From Francisl. I. to the peace of XII. 1494-1500, Zwinglius,
establish- i. e. the 1555-98. people esta- to Louis XIV. Westphalia, French. 1516.
the dynasty ed by 1722, age of blished by the 1515-1660. 1493-1648. XIII. 1505. Spaniards
Baber, Osman.) III. Annexed to Unfortunate exertions of Religious wars of Italy the theatre of
of Ming 1526. the II. ToSe- Spain, 1580. reign of William I. 1581 the Hugonots, war.
flourishes Philip II. 1562-89. III. From
till 1643. to 1707. Seffavean ] .^1 <1 IV. 1648-1750, to VII. From the peace The Spaniards still the rise
IIL Flou- the time of Joseph 1661—1700, of We.tphalia to the covet the possession of of
Dynasty. rishing pe- Emanuel, who is decline. VI. V11. From Louis time of Charles VI. Italy. Alberoni. Their civil and
ruled by Pombal. 1747-81. XIV. to the F’rench 1648-1711. preponderance ceases religious
Selim II. 1701-14. Wars Bloody Fac- revolution, ab. 1630. dissensions,
XVII. 1669. Treaty with of succession. tions. 1660-1789. to the new
1566.
Delhi the Dutch respecting Under the influence of state of
War of the Spanish
1644. The taken by Brazil and the 1746-73. France. affairs arising
XI. succession,
Nadir Indies. Brighter aspect VII. Holland, VIII. J out of the
From IV. From 1701-1714.
whole of Shall, of affairs. L. Buonaparte, From Charles VI. 1711, XIV. Italian Republic, French
1739. 1722 to Selim II. The kings neglect 1806. Seven years’ war, to the dissolution of 1802. revolution,
China sub- -47, the to Sulei- European politics, 1756-1763. the empire by the 1789.
Afghan man II. to attend to their IV. Expulsion Confederation of the
dued by Downfall dynasty. 1687. Indian possessions. of the old dynas- VIII. United VIII. Revolutions, Rhine, 1806. XV. Kingdom of Italy.
of the ty by the artifices with France, 1789-1804. 1805, Joseph Buona¬
the Man- Mogul XIT. of Napoleon. 1810. Emp. Austria, 1806. parte king of Naples
IV.
empire, From V.Decline V. 1750-1807, when IX. French empire, and Sicily.
To the new
chu Tar- and com- 1747 to John VI. retires to Jo. Napoleon. 1804-1815. IX. From the Con¬ Confedera¬
me nee- our own Brazil. IX. William I. federation of the Rhine, XVI. 1810. A kingdom tion formed
tars, who ment of times, 1828, 1808. - Wars. of the Nether- X. Restoration of 1806, and humiliation subject to the French. by Napoleon
the in a state Foss of 1831. Abdicates lands, 1815. the Bourbons, of Germany, to its as mediator
rule to this British, of an- Greece. in favour of his son. 1814. Restora- (1813,) 1815. restoration, 1814. in the year
1757. archy. tion of the royal X. Leopold War of the German XVII. Restoration.
1803. 181
1835 day. Russian Russian Dorina Maria. family. 1831. XI. Louis-Philippe patriots. 1815.
wars. wars. 1830.
 ETHNOGRAPHICALLY AND SYNCHRONISTICALLY ARRANGED. 3

KINGDOMS OF THE WORLD, TO THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST. 2000 B. C. to 476 A. C.
AFRICAN S TA TE S. EUROPEAN EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, AND STATES.
Egypt. Carthage. Macedonia. Greece. Rome. Germany,
21.
A highly civilised nation from I.
the earliest periods. From the foundation L Nothing certain in Grecian
Joseph, about 1700. of the city to the history till the Trojan war, I.
Syracusan wars, I. 1194. From the foundation of the
I. Period of the Sesostridse, II. To 500, and the com- city to the conquest of Italy
880-480.
1300-650. From its rise to the death of mencement of the Persian and the commencement of the
Golden age, 1300-1100. Alexander the Great, wars. Punic wars, 753-264.
II.
II. 650-525. From To the commence¬ 800-323.
Psammetichus to the con¬ ment of the Roman III. Under kings.
illy, To Alexander, 336.
quest of Egypt by Cambyses wars,
480-264. 509. Expulsion of the kings.
0 Dispute between the senate
BV CYRUS THE GREAT. 559 to 333.
and the people. 559
apii.1 III. 486 to 350, Frequent 359, Accession of Philip. 431—404, Pelopon. war.
dent struggles for independence. III. 336-323, Alexander. 338, Extinction of Grecian Republic.
IV. Subdued by the To the destruction liberty.
Macedonians, 323. of the city, 146. II. Philip arbiter of the Ainphyc. 280-272. Wars with Pyrrhus.
264. Conquest of Italy. Migration of various German tribes,
THE GREAT. 333 to 301. who first attack the Roman empire
in the year B. C. 113; hence the
into smaller Kingdoms. IT. Cimbrian wars, 113-101.
From the First Punic war
“X
To the battle of Ipsus, 301. to the sedition of the Gracchi,
V. 323-30, Dynasty of the
Africa a Roman Achaean & vEtol. league, 280. 264-131. ' II.
Ptolemies. III. Macedonian princes to
province. 146. Roman province. Ariovistus takes the field against
Roman province, 30. 146, then a Roman province. III. To the end of the republic. J. Caesar, 58.
30 B. C. to 476 A. C. WESTERN PART OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 30
Birth
IV. From Augustus Caesar to the death of Commodus, 30-193, A. C.
III. of
V. To the emperor Diocletian, and the quadripartite division of the Empire. A. C. 284-292. Wars with Augustus and his Christ.
successors, 9-270-282, A.C.
VI. To the death of Theodosius the Great, and final division of the Empire into Eastern and Western. A. C. 395.
IV.
VII. To the Fall of the Western Empire. General migrations, 429-489.
435-449. Visigoths.
476. The Western Empire, torn by internal factions, falls, after repeated shocks, a prey to the Barbarians.
476
ODOACER Ring- of the Heruli. A. C.
THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF EUROPE, AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
AND BARBARIAN DESPOTISM.
400
ERliJO Engeand. Scotlan D. Prussia. Denmark. Norway Sweden. Russia. Bohemia. Poland. Hungary. Africa.
I.
I. I. 440. Kingdom of
I. 449, Saxon Hept- Governed Inhabited by Fins 557
A rude 534. The Slavians the Vandals.
or Octarchy. by a and Germans; I. The Avares.
people. Migration are driven 534.
I. dynasty divided into clans
of the from the
Divided into of Yn- and governed by a Governed by 796 639. Siege and
II. Slavians, who shores of the
mliie II. United under several small glings. kiner. Submit to conquest of
More become tri¬ Danube, and
remote Egbert, 827. kingdoms. seven Charlemagne. Alexandria.
civilised butary in migrate to the
oily, to Ivar Widfadnia II.
under the succession to Vistula. 698-709.
imes of K
II. To the I. chieftains. 886
House of f ^
the Avars, I. 842. Conquest of
827-1002, Saxon United under times of Widfadnian kings.
Kenneth, Franks, and Piastus duke Africa by the
sway. I. one king. Christi¬ 800. The Magyarians,
838. Germans. of Poland. Saracens.
838. anity.
The Edrisites
THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. \ rule in West.
III. II. Kingdom Barbary, from
Wars with the III. II. 965. 782 to 908.
Sueno of Denmark, Disputed II. 1061. 12th cent,
Poles, 1018. Introduction III. Dependent
psburg 1013. succession. 1138. House of II. finally depen¬ under the Azlabites in
of Christianity. 1034. u;>on
mi III. Edward I. the Stenkills. dent upon Tunis & Tripoli
II. The most Governed Germany.
iilim Norman conquest, decides in Civil discord. the emperors. to 912.
Conquered by the powerful of by native
to tie 1066. favour of Divided Extinct, of family of Arpad,
Teutonic knights, the northern princes. Christianity Cairo the seat
eat Feudal system. J. Balliol. III. 1015-1238. reigning dyn.
1283. nations, 1015. about 1000.
1292. Dynasty of the 1306.

DOMINION OF THE PAPAL HIERARCHY. 868-905.

Swerkers. Ill. 1306. The Ikshidites

IV.
IV. Declines. IV. Predominance III. John of Lux- III. 934-968.
1154 Plantagenets. IV.
III. 1225. De¬ of the clergy. 1238. emberg, son Independent. to 1301.
1215, Magna Charta. Fatimites in
pendent 1210. Enslaved by of Henry VII. 1200.
1265-1342, 1371. Egypt, 969.
1466. Divided be¬ Margaret. upon Kings of the house the Moguls. Emperor of IV.
Parliament.
tween the Poles 1375. Sweden. of Folkunger, 1250. IV. Germany. Advances in Sigismd. 1392. The Hamada-
1337-1444, House of
m tin (Western Prussia)— Recovers its Hussite war, power, 1309. nites,
French wars.
ivery of and the Knights, V. V. V. liberty, and in¬ 1419-33. V. 892-1001.
1455-1485, Stuart to
IMjJ who gain E. Prussia. 1397. 1397. 1397. creases in House of Foreign
Wars of the roses. 1269-1471,
id the A Fief of Poland. power. United Jagellon, princes to
V. 1485. Tudors the year i_ Merinides in
mation nearly absolute.
_J 1462-77. to Austria 1389. the year 1527. 15P
UNION OF CALMAR. 1527. Egypt'

AND RISE OF THE BALANCE OF POWER, TO THE PRESENT TIME.

Elizabeth, 1524. Dissolution of the union of Calmar. Poland. America. 1517. Osmans
jfa Iwan.
1558-1603. 1603. IV. VI. 1532. ‘.United. VI. 1524. 1492. Discovered. in Egypt.
nbliCi
Spanish armada, united. 1525. Secularisation Gustavus Vasa. 1533-1600. 1500. Brazil. 1533. Barba-
Clric
1588. of Prussia: Dukes. Wars on accoun t of Livonia 1519. Mexico. rossa.
nslius,
sit.
1600-1660. 1526. Peru. , 1609. Moors
GREAT BRITAIN. 1671. Electorates. Swedish and Polish war Continued 1583. First English colony. from Spain.
of succession. wars for the 1654. Portuguese in Brazil. The stales of
VI. Stuarts, 1603-1688. V. 1688. V. possession 1681. Pensylvania. Philadel¬ Algiers, Tunis,
Frederic William. of phia. Tripoli, Fez,
From
e rise
Cromwell, 1649-1658. Poland. 1713. Nova Scotia ceded to and Morocco,
1697-1718. 1689-1725, Gt. Britain. united and
of VI. 1713.
land
Restoration, 1660. Age of Charles XII. Flourishes. 1775-1783. Successful strug¬ garrisoned by
Kingdom of Prussia. VII. Peter the Great. gles of the Americans for in¬ the Turks.
jfiotts The seas in¬
Revolution, 1688. dependence. Washington.
fusion! fested by pi¬
1740-86. Frederic
teoetr the Great.
1700- 1721. Great Nor th e r n W a r s. Confederation of the thirteen
rates.
VII. William and Mary. northern states.
ate of 1766-73.
VI. Hayti declared independent.
5 atisin? Bill of Rights. Peaceful and The Mame¬
1756-63. Seven Dessalines, emperor 1804.
of 1762-96.
years’ war. flourishing. New constitution, Henry I., lukes hold the
a vast power of
VII. House of Hanover, 1714. Torn by civil faction. 1811. sovereignty of
Russia VI.
VII. 1786-1813, Africa.
under First parti¬ Confederation of Venezuela,
1714—60. Influence declines. 1810, 1798-99.
Catharine II. tion, 1772.
felt throughout 1820. Republic of Hayti. Buonaparte
1799 to 1805
Europe. Sovereignty 1821. Mexico independent. seizes upon
Second,1793
of the sea. 1806. War with 1822. Republic of Columbia. Egypt.
I?. 1775—83. American war. France. lgoa (Divided 1829-32.) Internal dis¬
the1 Repeated Armed Neut rulity agreed upon by Russia, Third, 1795
sensions.
1822. Brazil independent.
leiera; 1796. War with France naval Sweden, IJ enraark, and Prussia. opposed to 1825. Republic of Bolivia. Wars with the
for®' and Spain. victories. 1812. Treaty with France. French and
Jen1 The United States rise rapidly
Indian France against 1805. WaragainstFrat.ee. 1812-13—14 Americans.
Conquered in wealth and importance.
conquests. Russia. 1808. glorious wars Ali Pacha.
by Russia Struggle between the monied
1815. General Peace. Bloody war 1809. Civil commotions. with France. French in Al¬
1832. and national interests. *
1832. Reform Act. VIII. 1813. Vic¬ VIII. 1813. "V" 1810. New Dynasty. Agrandisement. giers, 1830. 1835
torious. Flourishes. Flourishes. (United 1814.J Persian wars. Jackson president.
f
4 Table ii. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. C. 1004—1400.

From the Creation of the world to the Deluge, 4004 to 2.348 (5411 to 3155, Dr. Hales.) For this period of primeval history we are
and civil history. The various though distorted traditions which have prevailed in almost every nation respecting the first ages
on the supposition of their having originated from one common source. The idea of a chaos, and of the creation of all things
his temptation, fall, and consequent depravation of human nature—the longevity of the antediluvian patriarchs, all these circum-
fragments which still remain ; and further, the paucity of mankind, and the vast tracts of uninhabited lands in the first ages,
as far as possible, the fabulous pretensions to antiquity claimed by the eastern nations.

SONS OF NOAH, FROM

ADAM, about 4000 years B. C. lived 930 years. SFIEM.
_A_

Cain. Abel. - Seth, (lived 912 years. Elam. Assur. Arphaxad. Lun. Aram.

Methuselah, 969 years; the oldest man. Father of the Father of the 1 The Lydians. Father of the
Persians. Assyrians. Abraham. Syrians.
Noah, the first maker of wine, lived 950 years. Founder of I
Nineveh. Isaac. Ishmael

Jacob. Esau. From whom the Arabs

Cashmire has been regarded as the ancient Paradise, because the Himmalah mountain, being
claim descent.
considered as the highest in the world, first arose out the waters. The four rivers which are
Father of the Israelites.
mentioned in the sacred writing as flowing around it, would in this case be, the Ganges, the Indus,
the Burhamputer and the Jihon.
According to the Mohammedan accounts, Shem is the father of the Eastern nations,
the Hebrews, Persians, Arabians, and also of the Greeks and Romans, (the two latter
nations through Esau, etc.) From them, it is said, all good shall come, and that they
shall be blest with the dominion of the world.
The Flood, about 2350 years B. C. in the 600th year of Noah’s life. The ark rested on mount Ararat in Armenia.

PRIMEVAL CONDITION OF SOCIETY,

India.

Indian Chronology con¬
sists of fabulous periods of
extravagant duration called
Kalpas, Manwantaras, and
Yagas. A Kalpa contains
fourteen Manwantaras, and
a Manwantara consists of
seventy-one great ages, or
aggregates of four Yugas
or ages; the Satya, Treta,
Dwapara, and Kali. The
world is now in the year
4935 of the twenty-eighth
Kali age of the seventh
Manwantara of the present
Kalpa.
The whole Manwantara
is under the guidance of a
Menu, who is present on
earth in each first or Satya
Yuga. In the second, or
Treta Yuga, commence
lists of mortal dynasties
derived from the sun and
the moon.
The first prince of the
solar line is Ikshwaku, son
of the actual Menu, Vui-
vaswata, the son of the
n; from him sixty-one
princes are enumerated, to
Rama, who is said to have
reigned at the close of the
secondage. The first prince
of the lunar dynasty is Pu-
ruravas, grandson of the
moon.
In the third or Dwapara
age thirty princes of the
solar, and twenty-five of
the lunar dynasty are spe¬
cified. The period termin¬
ates with the Mahabharata
or great war between the
Pandu and Kuru princes :
at this time also flourished
the demigod and hero
Krishna : according to
Hindu computation these
events date 3101 years
B. C., or the beginning of
the last or Kali age. Eu¬
ropean calculation places
them aboutfifteen centuries
B. C.
After the great war the
kings of Magadhd or South
Behur became powerful.
The first was Sahadeva,
B. C. 1400, whose de¬
scendants ruled for twenty
generations.
Ripunjaya, the last __of
this family, was killed by
Pradyota, who founded
the Sunaka dynasty, B. C.
915.
To this succeeded the
Sisunagas, B. C. 777, ten
of whom reigned 362 years.
Nine princes of the Nan-
da dynasty reigned in Ma¬
gadhd for 100 years: the
last was killed by Chandru-
gupta, the Sandrakoptos,
who was the ally of Seleu-
cus, B. C. 315. Various
dynasties of Magadhakings
continued to reign until
A. C. 428.
Assyria and
B. C.
Babylon.
2300
Building of the tower of
Babel, confusion of lan¬
guages, and dispersion of
mankind, B.C. 2247Usher,
and 2614, Dr. Hales.
First Assyrian Dy¬
nasty, which commenced
with Nimrod, (Ninus I.,
Belus, or Maha-Bala,)
who founded Babylon,
and afterwards invaded As¬
syria, where he built Ni¬
neveh and other cities on
the Tigris; (B. C. 2234,
Usher, and 2554, Dr. II.)
Nimrod was the first
who introduced the Zabian
idolatry, or worship of the
heavenly bodies.
After his death
he was deified
by his subjects, and
supposed to be trans¬
2000
lated to the constellation
Orion.
Early astronomical know¬
ledge of the Babylonians.
1912, (2070, Dr. Hales.)
Chedorlaomer, or IIu-
siiang, king of Elam, as¬
sisted by his confederates
the kings of Shinar, Ella-
sar, and Goun, reduces the
Pentapolis, and takes Lot
prisoner.
Defeat of the Assyrian
princes by Abraham at
Dan, and rescue of Lot.
From the circumstance
of the king of Elam’s being
at the head of this con¬
federacy, many writers of
eminence have supposed
the dissolution of the first
Assyrian dynasty, and the nine
departure of the sceptre verned by petty kings,
from Assyria to Persia. each of whom reigned
in his own city and ter¬
ritories.
Interregnum
of nearly
1000 years.
1500
1400
Mesopotamia Phcenicia. Palestine and the adjacent Asia Minor.
and Syria. Countries. Inhabited from the earliest period by
Palestine, or the Holy Land, was ori¬ several distinct and independent tribes,
ginally peopled by the descendants of Ca¬ of which the most important were the
naan, the son of Ham, and grandson of Carians to the west, the Phrygians in
This province, called Noah. the centre, the Syro- Cappadocians be¬
in Hebrew Aram Naha- yond the Halys, and the Thracians in
raim, is celebrated Bithynia.
In the time of Abraham it was inhabited
Scripture as being the Only three kingdoms deserve parti¬
by ten nations; the Kenites, the Kenizites,
first habitation of man¬ cular notice, the Trojan, the Phrygian,
and the Kadmonites, to the east of Jordan;
kind after the Deluge. and the Lydian.
and the Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims,
It gave birth to Phaleg, Phcenicia extend Atnorites, Canaanites, G irgashites, and Je-
Heber, Terah, Abraham, ed from the gulf of busites to the west. Trojans. Phrygians.! Lydians.
Nahor, Sarah, Rebekuh, Issus to the ter¬
Rachel, Leah, and the mination of the Birth of Abraham 1996, (2153, Dr. H.) Much dif¬ The Phry¬ The Lydi
sons of Jacob. ridges of Libanus
and Antilibanus. ference of gians con¬ ans deduced
First call of Abraham from Ur of the
Its principal cities
Chaldees to Haran in Mesopotamia, (2093, opinion sidered their origin
were Tyre and Si
Dr. II.)
don, remarkable at
a very early period prevails re¬ themselves from Lud,
for the enterprise Second call of Abraham from Haran,
and commerce of 1921, (Dr. H. 2078.) specting as the most the grand¬
their inhabitants.
In consequence of a famine in the land the origin of ancient peo¬ son of Noah.
Tyre founded ab. of Canaan, Abraham goes down into E-
2267 B. C. accord¬ gypt, 1920, (Dr. H. 2077.) this people. ple in the But how¬
ing to Dr. Hales,
Bochart world. ever this
Sidon at a still Returns from Egypt.
earlier period, but
eclipsed by her deduces Josephus may be, they
He and Lot separate.
daughter. The ma¬
nufactures of Sidon their origin and others were un¬
are noticed by Ho¬
from have sup¬ doubtedly
mer, who styles the
Sidonians iroXvdai-
daXot. Ashkenaz, posed them a very an¬
1912 Abraham On the borders of
wages war against Palestine dwelt several
1912 Amraphel king the eldest to be de¬ cient people,
Chedorlaomer, 2070 nations mentioned in
of Shinar cm ally of Che¬
Confederacy of Dr. II. the Bible:—
dorlaomer. son of scended although
Phienician states, 1897 Lot com 1. The Philistines,
mits incest with his
descended from Mizrairn,
of which Tyre was and very early settled in Gomer, from To- from the
daughters. the south-west of Canaan,
the chief.
1896 Birth of I- after expelling the Avites.
2. The Amalekites, and ima¬ garmah, few chrono¬
saac, 2053 Dr. FI. descended from Amalek the
1836 Esau and grandson of Noah, and set¬
Phoenician colo¬ Jacob born, 1993 tled on the south coast west¬ gines that a son of logical data
ward of Jordan. They
nics in the Archi¬ Dr. H. were destroyed by the Is¬
pelago, Spain, A- Abraham dies 1821, raelites. there are Gomer. that remain
frica, Sicily, and 3. The Moabites and
Syria, properly so aged 175 years. Ammonites, descendants
traces Of their their early
called, was bounded on probably in the Per¬ 1706,(1863, Dr. of the incestuous offspring
the east by the Eu¬ sian gulf. of Dot. The Moabites d welt
Hales,) Jacob’s fa¬ on the east of the Jordan,
of the name early history history is
phrates, on the west by mily go down into the Ammonites north-east of
Egypt, where Jo¬ the Moabites.
the Mediterranean,north in the As-
4. The Midianites,de¬ little is exceedingly
by Cilicia, and south by seph assigns them scended from Midian the
the land of Goshen fourth son of Abraham, by
Phcenicia, Judcea, and canian lake,
Keturah. There were two known. obscure.
Arabia Deserta. for their residence. divisions of this people,
one settled on the north¬
east of the Red Sea, the
and in other Almost all Atyada:
It was divided into other on the east of the
cantons, and go¬ Dead Sea. places ap¬ their kings ab. 1750.
5. The Edomites, de¬
scended from Esau; they
dwelt to the south of Ju¬ parently were named Ab. 1550
dcea, in a mountainous
tract of country, originally-
possessed by the Horites, named after Midas and Adryme-
who became blended with
the conquerors. Ji»i;
Damascus and other the founder Gordius, tus.
Most of these na¬ He
Syrian cities are men¬
tions were bitter ene¬
tioned as early as the of the but their
mies to the Israelites.
time of Abraham.
nation. succession
Their early cannot be
history con¬ determined. 'Ho
W4
sists of
mere tra¬
ditions, em¬ hitiij
bellished by Coloiii
the fictions
of poetry.

a
£
 Jul. Per. 710—3314. ANCIENT HISTORY. 5

indebted solely to the Mosaic records, the truth and credibility of which are proved by the most striking testimonies of natural
of the World, bear so close a resemblance to the facts mentioned by the great Hebrew annalist, that we can account for them only
by the agency of a supreme Mind, the arbitrary division of Time into weeks—the formation of Man in the moral image of God-
stances, and others of a kindred nature, are either expressly alluded to by ancient historians, or shadowed forth in the legendary
together with the late invention of the arts and sciences, agree in confirming the accuracy of the Mosaic narrative, and disproving.

WHOM THE PRESENT RACE OF MANKIND DESCENDED.

HAM. JAPHET.
_a._ __-A,_

Chus. Misraim. Put. Canaan. Gomeu. — Magog. — Madai. — Javan. — Tubal. — Mesech. Thiras
I 1 Libyans. i Germans. Gog and Magog The Medes. I 1 Tartars. Muscovites. Thracians,
Meso, SlDON, are the central nations Elisa. — T a rsis. — Ciiittim. — Dodanim.
Nimrod. father of the founder of the north of the Caucasus, 1 ’Spaniards. Greeks I
Tower of Babel. Egyptians. city of this name the Caspian sea, etc. and Romans.
in Phoenicia.
The oriental historians, Mirkhond and Khondemir, differ from this genealogy of the Bible : they give to Japhet eight sons
According to the Mohammedan annals, Ham was the common founder
of the Southern nations, the Moors, Africans, and Indians. To them Turki. — Chin. — Seclab. — Mameluk. — Gomari. — Kozar. — Rus. —- Bazag.
fell the lot of slavery, for which they are said to be indemnified by the Father of the Father of Of the Slavi. Of the Mamelukes. 1 Cimmerians , 1 Father of the 1
great consideration in which the Moors are held by their masters in the Turks, Tar- the Germans. Russians,
East. tars, Mon- Chinese.
gols. From According to the Mohammedans, Japhet is the father
him de- of the Northern nations, the Turks, Tartars, Chinese,
scended Germans, Slavi, and also of the Americans. From
them all evil is said to have come.
Alaenza, Chan of the eastern Turks: Osman, father of the
Osmans : Zinghis Kiian, Tamerlane, etc.

AND FIRST FORMATION OF STATES.

African States. Greece. Italy. Thrace, Cumbrians,
Libya and Ethiopia. Egypt. and Scythians.
B.C
Libya. The sources of the ancient his¬
The ancients divided the Egypt in its widest extent contains 2300
aboriginal tribes of 'Africa I. Mythic Period. tory of Italy are scanty and con¬ Thrace.
about 60,000 square English miles, or
into two distinct classes, the fused ; scanty from the injuries of
Libyans and the Ethiopians, rather more than the whole of England. Inhabited by many different
the former lying to the north, It appears to have been peopled by co¬ The history of the primitive ages con¬ time, confused from the errors of the tribes.
and the latter to the south. ' sists almost entirely of fabulous tradi¬ first historians.
lonies from Ethiopia, perhaps India, The Thracians were the first
The Egyptians were not in- '
eluded in this division, as ■ which, descending the Nile by Upper tions, embellished by the poets, particu¬ European nation who attained any
Egypt was sometimes consi- • Egypt, formed numerous little states The inhabitants of Italy were considerable degree of civilisation.
larly the early epic writers.
dered as foiming a part of. either aboriginal—namely, those who
on its banks; the central point of each
southern Asia.
being a temple. Greece was originally inhabited by se¬ inhabited the north along the moun¬ Cimbrians.
The foreign ■ settlers were veral insignificant tribes, two of which, tain ranges of the Alps and Apen¬
Phoenicians and Greeks, who * The Cimmerians, or Cimbrians,
dwelt chiefly on the sea coast. ‘ the Pelasgi and Hellenes, both prob¬ nines, or colonists from foreign coun¬ said to have descended from Go-
mer, dwelt near the Palus Ma-
ably of Asiatic origin, claim our atten¬ tries ; but chiefly from the Pelopo-
To the Libyans belong the • The caste of priests is supposed to otis and the Euxine Sea. Being
Maxyes, or Maxytani, and . have been the first civilised tribe. They tion at a very early period. The Pe¬ nese. a people of nomadic habits, they
advanced as far as the Danube,
t^le . worshipped Ammon, Osiris, Phtha, lasgi were the first who extended their
and became famous for their mi¬
The name and extent of Italy
more remarkable,1^ that * and Isis> (conf’ the JuPiter> Bacchus> dominion in Greece. grations.
of the Gyzantes, or Byzan- * Vulcan, and Ceres of the Greeks), and varied at different periods.
tes. It was subdivided • possessed all the offices of state,
into many branches, and oc- • Scythians.
cupied the finest and most.
fertile part of the Carthagi- % I. Mythic Period. The name of Scythians was
nian territory. given by the ancients to all the
- * I. Dynasty of Menes and his succes- nomad tribes settled in those im¬
Celebrated colony of Am- ‘ sor ; ending with Timaus, or Con- Aboriginal Tribes: mense tracts which extend from
monium, which, with Thebes, • charis, 253 years ; 2412-2159. the north of the Black and Cas¬
A. Iberians (in Upper and Aliddle
became a link in the com¬ pian seas to Central Asia.
Italy to the river Liris), including
mercial intercourse between * Inachus, according to some, about 1. the Umbrians; 2. the Etrurians;
2000
Mero'c, Thebes, and Egypt. * Periodical migrations of these
1856, founds the kingdom of Argos and 3. the Ligurians, the Teneti, Siculi,
- • II. Dynasty of the Hyksos, or nations from east to west, and
Sicyon. According to others Phoro- and Sicani. Of these the Umbrians
Ethiopia. .Shepherd Kings, 260 years; (2159- probable hypothesis that the whole
neus founds Argos about 1753. were the most ancient.
Cush, or Ethiopia, had,. 1899, Dr. Hales.) of western Europe received its po¬
in ancient times, a wide and pulation from this quarter.
B. Ausonians (Opici, Osci, Volsci
extensive signification, com¬ Settlement of Remains or Aurunci), hence 1. the JF.qui, Her-
prehending the southern and * Various tribes comprehended un¬
nici, Campanians, Apuli, Rutuli;
eastern borders of Egypt, the * the Pelasgi of the der the general name of
2. the Sabines (Sauwini, Sabelli,
coasts of the Persian gulf, • Scythians :—
in Thessaly, Cyclopean Sauniti, Samnites), occupied a great
and even southern India. • Little more than the names of the part of ancient Ausonia, and the 1. The Callipida, a mixed race,
The Ethiopians were cele- . kings are preserved, and even the ac- under their monuments whole of (Enotria. From them were partly Greek and partly Scythian.
brated from the earliest pe- _ curacy of these seems very uncertain, leaders, usually derived the Erentani, the Picentes, 2. Alazones, husbandmen.
riods for their justice, reli¬ the Lucani, Bruttii, Peligni, Atarsi, 3. Scythian ploughmen.
gion, commerce, wealth, and * Achxus, attributed Maruccini, Vestini, and Samnites; 4. Olbiopolitce, beginning at the
civil polity. Phthius, to the each dominant in turn over the confluence of the Desna and the
Ethiopia Proper ’Expulsion of the Shepherds, 1899. others. Dnieper, and extending northward
and Pelasgus. Pelasgi. to Alohilow on the Dnieper.
(the present Abyssinia and; m D , h Phakaohs .
Nubia) was situated to the x J J ’ They remain II. Period of the Colo¬ 5. Nomad Scythians.
south of Egypt, and was • (1899_1648>) nists. 6. Royal Scythians.
there 150 years.
bounded in that direction by . 7. Related to these last by con¬
The leaders of the first colonies
a part of Africa unexplored . sanguinity, the Sarmatians. (The
are said to have been of the race of
by the ancients. Cossacks who lived near the Don.)
Deluge in the time of Ogyges, 1749 ; the Argive princes.
8. Scythian emigrants, to the
Aboriginal tribes (Berbers). . Joseph, governor of Egypt, 1715; (1764, Blair: 1796, Africanus.) west, in the present province of
Nubians, Blernmyes, Ale-. (Dr. Hales, 1872.) By purchase he Ab. 1680, CEnotrus (from whom
Cusan.
gabari, Ichthyophagi, Tro-, makes all the land of Egypt, except the southern part of Italy received
9. In manners and dress, the
glodyta, Elephantophagi, Ala- what belongs to the priests, the pro¬ The Hellenes, ab. 1550, or 1433, first the name of (Enotria), and Peuce-
Alassageta, (who seem identified
tus. Other accounts place CEno¬
crobians; but the most just- ’ perty of the king.—The Scriptures appear in Phocis, under Deucalion, but with the Issedones and Serians,)
trus and Peucetus in the time of
ly celebrated were those who ' prove that in his time the state of are driven thence by a flood, and migrate agree with the Scythians.
Deucalion and Helen.
inhabited the state of Meroe, • Alemphis was highly civilised. Agri¬ into Thessaly, whence they expel the
the present province of Atbar, • culture flourished; and it contained a Pelasgi. The Scythians called themselves
in the kingdom of Sennaar. . numerous and brilliant court, castes of They occupy Lower Italy, and
Scolota.
The people of this country . priests, of warriors, etc. The Hellenes became from this time become identified with the aborigi¬
were governed by priest-kings, m the most powerful race, and spread them¬ nal inhabitants.
elected by the caste of priests," selves over the greater part of Greece.
and dependent upon that or- ’ They increase in power, and take
der. the lead in the affairs of Italy.
The city of Alero'e was si- • Jacob’s family settle in Goshen, a Cecrops conducts a colony from Sais
tuated between what are now . province of Lower Egypt, 1706; (Dr. in Egypt, into Attica; founds Cecropia,
the modem towns of Gherri. Hales, 1863.) (afterwards Acropolis,) ab. 1550, or 1433.
and Sltendy, and was in an-
About this time we hear of king
denttimes celebrated as being
Cadmus, from Phoenicia, settles in Targitaus.
the seat of civilisation and *
commerce. Bceotia: ab. 1550 founds Thebes, and
Death of Joseph, 1675; (1792, Dr. introduces letters into Greece. About
Connection between trade 1313 by other accounts.
Hales.)
and religion at Alero'e.
Colonies sent out, who es- . Danaus arrives, ab. 1500, and settles
tablish factories and extend in Argos.
the influence of the priest- *
caste. Exodus of the Israelites ;
(1648, Dr. Hales : 1491, Usher.)
Thebais colonised from hence.* 1400

a
6 Table hi. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. C. 1500—800.

ASSYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN EMPIRES. FLOURISHING PERIOD OP THE JEWS.

Media. Israelites. Asia Minor.
Assyria & Babylonia. Phoenicia. Syria and
Mesopotamia. 1491 Exode of the Israelites under The government Troy. Lydia. Phrygia,
B. C. So great was
By the Medes Moses; (1625, F. C.) of the children Ab.1500,
1500 The mighty empires of the the antiquity The chronological data Tmolus. Gordius
East were, for the most part, of the parent The petty kings many writers 1451 Death of Moses; (1608,Dr.II.: of Israel was,
have under¬ strictly speaking, of this period are ex¬
erected by conquering nomad city, Sidon, of Syria fall from 1585, F. C.) I., a
stood a ruling a Theocracy, the tremely uncertain and Ab. 1490,
hordes, who gladly exchanged that her eld¬ time to time un¬
nation of east¬ 1. ) Joshua succeeds, and leads them supreme legisla¬ defective. Theocly- king
the sterility of their northern est daughter, der the dominion
Tyre, is said of foreign con¬ ern Asia, ex¬ into the promised land. tive power exclu¬ MEUS.
climes for the more fertile re¬ called
to have been querors. tending from sively resting in
gions of southern Asia. Fall of Jericho*; (1608, Dr. H.)
founded as the Tigris to God or in his from
First division of Canaan among the oracle. 1400 Teucer, whence 1460
These empires attained in a early as 2267. 1413 or 1550 the Indus, the
who, occa¬ twelve tribes, by lot; (1602, Dr. H.) The Sanhe¬ the people were named Marsyas
very short period, their greatest In the days of Cusiianrisha-
sionally pass¬ drim, or council, Teucri. plough;
splendour and extent. Their Joshua it is thaim, king of Second division; (1596, Dr. II.)
spoken of as Mesopotamia, ing their west¬ instituted by Mo¬
duration was however in general Fabulous the
1400 but brief: the hardy conquerors a strong city; keeps the eastern ern frontier, Period of the Judges. ses in the wilder¬
penetrated as ness, to determine period. inventor
soon adopted the luxurious ha¬ and it was Israelites in sub¬ First servitude under Cushanrish- trifling disputes
bits of the vanquished nations, celebrated in jection 8 years. far as the Ha-
athaim, k. of Mesopotamia, 8 years; among the people, of the
and consequently were soon the time of lys. This em¬
(1572, Dr. H.: 1550, F. C.) consisted of se¬
obliged to resign their domi¬ Homer for the pire was di¬ 1380 Dardanus, a Pe- Gordian
nions to fresh swarms of un¬ excellency of vided into 2. ) Othniet. delivers and judges the venty princes or lasgian, the son of Plec¬
elders; but all knot.
corrupted warriors, who also in its manufac¬ satrapies, over people 40 years; (1564, Dr. H.) tra daughter of Atlas,
their turn degenerated, and gave tures. each of which difficult cases and born in Pelopon¬ Said
Second servitude of 18 years under were referred to
way to new invaders. a Mede pre¬ nesus.
Eglon, k. of Moab; (1524, Dr. H.) Moses himself. Pelops, a to have
Arvath, or sided, who re¬
ceived the tri¬ 3. ) Ehud delivers the people, 1506. In the land of Palladium. Lydian, been
The Babylonians were a Aradus, was a
bute collected Canaan, repub¬ goes to
branch of the’ Semetic family city of Sido- Third servitude under Jabin, k. of lican patriarchal Flourishing period. contem¬
from the more Argos.
of nations; but whether they nian origin, on Hazor, 20 years; (1426, Dr. H.)
remote pro¬ government pre¬ 1350 Erichthonius, porary
came from India or from Ara¬ the northern
vinces, and 4. ) Deborah and Barak, 40 years; vailed, essentially amazingly rich.
bia is unknown. Babylon was frontier of with
handed it over (1406, Dr. H.) founded upon a 1320 Tros, founder of
subjected to the Assyrians un¬ Phoenicia.
to the neigh¬ griculture and a Troy. Orpheus.
1300 til the reign of Nabonassar. Fourth servitude under Midian, 7 rigid division of
Further south bouring satrap, 1310 Ilus, founder of
The names of Semiramis, years; (1366, Dr. H.)
stood and still who passed land. Judges, Ilium.
Ninus, and Belus, which oc¬
stands Tripo- it on in like 5. ) Gideon, 40 years; refuses to be¬ sometimes elected 1280 Laomedon.
cur so frequently in the Baby¬ 1280
lonian records, render it prob¬ lis, and Byb- manner until come king; (1359, Dr. H.) by the people, but 1240 Troy taken by the
Midas
able that conquerors had arisen lus, famed for it arrived at 6. ) Abimelecii, his natural son, more frequently Argonauts, (or 1225.)
long before the Chaldito-Ba¬ its temple to the king’s 3 years ; murders his seventy bre¬ appointed by
II., and
treasury. God, stood at its 1220 Priam.—Paris.
bylonian period, and founded Adonis. thren, and usurps the title of king;
empires of which traditionary (1319, Dr. II.) head. Rape of Helen. Gordius
legends alone remain, under Sidon and The authority Dynasty
7. ) Tola, 23 years; (1316, Dr. II.
the general name of the As¬ Tyre succeed, of the judges,and Sieg-e of Troy,
H.) of the
the latter form¬ that of the kings, which lasts ten years.
syrian empire. 8. ) Jair, 22 years; (1293, Dr.
ing the south¬ was nearly equal. It is then sacked by Atyadee, Ab. 1200,
H.) They commanded the Greeks, 1183, (or
ern boundary down to Otreus,
of Phoenicia. Fifth servitude to the Philistines the army, sum¬ 1127.)
Second Assyrian Dynasty,
and Ammonites, 18 years, (1271, Dr. moned and pre¬ about a chief¬
which lasts 431 years, accord¬ These cities
ing to Dr. Hales. formed a con¬ The people of H-) sided over the Migrations of the He-
1225. tain, be¬
federacy, at Media Proper 9. ) Jefiitha, 6 years; defeats the council, and pro- neti and Trojans into
1252 MiTiiR.tus, or Ninus II, the head of were divided Ammonites; his rash vow (1253, posed matters for Macedonia and Italy. fore the
Agron,
1200 renowned for his military a- which stood into six tribes, Dr. II.) deliberation ; the ALneas.
walls of
chievements. Tyre, from the of which the 10. ) Ibzan, 7 years; (1247, Dr. latter, however, the
reign of Solo¬ chief was the H.) required the ra¬ Troy.
first of
mon to Cyrus. tribe of the 11. ) Elon, 10 years; (1240, Dr. tification of the 1124
Magians. II.) general assembly, iEouc Mi¬ the He-
Government: grations suc¬
1215 Tautanes, or Teutamus, or congregation
1128 (1148, Dr. II.) Death of Eli. The
who reigned during the siege
Republican of the people. cessively head¬ raclidte,
city govern¬ people demand a king of Samuel, the
and destruction of Troy. ed by Penthi- made king
ments under last judge.
lus, a son of
limited kings, Kingdom of Israel. of Sardis,
Orestes, Ar-
assisted by ma¬ 1096 (1110,Dr.II.) Saul,the first king of Israel, strength¬ The chelaus his by the
gistrates. The ens himself by a victory over the Ammonites. David’s Ionians grandson, and
1183 Teutaius. names of only victory over Goliah, and persecution by Saul, who, dis¬ (headed Grais his great declara¬
a few of the On the over¬ obeying the commands of God, is rejected by him, and by Ne- grandson, who tion
kings are falls in battle. leus and occupy the
throw of the
known. other of an
Assyrian em¬ coasts of Mysic
1056 David reigns 40 years, and died 70 years old. He sons of and Curia, the
1139 Thinjeus. Abical, king pire, they be¬ oracle.
completes the conquest of the promised land. His king¬ Codrus) islands of Les¬
of Tyre, con¬ came the
dom extends from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean, joined bos, Tenedos,
temporary with ruling nation
and from Phoenicia to the Red Sea ; capital Jerusalem.
David. of Asia, their by some and the Heca-
Book of Psalms. Castle of Zion built. Alliance with
1109 Dercylus, forty years. Zoba, or Nisibis, boundaries Thebays, tonnesi. On the
Navigation of Phoenicia. Syria conquered. Absalom rebels and takes
1100 a city of great being the Ti¬ Phocians,mainland they
the Phoenicians Jerusalem, but is defeated and slain by Joab. Abantes, erected twelve
antiquity and gris and Halys
to Spain for westward, and 1016 Solomon reigns 40 years, and dies 60 years and cities, the most
The names of the kings who importance,
silver; Britain unlimited or old. His wisdom and magnificence. He builds the first other distinguished
reigned during this period, and about 1100.
for tin; to the unknown east¬ temple, and a palace. Splendour of his court. Greeks, of which were
the dates of their reigns, are
Baltic for am¬ founded Cyme and
given by chronologers; but no¬ ward.
ber ; to north Brilliant period of the kingdom.
thing is known of them. twelve Smyrna. Their
Africa, Arabia, A fleet; trade on the Red Sea with Ophir, Ara¬ cities on chief settle¬
Syria, in the time
and India. bia Felix, and the East Indies. the ments, how¬
of David, a pro¬
1050 vince of Judeea, southern ever, were in Meles
Solomon falls into idolatry: his kingdom declines. coast of Lesbos. All
1069 Eupalis, or Empachmes, Hiram an ally 1040.
thirty-eight years. of David. Loses Syria. Lydia, their towns and Lity-
and the were indepen-
Commercial Division of the kingdom. erses,
northern dent, and pos- others,
treaty with In the time of coast of sessed pecu¬
Kingdom of Judah. Kingdom of Israel. an effe¬
David and So- the Persians Curia, liar forms of
Two tribes of Judah and The ten tribes. the
lomon. 1044. government. minate
1031 Laosthenes, forty-five Liberated by Media was Benjamin, with the Levites.
Capital, Sichem; and af¬
Rezon, highly culti¬ Capital Jerusalem; 20 kgs. Of these dates character
1000 years. 1012 Balea- terwards Samaria. 19 kgs.
the most
zar. 980, vated, and of the house of David.
1. ) Jeroboam, 976. 22
1000-550 Pe¬ who seizes the exceedingly remark¬ The Dorian of
1. ) Rehoboam, 976. 17 yrs. He sets up two gold¬
riod of Phcc- whole of Syria productive. able colonies were
yrs. en calves, one at Dan and
986 Pertiades, thirty years. nician coloni¬ with Damascus. were planted at a whose
sation. 972 Shishak, king of Egpyt, one at Bethel, to prevent Phoc tea later period
956 Ophratzeus, 21 years.
BEN-HADADl.,in invades Judah, captures his subjects going to wor¬ and than the Io¬ reigns
the time of Asa. Jerusalem, and plunders ship at Jerusalem. Ephesus. nian, and were
the temple and palace. 2. ) Nadab, 955. 2 yrs.
Several cities are probably the are
3. ) Baasha, 953. 24 yrs.
935 Epecheres, fifty-two years. mentioned in the 2. ) Abijah, 959. 3 yrs. Homer result of suc-
4. ) Elah, 931. 2 yrs.
920 neighbourhood 3. ) Asa, 956. 41 yrs. fl. among cessive migra¬ uncertain,
5. ) Zimri, 930. 7 days.
Ethbaal I., of the Euphrates, te tions. They
942 Zerah, the Ethiopian, 6. ) Omri, 930. 12 yrs.
king also of such as Circe- The civil Ionians occupied the and of
with a million of men, is 7. ) Ahab, 919. 22 yrs.
Sidon. sium and Anthe- polity, reli¬ 962-927, southern coast
900 About 900, musias, which gion, and so¬ totally defeated by Asa in Marries Jezebel, d. of the
(or 1018-of Caria, and
king of Sidon. whose
883 Acraganes,forty-two years. Pygmalion were annexed cial habits of the valley of Zephathan. 983.) the islands of
usurps the in after times by the Medes, 941 League with Ben-hadad, In troduction of the Phoeni¬ Cos and Rho¬ exploits
government, the Persians to coincided in king of Syria. cian worship of Baal. des. They built
841 Thongs Concolerus. and by his the satrapy of almost every 4. ) Jehoshaphat, 915. six cities, three in Rho¬ nothing
The Prophet Elijah.
tyrannical con- Syria. point with 25 yrs. Re-establishes the des, one in Cos, and two
duct causes those of the true worship. His good Ahab falls in battle against on the continent. These is known
886 IIazael.
Third Assyrian Dynasty, his sister Dido Persians. reign. the Syrians, 898. six cities had one com¬
which lasts 215 years ; (Dr. to emigrate 840 Ben-iiadad Army of almost a million. mon sanctuary, the tem¬
The Moabites rebel.
Hales.) (see Carthage.) II. ple of Apollo Triopius,
898 Jehoshaphat assists A- 8. ) Ahaziah, 896. 2 yrs. where they celebrated
821 The king of Nineveh (name hab against the Syrians. 9. ) Joram, 895. 12 yrs. their festivals and held
unknown) who reigned in the 894 War with Moab. 10. ) Jehu, 883. 28 yrs. their assemblies.
time of Jonah. Flourishing 5. ) Jehoram, 891. 8ys. 11. ) Jehoahaz, 855. 17
Halicarnassus was af¬
period of Phoe¬ 6. ) Atiialiah,883. 6ys. yrs.
terwards excluded from
nicia; espe¬ 7. ) Joash, 877. 40 ys. 12. ) Jehoash, 839. 16
yrs. the confederacy, and Midas
cially of Tyre.
Army of Hazael, k. of Syria, became subject to the
13. ) Jeroboam II., 823 III.
ravages part of Judaea. sovereigns of Caria.
41 yrs. Restores the king¬
800 8. ) Amaziah,837. 29 ys. dom of Israel to its ancient
9. ) Uzziaii, 808. 52 ys. extent.

a
 Jul. Per. 3214—3914. ANCIENT HISTORY.
FLOURISHING PERIOD OF EGYPT. RISE OF GRECIAN STATES.
Persians. Egypt. Carthage. Greece. Italy. I India.
The Persians, B. C.
previous to Dynasty of the Pharaohs. From the most Long and bloody wars are, The great war, which 1500.
the time of remote antiquity about this time, earned on be¬
Cyrus, were the northern coast tween the aborigines and the is the subject of the
a nomad race, of Africa was co¬ Sicels. During the contest, a
divided into vered with Pha¬ band of Pelasgians arrive from Mahabharat, took place
ten tribes, of il iciun colonies, Thessaly, (whence they had
which that of established for the been expelled by Deucalion,) about the fourteenth
the Pasargadte purposes of trade. and obtain a settlement in
was the chief. At their first es¬ Velia, where, with the aid of century B. C., between
To this last be¬ 1327 Mceris, the best and wisest To Maris is tablishment these the aborigines, they seize upon
longed the fa¬ r„ • ,. attributed the settlements were Croton, a town belonging to the sons of Pandu, or
of the Egyptian kings. formatl(m of
mily of Cyrus, mere staples for the Umbrians, and jointly oc¬
who seems to Lake Maris. the reception of cupy Cora, Saturnia, and a Yudhishrhira. Bliima,
have been Sesostris, the Great, succeeds merchandise; but number of other places which
placed at the
his father Maris, 1308, and aims ™Qrks
in process of time 1383 Ercchtheus, a native chief of Ionian they gradually take from the Arjuna, Nakula, and 1400
head of the they took advan¬ race, establishes or restores the worship of Tuscans.
collected tribes at universal empire. He first di- erected by Se- tage of their fa¬ Minerva in Attica. Sahadeva, the princes
in much the ... . . T,,..
sostris in the vourable situa¬
■
rects his arms against the rJhio- . .
same manner ° .
interior oj the tion, and secured of Indraprastha, or an¬
as Ginghis- pians, whom he compels to pay country. to themselves the First
Oeen, the most ancient
Khun was at tribute. lie next reduces the is¬ benefit of that dawn OF cient Delhi, and their
Temple of composer of hymns.
a later period. trade which was POESY.
lands of the Red Sea, and is said Vulcan at intended to en¬ cousins, the sons of
The ancient his¬ Memphis. rich the parent
tory of the Per¬ to have penetrated by land as far
sians, as given by state. 1313 Cadmus, a Phoenician, the founder of Dhritarashtra, Duryo-
native writers of as India. He then subdues the Sepulchral Thebes in Bceotia, introduces letters into
the Mohammedan temple at
period, differs en¬ Assyrians, Medes, Scythians, and Such, before Greece. dhana and his brothers,
tirely from that Thebes.
the foundation of
of the Greeks. It Thracians; but receiving a check C arthage, appears Ah. 1293 The Sicels pass over
founded on princes of Ilastinapura:
Canals. to have been the 1283 Pelops, a Lydian adventurer, gives his into Sicily.
popular traditions at the Tanais, he returns home 1300
which have de condition of Uti¬ name to southern Greece. the latter were destroy¬
scended to the pre¬ laden with booty, 1299. Wall of 1500 ca and other Ty¬
sent day, and
closely interwoven stadia across rian colonies. Naval power and extended dominion of 1253 Evander, (the son of ed, and the former be¬
with the culture, the desert from Minos, the Cretan legislator. Carmenta, a prophetess,) emi¬
literature, and arts Pelusium to
of this nation. Carthage, how¬ grates from Arcadia in con¬ came the paramount
1275 Rampses, or Pheron, an Heliopolis. ever, owed her Orpheus.—Musjeus. sequence of an internal fac¬
Dynasties accord origin not to com¬ tion. He is favourably re¬ sovereigns of the Hindu
in<j to Ferdusi indolent prince, who is unable to jylvhion Qf
and Khondemir : mercial relations 1225 Argonautic expedition. ceived by Faunus, king of the
keep his father’s more remote con- the country but to civil dis¬ Age of
aborigines, and allowed to set¬ princes.
I. Dynasty of into thirty-six sensions ; and Jason.
the Peshdadians. chival¬ tle with his followers on the
200,1 8uests’ names. hence it was that 1213 Confederation of the seven Palatine Hill. At the same time
1. ) Kaiomers, rous
ECS, (said to be the from the very princes against Thebes.

lief- J grandson ofXoah,) 1214 Proteus, or Ramf.sses. During his reign first she asserted
the first king of Paris and Helen are driven by contrary winds
the world. Capi¬
tal ; Balkh. upon the coast of Egypt, and Helen is said to
her independence
(Edipus and his sons.
of Tyre, although 1209 Death of Hercules.
ME NTS.
flourished the hero and

demigod Krishna, by
,t)6-
2. ) HoshengJs have been detained by Proteus until the arrival
said to have found¬ there always sub 1200 Accession of Agamemnon. Period
ed many cities, of Menelaus, (1183,) when he honourably re¬ sisted between 1198 Second Theban War carried on whom Dwaraka was
and introduced stored her together with all the treasures belong¬ them feelings of by the Epigoni, or descendants of the first 1183 1.) The Heneti 0F THE 1200
the worship of ing to her husband.
fire. mutual kindness chieftains. (Antenor) in Upper Latins built.
3. ) Tahmcras, and regard. 1183 Destruction of Troy by the combined Italy.
introduced idol¬ efforts of the Greeks, or 1127. 2. ) The Trojans, in AND
atry. At this time also the
4. ) Jemshid, 1164 Amenophis IV. The city was Middle Italy. Albans.
inventor of the Agamemnon, Menelaus, Achilles,
built in the bo¬ 3. ) The Argives. Vedas were arranged in
solar year, and Ajax, Ulysses, etc.
founder of Per- som of a spacious {Diomedes) in Lower
sepolis, called the bay, terminated 1180 Unsuccessful attempts of the Hera- Italy. their present form by
Takht, or throne
of Jemshid. on the east by the clida, under Hyllus, to obtain possession of
5. ) Zohak, 1124 Rampstnitus, a prince remarkable for his Promontorium Peloponnesus. Krishna Dwaipayana,
king of Syria, great wealth; said to have been a patron of the Hermeeum (or 1176 Orestes reigns at Argos.
conquered Per¬ Elusinian mysteries.
sia ; conjectured Cape Bon) and 1104 (or according to others 1048) Return Etruria flourishes. thence called Vyasa;
to be the same on the west by of the Heraclida under Temenus and Cres-
with Nimrod, and the Puranas are
6. ) Feridun,
the Promonto¬ phontes, the grandsons of Hyllus.
descended from rium Apollinis,
Talmuras ; re¬ now called the Argos, Sparta, Messene, and Corinth, fall said to have been com¬
covered the king¬
dom and put Zo¬ Cape of Zebid. to the Dorians; Elis to the /Etolians.
hak to death. Alba-Longa, Gracia piled by him and his
1082 Cheops, or Chemmis, to whom the Egyp¬ Its foundation 1045 Codrus, the last The Achaans being Magna. 1100
Division of the tian priests attributed the building of the first a powerful, wealthy,
is much obscur¬ king of Athens, by the expelled from their disciples.
empire in the life¬
time of Feridun. pyramid, which appears to have been designed ed by fable. It voluntary sacrifice of country, in their turn and highly civilised
for a water temple. seems however his life, rescues Atti- expel the lonians, 1200—900
Tor obtains Tu- state, (although at
ran, i. e. China, sufficiently clear ca from the inroads of who take refuge a-
and all the east as that the early the Dorians. mong the Athenians. this time torn by in¬ Ilastinapur destroyed
far as the Oxus ; Period of the
Selm, Greece, Tyrian colonists
ternal faction,) be¬
Asia Minor, and came not as Perpetual Archons 1044 or 988 Ionic by an inundation, and
Egypt; Eru,
Iran, the body of conquerors, but at Athens, 1045— migration. came in after times
the Persian em¬ 1032 Cephrines, Cephres, or Shishak, the re¬ bought the land 683 ; the first was the capital of the lunar
pire. puted builder of the second pyramid. the mother city of
on which their Medon, the last Alc-
The wars between city stood, and meeon. Rome; and hence dynasty transferred to
Iran and Turan
begin. paid a yearly tri¬ it was that when
pyramids and other bute for its ter¬ 1040 (or 1080) Institution of the Amphic- Kausambhi. These
7. ) Manuch-
rher, grand ne¬ ritory to the in¬ tyonic Council, whose office it was to at¬ Romulus, accom¬ 1030
phew of Feridun, habitants of the tend to the temple and oracle of Delphi. Cum a a princes reigned at Pa-
supposed to be 972 Invades Judaa, and plunders Jerusalem. panied by the dis¬
country, with colony of
contemporary
with Moses. ’ In whom they were From about 1000 the Grecian states be¬ contented, and per¬ Chalcis, in latiputra to B.C. 66., 1000
his reign the hero extremely anxious came gradually formed into city republics, Eubaa, from
Rustem was born. national monuments. haps exiled party,
to maintain a connected by national festivals and the which Nea- but their power was
8. ) Nauzer,
IK®’ killed by Afra- good understand assembling of the Amphictyonic Council, reared the walls of polis and
triab. ing. which gives rise to the first ideas of inter¬ Zancle de¬ much reduced.
9. ) Afrasiab,
966 Death of Mycerinus, the builder of the his new city, he
king of Turan, national law. rived their
conqueror of Per¬ third pyramid, which, though inferior to the others introduced the origin. The kings of Ma-
sia. in size, excelled them in workmanship and rich¬
10 ) Zu,or Zav, Repeated wars between the Spartans and
ness of materials. laws, the religious gadha afterwards be¬
descended from the Argives.
Manuckeher. rites, and civil po¬ The bound¬
11.) Kershasp.
Internal dissensions at Sparta, occasion¬ aries of came the most power¬
lity which had pre¬
II. Dynasty of ed by the unequal division of property and Magtia
the Kaianians. the diminished power of the kings. vailed among the Gracia va¬ ful princes in India,
1.) Kai Ko¬ Chasm of 151 years. ried ; the
fi ad, descended people whom he reigning at Pataliputra,
from Manuekeker name was
expels the Tura 878 had left. sometimes
ni invaders, with given to the or Palibothra.
the aid of Rustem. Dido, the sup¬
2. ) Kai Kaos, posed founder of 852 Regency of Lycurgus, (884 according whole of 900
contemporary of Carthage, whose to Eratosthenes.) Italy; but
David, and Lok- more pro¬
man the fabulist, history is almost
builds two large wholly legendaiy. 828 Olympiad of Iphitus, (884 Eratosth.) perly it was
observatories at applied to
Babel, afterwards
Bagdad. 817 Legislation of Lycurgus, that extent
3. ) Kai Khos to which Sparta is principally indebted for of country
RO, grandson of which lay
the preceding, all her subsequent splendour.—
conquered Turan His celebrated constitution, between
. 4.) Lohrasp (which lasted about six hundred years), was Tarentum
considered to be
contemporary a mixture of monarchy, aristocracy, and and the Si¬
with Jeremiah and democracy; two kings ; senate of twenty- cilian Sea.
Daniel. His ge eight nobles ; five yearly-elected ephori; The shores
neral, Gnderz,
called Bakhi a assemblies of the people, composed how¬ of the Tus¬
Nasser, governor ever only of the citizens of Sparta; equal can Sea and
of Irak, apparent¬
ly the Nebuchad division of lands among 39,000 families ; various
nezzar of the no trade; iron money; public and equal places in
Slip*5 Bible. , education ; no walls; no fleets ; common Campania,
5.) Gushtasp
III. in
... whose
—„„ reign
.^.6.. 815 Bocchoris, or Asyciiis, who, according to tables; all luxury forbidden; no theatre; received
harsh treatment of the helots, who alone at- also the 800
Zoroastet?U5ht’ °' Diodorus, excels all his predecessors in wisdom
tended to agriculture and trade. same name.
and prudence.

1
 Table iv.
SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. C. 800—500.

ASSYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN EMPIRES.

Babylonia. Phce- Syria.I Media. Palestine. Asia Minor,
India. Assyria. Lydia, and the Greek
NICIA.
B. C. Kings of Judah. Kings of Israel. COLONIES OF MySIA AND
Tig- On the death of
Pul, (the first Caria.
800 A new dy¬ king of Assyria, Sennacherib, the
The lath 10. ) Uzziah, 808-756. Jeroboam II.
nasty, that of mentioned in
Median states, 782 An irruption of the
the Sisunagas, Scripture), be¬ Interregnum of ele¬
Tyrians PlLESER The Prophets, Jonah, A- Cimmerians.
776 established on fore 769. (At consisting of the mos, llosea, Isaiah, Joel,
ven years, from
Olymp. the throne of Nineveh.) 782 to 771.
defeat besieges Busians, Parata- Micah, Nahum, from about Miletus and Phoccca,
I. l. Magadhd, of 769 Invades the
kingdom of Is¬ cenians, Strucha-
856—698. Zachariaii, 770,
two Greek cities, flourish
which ten is slain by Shal-between 800-500. Mile¬
rael, and exacts the com¬ and
princes are tes, Arizantines, 11. ) Jotham, 756-741, tus is said to have had a
lum, who also fells
said to have from Menahem (sixteen years). by the sword of hundred colonies in the Sea
1000 talents of Nabonassar, (supposed by bined takes
reigned. Budians, and Ma¬ Menahem. of Marmora, the Black
silver. Newton to have been the
younger son of Pul,) com¬ Assyrian Damas¬ ges, revolt from the Sea, and the Palus Maotis,
Invasion of Tig-
Brilliant pe¬ menced his reign Feb. 26, and ranked next to Tyre
king of Assyria, lath-pileser.
riod of THE 747, and from this date is and cus, slays and Carthage. The Pho-
Empire. and after a severe 12. ) Ahaz, 741-726, (six¬ Pekaiaii, 759- caeans had an extensive
computed the
Era of Nabonassar. Phoeni¬ Rezin teen years.) 757, slain by trade to the west, reach¬
An import¬ 747 Tiglatii- struggle succeed in Invasion of Rezin, king Pekah, 757-738, ing as far as Gades; they
ant revolution PILESER of Syria, and Pekah, king slain by Hoshea. founded a colony at
738 takes Da¬ 733 Nadius. cian king of maintaining their
effected in of Israel, who fruitlessly be¬ Massilia in Gaul.
India by the mascus, the ca¬ independence. Interregnum of
731 Chinzirus and Porus. fleets Syria, siege Jerusalem.
introduction pital of Syria. nine year's.
They were at first
of the Baud- 729 Shalmane¬ Sign given Ahaz of a vir¬
IIoshea, 730—
ser captures Sa¬ 726 Jugaeus. a short 738, gin's conception.
dha religion. subject to district 721. Candaules, the last king
The first maria after a
721 Mardocempadus, time and car¬ magistrates; but 740 Siege and capture of Je¬ of Lydia, of the house of
Buddlui, or three years’ siege, rusalem by Zichri. the Heraclidee, falls by the
teacher, of this 721. soon afterwards 13. ) Hezekiah, 726-697, 723 Siege of Sama¬ hand of Gyges, 716.
before ries the
system, Gau¬ 714 Sennache¬
700 voluntarily submit (twenty-nine years), restores ria, by Shalmane¬
tama, was the rib invades Ju- the worship of the true God. ser, who takes the
712 sends ambassadors to He- the people
son of Sudho- daa, 713, but a to Deioces, whom 713 In the fourteenth year of city, 721, and
pestilential blast zekiah, and forms an alliance 716 Gyges, the first of the
dana, a petty Hezekiah ; invasion of Sen¬ transplants the Mermnada, attacks Mi¬
destroys the with him. siege of away they choose king.
prince in the nacherib, whose retreat is people into Me¬ letus and Smyrna, and
north of In¬ greater part of purchased by 300 talents of dia.
Tyre. captive takes Colophon. Sends
dia ; but who his army, and silver and 30 talents of gold. splendid offerings to the
was especially he is compelled 711 Sennacherib returns, but
to return, 711. to Kir, 709 Deioces, the temple of Delphi; as
encouraged is compelled to retire by End of the king does also
709 Archianus. Shalma¬ founder of Ecba-
by Srenika, He is slain by or As¬ tana. the miraculous destruction dom of Israel.
king of Ma¬ two of his sons. 704 First Interregnum. neser, of his army. Midas IV. king of Phry¬
gadha. The
702 Belibus. syria gia.
new religion 711 Esarhad-
don, or Sarda- 721,
raised pious
proper. Podalirius, a Greek by
men, or Bud¬ napalus, under
besieges birth, reigns in Caria
dhas, above the whom the As¬
syrian Empire 699-693 Esarhaddon master At the about the year 700.
gods, denied
of Babylon, during which time Tyre
the divine in¬ is lost, although
the monarchy his son, Apronadius, is spoken same 14. ) Manesseh, 697-642,
spiration of
continues 105 of as king. for five (fifty-five years,) an impious
the Vedas,
time the tyrannical prince. After the cap¬
and abolished years longer.
693 Regibalus probably in¬ years,
the distinction 693 Asordanes, Isaiah sawn asunder by his
dependent. king of tivity of Israel,
of castes. It or Apronadius. order, 696.
692 Mesesimordacus. but
seems to have 691 Adrameles,
or Sammughes. 688 Second Interregnum, of Assyria new colonists from
prospered in
eight years. without 675 Carried captive to Baby¬
India until 670 Axerdis,
680 Asaridinus subdues the carried lon by Asaridinus, but is Babylon, Cuthah,
the early ages the brother of
Babylonians, weakened by in¬ success. released soon after and re¬
ofChristianity, Sammughes.
This king, or testine divisions. away turns to Jerusalem, where Ava, Hamath, and 678 Ardys, king of Lydia,
when it de¬ takes Priene.
667 Saosduchinus. he effects a thorough re¬
clined and dis¬ his immediate
the formation of all abuses and Sepharvaim, were
appeared, be¬ predecessor, is
believed to have disorders, having appointed
coming the
Trans- Eliakim, a man renowned planted by Esar¬
national faith subjected Ba¬
bylon. for his wisdom, justice, and
of the sur¬
jordanite integrity, his chief counsellor, haddon in the ci¬
rounding na¬ 650 Nabucho-
tions, or Ne¬ donosor, or 656 Phraortes and minister of state.
pal, Tibet, Sardanapalus. tribes of conquers Persia ties of Samaria,
and Armenia. 15. ) Amon, 642-640, (two 640 Midas V. king of
China, Japan,
Ava, and Cey¬ Saracus, or Sar¬ 647 Chinaladanus. Reuben, 634 Phraortes slain years), slain in a conspiracy. and from this time Phrygia, at whose death
lon. danapalus II. by the Assyrians. Phrygia became a pro¬
630. Gad, 16. ) Josiah, 640-609. they are always vince of the Lydian em¬
Cyaxaues.
During this Nabopolasser, 625, pire about 560.
Jeremiah the Prophet.
dynasty the at Babylon. and half The first siege of called Samaritans.
north west Nineveh, by Cy- 622 Josiah causes the book of 635 The Cimmerians take
provinces of Manas- axares, is inter¬ the law, which had been found Sardis.
India were 604 Nebuchadnezzar rupted by the Scy¬ by Hilkiah, to be read be¬ 629 Sadyattes.
rendered tri¬ founds the Chaldd’o-BabyIo¬ seh, and thian invasion. fore the people; keeps the 617 Alyattes expels the
butary to the 606 Nineveh nian empire, reaching from the Passover; destroys the altar Cimmerians from Asia
600 Persians. taken by the Nile to beyond the Tigris. planted 607 Cyaxares, the at Bethel, and restores the Minor.
Babylonians He defeats Necho at Cirees- founder of the Me¬ worship of God. Implacable ani¬
To the Sisun- and Medes. sium, and deprives him of all them dian army, expels 609 Josiah is defeated and 603 Eclipse of Thales, (ac¬
aga princes his conquests. the Scythians from slain by Pharaoh Necho at mosity between cording to Dr. Hales.)
succeeded a in the Asia. Supposed Magdolum.
dynasty of 587 Besieges and takes Jeru¬ by some writers to them and the Jews,
Sudra kings; salem. cities be the Kai Kaus of 17. ) Jeiioahaz,(3 months.)
nine of whom All Assyria sub¬ 585 Besieges Tyre, which holds the Persians. 18. ) Jehoakim, 609-598, arising chiefly from
reigned from ject to the out thirteen years. of the 594 Astyages, or (ten years and six months).
about B. C. Medes. 582 Invades Elam, and takes Kai Kobad. the idolatrous prac¬
415-315, when Susa or Shushan. Medes. Daniel carried to Babylon,
the last was where he lives to the time of tices of the Sama¬
Daniel in Babylon, who be¬
deposed by 590 Ithobaal, Cyrus.
comes chief minister in the
Chandragupta, or Ethbaal, in ritans, whom the
court.
the Sandrocot whose reign
tus or Sandro- Ezekiel in Chaldeea. Tyre is sacked The seventy years’ captivity Jews have always
coptus of the by Nebuchad¬ are reckoned from B. C. 605.
570 Subdues Egypt.
Greeks, who nezzar. considered as the
569 Sets up the Golden Image.
then became 19.) Zedekiah, 598-587.
561 Evil Merodach.
king of Ma¬ 572 Fall of Old Ezekiel prophesies most impious of 560 CRCESUS, during the
559 Neriglissar, or Belshaz¬
gadha, dwell¬ Tyre. Founda¬ against Tyre and Egppt. first nine years of his
zar, killed in the night, as was
ing in Pata- tion of the new heretics. reign, subjugates Mysia,
foretold by the hand writing on
liputra, where city. The Temple burnt. Troy, and all the states
the wall.
he was visited 555 Nabonadius. Baal a cruel of Asia Minor, except
by Megasthe- End of the kingdom of Judah. Cilicia and Lycia.
despot.
nes, the am¬
bassador of Republican con¬ 559 Dethroned by 573 Ezekiel’s vision. 546 Sardis taken by Cyrus,
Seleucus. stitution under Cyrus or Kai 561 Jehoiakin released. which ends the Lydian
judges, or suf- Khosru. Kingdom.
fetes, seven years
and three months.
536 Edict of Cyrus for the
Belator, Merbal,
return of the Jews.
and Hiram, reign
Capture of Babylon by
eighteen years.
Cyrus, 538. 50,000 men.

Forms, with
Media, part of

500 the Persian

Empire.

Overthrow of the Babylonian

empire by the Persians. Subject to Persia. Building of the Temple. Persian province.

a g
 Jul. Per. 3914—4214. ANCIENT HISTORY. 9
To A. U. C. 254. RISE OF GRECIAN CIVILISATION. SOLON. PISISTRATUS.
Egypt. Carthage. Cimme¬ Greece. Mace¬ Italy.
The geographi¬ rians 783 Phi don, tyrant of Argos, donia. Rom i Magna B. C.
Dynasty of the Pharaohs. cal position of
Carthage was
AND fails in an attempt to seize Co¬ Caranus,
rinth. brother of Although the early history of Rome
Gr«cia. 800 .
Scy¬ Etrurian
771 Anysis, the blind, expelled 769 Egypt was divided admirably adap¬ thians. Silver first coined at JEgina. Phidon, and of its primitive institutions is colonies in
by So, or Sabaco, an Ethiopian con¬ into ted for trade
776 Victory of Corabus, at the
the se¬ wholly legendary, all are agreed Campania. 77 6
queror, probably from Meroc. 1. Upper, the and the acquisi¬ venth that Rome was a Latin colony from Olynrp.
Olympian games, and commence¬
country lying be¬ tion of foreign The Cim¬ from Te- Alba Longa.
FIFTY YEARS
tween Syene and the possessions. merians ment of the OX.VDIPZA.SS.
menus,
I. l.
During a prosperous reign of fifty city of Chemmis : Built at the ex¬ make and 753 H.OKZE POUNDED,
years this monarch protects the inter- capital, Thebes. tremity of a con¬ their first 752-683 Decennial archons at eleventh according to Varro. 753
___ „ 2. Central, from tinent whose appear¬ Athens. from Her¬ Olymp.
ance in Kingly Government. Rhegium
Lhemmis to Lercaso- warlike tribes cules, laid VI. 4.
Asia From 753 to 509. founded a
ests of the national religion, and enacts rus : capital, Mem- supplied numer¬ the found¬ few years
many wise and beneficial laws for the phis. ous mercenaries, about 745 Oligarchy of the Bacchiada ation of 1.) Romulus, 753-717, a war¬ before the
regulation of his kingdom. 3. Lower, from she gradually 876. at Corinth, who choose out of the Ma¬ like king, enlarges his territories by first Mes¬
Ethiopia, where the Nile di¬ extended her their number an annual Pryta- cedonian conquest. senian war,
vides into two bran- African domi¬ nis, with regal authority. kingdom The king not by the ChaL
719 lie resigns his tlirone in obedience ches and forms the nions from lake 743-723 First Messenian war. in Rape of the Sa¬ hereditary. A cidians.
to an oracle (or more probably from an Delta : capital, Sais. Tribonis south¬ Emathia. bine virgins. senate of 100,
apprehension of war with Assyria) and The country was ward to the tur- and afterwards
retires into Ethiopia. further subdivided ris Euprantus, 728 Philolavs, the Corinthian, le¬ of 200 persons.
Anysis now resumes the tlirone, and into nomes, each hav- (near which gislates for the Thebans. 300 knights. 721 Sybaris
reigns till his death, six years. ing its temple and stood the Phi- 300 Praetorian founded by
separate colony of the lanorum Arts) 712 Callinus. Archilochus. guards. the Achee-
THIRTY-THREE 700
priest-caste. in the east. 12 Lictors. ans and
713 Sethon, a priest of Vulcan, usurps The people also The western 708 Tarentum founded by the Patricians, Trazenians. Olymp.
the throne, and offends the warrior- were separated into frontier prob¬ Parthenice. Herodotus Plebeians, (pa¬ xx. 1.
caste by forcibly seizing their lands. different castes, the ably ended 700 Triremes and sea trade of and Thu¬ trons 4' clients.) 710 Crotona
regulations of which where cultiva¬ Corinth. cydides The year of Romu¬ founded by
YEARS OF Division of
placed an insuper- tion ceased, and 693 Simonides flourishes. make lus consisted of the Acha-
Invasion of Sennacherib king of As- able barrier between the nomad tribes Rome into three
683 Creon first annual archon at Perdic- 304 days, with ans.
Syria, who is miraculously repulsed. citizens of the same began, about 8° Athens. cas the tribes and thirty
two anonymous 708 Taren¬
__ country, and entailed E long. first king, months of thirty- curia. tum founded
A A ln ' the honour or degra- Altogether, the Rise of an oppressive aristocracy. about three days each, The Patrician by the
Dodecarchy, 685-660, (or reign of dation of the father extent of the 729. making in all 360 senate (a sacer¬ Parthenice.
twelve contemporary kings, one over upon his latest de- fertile provinces 679-662 Second Messenian war. days. dotal aristocracy 710 Locri
every nome or district,) which lasts scendants. The high- subject to Car¬ The Aristomenes, the hero of with the king Epizephyrii
fifteen years. est and most import¬ thage was nearly the Messenians, is defeated by at their head) by the
ant of those in Egypt two hundred Scythians the Spartans, and the war is ter¬ directed all pub¬ Locri Ozola.
Psammetichus, 660-617, one of the were the sacerdotal geographical minated by the siege and cap¬ This lic affairs, and
twelve, aided by Greek and Carian and military castes, miles, with a expel the ture of Ira. Grecian would, have re¬
mercenaries, dissolves the dodecarchy, Of the others which breadth in most Tyrtaus the Athenian poet fl. origin ferred us for
and makes himself sole sovereign of Herodotus mentions, parts of one Cimme¬ furnished their origin and
Egypt. c-. j- it is difficult to say hundred and The Spartans divide among Philip combination to
Standing whichhadthe e- fifty. rians from themselves the territories of the with a the earliest ages, 650
Greekarmy. dence> Itwill'there. The foreign co¬ Messenians, and reduce the peo¬ pretext in even had no tra¬ Olymp.
Memphis becomes now the capital of fore be sufficient lonies of Car¬ Europe, ple to the condition of slaves or after times ditions avouched XXXII.; 3.
the kingdom, but Sais the more gene- merely to specify thage, chosen al¬ Helots. for assert¬ their antiquity
ral residence of the royal family. their names,— most exclusively and ing his and foreign
From the reign of this prince the 1- Trading Citizens, for the purposes 621 Legislation of Draco : his claim to origin.
Egyptian annals assume a more regu- comprising a great of commerce, follow laws too severe to be carried into the so¬
lar and settled form. number of subdivi¬ consisted princi¬ effect. vereignty 2. ) Numa Pompilius, 716-679.
sions. 2. Interpre¬ pally of islands, them into of Greece. The founder of the national reli¬ 660 Zaleu-
Sparta gains the ascendency
Attempt to discover the primitive ters, instituted by which the po¬ gion. He substituted the lunar cus legislates
among the Grecian states.
language of mankind. Psammetichus, who licy of those Upper instead of the solar year of Romu¬ for the
caused a great num- times led them 620 Insurrection of Cylon, which lus ; and to make up the defi¬ Locri Epi¬
Pharaoii Necho, 616-600, an ac- her of Egyptian cliil- to consider as Asia, is put down by the aristocrati- ciency, he intercalated a month of zephyrii.
tive and enterprising prince. lie en- dren to be instructed the most secure, cal party; but not without its Of the twenty-two days (which he called
deavours to connect the Mediterranean in the language and and as best 634. incurring the pollution of blood. early February) at the end of every
and Red Seas by means of a canal, manners of Greece. adapted for ma¬ kings of scond year, after the end of the
but, after the loss of 120,000 men, is 3. Herdsmen, subdi- ritime exertions. Sappho. Alcaics. Macedo¬ second anonymous month.
compelled to abandon the undertaking, vided into neatherds Sardinia, the Occupy Stesichorus. nia, Ca¬
i? .. Ar and swineherds, Baleares, Cor- ranus, 3. ) Tullus IIostilius, 679—
lormation of a Navy. Canus,
sica, and Malta, Palestine 596 Epimenides visits Athens. 640.
In another project, the circumnaviga- The government of were probably 594 Legislation of Solon, the Tyrmas, Horatii and Curiatii.
tion of A frica, he was more successful; Egypt was a theocra- occupied before 632. benefactor not only of Athens, Perdiccas,
the Phamicians whom he sent out on tic aristocracy, head- 509. but of the whole human race. Argaus, Alba Longa destroyed, and its in¬
the voyage, having sailed through the ed by a king chosen 1. Division of the people into Philip, habitants brought to Rome.
straits of Babelmandel, and returned in from the military Malchus aims four classes, according to pro¬ A'eropus,
the third year through die straits of caste, but dependent at supreme perty. and 4. ) Ancus Martius, 640-618.
Gibraltar. on the priests. In¬ power. 2. Offices of state to be filled Alcetas, Extends the territory of Rome to
deed the high priest only by citizens of the first nothing the sea, and founds the port of 600-550 600
shared in a great three classes. is known Ostia. Sybaris Olymp.
609 Expedition into Asia. Defeats and measure the royal 3. Nine annual archons at the except during this XLV. 1.
slays Josiah at Megiddo or Magdolum; prerogative, and the head of affairs. that they Occupation of Dyrrhachium. period
but king was shackled by 607 4. Council of four hundred waged reaches the
606 is himself defeated by Nebuchad- religious ceremonies chosen annually by lot to de¬ continual 5. ) Tarquinius, 618-578, a Co¬ height of
nezzar at Circesimn on the Euphrates, both in public and Last year bate upon all matters previously wars rinthian by birth, surrounds the its pros¬
in pnvate. About 550 to their being submitted to the against city with stone walls, builds the perity.
Psam mis, 600-595. Mago and his of the commons. the Per¬ Cloaca: and the Circus Maximus,
family (par- 5. To the people was left the sians and and lays the foundation of the
Apries, Pharaoh Hophra, 595-570, ticularly his Scythian right of confirming the laics, Illyrians. Capitol.
enjoys greater prosperity at first; but grandson electing magistrates, and de¬ Sibylline books.
towards the close of his reign he was Hanno) dominion bating all matters referred to
defeated by Nebuchadnezzar, and after¬ extend the them by the council. Rome takes the field against the
wards taken prisoner and put to death territories of in 6. Restoration and renovation Etrurian confederacy.
by Amasis, in a rebellion of his own Carthage by of the Areopagus.
subjects. important con- Asia. 6. ) Servius Tullius, 578-534.
quests in Sicily, 586 The Isthmian and Pythian He placed Rome Division of the
Amasis, 569-526. (Maintains him¬ Sardinia, and games are computed from this at the head of the people into six
self by the priest-caste, and marries a Africa, They year. Latin confederacy, classes accord-
Greek.) 550—480. JEsop fl. owl instituted the ing to property,
are Communia Sacra, and consequent
Government: 560-527 Pisistratus usurps the aristocracy of
Naucratis is given to the Greek merchants as a factory, an aristocracy. expelled wealth.
Thales.
Two Suffetes or 550
and a closer connection is thus formed between the Greeks Public library—collection of 540 Comitia centuriata.
kings for life, a by
Amyntas Olymp.
and Egyptians. During the wise administration of Amasis, senate, contain- the Homeric poems.
I. sub¬ 7. ) Tarquinius II. Superbus, lvii. 3.
ing within itself Cyaxares.
Egypt regains in a great measure her former prosperity, and Income tax of ten per cent. mits to 534-509, asserts the supremacy of
a select council.
could boast of 20,000 inhabited cities. the king Rome over all the Latin towns.
The highest mi- Alcmxonid.e. of
Solon visits the court of Amasis, about 554. litary power was Persia, Founds the colonies of Signia,
in the hands of about Circeii, and Cora. Collects enor¬
Monuments at Sais and Memphis. pi as, sons of Pisistratus. 510. mous spoils during his wars with
the general of
Amasis gives offence to Cyrus king of Persia. the republic, the neighbouring nations, and in¬
who was attend- 508 Pythagoras. creases the army to 70,000 men.
Psammenitus, the last of the Egyptian Pharaohs, 525. ed and control led expedition 514 Hippias alone.
Invasion of Cambyses, 525, who defeats the Egyptians at by a committee of 511 Sybaris
Darius 510 Expulsion of the Pisistra- Lucretia.—Brutus. is destroyed
Pelusium, besieges and takes Memphis, and overthrows the of the senate.
kingdom. against tidte and return of the Alcmte- by the
There was also the onidte. 509 Expulsion of Tarquin, with Crotoniatce.
a high court of Scythians. I whom the regal government ends,
judicature, and after lasting 244 years.
state tribunal of 507 Clisthenes.—Isadoras.
the hundred.
500
Powerful navy. War with Sparta, 507-504. Olymp.
Egypt a Persian province. Mercenary i.xx. 1.
troops.

or
a &
10 Table v. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. C. 560—400.

GREAT PERSIAN MONARCHY FOUNDED BY CYRUS.

Persian Empire. Phoenicia. JUD2E A. Carthage. India. China.
B. C. Egypt. Division of the
Cyrus 559""529«
The Jews Continued people into About
560 559 Cyrus, having defeated Astyages at Pasargada, overthrows the kingdom of the
wars for nearly Castes.
Medes and founds the Persian Empire; comprising Media, Persia, Assyria, Baby- Sphinx. Temple
Subject to experience two hundred 1. The sacer¬ the year
Ioniay Asia Minor, Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine. Residences: Babylon9 Susay Ec- of Isis at Mem¬
and nineteen dotal caste of
batana. Burial-place: Persepolis. . phis. Temple of
Anaximander, Anaximenes ( Clepsydra). the Persians, the greatest years with the the Brahmins, 551,
Minerva at Sais.
Syracusans, for the most power¬
but allowed kindness from the possession ful of all, en¬ or perhaps
546 Victoiy over Croesus near Sardis, after which Cyrus adds the Lydian Empire The kingdom
of Sicily. tirely indepen¬
and all Asia Minor to his dominions. flourishes.
to retain Cyrus, dent of the rest. 584,
The Persians become more polished by the introduction of the religion of Zoro¬ 2. Caste of
aster, which is adopted by the nobler clans, particularly by the Pasargada. The its kings. who allows warriors, or Cha- Confucius
vanquished countries are secured by large standing armies. Tribute exacted. Some triya Ketri, de¬
nations are transplanted, and others weakened by being compelled to adopt a luxu¬ them to pendent on the (Con-futsee)
539 Unsuccess¬ first. The king
rious mode of living.
return to ful sea fight was chosen from the
538 Babylon, and the provinces of Babylonia captured by Cyrus. The Phoenician against the Pho- this caste.
states subjugated. The Persian empire extends from the Mediterranean to the their own caans. 3. Caste of the Chinese
530 533 First Afri¬ Vaisyas, or hus¬
Indus and Oxus•
529 Cyrus killed in a campaign against the Massageta. He is succeeded by his country, can war to en¬ bandmen, in¬ philosopher,
PSAMMENITUS, force the pay¬ cluding artisans
eldest son,
526. after the se¬ ment of tribute. of every descrip¬ introduces
Cambyses, 529-521. Smerdis the younger brother, governor of Bactria, is mur¬ tion.
dered by order of Cambyses. 525 Egypt con¬ venty years’ These three a new
525 Conquest of Egypt, Libya, and Cyrene, to the frontiers of Carthage. Unsuc¬ quered by Cam¬ castes were called
cessful expedition against Ammonium and Mero'e. byses: see p. 9. captivity in regenerate, religion,
522 Usurpation of Smerdis the Magiany which lasts seven months. Death of Poly¬ and exercised
crates. Babylon, authority over opposed to
Darius I. Hystaspes (Gushtasp), 521-485. He divides the empire into twenty Persian Pro¬ New Tyre all below them.
satrapies, regulates the internal administration, and increases the army. p)a).-(.s co;necp vince. 525. 4. The caste that of
founded, about of Sudras, or the
Darius reinstates Syloson, brother of Polycrates, and tyrant of Samos. unregenerate, Fohi,
520 Capture of 520, The were slaves, dis¬
Hatred against the Greeks caused by the refugees at the court of Persia. Thebes {Luxor), tinguished from and boldly
518 Revolt of Babylon, and destruction of that city after a twenty months siege. and transplanta¬ and soon rebuilding of the other three
508-507 Scythian expedition. The Persians, though unsuccessful, establish them¬ tion of 6000 E- 508 First com¬ by their dress inveighs
500 mercial treaty and manner of
selves in Europe. gyptians to Susi- becomes the Temple
Macedonia and Thrace tributary. ana. with Rome. living. against the
celebrated commences
Indian campaign, in which the countries north of the Indus become subject to The Persian kings 500 Trade with From the mix¬ vice and
Persia. Indus the boundary of the empire. Scylax of Caria. exact a large tri¬ for its vast the same the Greeks. ture of all these
bute. The fish¬ there arose a immorality
501 The Naxian War. Naxos is besieged for four months by Megabates and Aris- eries of Lake commerce. year, and is Alliance with great number of
tagoras. Aristagoras revolts. Moeris, etc. the Persians impure or of the
The Ionian colonies rebel, and are assisted completed, against Sicily. mixed castes,
by the Athenians, which gives rise to the Perso- all however times.
Grecian wars, and the national hatred between Through its after many having some
the two countries. religious
499 Sardis burnt by the Ionians. influence interruptions, connection.

GRECIAN WARS.
the whole in the year
494 The Greeks and their allies defeated in a naval engagement at the island of Lade.
492 First expedition, under Mardonius, unsuccessful. country is 515. i?8 :
490 Second expedition, defeated at Marathon by Miltiades. 177 J
486 Revolts, but
486 Egypt revolts; reduced 484. allowed to 17511
is again subdued
by Xerxes: 1711
Xerxes, 485-464.
cany on
480 Third expedition, under Xerxes, after three years’ preparation. His army, 480 Victory of
The tribute in¬
according to Herodotus, amounted to above five millions of men; drawn from 166 i
creased. its trade Himera, in
the various nations subject to Persia, as well as Arabia and Ethiopia. He which Gelon of A
forms a bridge of boats across the Hellespont, which his army, 1,700,000 foot 1551
as usual, According to defeats the
475 and 80,000 cavalry, are seven days and seven nights in crossing. The fleet of 151!
Philo, the Carthaginians.
1207 ships, sails to Mount Athos. Xerxes marches through Thrace, Mace¬
under the history of
donia, and Thessaly, to the Pass of Thermopylae, where Leonidas awaits him. Hamilcar killed 1611
Judith and
Heroic death of Leonidas with three hundred Spartans. Xerxes ravages Boe- in battle.
authority Holofernes
otia and Attica, and bums Athens. Themistocles gains a naval victory at
happened Disgraceful
Artemisium and Salamis (Sept. 23), and Xerxes retreats across the Hellespont.
and under the peace, which
Mardonius, who remains with 350,000 chosen men, withdraws from Attica 157 E
reign of Ar¬ lasts seventy 478
and Bceotia into Thrace, where he winters.
Tyrannical protection taxerxes. years, during Death of 561
479 Mardonius a second time occupies Athens; retires to Baotia ; is routed by
conduct of which little is Corfucius. 1,"
Pausanias and Aristides at Plataa, and on the same day the Persians are de¬ ,-1551
Achjemenes, of the Under the known of Car¬
feated by sea and land near Mycale, on the coast of Asia Minor, and finally
brother of same king thage, except that
retire from Greece.
Xerxes, and con¬ kings lived Esther she extended 134 (
466 Battles of the Eurymedon, and defeat of the Persians by sea and land, Loss of sequent revolt of and Haman. her dominions Schuking. 150 E
the Hellespontine Chersonese, which is occupied by Cimon. (460) the Egyp¬ of in Africa. Ml
465 Xerxes assassinated by Artabanus and the eunuch Spamitres. tians under Ina¬ (171
rus, who is aided Persia. At this (45 E
Artaxerxes I. Longomanus, 465-425. From this period symp¬ THE by the Athenians. Voyage to the time the
toms of decay begin to British Islands empire was «4l
Greeks
Internal wars. for tin. distracted MIS
manifest themselves in the
from THIS by internal
460 Revolt of Inarus, and commencement of Eersian empire. The na- faction, and
TIME ARE
the six years’ Egyptian war. tional character becomes 458 Ezra ob¬ divided into
gradually deteriorated; CONSTANTLY tains a com¬ as many
450 131-4
mission from kingdoms
luxury corrupts and en¬ ENGAGED
455 All Egypt Artaxerxes, About the year as there are
feebles the people, who EITHER IN reduced by the authorising 456 the king¬ provinces
now confide more in mer¬ Persians under him to restore dom of Magada in the 130 f
HOSTILITIES
cenary troops than in na¬ Megabyzus, ex¬ and reform the is overthrown, present 1291
OR IN NE¬ cept the Marshes, Jewish state and nothing day.
tive valour andfidelity.
449 The Persians defeated at Salamis in Cy¬ which still hold and church. further can be »$
prus. The kings submit to the GOTIATIONS
out under Amyr- stated with any Confusion Sm
Peace with Greece. control of their wives, or WITH tieus. He collects certainty con¬ and 115 (
the creatures whom they and publishes cerning it. anarchy
Persia,
Independence of the Asiatic Greeks recog¬ the Jewish and
raise to posts of distinc¬
nised by Artaxerxes. CHIEFLY Scriptures of It is probable, revolution •424 (
tion, and the satraps,from the Old however, that succeed one
OWING
4ej
447 Megabyzus, satrap of Syria, supported by being civil functionaries, Testament. the Prasii, a another in
Amestris the dowager and Amytis the reign- usurp military authority, TO THE warlike people rapid suc¬ 111
ing queen, rebels against the king, and is suc¬ 445 in the time of cession, 11]
after making war upon ASSISTANCE
cessful in several engagements with the royal Nehemiah Alexander, and there
425 forces. He at last prescribes the terms of re¬ each other, and sometimes WHICH THEY rebuilds the whose chief cities is conse¬
conciliation. rebelling against the king. V
walls of Je¬ were Palibothra, quently a
PRUDENTLY
rusalem. and (the modern blank in
Xerxes II. 425—, is slain after a reign of a year, or, according to AND PO¬ founds Syna¬ Patel-Puther,) the history
others, of two months, by his bastard brother Sogdianus; who in his gogues, and On the accession and Canoge, of China
LITICALLY
turn is deposed by another bastard brother. public schools. of Dionysius I. in occupied the until the mi
Darius II. Nothus, 424-405. A weak prince, ruled by his wife Pa- LEND TO 406 the Cartha¬ country, and year 254.
Sect of the Pail,
rysates and his eunuchs. ginians again continued the
THE RE¬ Samaritans. 412;
422 Revolt of Arsites, aided by the son of Megabyzus, quelled by trea¬
chery. VOLTED 408 Sanballat
struggle for the
entire possession
kingdom. 426
Period of
k%
414 A myrlaus re¬ persuades Da¬ of Sicily. The Tshenkue.
414 Pisuthnes, satrap of Lydia, revolts; but is circumvented by fraud. Egyptians. establishes him¬ rius to permit contest lasts
411 League with Sparta against Athens ( Tissaphernes and Alcibiades). self in Egypt. a temple to be without inter¬
408 Rhodes a free state. Ctesias.
built on mission and with
407 Cyrus the younger, by the persuasion of Lysander, espouses the cause of Sparta. Sixty five years
Mount Geriz- varied success
of independence.
Zim. until 368.
Artaxerxes II. Mnemon, 405-359. 408 Death of A- Man asses.
401 Cyrus, at the instigation of his mother Parysates, and aided by the Greeks, con- myrtaus, and Malachi, the 405 Defeat of the
400 • tends for the throne; but is defeated and slain at Cunaxa. succession of last prophet, Sicani. City of Delhi
Pausiris. about 400. founded, 400.

a
g
 Jul. Per. 4154—4314. ANCIENT HISTORY. 11

A. U. C. 194—354. FLOURISHING PERIOD OF GREECE. PERICLES.

Greece. Macedonia.|Thrace. Sicily. Italy.
(Syracuse.)
Romans. a. u.c. Etruria. B. C.
560 Pisistratus tyrant of Athens, who is Anacreon. Sappho. A locus.
The form ol Divided
expelled 554. Pherecydes of Scyros. 5G0
government in Migration of the Roman Republic, Tlie Etrurians
Thespis. Olymp.
Macedonia was into Sieels, 1293, from 509-30, were remark¬
always monar- Italy. LV. 1.
Geographical outline of Greece. an aristocracy, under two con¬ able for a high
chical, but the several suls, the frst being Brutus state of civil¬
I. Boundaries: Afacedonia and the JEgean and Ionian seas.
II. Chief rivers: the Peneus and Achelous. chief power re- The Grecian set¬ and Collatinus. isation at a pe¬
III. The soil is fertile and varied,well adapted for commerce fr< sided in the small tlements occupied riod of remote
situation in the vicinity of three continents. landholders,
548-7 Second tyranny IV. Divisions : the eastern and The abolition of the monarchy antiquity.
of Pisistratus. A. Northern Greece: comprising Thessaly E., and Epirus W. who regarded states very southern shores of did not at first add much to the They formerly
B. Central (or Hellas)', containing Attica, Megaris, lioeotia, the king as their the island, and be¬ liberties of the people. For inhabited up
'tils Phocis, the two countries called Locris, Doris, JEtolia, aud
537-527 Third tyranny, Acarnania.
military leader little longed partly to though the despotic power of per Italy,
whicli lasts to the death C. Peloponnesus: comprising Arcadia, Laconia, Messenia, and political the Ionians, part¬ the kings, who reigned for life, whence they
Argolis, Achaia, Sicyonia, Corinth. head. known. ly to the Dorians. ,was exchanged for that of
of Pisistratus. D. Islands: a. Off the VV. coast, Corcyra, Leucania, Same, were expelled
Ithaca, Zacynthus. Olf the southern coast, Cythera. Naxos was found¬ two yearly consuls, yet the on the invasion
514 d. of Hipparchus. the E. coast, jEgina, Salamis, Euboea, Scyathus, Halonesus. 540. 528 ed by the Ionians tyranny of the patricians, to¬ of the Gauls. 530
Further north, Tliasos, Imbrus, Samothrace, Lemnos. Olymp.
b. In the JEgean sea, the Cyclades and the Sporadet
Amyntas I. Zamolxis. B.C. 735, the gether with the imperfect state (Hence Gallia
510 Hippias finally with¬ year before Syne of the laws, particularly with lxii. 3.
dr os, Delos, Paros, Naxos, Melos. Cisalpina.)
c. Larger islands, Crete and Cyprus. Their constant A Greek cuse, a Corinthian respect to debtors, were so
draws from Athens. d. On the coast of Asia Minor, Lesbos, Chios, Samos
and Rhodes. wars with the colony is colony. galling to the plebeians, that Etruria con¬
Illyrians and founded on 730 Lcontium dissensions soon broke outbe- sisted of 12
In the midst of their struggles Thracians con- the Thru- and Catuna; Me tweenthem and the patricians, federal towns,
been the leading state in Greece ; tributed to ren- cian Cher- gara Hyblcea 728; which could be appeased by each constitut¬
for the ascendency, the Greeks,
der them a sonese. Gela 690; Agri- an equalisation of rights. ing a state of
and particularly the Athenians, but ATHENS, having now as¬
brave and war- Cities of gentum 582. itself: on any
send succour to their Ionian bre¬ sumed the form of a free republic, like people; but Sestos, From the found¬ critical emer¬
thren, who under the command becomes daily more powerful, and little is known Candia, ation of Syracuse 508 First commercial treaty gency a priest-
of Aristagoras, and at the insti¬ is recognised as the head of the of their history JEgos- 734, to Gelon485, with Carthage. king was elect¬
gation of Histiceus, had revolted Ionian states. before die Per¬ pot ami. she sent out the ed for a certain
from Persia. sian invasion. colonies of Acres Lex de Provocatione time as head
and Enna 664, of V. Poplicola. of the confe¬
499 Sardis burnt by the Ionians. 500 Casmenee 644, and deracy.
Alexander I. Tributary Camarina 599. About 500—300 a succession
First Persian War.
pays tribute to to Persia. of struggles between the Ple¬ 508 Porsenna
497 Death of Pythagoras. Commercial relations with Carthage. Persia, and is 505 Cleander beians and Patricians. invests Rome, 500
494 Defeat of the confederates at Lade. Fall of Miletus. obliged to join tyrant of Gela. butadisastrous Olymp.
492 First expedition of Mardonius unsuccessful. the expedidon 498 First Dictator. 256 war with LXX. 1.
491 Athens and Sparta alone resist the demands of Persia. against Greece. Citizens 150,700. Aricia compels
War of Athens with JEgina. Dcmaratus king of Sparta is deposed, and succeeded 498 Hippo¬ him to forego
by Leotychides. crates obliges First struggle, on account of the advantages
490 Second expedition, under Datis and Artaphernes. Syracuse to cede the oppression of the debtors. he had gained.
llitt The Persians defeated at Marathon by Miltiades. Camarina 497.
493 Tribunes of the people. 261
Athens mistress of the sea. Themistocles.
Ediles.
484 War of Athens with JEgina, and appropriation of the income derived from the the Tapopoi by the 491 Comitia Tributa,in which 263 Frequent incur¬
mines to the formation of a navy. lemocratic faction the people have the prepon¬ sions of the
Aristides exiled by Ostracism 483. they are restored derance Gauls in up¬
480 Invasion of Xerxes. Gallant death of Leonidas at Thermopylae, July 6. by Gelon, tyrant per Italy.
Athens taken and burnt by Xerxes. Naval victories of Artemisium and Salamis. of Syracuse, Coriolanus.
479 Defeat of the Persians at Plat a: a and Mycale on the same day (Sept. 25), 479 Freed by 479 485-478. The Etrurians
upon which Xerxes flees across the Hellespont. the victory of Throws oft’ L.t80 Gelon defeats Second struggle, respecting defeated at sea
Pausanias. Aristides. the Greeks at the the allied forces the division of lands. by the Car¬
478 Themistocles rebuilds and fortifies Athens, in despite of the jealousy of Sparta. Platcea. Persian of the Carthagi¬ thaginians.
477 Piraeus built. Commencement of the Athenian ascendency. yoke. nians and Per¬ 486 First Agrarian law. 268
476 Scyros taken by Cimon. Phrynicus the tragedian. sians at Himera. Ambitious attempts of Cassius.
471 Ostracismof Themistocles. Syracuse flour. 474
469 Pericles begins to take part in public affairs. Continual wars against the The Etrurians 475
468 Mycenee destroyed by the Argives. Death of Aristides. Sophocles I neighbouring states. about this time Olymp.
466 Naxos reduced. Battles at the Eurymedon, and defeat tragic Victor. Powerful Gelon's brother. far exceed the lxxvi. 2
of the Persians by Cimon. Athens beautified. Garden of the Academy. kingdom J Jindar, JEschylus 479 Heroic death of 300 Fabii. Romans in ci¬
465 Revolt of Thasos, reduced, 463, by Cimon. of the Simonides, and Extension of the prerogatives vilisation and
464 Revolt of the Helots. The Athenians send Cimon with 4000 men to assist the OoRYS/L, Bacchylides, grace of the Comitia Tributa refinement.
Spartans. The Messenian war lasts ten years. extending t he Sicilian court. brought about by Volero, They excelled
461 The Athenians called a second time to the aid of Lacedamon. over the 472. in music, the
Ostracism of Cimon. Diminution of the power of the Areopagus by Ephialtes. greater Tiirasybulus, 465 134,214 citizens capable drama, archi¬
Transfer of the treasury from Delos to Athens. Pericles rises to great power part of brother of Hiero, of bearing arms. tecture, and
as leader of the democrats. Thrace. 4 67-466, expellee Third struggle, for the in¬ the fine arts in
457 Battle of Tanagra, in which the Spartans defeat the Athenians. 454 for his cruelty. troduction of public laws. general.
of 456 Battle of (Enophyta, in which the Athenians defeat the Boeotians. Perdiccas II. 460 The people desire, by their
B.
Recal of Cimon. Completion of the long walls. joins the Spar¬ Democracy. tribune Terentillus, to cir¬
455 Termination of the Messenian war. Surrender of Ithome, and removal of the tans against the cumscribe the power of the
inhabitants to Naupactus. Athenians. consuls, which leads to the
454 Campaign of Pericles at Sicyon and in Acarnania. the head of the idea of a fixed code of laws.
450 Five years’ truce negotiated by Cimon. Greek cities in
449 The Athenians defeat the Persian army and fleet at Cyprus. Cimon dies. Sicily. 451-447 Decemviri.
447 The Athenians are defeated by the Boeotians at Coronea. 450
445 Revolt of Euboea and Megara, which are reduced by Pericles. 451 Ducetius Cincinnatus. Olymp.
Thirty years’ truce. heads the Sieels lxxxii.3
444 Pericles begins to have the sole management of affairs. Euripides. Amphipolis Laws of the Twelve Tables
440 Samos besieged and taken by Pericles. planted by the compiled, chiefly from
436 War between Corinth and Corcyra on account of Epidamnus. Athenians those of Athens.
435 The Corcyraans victorious at sea. Occupation of Epidamnus. 437. d
433 Corcyrmn embassy to Athens. 447 The law commission of ten 307
patricians (Decemviri) ex¬
431-404 PELOPONNESIAN WAR. The Thebans attempt Plataa.
pelled.
Invasion of Attica. 431 446 Renewal of the tribunitia 309
Athenian Allies. 432 Revolt of Alliance of 4 potestas.
430 Plague at Athens. Chios, Samos, Lesbos, all the islands of the JEgean, Potidaa, a Co- Sitalces send assistance to 445 Marriages allowed be¬
429 Death of Pericles. (except Thera and Melos,) Corcyra, Zacynthus; the rinthian colony, with the the Leontines tween plebeians and patri¬
428 Siege of Mitylene. Grecian colonies in Asia Minor and on the coast of which had Athenians. cians. Lex Camilla.
427 Sedition at Corcyra. Thrace and Macedonia ; the cities of Naupactus, Pla- previously
Surrender of Plat a a. taa, and those of Acarnania. belonged to the 424 Military tribunes, with consu¬
425 Occupation of Pylos. Allies of Sparta. Athenian con- Death of lar power. 309
Sphacteria surrenders Peloponnesus, (except Argos and Achaia, which federacy. Sitalces,
to Cleon. stood neuter,) Megara, Ambrucia and Anactonum, 429 Sitalces who is sue- 443 Censors appointed for the 311
424 Cythera occupied by Locris, Phocis, Baotia, and the island of Leucas. marches against ceeded by 4 purpose of taking the census. 425
the Athenians. Campaign Exile of Thucydides. Perdiccas, Seuthes. o They afterwards assume the Olymp.
of Brasidas in Thrace. Fall of Amphipolis. Trace for a year, 423. 424. Sicily. Censura morum. LXXXVIII
422 Deaths of Cleon and Brasidas. Citizens of Athens 20,000. 4.
421 Truce for fifty years. Nicias. Alliance of Rome engaged in petty wars
420 Alcibiades at the head of affairs; effects a treaty between the Athenians and Perdiccas with 5
Siege of Syracuse. with her neighbours, which
Argives. Sparta. cause an immense sacrifice 417 The Etru-
418 Battle of Mantinea and defeat of the Athenians. of life, compensated how¬ rians lose their
416 Melos surrenders to the Athenians. 423 Conclusion Division ever by the admission of colonies in
415 The Athenian expedition sails for Sicily, under Nicias, Lamachus, and Alci¬ of a peace with of die ‘ the conquered nations to Campania, in
biades. The latter is recalled. Athens. kingdom. Athenians. the rights of citizenship. a war against
413 The Spartans fortify Decelea. Demosthenes sent out to the aid of Nicias. 413 Aiicuelaus State of But these wars, though the Samnitcs.
Failure of the expedition, and total annihilation of the Athenian fleet and army. introduces agri- the Odrystr trifling in their immediate
412 Alliance of Sparta with Persia. culture and die and the 4 results, fostered and en¬
411 Alcibiades takes refuge at the court of Tissaphemes, and endeavours to gain him arts into Mace¬ Sapai. Diocles. couraged the warlike ener¬
over to the interest of Athens. Intrigues with the chiefs of the Athenian army, and donia. gies of the people, while
causes a revolution at Athens. Constitution of 400, who are deposed after holding the discipline and skill of
office four months. His kingdom 4 The Cartha¬ the army became daily more
410 Alcibiades defeats the Spartans under Mindarus. comprised ginians take Seli¬ efficient and formidable.
408 Capture of Byzantium. Alcibiades returns to Athens, 407, but is deposed the Emathia, Myg- nas and Himera;
same year, and goes into voluntary exile. donia, and Pc- and Agrigentum,
407 Victory of Lysander over the Athenians at Notium. lagoniu, besides Seuthes 406. Siege of Veii, which lasts ten 349 Siege of Veii.
406 Sea fight off Arginusa, in which Callicratidas is defeated and slain. some of the receives die years, 405-395. 400
405 Decisive victory won by Lysander at JEgospotami: Athens besieged and neighbouring Cyrcan Dionysius I. Olymp.
taken by Lysander 404. Thirty tyrants. Death of Alcibiades. tribes. Greeks, 406-367 xcv. 1.
400 Expulsion of the tyrants, and restoration of the old constitution. 400. t

a
 SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. C. 400—300.
12 Table vi.
Era of the Seleucidte.
DOMINION OF THE PERSIANS CONTINUED.
Judaea. 5hcenicia. Thrace. Macedonia.
Persian Empire.
I Egypt. 399 Orestes. A'eropus as guar¬
B. C. From the time COTYS. dian to the young prince usurps
Artaxerxes Mnemon. War with Sparta.
400. of Darius II. Wars with the the royal authority.
395 395 A'eropus alone, not quite
396-94 Agesilaus penetrates into the heart of Asia, and kings of
the Satraps of NJ0™e7' Macedonia. two years.
plans the dismemberment of the Persian empire. Recalled 393 Amyntas II. experiences I
the distant Pro¬ struggles of
394. many vicissitudes of fortune.
the Egyptians
vinces paid only in defence of After reigning one year, he is
394 Conon victorious at Cnidus, (fortunate for the Persians). expelled by the Illyrians, but
a nominal obe¬ their civil
recovers his kingdom in the year
rights.
387 Peace of Antalcidas, by which Persia regains the Gre¬ dience to the 383.
cian colonies of Asia, together with Cyprus and Clazomense. (The assass'mation of Arche-
king: many of
385 Great sea fight between Evagoras and the Persians, laus in 399, was followed by a
them mere in stormy period, in which many
and commencement of the ten years’ Cyprian war.
fact sovereigns pretenders successively asserted
384 Unsuccessful war against the Cadusians of mount Cau- their claims to the throne.)
of the countries
casus.
over which they
Greek mercenaries form the flower of the Persian
army, and mainly contribute to the success of their presided, and

fortunate expeditions. carried on wars

against each 375
376 Tenth and last year of the war between Evagoras and
375 other. NectanebusI 369 Alexander II., who after a
Artaxerxes. reign of two years is murdered
374 Invasion of Egypt. Dissensions between Pharnaba- The internal re¬ 374 Repulse by Ptolemy Alorites. Philip at
366 Jeshita
Thebes.
zus and Iphicrates, and consequent failure of the enter¬ gulations of the of Iphicrates. slain by Jo-
hanan in the
prise. Death of Evagoras. kingdom con- inner court ol 367 Ptolemy Alorites probably
361 Nectane¬ the Temple, 360 Cotys as¬ Regent: he afterwards abuses his
Artaxerxes III. Ochus, 349-338, the murderer of his trolled by fe¬ sassinated. tiust, and is cut off by Perdiccas
bus II. the for which a
whole family. Revolt of Asia Minor, Syria, and Phoe¬ male influence, heavy fine is III. (364) who is supported by
last native imposed upon Iphicrates.
nicia, which however is quelled by the treachery of Oron- while mili¬ Upon his J
tes, the leader of the confederates. king of Egypt the daily sa¬ The king is slain
death the
tary leaders of crifices. in battle by the
is established aspect of
356 Revolt of Artabazus, who at first is assisted by Chares Illyrians, 359.
experience (fo¬ affairs be-
on the
the Athenian, who, however, is recalled. Artabazus ap¬ comes entirely changed. Philip
reigners in par¬ throne by II. from the moment of his ac¬
plies to the Thebans, 354, who send him 5000 men, by
ticular) met cession, in 359, actively encoun¬
whose aid he gains two great victories over the king’s Agesilaus,
ters the difficulties by which
forces. with the most but is he finds himself surrounded
351 Revolt of The defeat of Argxus, and of the
ungrateful conquered
351 The Cyprians and Phoenicians revolt from Ochus, hut Phoenicia, and Athenians, and the expedition
by Ochus, into Paonia and Illyria are the
are reduced. Sidon taken and destroyed. ■ treatment from alliance with
Egypt. work of one campaign. He oc¬
and Egypt
the court party. Siege and de¬ cupies Amphipolis, Pydna, and
350 350 Ochus invades Egypt, expels Nectanebus, and re¬
becomes, struction of Potidaea in 358, Methone 353.
duces the whole country. Sidon.
350,
Birth of Alex■
349 Artabazus and Memnon, who had both been in arms From this year
a Persian Although under the Great
may be dated
against the king, are reconciled to him by the mediation of humbled, 356.
Province. ™ ’. the hostile pro-
Mentor, to whom the success of the invasion of Egypt was Hence it mas Thrace retains \jects of pftiUp
that, after two ler mg , iagainst Greece.
mainly owing. dependent
Bagoas and Mentor at the head of affairs. victories however, from 352 Onomarchus defeated and
the year slain by Philip, who thus be
Diogenes of Sinope. gained by 343, comes master of Thessaly.
338 The king is poisoned by Bagoas, who places Arses Alexander, the upon Mace¬ 347 Fall of Olynthus, and expul¬
donia. sion of the Athenians from Eu
upon the throne, but soon afterwards deposes and murders Persian Em¬ bcea.
him, 336. He then bestows the crown upon 340 Philip besieges Byzantium
pire was
and Perinthus.
Darius III., Codomannus, 336-330, who commences his OVERTHROWN. 338 Chosen general of the Am-
The Jews phictyons.
reign by the traitor’s execution. maintain 336 Murdered by Pausanias at
Disastrous battles of Granicus, 334, Issus, 333, Alexandria their allegianc Tyre taken by iEgae.
333 founded, to Persia, Alexander, ALEXANDER XXI., THE
Arbela, 331. 332.
332. 332. GREAT, by his Thracian vic¬
Treachery of Bessus and death of Darius. a b d tories gives early proof of his
j v_ _t L. military talents.
~y *V
334—323 IMMENSE EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, EXTENDING OVER THE GREATEST PART OF
334 Alexander crosses the Hellespont. Defeats the king’s generals on the Granicus. Subdues the southern and western provinces of Asia Minor. 333 Defeats Darius in person at
takes Tyre. Occupies Palestine and Egypt. Founds Alexandria (henceforward a mart of commerce.) 331 Penetrates into the interior of Asia in pursuit of Darius, defeats him a second
and Media, finds Darius dead, and buries him. in the sepulchre of his fathers. Reduces Parthia, Hyrcania, 329, the Mardians, and Zarangians. 328 Crosses the Paropamisus,
Jaxartes. Overtakes and puts to death the traitor Bessus, who had aspired to the kingdom of Bactria. Claims divine honours. 327 Invades Northern India-—passes the Indus at
the Acesines and Ilydraotis in his march, and conquered Porus. Is prevented from advancing further by the mutiny of his soldiers. He therefore sails down the Indus to the
nia, and Persis.
Thus the whole Persian empire fells into the hands of Alexander, who treats his eastern subjects with kindness, protects their religion, founds colonies, and promotes intermarriages,
brought on by fatigue or exposure to malaria, carries him off in the prime of life and in the midst of his ambitious projects, April 21, 323.
Alexander's mother and sister, half brother and bastard son, survived him, as did also his widow Roxana, who was pregnant at his death, and gave birth
named after his father. The first partition of Alexander's empire was made 322, but twenty-two years elapsed before peace was concluded
KINGDOMS AND STATES which arose upon the DISMEMBERMENT OF THE MACEDONIAN EMPIRE AT
A A N A
r v r > . r r-A-"i ,-*->
Egypt. Mysia. Bithynia. Papii- Pontus. Phry'gia, Lycia, Cappadocia. JUDAEA. Syria. Thrace. Macedonia.
323 323 Ptolemy I. Soter, Assign- Dydalsus LAGON. Mitiiiuda- Pampiiylia. Ariurathesll. 323 Annexed The kingdom of the Seleu- 323 Ly- 323 Ph. Arid.eus and A-
the son of Lagus, ed to and To the tes II., Fell to the share'eontemporary with Phoeni- cida: founded by Se- SIMACHUS lex. TEgus, proclaimed
321, is attacked by Perdic- Leon- Boteiras year Ctistes, sub- of Antigonus, of Alexander, cia and Cce- leucus Nicator, who is ap- kings.
cas, but maintains his po- atus reigned in 323 mits to Alex- falls in battle le-syria to the received Babylon as his pointed Perdiccas appointed Re-
sition, and adds succes-1 323, Bithynia govern- ander. who. against Per- kingdom of province, 321, governor gent: slain 321.
sively Cyrene and Libya, who before the ed by (The kings diccas and Syria. from which he was driven of Thrace; Antipater succeeds him in
Coele-syria, 320, and leaves conquest of kings of this 320, defeats Eu- Eumcnes, on the defeat of Eumenes but, after the regency, but dying,
Phoenicia to his domi- it and Asia by nomi- dynasty, inenes, and 322. 315 expelling 319, names Polysperchon
nions. passes Alexander. nally Ariobarza- makes himself Eumenes the king as his successor.
over in¬ Bas, subject nes I., master of all A- king, of the
to Eu- the son.of to Mithrida- sia Minor. 315, Capture of After the battle of Gaza Odrysae, Arid tens murdered by O-
Phoenicia lost to Antigo- rope, Boteiras, Persia. tes I., betrayed by Jerusalem and he returns to 307, lympias, 317, who is put
nus, 314, who besieges with made head It then Ariobarza- 315 Puts Fume- the Argy- transplantation Babylon, 312; he seizes to death by Cassander,
and takes Tyre, 313. the against fell into nes II., nes to death. raspidee to of a Jewish and from this year com- the 315.
view of Caranus, the 363-337, Antigonus. colony to mences vacant
marry¬ one of hands were de¬ 314 Seizes Phoe¬ 312 Alexandria by throne.
ing Alexander’s of the scended from nicia, but loses Ariarathes Ptolemy. The Era of the Seleucidce. 313 Cassander wages war
313 Ptolemy reduces Cy¬ Cleo¬ generals. kings the royal it after the de¬ III. sup¬ 312 against the JEtolians.
prus, patra, ZlPiETES, of family of feat of his son ported by 311-301 Sub¬ 307 The kingdom of Se-
and recovers Phoenicia but 326, Pontus, Persia.) at Gaza, the Anne- ject to Anti- leucus bounded by the Eu- Peace of 311, by which the
after defeating Deme¬ soon carried on but was 312. nians. gonus. phrates, Indus, and Oxus. freedom of Greece is
trius at Gaza, 312, but after¬ war against subse¬ 307 Demetrius After the guaranteed.
cedes it to Antigonus wards Astacus quently Ctistes is defeats Ptolemy Until the overthrow of 305 War in India against
at the peace of 311. fells and ruled murdered in a sea fight off time of his kingdom Sandracottus. Murder of Alexander and
in the Chalcedon, by its by Antigonus Cyprus. Alexander the Jews re¬ LEAGUE WITH INDIA. Hercules.
After the battle of Ipsus, Lamian 315. own his faithless 304VisitsGreece. this country mained under 301 After the battle of Ip¬
301, he finally regains war. mon- ally, 302. 301 Antigonus was a the dominion sus, Seleucus gains the 302 In- 302 Cassander king of
his Phoenician archs. Mithiiida- killed at Ipsus, Persian pro¬ of the provinces of Syria, Cappa¬ vades Macedonia.
possessions. TES III. aged 81. vince, under Ptolemies, docia, Mesopotamia, and Asia.
governors of 301-203. Armenia.
300 the Royal
house.

g m n
 Jul. Per. 4314—4414. ANCIENT HISTORY 13
A. U. C. 354—154. IMMENSE EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT. DECLINE OF GREECE.
Greece. Epirus. Sicily. Italy. Carthage.
400 Return of the 10,000. Hostility of Persia, and Etrui u. c.
commencement of the Spartano-Persian war. Death of Socra¬
Romans. a.
B. C.
TO 399-7 Campaigns of Thimbron and Dercyllidas in Asia tes, 399. 399 War against Rhegium 400
. concluded by an armistice with Tissaphemes. which is taken, 387. Ten years’ siege of Veii, 404— Olymp.
398 War with Hannibal 395. Winter campaigns first Acquires territory xcv. i.
398 Agis II. succeeded by his brother Agesilaus II. Plato.
and Himilco, in which made by the Romans during the in Sicily.
ttim^
te ij ... ...
396-94 Agesilaus in Asia.
Aristotle Dionysius loses all that he siege. Pay given to the sol¬ 358
395 diers, and taxes levied to defray
’i kt had before conquered.
395 Mission of Timocrates into Greece, and coalition of the Corinthians, The¬ the increased expenses.
5yeai bans, Argives, Athenians, and Thessalians against Sparta. Invasion of The city
Boeotia by the Spartans, and death of Lysander at Haliartus. 390 Rome burnt by the Gauls un- 364
394 Agesilaus victorious at Coroneu; but the booty gained by Conan at Cni of der Brennus. Camillus, the
dus enables him to rebuild the walls of Athens. deliverer of his country, dissuades
393 Battle of Lechccum, and victory of the Lacedaemonians. 392 Peace. Veii the people from removing to Veii.

387 Peace of Antalcidas. Predominance of Sparta. taken 384 Attempt of Manlius. 370
385 Siege of Mantinea by Agesipolis. Hard conditions imposed upon them. 383 Third war with the
Carthaginians under Ma by the
382 1st campaign of the Olynthian war, which is finished in 379 by Polybia- 384 Al-
go, which is terminated by
des. The Cadmea seized by Phcebidas. CETAS II.
a peace. Romans
381 Siege of Phlius by Agesilaus. Surrenders 379.
379 The Cadmea recovered by Pelopidas and the Theban exiles. Tyranny of the Dio- after
378 Campaigns of Cleombrotus and Agesilaus in Boeotia. Attempt of
NY'SII to the Y'EAR
Sphodrias on the Piraeeus, and hostility of Athens to Sparta. a ten 376 The three Licinian rogations
377 2nd campaign of Agesilaus. 376 2nd of Cleombrotus. 375 Cleombrotus 343. are brought forward and passed
in Phocis. Nothing decisive results from these expeditions. years’ into a law. 387 375
374 Peace between Athens and Sparta; but renewal of the war the same year, Olymp.
in consequence of Timotheus restoring some Zacyntliian exiles. Interference siege.
ci. 2.
of Sparta in the affairs of Corcyra. Ill success of die expedition. Successes
of Iphicrates, 373. Epaminondas.

371 Peace negotiated by Athens. Congress at Sparta. Thebes excluded

from the treaty. Battle of Leuctra. Predominance of Thebes.
370 Death of Jason the Tagus of Thessaly. Agesilaus in Arcadia.
369 Theban invasion of Laconia, and restoration of the Messenians. Neopto- 368 Fourth war with the
368 Peace with
ilis' 368 The Thebans a second time enter Peloponnesus. Obliged to retire in Carthaginians ended by
LEMUS, the Syracusans
ttfie consequence of the ambitious projects of Alexander of Pher/e. Philiscus treaties of peace.
sent to negotiate a peace on behalf of the king of Persia. Congress at Delphi; by the 367 DeathofDioNYrsiusI
s be- and refusal of the Thebans that Messenia should be restored to Sparta. Both by poison.
IIL1P sides prepare for war. marriage
Dionysius II., Plato’s
s ac¬ 367 Tearless victory won by Archidamus over the united forces of Argos, Ar of his worst disciple. 366 Plebeian Consuls. 388
orn- cadia, and Messenia. Pelopidas a prisoner in Thessaly. The question is carried by Sex-
W 362 Battle of Mantinea and death of Epaminondas. Decline of the daughter
tius and Licinius, whose tribu¬
ided. 361 General pacification, in which the Messenians are Theban supremacy. Olym¬ nate had been protracted ten years.
iltlie included, mediated by Persia. 360 Dion banished. A Prator and Curule Ediles no¬
pias to
Soil minated by the Patricians alone.
; the Corruption of Manners. Decline of Greece. Philip,
100- 363 Marcus Curtius.
357 Commencement of the Social War. Unsuccessful siege of Chios, before becomes 357 Returns and seizes Sy¬
which Chabrias falls. The Phocians seize Delphi. connected racuse. 350
356- 55 Second and third campaigns of the social war. Peace concluded, by with the 356 Dionysius is expelled Olymp.
which Athens is obliged to acknowledge the freedom of her confederates. Dion murdered by Callip
cvii. 3.
rtcl. royal pus,- 353.
357- 46 First Sacred or Piiocian War. Philomelas, leader of the Phocians, house of
falls 353, and is succeeded by his brother, Onomarchus. 353 Callippus expelled by 353 First Plebeian Dictator. 401
Philip attempts to enter Greece through Macedon, IIlPPARINUS.
Thermopylae. 358.
Onomarchus is killed, 352, and succeeded by his bro- Demosthenes. 347 Dionysius II. becomes 348 First Plebeian Censor. Commercial
ther, Phayllus. once more master of Sy¬ treaties with
346 Philip having concluded a peace with Athens, and procured the expul¬ racuse. Rome,
sion of the Phocians from the Amphictyonic council, causes their place and Horrible tyranny of his 348.
The
right of voting to be transferred to himself. M , ■ government.
remaining
344 Philip humbles Sparta, and invades Thrace, 342, chiefly ace onian 344 Timoleon defeats Hi- cantons 343-290 411-464
with a view of seizing the Greek settlements on the Hellespont. supnuuay. 344 Unsuccess¬
Alex¬ cetas and his Carthagi¬ of Samnite wars. ful war with
Piiocion. ander, nian allies, gains Syracuse Etruria Heroic
Dionysius II.
339 Locrian, or second Sacred War. son of and sends Dionysius to offer a Devotion of
338 Philip appointed general of the Amphictyons. Occupation of Elutea. Neopto- Corinth, 343. most Decius Mus, age.
Alliance between Athens and Thebes against him. Battle of Ch.eronea, LEMUS, 339 Defeats the Carthagi vigorous father and
the death-blow of Grecian liberty. and nians at the Crimisus. and de¬ son.
Macedon ian phalanx. brother- 337 Dies. termined 339 The laws made by the general 339 Defeated in
336 Death of Philip at .Egae. in-law of resistance assembly of the people no longer Sicily by Ti¬
335 Revolt of Thebes, which is taken and destroyed by Alexander. Alexan¬ to the require the confirmation of the se¬ moleon, with
der the progress nate. whom they con¬
Great, of the 338 Defeat of the Latins and Cam- 416
THE THEN KNOWN WORLD. whose Sosis- panians.
clude a peace.
334
Demo Roman 337 Han no as¬
Issus, reduces Syria and Phoenicia. 332 Besieges and| fame he arms. Pup. Cursor, Q. F. Maximus, and pires to so¬ Olymp.
time at Arbela. Giving up the pursuit, he seizes Persia 331 Agis defeated and emulates, others distinguished for patriotism vereign power. cxi. 3.
and subdues Bactria and Sogdiana as far as the slain by Antipater. invades CRACY For some and valour.
Taxila, and advances to the Hyphasis, having crossed Lower time the 335-302 419-452
ocean, and returns to Susa through Gedrosia, Carma- Pacification of Greece Italy, contest is Peace with the Gauls.
by Antipater, 330. 337, TRATUS. maintain¬ Oh/mp.
but falls ed with
He now returns to Babylon where a disease, probably
in Lu- varied
III. 4.
Sparta maintains her
cania, Wars success; 334 Plebeian Prator. 420
three months afterwards to a son and heir, independence till about 332.
333
220. but at
between the contending parties. last, after, 327 New Samnite war. 427
THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT. He is with repeated
succeeded defeats,
a
_ by particu¬ An equality
India. Grerce. /Lac ides, Agri- larly at of rights
On the death of Alex¬ Athens still mistress of the sea. son of the Lacas BETWEEN
ander, while his su Arym- Vadimo- 323
323 Lamian War. (Demosthenes, Ilyperides.) bas. gen- nis (now 323 League with the Lucanians 431 Olymp.
cessors were engaged
Leosthenes falls before Lamia. Bassano) and Apulians. cxiv. 2.
in mutual hostilities, Phocion at the head of YEAR 308
Sandrocottus, an In¬ Death of Demosthenes, 322. affairs. tum. they are 321 Caudine Forks. 433 317 War with
dian of low extraction, 322 Termination of the Lamian war and submission compelled the Syracusans
expelled the Mace¬ of Athens. to yield in Sicily.
318 Nicanor seizes the Piraeeus; opposed by Po- to the THE NOBLES
donians from the pro¬
lysperchon. Death of Phocion, 317. 317-289 317. discipline AND COMMONS
vinces which Alexan¬ 317-307 Demetrius Phalereus governor of Athens. Usurpation of Agatiio- and valour TOWARDS Agathocles, de¬
der had conquered, and Census at Athens:—Total free population, 127,660 ; cles. of their feated in Sicily,
seized them himself. To Slaves, 400,000. haughty makes
312 War with Carthage conque¬ 312 New war with the Etruscans. 442 311 Africa the
recover these domini¬
Pyrrhus 310, in which Agathocles rors. Via Appia.—Aqueduct. seat of war.
ons, Seleucus crosses II. the is defeated and besieged Gnomon.
the Indus, 305; but greatest in Syracuse. Bomilcar
soon after relinquishing hero of During the siege he THE CLOSE OF THIS attempts to re¬
his claims, he forms a 307 Demetrius Poliorcetes liberates Athens, re¬ his time. passes over into Africa, CENTURY. volutionise his
stores the Democracy, and expels Demetrius Pha¬ and there prosecutes country.
close alliance with the lereus. 308 League with the Umbrians. 446
the war until
Indian sovereign, from 307
307. Defeat of the Etruscans.
whom he receives five- 304 Siege of Rhodes by Demetrius. Peace, 306. Finally Defeat of Aga¬
hundred elephants, and 303 Peace concluded with the Rhodians. Deme¬ thocles,
trius returns to Greece, and opposes Cassander. sub¬ 303 Establishment of the Tribus 451 306 Peace.
permanently re-esta¬ Urbana, with the view of check¬
301 Is recalled by his father into Asia; and at the
blishes an intercourse battle of Ipsus loses all his Asiatic possessions. dued, ing the popular interest at the
with the east. Comitia Tributa. 300
Restoration of Democracy at 283. 300 Plebeian High Priest. 454 Olymp.
Athens. cxx. 1.

a. b. C. d. e. f.
14 Table vii. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. C. 300—200.

MACEDONIAN MONARCHY IN SEPARATE STATES. Era of the Seleucime, 13—113.

Perga- Bitiiy-I PoN- Cappa- Pales- China. Huns Egypt.
Syrian Empire of the Seleucifle. Galatia.
MUS. NIA. TUS. DOCIA. About 300,
B. C. 1.) Seleucus Nicator. 312-280.
Under the the Chinese
The Ptolemies.
299 Seleucus enters into a league with Demetrius Polior-
300 cetes, and marries his daughter. His object was to coun¬
These provinces formed part of the kingdom of An¬ Ptolemies. Wall, one of 1. ) Ptolemy Soter, 323-283.
tigonus until his defeat and death at Ipsus, when Simon the the greatest
teract a similar alliance formed by Ptolemy, who had Euclid of Alexandria.
Seleucus and Lysimachus divided his dominions Just, high- works ever ac¬
given two of his daughters in marriage to Lysimachus and
between them. priest, 300, complished, The empire of the Ptolemies ex¬
his son Agathocles. _A_.
Seleucus built or improved a great r—— completes was built on tended over Egypt, Libya, Cyrene,
Mi- Ariam- In the be¬ the canon of the frontiers Arabia Petraea, Judaea, Phoenicia,
number of cities, the most renuirk-
THRI- NES ginning of the Old of Tartary, to Damascus, and Cyprus. Alex¬
able of which were Antioch in Sy¬
ria, Seleucia on the Orontes, Seleu- DATES forms a the year 279, Testament. check the in¬ andria the seat of government,
hi. connec- the Gauls cursions of that the resort of the learned, and the
294 CedesUpperAsia cia on the Tigris, Apamea, and
seizes tion with sent out a d. 292. restless and un¬ centre of trade.
to his son Antiochus, Laodicea. He encouraged litera-
witli the approbation ture and commerce, particularly the Cappa- the Se- vast colony settled people.
docia leucidoe of their Golden age of the Ptolemies.
of the army. eastern trade. Division oj the 291 Eleazar Whether the
and by the people to high-priest. founder of the Museum. Library.
kingdom into seventy-two satrapies.
Paphla- marriage seek new subsequent dy¬
gonia. of his habitations. nasty added 2. ) Ptolemy II. Philadelphus,
286 They divided The Jews anything to it
son 283-247; the most magnificent
288 Colossus of Rhodes finished. ZlPZETES
Aria- themselves is uncertain; of the Egyptian kings, is associated
makes
ratiies into three who had been for, from a mad by his father in the kingdom.
head
283 Death of Demetrius, three years after his surrender IV. companies, ambition of 283 d. of Ptolemy Soter.
283 Piiile- against
with the first of transplanted being consider¬
to Seleucus. tjerus as¬ Lysima¬
281 Lysimachus defeated and slain at Cyropedium. serts his in¬ Strato- which invad¬ ed the founder The Canal of Arsinbe. Obelisk.
chus.
280 Seleucus murdered by Ptolemy Ceraunus, and suc¬ dependence. nice, d. ed Pannonia, to of the Chinese Aratus. Callimachus.
ceeded by his son of Anti- the second empire, he
A munifi¬ ochus Thrace, the Alexandria caused every Lycophron. Theocritus.
2.) Antiochus I. Soter. 280-261. cent patron Theus. third Illy- record of an¬ warlike
278
278 The invasion of Bithynia frustrated by Nicomedes, rium and by Ptolemy tiquity to be Alexandria is inhabited by three
of the arts Nicome¬
aided by the Gauls. and sciences, des in- Aria- Macedonia, destroyed. classes of people: a. Egyptians;
276 Antiochus cedes Macedonia to Antigonus. particularly vites the RATIIES and by these make great b. Alexandrines, or foreigners
275 architecture. Gauls in- V. last Ptolemy nations of all nations, particularly
is asso¬ Ceraunus progress in Jews; c. Mercenary soldiers.
to Asia to
ciated was slain. The whole country divided into
aid him
by his Grecian nomes, and subject to the de¬
against
father in 278. They of the spotic power of the king.
the
the receive an literature, 273 Ambassadors sent to Rome.
Syrians,
govern- almost total 272 Roman embassy sent to Egypt.
and as-
ment. overthrow at and complete The provinces governed by sa¬
signs them
Delphi, but Huns traps. All offices of trust given
Galatia
after uniting about this to Macedonians or Greeks, but
for their
their forces the national religion is respect¬
residence. 266
264 Rashly espouses the cause of Magas, who had re¬ by a new time the ed, and the priest-caste allowed
And from Ario-
volted from Ptolemy. confederacy, were to continue.
this time BARZA-
261 Falls in an action with the Gauls. they enter the Septuagint Memphis the capital of the king¬
they be- NES III.
3.) Antiochus II. Theus. 250-248. 263 service of dom, remarkable for its temples;
came for- wages an
Revolt of several eastern pro-Eumenes I. midable unsuc- Nicomedes version of the pyramids in its neighbourhood
Female influence predomi- vinces, and rise of the two defeats king of about are still the wonder and admira¬
as merce- cessful
nant at the Syrian court— kingdoms of Antiochus Bithynia, the tion of travellers.
nary war
disastrous measures adopt¬ at Sardis, from whom
soldiers. against
ed at home and abroad, and makes they obtain Scriptures. Manetho.
Sinope.
and Parthia. Bactria. himself mas¬ a settlement this time
consequent decline 1. ) Arsaces I. Revolt of ter of /Folis in Asia, Dynasty of Egypt
of the 250-248. Tiieodotus and the afterwards N.B. The Tsin founded
kingdom. Arsaces founds (250) who adjacent called 254, by Marmor Adulitanum.
story of Aris-
the kingdom of founds the country. Gallogrsecia, Tshing-wang first
Parthia, kingdom of or Galatia. teas respect¬ who FLOURISHES.
250, having kill¬ Bactria. ing this 247, composes
250
249 The king puts away ed Agathocles all differences,
his wife Laodice, and and expelled the translation, and raises up a heard of 3.) Ptolemy III. Evergetes.
marries Berenice daugh¬ Macedonians. is generally vast empire 247-222.
ter of Ptolemy k. of Egypt. 2. ) Arsaces II. under the 247-40 War with Seleucus Calli-
Tiridates I. considered name of nicus caused by the murder of
246 Berenice put away af¬
ter Ptolemy's death. An¬ 248-216. Ab. 246 There was fabulous. Ciii-Hoang- by the Berenice.
tiochus poisoned by La¬ The kingdom of ZlELAS Ti.
odice. Parthia arose recovers likewise a Great Conquests :
4. ) Seleucus II. Cal- out of the con¬ his inhe¬
linicus. 246-226. quests made by 243 Theo- warlike and Euro¬ in Syria, and on the coasts of
ritance
Assassination of Berenice, the Scythian dotus II. ■with great Asia Minor, from Cilicia to the
which leads to a most dis¬ mountaineers of forms a difficulty powerful Hellespont.
astrous war with Ptolemy 244 Occupation league with from
Evergetes king of Egypt. of Hyrcania. Arsaces II. 241 his half nation inha¬ pean 242-30 Ptolemy further enlarges
243 Antiochus Hierux co¬ Central Asia, Attalus I. brothers. his empire by conquests in Meso¬
operates with his brother and increased at defeats the biting the potamia, Babylonia, Persis, Su-
Seleucus, and induces Pto¬ the expense of Gauls 239, siana, and Media, and extends his
lemy to grant a ten years’ the Syrians in The history and confines countries powers, influence as far as Thrace and
truce. the west, and the of this em¬ them to Macedonia.
242 War between the bro¬ Bactrians in the pire, which Galatia. between the
thers to 240. east. at one time
Eumenes increases his 238 Defeat of extended as Danube and at which Intestine Troubles.
territories at the expense Seleucus Calli- far as the He was the
of Syria. nicus, who is ta¬ Ganges, is first king of )
Onias the
238 First campaign of Se¬ ken prisoner 2 36. much in¬ Pergamus, His conquests in Ethiopia and
leucus against Arsaces un¬ It was divided volved from and so firm¬ ranean, who high-priest, time they on the western coasts of Arabia,
successful. into eighteen sa¬ the loss of ly did he were effected during the last pe¬
236 Second campaign, in trapies, and com¬ almost every establish his by serving by refusing riod of his reign.
which he is taken prisoner prised also seve¬ record re¬ authority,
and detained until his ral small king¬ specting it. as mercena- to pay
that his 228 are go¬
death. doms, which, kingdom Prusias Eratosthenes of Cyrene.
5. ) Seleucus III. Ce¬ though tributary tribute to
descended I.
225 ra unus. 226—223. Takes and dependent, unimpaired
the field against Attains, were allowed to every war Ptolemy, 4.) Ptolemy IV. Philopater,
to the third verned
but falls a victim to the retain their own generation. 222-205, (profligate and cruel,)
treachery of Apaturius nders. became exposes under the tutelage of Sosibius, and
and Nicanor, 223. The form of 221 Theodo- after his death of Agathocles and
6. ) Antiochus III. the government was tus is de¬ formidable Judaea to
by his sister Agathoclea.
Great. 223-187. monarchal-aris¬ prived of his
222 Insurrection of Molo tocratic. The se¬ crown by throughout imminent
220
and Alexander, satraps of nate, (or the Euthydemus Engages Decline of
Media and Persis, which megistanes) and Asia. danger.
in war Teuman
is quelled by their death, the surenas or with the the
220. f eld-marshals, Byzan-
218 War with Ptolemy were invested Commercial tines. d. 218.
Philopater for Coele-Syria. with authority relations 214. 217 Victory gained over Antiochus
217 Antiochus is defeated exceeded only by with India 216 216 at Raphia.
at Raphia. that of the kings. to 126. Defeats
214 Capture of Achrtus, af¬ The succession the Gauls 214 China is
ter sustaining a two years’ to the throne Antiochus. in a great distracted by 213.
siege at Sardis. 3. ) Arsaces III. battle. internal dissen- Mete Kingdom.
212-206 Campaigns in Artabanus I. The subjects
Upper Asia against the 216-196. name of the
Parthians and Bactrians, was confined to 208-7 207 Mithri- neigh¬
to whom Antiochus grants the house of the An ally of Invades dates The Jews bouring
advantageous terms of Arsacida, but 206 Menan¬ the Romans the terri- was nations, 5.) Ptolemy V. Epiphanes.
peace. 210 Antiochus der, who ex¬ and TEto- submit to 207 Dynasty
tories of given to attacks 205-182.
Indian expedition to renounces all tends his lians agains Attalus. the kings Most Antiochus, of Han, China, 203 The attack upon Syria induces
procure elephants. He claims on Par¬ conquests as Philip and 205 of of the under whose and ex¬ Egypt to seek succour from
obtains 150. thia and Hyrca¬ far as Serica. 205, and are
the Included Pontus kings dominion the tends Rome, which undertakes its pro¬
205 Resumption of opera¬ nia. Achacans. in the on bore the at first well empire his con¬ tection.
tions against Egypt on not to any par¬ treaty super- name of flourishes. quests to Loss of Jud.ea.
200 the death of Ptolemy ticular branch 200 Visits with stitious Ariara-
treated by
C apt-
Philopater. of it. Athens. Philip. grounds. thes. him. sch ak. 201 M. Lepidus regent.
a. b. c. cl. e. f. g- l. k. 1. m.
Jul. Per. 4414—4514. ANCIENT HISTORY 15
A. U. C. 454—554. EXTENSION OF THE DOMINIONS OF ROME.
Carthage. Rome. A. U. C. Sicily. Epirus. Greece. Macedonia. Thrace.
300 Continuation of the Samnite wars, which are carried on Death of Theophrastus
Carthage rises in wealth with vigorous exertion and varied success till 290.
B. C.
(287.)
and political importance; They pave the way to the subjugation of Italy, and the 299 Demetrius recovers
300
but die internal tranquil¬ future greatness of' Rome. Athens. Olymp.
lity of the state is dis¬ The Acii.eans were ori¬ cxx. 1.
296 Death of Cassander.
turbed by die factions of (See page 13, year 300.) ginally divided into twelve Quarrels of his two
a few noble families, who 295 Pyrrhus republics, united by a sons, Antipater and
endeavour to advance their 293 Census 272,300 citizens. is called in common league for their Alexander. The former
interests at the expense of Up to this period neither literature nor the arts met with to the aid of mutual defence and pro¬ murders his mother, and
the general good. any encouragement at Rome, whose citizens were too Alexander, tection. This league was then takes refuge at the
much engaged with the practical details of war and king of Ma¬ dissolved by the policy court of Lysimachus, by
peace, to spare any time for the cultivation of science; cedonia. of the Macedonian kings; whom he is put to death.
and hence the useful and real predominated over works 289 Aga- but soon afterwards re¬ Alexander calls in Pyr¬
of taste and imagination. thocles newed. rhus and Demetrius, the
poisoned latter of whom cuts the
290 Subjection of the Samnites. 464 by M.-enon, The JEtolian league young prince off, and,
who seizes 287 Drives is formed in consequence 294, seizes the throne.
the go¬ Demetrius of the oppression of the
283 The Gauls and Etrurians subdued. vernment; from Mace¬ 287 Demetrius expelled
Macedonian kings,
282 War with the Tarentines, who, 280, call in Pyrrhus, but is ex¬ donia, and by Pyrrhus.
about 284.
king of Epirus, to their assistance. pelled by seizes his Lysimachus drives Pyr¬
Hicetus, kingdom. rhus out of Macedonia,
Battles of Pandosia, 280, and Asculum 279, in both of who rules 286 Expelled after seven months’ pos¬
which Pyrrhus is victorious. as pnetor by Lysima¬ session.
278 Pyrrhus lands in Si till 278. chus. 283 Death of Demetrius.
cily, and makes himself 280 Crosses 280 Patree, Dyme, Tri- 281 Lysimachus defeated 282
master of all the Cartha¬ Usurpation into Italy ttea, and Pharte renew and slain by Seleucus. Lysimachus
ginian towns. 275 Pyrrhus returns from Sicily, is defeated at Bencventum, 479 of and gains their ancient federation. 280 Seleucus falls by the is defeated
275 Quarrels with the pet¬ and compelled to evacuate Italy, Thynion two battles. 279 I rruption of the Gauls hand of Ptolemy Ce- and slain
ty Sicilian chiefs, finds 274 leaving a garrison at Tarentum. and 278 Aids the into Greece. raunus. at Cyrope-
himself unable to prose Sostrutus. Syracusans 278 They are repulsed, dium.
cute the war, and re-eni- 272 Fall of Tarentum. 482 against tire and pass over into Asia. Ceraunus is slain by
barks for Italy. Carthagi¬ Ptolemy Ce¬
After de¬ 276 The Achteans gradu¬ the Gauls, under Bel-
Colonial system. Military roads. raunus to
feating nians. ally joined by other ci¬ gius.
ties. 280.
the Ma- 275 Returns 280 Sosthenes ascends
Geographical outline:
mertines, to Italy, the throne and liberates
I. Boundaries. N. Alps; S. Mediterranean; E. Adriatic.
II. Mountain Ranges. The Apennines. Hiero (II.) where he his country; but falls, 279 275
III. Rivers. The Po ; the Adige ; the Tiber. is called stays but a 278. The Gauls, exxvi. 2
IV. The soil. The most fertile in Europe. to the short time. (Meleager and An¬ under Cere-
V. Division into a. Upper Italy, comprising Gallia Cisalpina
or Togata, and Liguria, b. Central, containing six countries, throne, 272 Falls at 272 Pyrrhus besieges tipater, who preceded trius, pene¬
Etruria, Latium, and Campania, on the west ; Umbria, 270. the storm¬ Sparta and Argos. Sosthenes, had been trate into
Picenum, and Samnium, on the east. c. Lower, or Magna
Grcecia, comprising Lucania, Bruttium, west; Apulia and
ing of Argos. Theocritus. both deposed on ac¬ Thrace,
Calabria, east. d. Islands, Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. 268 Antigonus Gonatas count of their incapa¬ which is
takes Athens. city.) consequent¬
266 Occupation of Lmver Italy. 488 Alexander 266 Alexander, the son ly for the
264-241 First Roman war. 264-241 First Punic war. Occupation of Messina, 490 II. and successor of Pyr¬ most part
263 Defection of Hiero, Gladiators jirst exhibited. 263 Hiero rhus, is, after a violent lost to
and consequent decline of 263 Hiero makes peace with the Romans. forsakes his contest, expelled from Macedonia.
the power of Carthage. 262 Siege and capture of Agrigentum. alliance Macedonia by Antigo¬
260 Loss of Corsica, Li- Columna rostra. with nus Gonatas.
para, and Melita (Malta). 260 Naval victory of Duilius. Carthage,
and passing Decline
256 Regulus in Africa. 257 Second naval victory of the Romans. over to the
255 Defeated by Xanthip- 256 Regultis invades Africa, Romans, of
pus, a Spartan general. 255 is defeated and taken prisoner. thereby
purchases THE Supremacy in Greece the
Great influence
a long and
of THE
252 Census 297,797 citizens (males of military age). The tranquil Kingdom. 252 Birth of Philoptemen. object of Macedonian
Barcine family.
result of the African expedition restores the balance of power reign. 251 Aratus liberates Si-
Hamilcar Barcas is between the belligerents, and renders the issue of the contest cyon, which joins the policy.
appointed general of the doubtful. Achaean league. 250
Carthaginians, 247, and Great naval power of Rome. Olymp.
undertakes the defence of Agis III. attempts the cxxxii.
Lilybtmm and Drepanum. Lutatius Catulus, the Roman admiral, gains a com¬ reformation of Sparta 3.
plete victory over the Carthaginian fleet, and terminates the 244. He is at first par¬
war, 241. Conditions of peace, 1. The Carthaginians to eva¬ tially successful, but
cuate Sicily and the adjacent islands; 2. to pay 2,200 ta¬ eventually frustrated by
241 Defeated in a naval lents (the expenses of the war); and 3. to desist from fur¬ Leonidas, and cut off with
battle by die consul Luta- ther war against Hiero. his family, 240.
tius. Peace with Rome. 243 Aratus surprises the
Mutiny of the troops, Acrocorinthus, expels the
and dreadful civil war, 240 Livius begins to exhibit. 514 Macedonians, and brings 239 Demetrius II.
which lasts for three years 239 Birth of Ennius. 515 over Corinth to the A makes war upon the
and four months. chsean league. Megara, TEtolians, who are sup¬
237 Loss of Sardinia, 237 Occupation of Sardinia. • 517 Trtezen, and Epidaurus ported by the Achteans.
which the Romans trea¬ Provinces: follow the example of
cherously take possession Sardinia, Corsica, and part of Sicily. Corinth.
of, contrary to the terms The Roman Senate in its greatest power and majesty. Ptolemy II. joins the
of peace. league.
236 Irruption of the Transalpine Gauls. 236 Cleomenes III.
Endeavour to make up king of Sparta.
for the loss of Sicily and
Sardinia by the conquest 229 Antigonus Doson
229 Athens joins the
of Spain.
229 The first Illyrian war, which terminates by the submis¬ league. aids the Achteans,
Hamilcar and Asdrubal, sion of queen Teuta, 228. 227 Cleomenes defeats the
during the seventeen years plans of Aratus, who Decline
that they have the com¬ The forces of Roman Italy amount at this period to would have forced Spar¬
mand of the army, sub¬ 770,000. ta to accede to the A- of THE
jugate all die south of chaean league. 225
Spain. Dreadful war with the Gauls, who are defeated by vEmi- Default of 226 Revolution effected at Macedonian power Olymp.
Carthagena built. litts at Clusium, 225, and driven across the Po, where in male issue Sparta by Cleomenes, who cxxxviii.
226 Treaty with the Ro¬ 222 they are a second time defeated by Murcellus, and on the overthrows the Ephori, in Greece. 4.
mans, by which the Ebro obliged to sue for peace. . death of increases the number of
is made the boundary of Pyrrhus III, Spartans, and enforces
and after defeating
their possessions in Spain. Colonies of Placentia and Cremona. Death in 219. the laws of Lycurgus.
of Hiej'O. 224 He attacks the A- Cleomenes at Sellasia,
Saguntum declared free. Via Flaminia.
Hierony¬ chaeans, who, aided by
puts an end to the
221 Hannibal succeeds As 219 JEmilius defeats Demetrius Pharius. mus suc¬ Laudamia Antigonus, defeat him at
drubal in the command ; ceeds him, queen of Sellasia, 222. war, 222.
219 takes Saguntum, and Rome appears in this war as the deliverer of the Grecian 216, Epirus. He flies to Egypt. Philip V. joins the
invades Italy in the au states, who vie with each other in showing their gratitude. and reigns 220 War of the two Achteans against the EE-
tumn of 218. Defeats the 218-201. Second Punic war. thirteen leagues. tolians, but his progress
Romans at Ticinus and months. Philip an ally of the is for some time im¬
Disastrous battles of Ticinus, Trebia, Thrasymene, and Hippocrates Achteans. peded by the faction of
Trcbia, 218, Thrasymene,
Canute, 218-216. and Demo¬ Aratus chief of the con¬ Apellus who wished to
217. Battle of Canute,
216, followed by the re¬ 216-206 The two brothers, Cn. and P. C. Scipio, carry on the Epicydes federacy until overthrow Aratus.
duction of Lower Italy war in Spain. Victorious near the Ebro, 216; the Illiberis, entangle cratic 213 when he dies by 215 Alliance of Philip
215 Treaty of Philip, king 215; but are both slain, 212. All Sicily SIJBMITS Syracuse poison. with Hannibal.
of Macedon, with Hanni¬ 214 Murcellus besieges and To Rome. in a war Go¬ Philopcemen succeeds 211 Alliance of Rome
bal. 212 takes Syracuse. 214 hrst with Rome. him. with the yEtolians, Spar¬
214 Fabius ‘ qui cunctando Macedonian war. Syracuse vern¬ The quarrels between tans, Eleans, Attains
restituit rem.’ 210-206 P. N. Scipio changes the aspect of affairs, by gain¬ falls, 212. the Ephori and the kings king of Pergamus, and
ing over the Spaniards and defeating the Carthaginians; ment. of Sparta end, 207, in the Scerdelaidas and Pleu-
207 Defeat and death of usurpation of Nabis, who ratus, kings of Illyria.
Asdrubal at the Metaurus. 206 Gains over Syphax, and reduces all Carthaginian Spain. destroys the ancient form 204 General peace.
205 Elected consul; and 204 passes into Africa. Desertion of government. 203 Philip wages war
of Syphax, who with Asdrubal is defeated in two battles. against Attalus and the
Rhodians. 200
203 Recal of Hannibal. 202 Defeated at sea, off Olymp.
201 Battle of Zama. 202 Battle of Zama. The war concluded by a peace dis- 553 Chios. CXLV.
graceful and disastrous to Carthage. Death of Archimedes. 200 Besieges Athens. 1.
11. O. r. s.
16 Table viii. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. C. 200—100

MACEDONIAN MONARCHY IN SEPARATE STATES. Era of the Seleucid.®, 113—213.

Akme- China. Huns. 1
Syrian Empire. Seleucida:. Parthia. Perga- Bithy- PoNTUS.
MUS. NIA.
Paph-
LAGO-
Cappa-
DOCIA. P Palestine.
NIA.
6. ) Antiochus the Great. 223-187. ARSACID7E. r< 200
B. C. 200 Flat¬
NI A. > 198 The Jews assist Lieu-
198 Antiochus, after defeating Scopasand H
200 A pro¬
> Antiochus in expel¬ vince of
the forces of Ptolemy at Panium, reduces tering re¬ Pang,
Ccele-Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia. ception of ling Scopas and the emperor
Go- Egyptian troops Syria of China.
Consequent hostility of Rome. Attains
verned from Jerusalem. until file
196 Hannibal joins Antiochus, who seizes 4.) Arsaces IV. Pria- at Prusias o
I. about c defeat of
the Thracian Chersonese, together widi patius. 196-181. Athens.
197 Eu- 196, di- this Ariara- rts First mention Antio-
several cities of Asia Minor. chus file
menes an rects his time thes IV. of a Senate
Conference at Lysimachia. ally of arms by na- marries 'co or Sanhedrim. Great,
p.
Rome, against tive 192 190,
192-190 War with Rome. o' ■
against Ileraclea. princes. Antioch is, when
191 Acilius defeats Antiochus at Ther
Antio- daughter the
mopyloe. 3
chus. of Antio- P
r* satraps,
190 Battle of Magnesia, in which Antio¬
chus is totally defeated by L. C. Scipio. 191 Sea 190 chus the Sale of the priest- Artax-
CD
fight, in Pharnaces Great, hood by Antiochus ias ana
Loss of ‘ Asia cis Taurum and joins ^3 Epiphanes, who also cCana-
which I.
Eumenes him in b attempts to plunder aras,
Revolt of Armenia.
and the his war the temple; con- raise
187 Death of Antiochus; after which Sy¬ cd
Romans against V) sequent insurrections the
ria is dependent upon Rome.
defeat An- the Ro- Q- at Jerusalem. standard
7. ) Seleucus IV. Philopator. 187- cd
tioclius. mans. of
175.
5.) Arsaces V. Phra- About 188 The 184 CD revolt.
180 Exchanges his son for his brother, ates 1.181-174, conquers king re- Engages 183 183—179 p? , 180
181 CD Wen-Ti.
detained as a hostage at Rome. the Mardians on the Cas¬ ceives in war Conquers An ally 3
pian. Eucrati- great ac- with Eu- Sinope. of Eu- rt K
cessions menes at 182—179 179 menes c >
das, under 5
175 Murdered by Hcliodorus. of terri- the insti- Carries on a Mor- against o o o
175 3 175 Deposition of J0
6.) Arsaces VI. Mi- whose reign tory from gation of war against ZES. Pharna- 176
8. ) Antiochus IV. Epiphanes. 175- the Ro- Hannibal, Eumenes II. ces. 5S the high priest Sc HU-
the Bac- O
164. Universally hated and despised thridates I. 174—136, mans at who had a Onias. Jason, his H hJ king II.
3
trian empire the con- taken re- (15 brother, who had 3“ o'
CD
171 Invades Egypt, and gains a victory raises Parthia to an ex¬ elusion of fuge at ■ purchased the office, CD
attained its 174
at Pelusium. peace with his court. is in his turn sup- ro & 174
170 Another victory. Subjugation of E- alted rank in the scale of greatest Antiochus. Death of planted by Mene- o Ui
3_ Laos-
CD
The
gypt as far as Alexandria. Hannibal, laus his brother. 3 CHANG.
splendour emperor
169 Siege of Alexandria, unattended with empires. After the death 169 Se- 183 or 2. c- o
success. and extent. cret cor- Prusias Civil commotions. P 3 pays
168 Popilius, the Roman ambassador, of Antiochus, 164, he ex¬ respond- II. Tyranny of Antio- <-*• CO
obliges Antiochus to purchase peace, by ence be- 180. chus, 170, and O o*. tribute
the surrender of Cyprus and Pelusium. tends its frontiers west¬ After de¬ tween revolt of to the
167 The king’s intolerance towards the Eumenes Mattathias, 167, a
feating c* nuns
Jews provokes a rebellion. ward to the Euphrates, and which proves remark-
Ft*
165 Expedition into Upper Asia for the Demetrius, Perseus, ably successful. ?T CD until
purpose of rifling the temples of the and eastward to the Hy- which CO
gods.
king of In¬
loses him a "3 the
*"3
164 Dies on his way to Babylon. daspes, beyond the In¬ dia, he tlie favour o
CO year
Loss of Babylonia, Persia, and all the of the Judas Maccabaus, o. CD CO
annexes the *3 CD Long
countries between the Euphrates and In¬ dus. Romans. 166—161. Ui 161.
CO CO
dus. dominions 3
o- pro-
9. ) Antiochus V. Eupator, 164-162, Great Jonathan, II. P. 3
of his rival
to the exclusion of the lawful heir Deme¬ disco- 161—142, 3 O traded
trius, at that time a hostage at Rome. to his own veries 162 joins the party of
3 <r»- wars
10. ) Demetrius I. So ter, 161-150, made at Ariara- Alex. Bala, "3 3“*
empire. o CD
escaping from Rome, takes possession of Perga- 156—154 thes V. and becomes the 3 be-
the kingdom, and puts Eupator and Ly¬ mus. War 156 driven leading man in O'
PS O tween
sias to death. between Mithri- from Judaea. Having o
On his re¬ 3
Parch- Prusias dates V. his king- attached himself, 3 the
L.) Alexander Bala, 153. Occu- turn he is MENT. and Everge- dom by however, to Antio- CO
Huns
Ptolemais, 152. Attalus. tes, an Ho lop her- chus, the son of 3
assassinated Library. ally of the nes, 0- and
Peace Bala, he is betrayed CD
150 Demetrius killed in battle. by his son, mediated Romans, (158) 142, by Trypho, »-s
Chi-
Museum. by Rome. from a suppo- and put to death.
143, whom on CfQ
12.) Demetrius II. Nicator, 150-125, sititious nese.
regains his father’s kingdom by the aid whom he 159 At- 149 De- the defeat of son of r-fr
of Ptolemy Philometor. talus II. throned Aristonicus, Ariara- Continued strug- CO
had asso¬ o
156 en- and mur- he receives thes IV. Conse-
146 Disbands his mercenaries, and thus The invasion of Deme¬ ciated in the gages in dered by a grant of gles of the Jews, CO
Ui quent
materially weakens his influence in Sy¬ war with his son Phrygia Ui
government. '< revolts
ria. trius II. of Syria, aided Prusias. Nicome- Magna, as IN DEFENCE OF
This king des II. a reward Uninter-
of
142 Diodotus Trypho rebels, and seizes by an insurrection of the was a mu- Epipha- for his THEIR CIVIL AND
3 rupted
the crown of Syria. nificent nes, who services, crq their
140 Demetrius takes part with the re¬ provinces, ends 138, in patron of forms an 130. RELIGIOUS RIGHTS,
ui peace
tribu¬
volted provinces of Parthia, and, though Eucrati- literature, alliance c with the
victorious at first, he is soon afterwards the capture of the agres- das II. an but effe- with Mi- to 130. 3 tary
•
taken prisoner (138) and detained ten ally of De¬minate in thridutes kingdoms
pro¬
years in captivity. sor. metrius II.his man¬ the w of Maw-
139 Death of Trypho. whom he ners. Great. vinces.
13.) Antiochus VI. Sidetes, 137-128, persuades to p rennahar,
marries Cleopatra. invade Par¬ 138 135 Simon the Elh- C*
7.) Arsaces VII. Persia,
thia. Attalus narch, murdered by
Phraates II. III. be- his son-in-law and In-
134 Invades Judaa, but soon (133) con¬ Defeat of the queaths Ptolemy.
cludes a peace. confederates his king- 130 John Hyrcanus,
Invasion of Antiochus, Eucratidas dom to 131 aided by the Par- from the
129 War with Parthia, in which Antio¬ who being cut off with is despoiled the Ro- PiljE- 130 th ians, asserts his en-
chus is slain 128. his whole army, 128, the of several mans. MENES Ariara- year
tire independence.
Demetrius II. Nicator, returns from Parthian empire is hence¬ provinces by 133 Mithrida- I. TIIES VI. 129 Enters into a 124.
captivity, and regains his kingdom. forward freed from the at¬ the Par- After his TES VI. assists a minor league with the Ro-
tacks of the Syrian kings. thians, and death Eupator, the Ro- at his mans.
125 125 Defeated and slain by Alexander Ze- soon after Aristoni- 120 mans succes- Reduces Samaria
bina, a supposititious son of Alexander overpowered cus lays inherits against sion. He and Idumaa.
Bala. The eastern wars begun by the claim to Phrygia, Aristo¬ married
14. ) Seleucus, a few months. after the fall of the Bac- The Pharisees and
nomad the king¬ which, how¬ nicus. Laodice,
15. ) Antiochus VII. Grypus, 125-trian empire, (Heeren, p. Sadducees, who had
hordes of dom ; but ever, the the sister
96, compelled to secure his own life by 301), which subsisted un¬ hitherto been reli-
central Asia 129, is Romans de- of Mi-
the murder of his mother, 121. til 130 or 120, (see F. C. taken pri- gious sects, now be-
prive him of thridutes
p. 316). soner by come violent politi¬
The succeeding history of the during his Eupator, Extension
the Ro- cal partisans.
Seleucidte is a horrid picture of Fall of minority. by whom
The king is slain in the of terri-
civil ivurs, family feuds, and deeds Bactria, mans, and he was The laxity of
eastern nomad wars. 130 or 120, put to afterwards principle which tory
of violence, unparalleled in the an¬
nals of any people. which, with death. 112—110 mur- manifests itself in
to
the other Expels the dered. the Jewish rulers,
114 Antiochus Grypus is involved in war countries on Scythians is followed by a de- Pegu,
with his half brother, Antiochus Cyzi- 8.) Arsaces VIII. Jr this side of from the cline of power.
cenus. tabanus II. shares the the Oxus, Siam,
Tauric
same fate, about 129. becomes a Chersonese, Kams-
prey to the reduces Hyrcanus joins the
111 Conclusion of the war by a partition hatch a,
Parthians. Pergamus several of Sadducees,
of territory. 9.) Arsaces IX. Mi- is annex- their petty 110. and
thridates II. restores tran¬ ed as a kings, and
The Euphrates is now the boun quillity to the east, after a province forms an Bengal,
Kings.
dary of the kingdom ; all Up long succession of bloody to the alliance with 107 Aristobulus 104.
per Asia submits to Parthia; and, wars. Roman the Sarma- the Cruel dies, 106.
100 the Jews having asserted their in empire, tians and 106 Alexander
dependence, Syria and Phtznicia lie meets with a power¬ under the Germans, Jannasus.
are the only provinces that ac¬ ful rival in Tigrancs I. designa- 108
knowledge the sivay of the king of king of Armenia. tion of Seizes Insignificant wars
Syria. Asia Paphlagonia. with neighbouring
[Propria. states.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g- h. i. k. 1. m. n. 0.
 Jul. Per. 4514—4614. ANCIENT HISTORY.
EXTENSION OF THE ROMAN ARMS. FALL OF GREECE AND CARTHAGE.
Romans. Greece. Macedonia. Epirus. H Carthage. Egypt.
S3
200 Allies of Rowe in the war fs B. C.
Second War with Philip of Macedon, 200-197. with Philip: the JEtolians, A-
>
n
n
199 Disadvantageous 200 .
treaty with Masinissa,
Commencement of the Spanish wars, which last with little thenians, Dardaniuns, Athama- Olymp.
nes, and Pergamians. The Achee¬ Stormy king of Numidia. 198 Egypt loses her CXLV.1.
intermission until 133. Ennius.—Plautus.
ans at first attach themselves to 198 Revolt of the period of New Syrian possessions.
Greeks. 197 Coronation of
198 T. Q. Flamininus gains over the Acheeans, and turns the the cause of Philip, but after¬ king¬
wards join the Homans. anarchy Ptolemy Epiphernes,
balance of power in favour of the Romans. dom of
197 Total rout of the 196 Hannibal joins An¬ at Memphis.
197 Victory of Flamininus over Philip at Cynoscepltalee :— and con¬
196 Greece declared free by Fla¬ the king’s forces Odry- tiochus, whom he urges
Peace 196. Conditions:—Greece to be free; Philip to with¬
in Thessaly. fusion. to carry on war against Inscriptio Roset-
draw his garrisons; to surrender his navy; to reduce his army mininus at the Isthmian Games. see.
the Romans.
to five hundred soldiers; to pay a thousand talents; and to
Philip increases Poisons himself to
deliver up his son Demetrius as a hostage. The
195 Flamininus obliges Nabis to his territories at prevent his being de¬ Romun influence pre¬
195 Successful war with Nahis. Liberation of Argos. mari¬
sue for peace. the expense of the livered up to the Ro¬ vails from this time.
Cato in Spain. time
Athamanes, Thes¬ mans, 183.
192-190 War with Antiochus of Syria, who is totally defeated 192 Philopcemen defeats Nabis, cities
salians, and Thra¬
at Magnesia by Scipio Asiaticus. Conditions of peace (con¬ who is slain by the Mtolians. depend¬
cians 191. 193 Masinissa harasses 193 Ptolemy marries
cluded 188):—Antiochus to cede Asia Minor; to pay down ent
the Carthaginians, the daughter of An¬
15,400 talents; to deliver up Hannibal; and to give his upon
190 Meditates a seizes the province of tiochus the Great.
younger son Antiochus as a hostage. the
Accession of Sparta to the war against Rome. Emporia, and material¬
Mace¬ ly injures their com¬
Rome the Arbitress of Nations, from the Achccun league.
189 doni¬
Atlantic to the Euphrates. merce.
ans,
Political system of guardianship, and of supporting Declared Syri-
the weaker states against the stronger. 188 Philopcemen abrogates the ans,
laws of Lycurgus. free by 187 Ptolemy renews
and
187 Voluntary exile of Scipio Africanus: dies 183. his alliance with the
the
Egyp¬ Acheeans.
186 Introduction and suppression of the Bacchanalia.
Romans. tians.
185-179 The Celtiberi are attacked in their native territory.
Cato censor, 184. 184 Insolence of 179 184 Ptolemy murders
184 Lycortas, Acheean Prut or.
the Roman am¬ The his guardian, Aristo-
184 Philip is summoned by the Roman ambassadors to plead
Odry- menes. Ilis cruelty
hi,s cause before them. 183 Philopcemen is taken prisoner bassadors.
see ioin
182 Masinissa seizes an¬ causes an insurrec
and put to death by the Messe-
Per¬ other province with tion, which is quelled
nians. 181 Demetrius is
seus impunity. by Polycrates, 183.
put to death by
The luxury of Asia enervates Bion, Moschus. Decline gainst 6.) Ptolemy VI.
177 Istria subdued. his father. 175
the moral energies of the of the the Ro¬ (Philometor) 181-146
Scmpronius success¬ 179
177 The Acheeans Ac ill an 179 Death of Phi¬ mans. under the guardian¬ Olymp.
ful in Sardinia. Romans. The Ma¬ 174 Seizure of the pro¬
espouse the Ro- League. lip. cli. 2.
First sumptuary law. cedonian vince of Tysca, with ship of his mother
man interest. (Sadd¬ fifty cities. until her death, 173.
party
Third Macedonian War, with Perseus, 171-168. 172 The Romans effect the disso¬ Perseus. les Regency of Euleeus.
obtains
168 P. TEmilius gains the decisive battle of Pydna, and over¬ lution of the Boeotian confede¬ leaves Cato’s embassy to Car¬ War with Antiochus
the as¬
throws the kingdom of Macedon. racy. his thage. Epiphanes, 171-168.
cendency. king¬
168 Anicius puts an end to the Illyrian war. 168 Perseus is de¬ Joint reign of Pto¬
Republican constitution given to the Illyrians. 167 More than 1000 Acheeans ar¬ feated at Pydna, dom The dangers which lemy and his brother,
rested and sent to Rome. taken prisoner at 167 to the threaten Carthage are 169. 164 Partition
The treasury so rich that the citizens no longer pay taxes. Samothrace, and Ro¬
Devasta¬ much increased by the of the kingdom.
164-2 The Romans exercise a fetal influence over Syria, by de¬ The traitor Callicrates at the head perishes misera¬ mans, rising jealousy of Rome, Physcon receives Cy-
taining the lawful heir to the crown. They also promote dis¬ of the league. bly at Rome, 166. tion of B.C. the daring hostilities of rene and Libya. 154
37; Masinissa, and the fac¬ Supported by Rome,
putes in Egypt in order to weaken the power of that kingdom. Epirus
167 Macedon re- but tious spirit of her own Physcon makes war
The Romans begin to aspire at universal empire. deiced to a pro¬ by the kings against his brother;
citizens.
Increased patronage of literature and vince. of but being taken pri¬
Romans.
the arts. Grecian system of education Thrace 152 Masinissa’s party soner, he is forgiven
adopted at Rome, followed by the visi¬ are still expelled from Carthage, by Philometor, and
Destruc¬
ble deterioration of every moral and 155 Embassy of Diogenes, Car- heard of which leads to a war. reinstated in his for¬
religious principle. niades, and Critolaus to Rome. tion of until Masinissa defeats the mer possessions.
A. C. Carthaginians, whose
155-150 Spanish War. The Roman arms unsuccessful in 151 Return of the Acheean exiles. seventy 150
47, army is nearly exter¬ 150 Gives his daugh¬
Spain. 152 Marcellus conducts the war. Cruelty of Lucul- 150 Dissensions between the towns. when ter in marriage to Olymp.
minated.
lus in his war with a Celtiberian tribe. 151 Defeat of Galba, Spartans and Acheeans. Rome 149 A pseudo-Phi- the Alexander Bala, clvii. 3.
who, 150, treacherously destroys the Lusitanians, after they had interferes with the design of lippus appeal’s in whole Carthage at this time whom he supports
voluntarily surrendered. wholly dissolving the league. A Macedonia, and coun¬ contained 700,000 in¬ against Demetrius.
Third Punic War, 149-146. war ensues, which ends in the reigns one year. try be¬ habitants. 146 Having espoused
Cato's continual harangue, “ Delenda est Carthago.” He is then con¬ comes
146 P. Scipio lEmilia- the cause of Deme¬
149 First law at Rome against bribery at elections. Fall of Corinth, 146. quered by Metel- Finally a Ro- nus takes and destroys trius, he falls in bat¬
lus, 148. subdued, Carthage. tle against Bala.
Terence. Polybius. pro¬
146. Olymp.
Roman province of Acheea. A Roman province. vince!) A Roman province.
Fourth Macedonian War, 149-3. Achaoan War. clviii. 3.!
b C e 7.) Ptolemy VII.
evote|
(Evergetes II.) 146- 146
146 Extension of the Roman power by the conquest of Greece, IWIacedon, Epirus, and Carthage.
of 117, a cruel and
A.U.C.
odious tyrant, com¬
their Affairs in the East. Affairs and Civil Wars in Rome. Affairs in the West. 608.
mences his reign bv
146-140 War with Viriathus, the gallant leader of the the murder of his
A struggle arises between the aristocracy (the nobiles and optimates, Lusitani, who maintains a six years’ war with Rome.
or rich families of senators and magistrates) and the plebs, or common JEmilianus is sent against him, 145. Viriathus is nephew.
143 Embassy of Sci¬
people. treacherously murdered and Lusitania becomes a pio Africanus to A-
133 Pergamus bequeathed Equites publicani in the provmces. Roman province, 140. lexandria.
to Rome by Attalus III. 143-133 Numantine War of ten years.

Dominions of Rome at the close of the Numantine War, 133.

In Europe:—All Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, Liguria and Cisalpine Gaul, Illyria, Epirus, Macedo-
nia, Greece, and (133) the two Spains. In Asia :—Part of Asia Minor (or territory of Pergamus.) In Africa :
—Carthage, etc. These Roman provinces were governed by magistrates who had discharged the consular office,
and who were invested with the highest civil and military powers.
Revenue of the Republic:—1. Tribute paid by the Roman citizens, Italian allies, and provinces. 2. Income
from public lands. 3. Customs. 4. Mines. 5. Duty on enfranchised slaves.
Civil troubles under the Gracchi, 133-121. 134-132 Servile war in Sicily; 70,000 slaves revolt. 130 The Alexandrines
133 Tiberius Gracchus proposes to relieve the lower orders by a more 128 Marcus Ful. Flaccus reduces the Transalpine In¬ rebel. The king flees
equitable division of lands, (a revival of the Lex Licinia), which leads gurians. to Cyprus, but suc¬
to a struggle with the aristocracy. Gracchus and three hundred citizens Increase of the Roman power in ceeds in regaining
are killed in a tumult raised by the aristocratic party, headed by Scipio Transalpine Gaul. his crown by the as¬
Nasica. 128-5 Quaestorship of C. Gracchus in Germans. sistance of his mer¬
118 Death of Micipsa, king 130 The Tribunes obtain a seat and the right of voting in the senate. Sicily. cenaries.
of Numidia, and assassi¬ First great
Increased power and influence of the Roman knights, upon whom is 123 Metellus reduces the Balearic isles, 125
nation of Hiempsal by Ju- conferred the right of administering justice. They form a middle order 122 Aix, the first Roman colony in migration of
gurtha. 117 Adherbal, between the senate and people. the German Olymp.
Gaul. clxiii. 4.1
son of Micipsa, takes re¬ Gaul a Roman province. nations.
fuge in Rome. 112 is 123 Tribunate of Caius Gracchus. Renewal of the Agrarian law. 122 „ w r 113-101 Cimbrians
taken at Cirta and mur¬ Extension of his plans, which become not only dangerous to the aristo- ’" ^Tctmbruws and Teutones and Teutones,
dered by Jugurtha. cracy, but to the state itself. Distributions of corn to the poor, i roiect . . , 7-. , .
500,000 men mi
for admitting the Italian allies to the rights of citizenship, and for esta- G ^ c iu ° *" grate towards Rome.
blishing colonies beyond Italy. 121 General struggle in the city, C. Grac- the boundaries of Illyria,-de-
feat, 113, the consul, P. Carbo,
chus and 3000 citizens killed. in Styria,—cross Helvetia, where
Triumph of the aristocracy. Evasion of the Agrarian law: 1st. by a
Jugurthine war, 111-106. they are joined by Celtic and Hel¬
repeal of the law prohibiting the transfer of lands already divided; 2dly. vetic tribes, and, desiring settlements
C. Mummius, and Q. Me- by stopping all further divisions. Lex p/wr;ru attack Roman Gaul. They defeat 117 Separation of Cy-
tellus, take part in it; and the consul, Junius Silanus, 109 renaicu from Egypt.
Corruption of Roman manners. 102 Second servile
Marius ends it by the Longinus and Scaurus 107, and,
As Rome advanced in power, the habits of the people suffered materially war in Sicily.
capture of Jugurtha, 106 105, the consuls Manlius and Ceepio 8.) Ptoi.emyVIII.
AT vr j’ -a j from the contagion of Asiatic luxury and Grecian manners. The stern vir- (in consequence of their disagree (Soter II.) 117-81.
Mumidia divide e ween ^ loftiness of purpose which so eminently distinguished the old Roman
ment) very severely,—they march
JSocchus, tliempsa , an _ c/laracter, were now exchangedfor every species of vice and profligacy that
Hiarbas, grandsons of upon Spain, but are driven back 107 Is compelled by
a corrupt imagination could suggest; and thus the conquered nations of by the Celtiberians, and threaten his mother to ex¬
Masinissa.
the East, by sapping the foundations of public principle and individual change Egypt for
Italy.
worth at Rome, executed in the end a most fearful vengeance upon their Victory of Marius over the Cyprus.
conquerors. Teutones, near Aix in Provence,
107-100 Marius six times consul. 102-GENERAL DEFEAT OF TIIeCiM- Cleopatra and her 100
106 Birth of Cicero and Pompey. brians, near Verona, by Marius, younger son, Alex¬ Olymp
Archias at Rome. 101. ander, jointly reign clxx. 1.
in Egypt.
100 Birth of Julius Cjesar.
k
''0. g
18 Table ix. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. C. 100—A. C. 1.

AGE OF MITHRIDATES. BIRTH OF CHRIST.

Armenia Palestine. Syria. Asia Minor, Egypt.
Parthia.
B. C. Major and Minor. 98 Jannjeus besieges and Bitiiynia, Pontus, Cappadocia, and Galatia.
The Arsacida:. 97 takes Gaza. Irritates the Renewal of the war
100
97 Arduasdes I. Pharisees. between the bro¬ (Mithridates the Great.)
(Arsaces IX.) 96 Tigranes I. king of 95 Sedition of the Jews at thers, and murder
both Armenias, Cappa¬ the feast of tabernacles, of Grypus, 96. 94 Mithridates puts a son of Ariarathes, king of Pontus, 39 Cleopatra plots against
quelled by a massacre of 16. ) Antiochus to death, and places his own son upon the throne. her son Alexander's life, but,
First public trans¬ docia, and Syria, son-
in-law and ally of six thousand. Cyzicenus de¬ falling into his hands, is her¬
actions between 93 He expels Ariobarzanes from Cappadocia, and, 92,
92 Janna:us is defeated by feated and slain self put to death. Banish¬
Rome and Parthia. Mithridates the Great.
Obodas, king of Arabia, with by Seleucus, the subdues Galatia. ment of Alexander, who falls
the loss of the greatest part eldest son of Gry¬ in an attempt to recover his
92 The ambassa¬ 91 Nicomedes II., king of Bithynia, murdered by his son
of his army. pus, 95. kingdom, 88.
dors of Arsaces are
91 The Jews seize the op¬ 17. ) Seleucus, Socrates. r 88 Restoration of Lathyrus.
received by Sylla
the proprietor of portunity of Alexander's de¬ engaged in conti¬ Nicomedes III. expelled by Mithridates, who sup¬ 82 Revolt and three years’
Cilicia. feat and break out into open nual warfare with siege of Thebes, which is
rebellion. the sons of Cyzi¬ ports his half brother Socrates, 88.
captured and destroyed.
cenus. Restored at the peace in 84. At his death in 74 he 81 Death of Soter.
Lucullus crosses the 18. ) Antiochus
Eusebes, 94. bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans. Cleopatra, six months.
87 Arsaces X. Euphrates and Tigris,
(Mnasciras) wages and obtains the victo¬ 86 Alexander quells the se¬ 19. ) Philippus, Alexander II., 19 days.
ries of Tigranocerta, ditions of the people with son of Grypus. 88 First Mithridatic war with the Romans. Massacre in Ptolemy IX. Dionysus.
a long war for the
succession with Si- 69, and Artuxata, 68, great cruelty. 20. ) Demetrius one day of 80,000 Roman citizens, resident in Asia Alexander III., a compe¬
natroces, by whom over the allies; but a EuCjErus. Minor. Concluded by Sylla, 84, who, after repeated vic¬ titor of Ptolemy, dies 65.
he is deposed. mutiny in his army 79 Alexandra, the widow 21. ) Antiochus
tories over the generals of Mithridates in Greece, compels
enables Mithridates to of Jannceus, is reconciled to Minor.
Arsaces XI. (Si- regain nearly all his the Pharisees, and reigns 83 Tigranes, king him to restore Bithynia, Cappadocia, and Paphlagonia. This period of Egyptian
natroces), 76-68. dominions. peaceably to the close of of Armenia, is in¬ history is so obscure and
her days. vited by the Sy¬ contradictory, that it is al¬
75 most impossible to clear up
Unsuccessful war rians to assume
with Tigranes I. 70 Aristobulus usurps the the crown. the difficulties in which it
government in opposition to 69 He is expelled is involved.
Civil commotions. his brother Hyrcanus, whom by Lucullus.
his mother had nominated 22. ) Antiochus
Arsaces XII. 66 Victory of Pompey her successor. Asiaticus is ex¬
(Phraates III.) at night near the Eu¬ pelled by Pom¬ 74 Renewal of the war. Mithridates driven into Arme-
Hyrcanus makes war upon 58 Ptolemy goes to Rome.
68-60, contempo¬ phrates. Subjection of his brother, 65. pey, 65, who re¬ nia, 72.
rary with the third Tigranes, who, at the duces Syria into Berenice and Tryphana
Mithridatic war, peace, 03, loses all his 63 Pompey, as arbiter, de¬ the form of a Ro¬ in the absence of Ptolemy,
whose alliance was territories except Ar¬ cides for Hyrcanus, and man province, 62. one year.
courted while his menia, which he still removes Aristobulus and his Berenice alone, two years,
sons to Rome. 64 Dejotarus, a prince of Galatia, who experiences great
power was dreaded holds dependent upon 57-55.
by the contending Rome. vicissitudes of fortune, embraces under his dominion many
Judaa dependent upon the 55 Restoration of Auletes by
parties. countries of the east.
Romans. Gabinius.
64 Dejotarus, king of
60 Arsaces XIII. Galatia, seizes Arme¬ 63 Treachery of Pharnaces. Death of Mithridates. 51 Dies (beginning of May.)
(Mithridates II.) nia Minor. 54 Crassus pillages the Pharnaces II. receives the kingdom of Bosporus as Cleopatra and Ptolemy.
deposed and put Temple.
the reward of his infamous services in behalf of Rome. Feuds between them, ex¬
to death by his
brother, Orodes, Ariobarzanes II., Eusebes, supports Pompey against cited by the eunuch Pothi-
54. On the death of nus.
Casar, who forgives him and enlarges his territories.
Antiochus Asiati¬ 48 Alexandrine war.
50 Arsaces XIV.
(Orodes I.) 54- 48 Antipater, the founder cus, 49, and his 47 Pharnaces is defeated by Caesar, and slain after his Casar mediates between
37. of the Herodian family, a the king and queen-, but is
brother Seleucus escape to Bosporus.
devoted partisan of the Ro¬ beguiled by the artifices of
54 First war with mans. By the influence of Cybiosactes, who Cleopatra, and involves the
Rome, caused by Julius Casar he is appointed country in a civil war. Pto¬
was murdered by 42 Ariobarzanes is slain by Cassius.
the invasion of procurator of Judceci. lemy perishes in the contest,
Crassus, who is his wife Berenice, and the crown falls once
cut off with his Herod, his second son, 39 Darius, a son of Pharnaces, appointed king of Pontus more to Cleopatra, who
queen of Egypt,
whole army, 53. rises to power by the friend¬ by Antony, who, 36, removes him, and raises up Polemo reigns jointly with Ptolemy
ship of Antony ; but incurs the race of in his stead. During his reign the whole kingdom was
52-51 The Par- the hatred of the Jews, who
the Seleucidas reduced to the form of a Roman province. 44 Cleopatra removes her
thians invade Sy- raise Antigonus to the throne.
brother by poison.
Herod is forced to take re¬ became extinct. 3g Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, appointed by Antony. 41 Connection of Cleopatra
fuge with the Triumviri, by
with Antony.
whom he is graciously re¬ (A.C. 17 this king was enticed to Rome, and there
ceived, and appointed king, assassinated). Murder of Arsinoe.
38.
36 Cleopatra obtains from
42 Arsaces aids Antony a grant of Phoenicia,
Brutus and Cas¬ 37 He takes possession of
Cyrene, and Cyprus.
sius. After their Jerusalem and Judaa.
34 Receives all Asia, from
defeat he joins La- the Mediterranean to the
bienus and invades, 31 He obtains from Augus¬
The whole of Asia Minor subject to Rome. Indus.
40, Syria and A- tus Samaria, Galilee, Pe-
30 Dies by her own hands.
sia Minor, but is traa, Ituraa, Trachonitis,
driven back by and Idumaa. A Roman province. .
Ventidius, 38.
38 Arsaces XV.
(Phraates IV.) roman empire extending over a great
establishes himself
by the murder of The Roman empire, or world, comprised at this period a considerable part of
his brothers and Dependent Kings. Last period
their dependents. the terraqueous globe. It stretched, in the time of Trajan, when it had acquired
36 Defeats Antony,\36 Archelaus is made From the above-named coun¬ of the
its largest extent, from the Atlantic to the Tigris—from the wall of Antoni-
who narrowly es¬ king of Cappadocia by tries Herod derived his income,
capes the fate of Augustus. From this Jewish power, nus, the Danube, the Carpathian mountains and the Black sea, to the African
and by the special favour of Au¬
25 Crassus. time Armenia Minor and Arabian deserts; thus embracing the fairest portion of the earth surrounding
is altogether dependent gustus was himself exempted from
Tiridates aspires upon the Romans, the payment of tribute. the Mediterranean. Except the extreme east and the unexplored parts of Africa,
to the sovereignty, though governed by its all was subject to the eternal city.
but is defeated, own kings ; and in this
25, and takes re¬ state it continued until
fuge at the court the reign of Vespasian,
of Augustus. when it was reduced
Great Countries subject to Roman dominion.
to the form of a Roman 17 After two years’ preparation
province. Herod commences the rebuilding
20 Phraates restores 34 Armenia Major at DEFERENCE In Europe :—Spain, Gaul, Britain, Italy, Rhatia, Vindelicia, Nori-
of the Temple.
the standards taken war with the Romans. cum, Pannonia, Illyria, Greece, Macedonia, Thrace, Mcesia,
from Crassus. PAID TO
He likewise built the cities of Dacia.
Artaxias II.'
Cypron, Antipatris, Phasaelis, Rome by
18 Sends his sons as In Asia :—Asia Minor, Syria, Phcenicia, Palestine, the northern and east¬
hostages to Rome. 20 Tigranes III. and the tower of Phasael at Je¬
Herod, the ern coasts of the Black sea, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Assyria.
rusalem.
In return for the In Africa :—Egypt, and the whole of the northern coast.
result
trophies which
Extinction of the Asmonean fa¬
Phraates had re¬ 10 Arduasdes III.
mily. Frequent wars with the OF SOUND Its distant territories were Scandia, Sarmatia, India, JEthiopia, and Gala¬
stored, Augustus
sent him a female Arabs and hordes of banditti. tia; Rome itself being the common centre of the whole.
POLICY.
slave named Ther- The country is at last tranquil-
musa, who suc¬
Army—400,000 men. Thirty legions Navy—50,000 men. Two fleets at
ceeded in govern¬ From this period Ar¬ ised.
ing the king and menia becomes a fruit¬ of 12,500 men: eleven on the Da¬ Ravenna and Naples. Stations at
his kingdom ac¬ ful source of conten¬ nube, five on the Rhine, three in Bri¬ Frejus, in the Black sea, in the
cording to the tion between the Par- tain, one in Spain, eight on the Eu¬ British Channel, Rhine, & Danube.
wishes of the Ro¬ thians and the Romans, 4 Birth of the Saviour
phrates, one in Egypt, one in Africa.
mans. who, whenever an op¬ of mankind, four years before the
portunity offers, ap¬ vulgar era. 20,000 pratorian guards in Italy.
point or depose its
A.C. kings.
1

a
 Jul. Per. 4614—4714. ANCIENT HISTORY. 19
ROME MISTRESS OF THE WORLD. SYLLA. C7ESAR. POMPEY. AUGUSTUS.
Roman Republic. Germany. China. India.
Affairs in the East. B. C.
Affairs and Civil Wars in Rome. Affairs in the West. Mithridates receives into During the 100.
100 Marius buys his sixth consulate. New Agrarian law. Banishment his pay the remnant of the 97 Olymp.
two preceding
of Metellus (returns 99.) defeated German tribes, CLXX. 1.
Sematzin. centuries the
96 Cyrene bequeathed to and by their aid gains se¬
the Romans by Apion. Saturnim and Glaucias. veral advantages over the western pro¬
98 Eloquence of M. Antonius and L. Cassius against the oppressors of Roman forces.
China still vinces had
92 Sylla settles the affairs the provinces,
of Asia Minor. submits to fallen under
88-84 First War with 88-82 Civil War of Marius and Sylla. Sylla obtains the command 91-88 Marsian or Social
the dynasty the authority
Mitkridates the Great. against Mithridates from the optimates; Marius by an alliance with War, which costs the lives
87 Sylla takes the com- Sulpicius and the people. Sylla marches upon Rome with six legions— of 300,000 men; and of Han. of the Bac-
™<_lr|d, repeatedly defeats flight of Marius to Carthage. Sylla, in the Mithridatic war, exacts the ends in the concession of trian Greeks,
Mithridates' generals, and most enormous sums from the conquered provinces, for the support of the rights and privileges of
deprives him of all his his army and the prosecution of the civil war. 87 Marius returns and Roman citizenship to the and after them
conquests. joins Cinna—capture and pillage of Rome—proscriptions—Death of Italian states, which are under the do¬
83-81 Second Mithri¬ Marius, 86, but his party still lives (death of Cinna, 84) till the return divided into eight new minion of Scy¬
datic War, to the advan¬ of Sylla, 83, who, 82, entirely defeats them, as well as the Samnites tribes.—Plan for forming
tage of Rome. under Telisinus, and captures Rome. Horrid proscriptions, in which up¬ Italy into a republic, with thian or Saka

f|fapJ
80 African War, against wards of 150,000 Roman citizens are slain. Sylla is created perpetual Corjinium for its capital princes-the
Cn. Domitius and king dictator, he rewards his veterans with the confiscated lands of his enemies, instead of Rome. latter now at¬
63,
Hiarbas, successfully con¬ restores the power of the senate, and limits that of the tribunes. 83-72 Sertorius, the op¬
cluded by Pompey. ponent of Sylla, goes into tempted to ex¬
75-71 Danger of Rome from the combined efforts of Mithridates,
Spain, becomes general tend their
Tptiu Sertorius, and Spartacus.
74 Bithynia bequeathed to of the Lusitani—War
e am power to the
Rome by king Nicome- 79 Abdication, and 78, death of Sylla with Rome, 78—he is
is al. east, but were
des III. opposed by Metellus and
farm
74-63 Third Mithrida¬ ‘Pompey, 76—and falls by successfully
•"a;; Rising splendour of Rome. Marble theatre of Scaurus for <5
tic War in Asia Minor, the treachery of Perpenna,
80,000 spectators. Magnificent houses if the Roman opposed by
under Lucullus to 66, af¬ 72.—Pompey conquers all 72 The Helvetii and other Olymp.
nobles. Library of Lucullus.
terwards under Pompey. Spain. tribes, under Ariovistus, Vikramaditya, clxxvi.2
Catiline's conspiracy 65-62, suppressed by the vigilance of Cicero—his 73-71 War with Sparta advance into Gaul, but king of Ozene
69-67 The Cretan war fi Catiline orations - Catiline defeated and slain in Etruria 62, by Anto- cus the gladiator, at the
nished by Metellus. or Ougein, a
nius. _ head of 70,000 slaves in
62 Pompey’s return. 61 obtains two triumphs, as conqueror of fifteen Italy. Concluded by kingdom which
66 Pompey in Asia, about kingdoms and four hundred cities. Crassus and Pompey. had risen on
the Caucasus, 65, in Syria, 60 FirstTriumvirate : Casar, Pompey, and Crassus. Cjesar obtains 67 The War of the Pirates
64. Settles the affairs of the two Gauls and Illyria for five years. 58 Cicero banished by Clo- of Sicily and Isauria the decline of
Asia, 63. dins, goes to Athens, returns, 57, through Pompey. Jealousy between the is brought to a close by that of Ma-
triumvirate accommodated at Lucca, 56, which Casar, in order to main- Pompey in forty days, gudha. Vi¬
tain his connection with Rome, makes his winter quarters. 55 Cjesar 58-50 Casar’s ei«ht cam-
54—53 Parthian War, in obtains the Gauls for another five years; Pompey and Crassus the con- paigns in Gaul—he ar¬
in mam—ne kramaditya is
58 are defeated by C. Ju¬
which Crassus is slain, 53 sulship, and the provinces of Spain and Syria. Pompey remains in rests the invasion of the lius Casar. also celebrated
Rome, and governs Spain by his lieutenants—He becomes sole consul, Helvetii and expels the
as the patron
and defender of the republic, 52. Geimians. 57 subdues 54-53 Casar crosses the
Jealousy between Casar and Pompey. The latter, endeavours to compel the Belga—56 the Aqui- Rhine, but is unsuccess¬ of literature—
Casar to disband his army, and obtains, 49, a decree from the senate to tani—55 First inva¬ ful in his attempt upon nine distin¬
that effect. sion of Britain, and the liberties of the Ger¬ guished writ¬
49 Civil war between Casar and Pompey: C/ESar crosses the Rubicon expedition into Germany mans.
with 6,000 men, and in sixty days makes himself master of Italy. Pom¬ —54 Second invasion of ers, common¬
pey with the senate retires to Capua and Brundusium, and afterwards to Britain—53-51 Quells From this time mercenary ly called ‘ the
Iwea Dyrrhachium. Casar marches into Spain, and forces Pompey’s troops to the revolt in Gaul ( Ver- Gauls and Germans con¬ nine gems,’
rat surrender. 48 Disastrous battle of Dyrrhachium; after which Casar cingetorix) which he en¬ tribute towards the effici¬
res of makes Thessaly the seat of war. Gains the decisive victory of Pharsuliu tirely subdues. are said to
ency of the Roman armies. .50
over Pompey, who flees into Egypt and is there slain. have flourished Olymp.
Pompey’s Pillar, near Alexandria. 48 Victory of Pharsalia, at his court: clxxxii.
47 Casar in Asia. War with Pharnaces, king of Bosporus, (veni, vidi, vici.) Returns owing in great measure to 3.
the exertions of German the principal
to Rome. Again dictator.
46 African War : defeat of Scipio and Juba at Thapsus. Cato kills himself at Utica. auxiliaries. of whom are,
ulaiy
Casar returns to Rome. Dictator for ten years. Reformation of the Calendar. Amera Sinka,
45 War in Spain ; defeat of Pompey’s two sons at Munda—Casar returns to Rome—Per¬ About
author of the
petual Dictator, and Consul for ten years. this time
44 Plans an expedition against the Parthians, but is assassinated in the senate house by lexicon called
Brutus, Cassius, and other conspirators, on the ides of March. Antony and Octavianus Siiiau.
after him the
(Caesar’s heir) obtain the upper hand in Rome.
43 The Mutine War, Dec., 44, close with the defeat of Antony, April, 43. Amera Kosha;
Second Triumvirate : Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus. , .„. Vararuchi a
Horrid proscriptions. Ca 1 °* ue,°- grammarian,
m 42 Civil war of the triumvirate against the republicans—Philippi—death of Brutus and
Cassius. 39 Agrippa crosses the and Kalidasa,
C. Nepos. Rhine, and removes the a poet and
41—30 Quarrels of the Oligarchy : Perusian war, till April 40— Ubii into Gaul.
dramatic writ¬
defeat and death of Pompey, 36—Lepidus rejected from the tri¬ Vitruvius.
umvirate. Jealousy and, 33—30, civil war between Octavianus German Nations. er, author of
and Antony. Defeat of Antony at Act him, 31. Casar gains his Asinius Pollio. Tacitus enumerates fifty Sakuntala Vi-
fleet and army—death of Antony. various German tribes, of krarnur Vasi,
Octavianus C.esar sole master of the republic. Death of Atticus. whom twenty belonged to
the Ilaghu
PART OF THE KNOWN WORLD. the race of the Suevi. This
great nation was especially vansa, Megha
29 Temple of Janus shut. 1) Augustus C^sar emperor, B. C. 30—14 A. C. (Augustus, 27 B. C.) distinguished for its bra¬ duta, etc.
28 The total number of Roman citizens, in¬
Government; A monarchy with republican forms. The dignities of consul, very. No fixed division of In conse¬
cluding women and children, throughout lands existed among them,
the whole empire, amounts to 16,500,000 tribune, imperator, and pontfex maximus, are united in his person. The quence of the
and they had nothing more
persons. senate continues the great council of state, besides which there was a privy than a kind of democratical
celebrity of
27 The name of Augustus conferred on Oc¬ council of the Casars. family and clan govern¬
tavianus on the ides of January. Vikramaditya,
ment. The Suevi were
During a period of forty-four years, Octavianus Casar (on whom the senate confer the one of the cur-
spread from the Upper 25
Augustus accepts the government for ten title of Augustus) possesses the sole dominion of the empire. Subtle, reserved, and Rhine over all Germany. renterasin In¬
AO
calculating, he showed himself enterprising in the field and cautious in the cabinet. Tschin-ti Olymp.
years.
To avoid the appearance of usurpation, he at first accepted the sovereign power dia, that of the clxxxviii
The principal tribes were : occupies
25 Subjugation of Northern Spain and West¬ only for ten years, and afterwards had it renewed from time to time, for five or ten the Marcomanni on the Samvat, dates 4.
ern Gaul. Temple of Janus closed a second years; and, by this apparently disinterested conduct, he gained the respect of the Upper Rhine and Maine ; Samarcand. from his death
great, the esteem of the good, and the love of his subjects. Devoted to the society
time. the Longobards on the
of the learned, he lived in an age distinguished for the successful pursuit of litera¬ B.C. 56.
24 Failure of an expedition into Arabia. Elbe; the Goths on the
ture—himself truly ennobled by the protection of whatever was good and honour¬
Vistula and Oder; the Su- Some ac¬
able. Cautious in the selection of his friends, he was able to choose from the im¬
eones in southern Sweden. counts state
mediate circle of his acquaintance, persons to whom he could safely intrust the
21 Restitution of the standards taken from The Batavi, Frisii, and
weightier offices of the state. With the view of preserving the peace of the capital, that he was
Crassus by the Parthians. some others were in alli¬
he made permanent the offices of city praefect and prefect of provisions—the former
ance with Rome; but the succeeded by
of which became the principal office of the government. To guard the frontiers,
greater part were hostile.
and preserve the newly-acquired conquests, he introduced standing armies, and his brother
18 Augustus accepts the cares of the empire
provided also for the security of his person and throne by the establishment of Bhartrihari,
for five years. 9 Arminius, or Herman, a
praetorian guards and urban militia.
leader of the Cherusci, a also a poet;
He was more anxious to protect the boundaries of the empire than to extend them, and confederation between the
but after his
15 Reduction of Rhatia. for this purpose distributed the legions over the provinces, in fixed camps, which Rhine and Weser, defeats
soon grew into cities, especially along the Rhine, the Danube, and the Euphrates. Varus at the head of three death the Sa-
legions. kas appear to
The provinces were divided between the emperor and the senate. Legates were ap¬
pointed over those belonging to the former, Proconsuls with civil authority over the have advanced
latter. into Central
8 Augustus accepts the empire a third time. 12-9 Expedition of Dru-
Changes in the system of taxation: 1. The tithes hitherto collected in the pro- sus into Germany. He India, and to
Death of Macenas and Horace. vinces were changed into a fixed sum paid by each individual. 2. Customs and subdues the Cherusci,
excise rendered more important by the possession of Egypt. 3. The state lands in Catti, and other clans, and have been the
6 Tiberius receives the Tribunitian power the provinces are changed into crown lands. Of the new taxes the most important penetrates to the Elbe. origin of the
for five years. was the vicesima hereditatum, the twentieth of inheritances, and the fines upon ce¬ Foundation of nearly fifty Rajput tribes
libacy, under the Lex Julia Poppaa. The character of Augustus was more en- forts on the Rhine, etc.;
7-2 D. JEnobarbus commands against. the nobled by the forbearance which he showed while in power, than by all his victories; among them Bonn and still existing.
Marcomunni. and if we could except his proscriptions, and the defeat of Varus, we might say, Mayence. Drusus dies A. C.
that he only wanted a son to succeed him to render him completely happy. on his return, and obtains 1.
the name of Germanicus.

a
20 Table x. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF A. C. 1—200.

RISE OF CHRISTIANITY. DISPERSION OF THE JEWS.

China. I India. Huns. Parthia. Armenia Palestine. Church
A. C. Minor and Major. History and
The Parthians put to
On the death of Herod the Great (B. C. 4.) the kingdom is
1. death, 4, Phraataces Bishops of
Rome.
The south Huns was an extensive (Arsaces XVI.) son of From the time of Au¬ divided among his three surviving sons:—Arciielaus, as ethnarch,
Thermusa, who had been receives Juchea, Samaria, and Idumeea; Philip is made tetrarch of
of India, though barren tract of gustus Armenia Minor
placed upon the throne Galilee and Truchonitis; and Antipas, as tetrarch, receives the re¬ I. PERIOD to 150.
at the by-his mother after the was dependent upon Episcopal go¬
country to the north of mainder of Galilee and Trachonitis, together with Iturcea and Perea.
murder of the king. vernment of the
com- Rome.
the great wall of China. Orodes II. (Arsaces 6 Banishment of Archclaus in the tenth year of his government. church in Aposto¬
mence- XVII.) almost imme¬ 7 Judea and Samaria are annexed to Syria under procurators subor¬ lic purity and
Their valour, however,
diately put to death for simplicity.
ment of 14 Venones I. (in Ar¬ dinate to the Syrian governors.
extended the narrow his cruelty.
Coponius, the first procurator, followed by Ambivius 9, Rufus 13,
the Chris- limits of their domi- Vonones I. (Arsaces menia Major) soon ex¬ (Great uncer¬
Gratus 14.
24 XVIII.) recalled from tainty in this
tian era, nions ; and they gra- pelled.
Tong- Rome, and invested with 25 Pontius Pilate. column for about
han, in was di- dually became the con- the royal dignity, but 100 years.)
14 expelled by Artaba- 26 Ministry of John the Baptist; he is imprisoned, 28, and,
whose
vided be- querors of a formidable nus III. (Arsaces XIX.) 29, beheaded by Antipas.
reign
new tween
Crucifixion of our Saviour.
empire. Matchless on 31 Foundation of the Christian church at Pentecost.
conquests Name of Chris¬
three horseback and in the Gradual 34 Martyrdom of Stephen. first used at
tian
were
35 Conversion of St. Paul. Exile of Pilate. Antioch.
principal management of the bow, decline of the
«
49 First council at Jerusalem.
states:— patient in supporting Parthian Kingdom. 39 Cotys nominated to 33 Death of Philip, tetrarch of Galilee, and (37) his province is given
Pandya, fatigue, and incredibly to Herod Agrippa (grandson of Herod the Great) with the title of
50 the throne of Armenia king, by Caligula; and (39) Antipas is deposed, and his dominions St. Peter the
of which swift in their marches,
Minor by Caligula. are annexed to Herod’s kingdom. Apostle, after fill¬
the capi- their progress was sel- archy preceding the ing the see of An¬
41 The emperor Claudius restores to Agrippa all the dominions of his
death of Artabanus. tioch seven years,
tal was dom checked by torrents grandfather.
comes to Rome,
Vardanes (Arsaces
Madura, or precipices, by the
XX.) seizes Atropatene.
44 Death of Agrippa. about 42.
57 occupying deepest rivers or the A Roman province under the proconsuls of Syria.
die south- most lofty mountains. XXI). 49 Agrippa II. receives Publication of St. Paul’s Epistles,
>0 Vonones II. (Ar- Chalcis, as also 50-65. Catholic Epistles,
60 ernmost saces XXII.)
Cho-ten 53 the former tetrarchy of 61-95. Gospels, 63-97.
part of 201-51 , B.C. VoLOGESES I. (Ar-
conquer¬ Philip, with the title of king.
Wars with the Chinese, saces XXIII.)
ed. the penin- 52 Felix, the brother of Pallas, procurator.
attended at first with the 54 Aristobulus, of
sula; for the possession of 59 Imprisonment of St. Paul.
65 most brilliant success; Armenia Minor. Jewish descent and
Cheva, 61 P. Porcius Festus, who sends Paul to Rome.
Religion royal ancestry. At his 63 P. Albinus, removed for maladministration, and succeeded First persecution
but ending in the dis-
of Fohi. with its of the Christians,
memberment of the em- death Armenia Minor is 64 by Gessius Florus. 64.
Pan- capital,
>5 Terminated at the
tshao pire. annexed to Armenia Ma¬
Karura, death of Tigranes, when 65 Martyrdom of St. Paul and St. Peter. 65-78 Linus.
traverses Tiridates accepts the jor, or rather reduced to
Buccha- eompre- The Jewish war breaks out; attributed by Josephus to the rapa¬
A. C 48. crown of Armenia from
ria with a Roman province.
hending Nero. city and cruelty of the governor Florus.
a vast The monarchy of the
army. the south- Huns is divided into 65 Tiridates placed
68 Vespasian invades Judea.
72-97 em part two separate and hostile upon the throne by
69 Oct. 18, Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.
(Jews in Nero, whose cause he 78-91 Clitus.
of the kingdoms:
China.')
Malabar espouses with great fi¬ THE WHOLE OF JUDEA SUBJECT TO ROME. 91-100 Cle¬
78 Southern. Northern. ment I.
Conquers Coast; delity.
Pacorus II. (Ar¬ Notwithstanding its conquest by the Romans, Jerusalem continued 95 Second perse¬
Kapt- Subject to Oppressed
and saces XXIV.) in alli¬
schak. the Chinese, on all sides to exist as a city, though its power had fled, and its glory had de¬ cution.
ance with the Romans,
Chola, who allow by foreign parted. It was still regarded by the dispersed exiles as a point of
93 embellishes Ctesiphon.
them to re- and domes- 100-109 Eva-
100 Over¬ compris-
tain their tic enemies.
union for the whole people ; and from those days to the present they
RISTUS.
throws have cherished the never dying hope of being one day restored to the
ing that Tanjous.
the king¬ Hostility of city of their fathers. Their extinction, however, as a political body
dom of of Coro- the Sienpi, 107 Third perse¬
the Huns, .07 Cosroes (Arsaces is a standing attestation of the authenticity of the Mosaic Law, as cution of the
mandel. a tribe of
and be¬ XXV.) implicated in a well as of the divine mission of the great Hebrew lawgiver. Christians.
oriental
comes A Pandya The south- war with Trajan on ac¬
Tartars,
formid¬ count of Armenia. The Cabbala written by Akibha, who dies 120. 109-119 Alex¬
raja sent era Huns who finally 114 Armenia Major a
able to extinguish ander I.
coalesce
iuccJmria till Gill- Roman province.
with the the power 115 Revolt of the Jews of Cyprus and Cyrene.
Minor> 115-116 Invasion of
bassy to Sienpi. of the
Parthia followed by
107 1 anjous,
Augustus. the capture of Ctesi¬
The first 93.
phon, and the appoint¬ 117 Armenia Major
credible ment of Parthamaspa- 118 Jerusalem again desolated. Adrian attempts to establish upon 118 Fourth per¬
historian 100 again governed by its
tes as king. its site the colony of JElia Capitolina, and to introduce the worship secution of the
among the The Emigrations westward.
117 Cosroes restored. own kings, dependent Christians.
Chinese. of the Roman gods.
upper part The white Huns of
upon Rome, until 412,
Huns of the Volga, 121 Vologeses II. (Ar¬ Sextus I., 119-
of the
Sogdiana, effect the saces XXVI.) when the two Armenias 128.
JDekhin, whose conquest of
form part of the new
vicinity to the Alani.
and the
the pro- Persian empire.
country vinces of Probable Telesphorus,
125
Persia in- hypothesis 128-139.
along the
volves them that the
Narmada in frequent Huns of
Buc-
and bloody the north
charia. subdued 132-135 A fearful rebellion excited by Barcochab (‘son of the star’),
contests received
by Sdli- with that considerable a false Christ, who is cut off by Julius Severus with 580,000 of his Hyginus, 139-
power. reinforce- 142.
followers. Temples raised to Venus, etc., in all the holy places,
ments from
king of the ruin of 149 Vologeses III. which continue about 180 years. Pius I., 142-
the southern (Arsaces XXVII.) 157.
Pratish-
150 dynasty.
thdna. Renewal of the war From this last desolation of their country,
with Rome. the Jews have continued to be an oppressed Many heresies
from now spring up.
whom and despised race, scattered abroad over every

also an country from the rising to the setting sun.

the whole of Anicetus, 157-
era in Their religious rites and peculiar form of 168.
JUD.EA IS NOW

common worship were preserved by the appointment

165 Cassius destroys Se- BEREFT OF ITS
166 of two patriarchs, resident at Tiberias and
use in leucia. INHABITANTS,
Embassy
Babylon, to superintend the moral and re¬
sent by India, AND CONVERTED Soter, 168-176
Antoni¬ ligious instruction of the younger branches
called INTO A DESERT.
nus.
of the community.
Saka, is
Eleuthrus,
Commer The western school flourished under a suc¬
derived, 177-192.
cial rela¬
cession of learned Rabbis until A. C. 415 ;
tions witl com-
Bur ope. the eastern until the eleventh century.
mencing 191 Vologeses IV.
(Arsaces XXVIII.),
A. D. 78.
Victor I., 192-
Heng, 202.
197 defeated by Sep ti¬
the as¬
nt ius Severus, who sacks
tronomer
the chief towns of Par¬
200 thia.

a
 Jut. Per. 4711—4914. ANCIENT HISTORY. 21
TYRANNY OF THE EMPERORS. DEGRADATION OF THE SENATE.
Roman Empire. Britain. German Nations:
Augustus accepts tKe empire for a fourth period of ten years. The Marcomanni, Longqbards, Cherusci, Goths, etc. A. C.
Tiberius adopted by Augustus. From the reign Britain, or Maroboduus, a leader of the Marcomanni, about 6 B. C.—A. C. 5, 1
4-6 Campaigns of Tiberius in Germany. 5 Dreadful famine, of Tiberius the Albion, was leaves the Upper Rhine and falls upon Bohemia, (the Boii who
Revolt of Pannonia and Dalmatia. government be- invaded by dwelt here emigrating into Noricurn). He forms a league with the
Germunicus is sent into Germany. 7-9 Illyrian War, in which Tiberius is comes more and Julius Ca- Goths, Quadi, and Hermunduri. Becomes the betrayer of Germany,
successful. more despotic; sar 55 and and flatterer of the Romans; rises in power by the accession of fresh
8 Recovery of Pannonia, and, 9, Dalmatia. Livy. Ovid, banished 9. the senate is de- 54 B. C. hordes, and makes war upon the Cherusci.
Defeat of Quintilius Varus. Phadrus. Strabo. Val. based ; severe 6-9 Q. Varus, in his camp on the Weser, governs Lower Germany as a
12 Tiberius is honoured with a triumph for his Maximus. V. Paterculus, laws against high Great au¬ Roman province. Introduces Roman forms of justice, and levies taxes.
victories over the Pannonians and Dalmatians. A. Labeo. treason ; troops thority of 9 Hermann, or Arminius, leader of the Cherusci, defeats Varus with
Birth of Caligula. quartered in bar¬ the Druids. three legions in the Teutoburg forest, near Paderborn.
14 Death of Augustus, Aug. 19. Power of the Comitia racks near the 10-11 Tiberius advances from Pannonia to the Rhine, and protects
2. ) Tiberius, 14-37. reduced. city; extraordi¬ Gaul with eight legions.
14—16 Germanicus’s German expedition. nary commissions League of the Cherusci in the north. Of the Marcomanni in the south.
17 Germanicus recalled by the jealousy of Tiberius, and sent into Asia. to take cogni¬
14-17 Expedition of Germanicus. He penetrates to the Weser; defeats
zance of secret
19 Poisoned by order of Tiberius. Hermann at Idistavistus (Minden); his fleet is destroyed by a storm.
crimes. Inform¬
21 Drusus conquers the Marcomanni. Recalled by Tiberius.
ers and assassins
23-31 L.elius Sejanus, the praetorian praefect, gains a powerful ascendancy ^umiort- The Romans from th is time maintain military power on the right
over the mind of Tiberius. Horrid tyranny of the government. ers 0f die g0vern_ bank of the Rhine, and from the Maine to the Danube. They
26 Tiberius retires to Caprece. Custra Pratoriana. Persecution of the family ment. also endeavour to promote their own interest by intermeddling in
of Germanicus. the affairs of the Germans, and sowing dissensions among them.
37 Mar. 16, Death of Tiberius, whose latter days are disgraced by the most The revenues 19 War between the Cherusci and Marcomanni.
Maroboduus, defeated by Hermann, flies to Ravenna, where he dies, 37.
brutal tyranny and the most horrid lusts. ,^xac f. atr
» v trip clisorption or 21 Hermann is slain in an attempt to raise himself to the kingly dignity.
3. ) C. Cesar Calic.ula, 37-41, the only remaining son of Germanicus. ^ ; and t0 28 The Frisii assert their independence.
Jan. 24, 41, Assassinated by Chareas and Sabmus, officers of his guard, and enforce ^em new
The Chatti, attacked by the Romans, settle and fortify themselves
succeeded by his uncle, modes of punish eastward of the Rhine, 41.
4. ) T. Claudius Cesar, 41-54, who submits Messalina. Agrippina. ment are mvent- 50
to the control of women and freedmen. Pallas. Narcissus. ed. 43
Annihilation of the power of the Cherusci.
The first emperor named by the praetorian guard. Plautius in 50 Colony of Claud. Agrippa (Cologne) founded.
43 Roman conquests in Britain under Plautius, by whom Mauritania, 42, In the pro¬ Britain.
Lycia, 43, Judcea, 44, and Thrace, 47, were reduced to Roman provinces. vinces confusion,
50 Dorn. Nero adopted by Claudius. Mda Columella. Seneca. Lu- oppression, and 51 58 War between the Chatti and Hermunduri.
54 Claudius is poisoned by Agrippina, and can persius Tetronius. violence predo- Caractacus,
succeeded, Oct. 13, by ' ’ minate, and there subdued by
5. ) Nero Claudius Cesar, 54-68. Congiaria et Viscerationes. is no longer any Ostorius
Scapula, is The Germans, aided by fresh slvarms of barbarians,
Destroys Britannicus and all the Julian family. 59-62 Murders his wife _[01
or property. sent prisoner
and mother. Tigellinus. make a long and vigorous resistance to the Roman arms,
to Rome.
64 Fire at Rome, followed, 65, by the persecution of the Christians
The barbarians but are obliged at last to retire into their native fastnesses.
65 Conspiracy of Piso. make repeated The Isle of
68 Revolt of J. Vindex in Celtic Gaul—Galba in Spain—Otho in Lusitania. inroads upon the Anglesea,
68 June 11, Death of Nero, and extinction of the house of Ccesar. borders, which, ( Mona,) the
6. ) Galba, who had been proclaimed emperor by the legions in Spain, is after t)le <jeath 0f chief seat of 69, 70 Revolt of the Batavians in Belgian Gaul, under Civilis.
acknowledged by the senate. Jan. 15, 69, murdered by the praetorian guards. Germanicus, be- the Druids, 'Velleda, the prophetess.
7). M. Otho, conquered by Vitellius at the battle of Bcdriacum, kills him- come the theatre conquered
self April 16. of constant wars. by Paulinas,
8. ) Vitellius, April 16-Dec. 20, 69, deposed by ab. 58.
Happy
9. ) Flavius Vespasian, Dec. 20, 69-June 24, 79, during whose reign
61
Rhodes, Samos, Lycia, Achaia, Thrace, Cilicia, and Commagene were reduced
Rome is blessed Revolt un¬
to Roman provinces. with a succession der Boadi- Dercebal, a leader of the
69-70 War with the Batavians, who are reduced by Cerealis. of emperors who cea. Lon¬ Getce, or Daci, 85-106. He
Destruction of Jerusalem. Banishment of the Stoics. respect the insti- don and forms a league with the Ger¬
78-85 Campaigns of Agricola in Britain. Subjection of the country, and in- tutions of the other Ro¬ mans on the Danube, 86-90,
m- troduction of Roman manners and customs. country. man settle¬ 89 Domitian is defeated by the Mar¬ defeats Domitian, and com¬
10. ) Titus Flavius Vespasian, 79-81,one of the best of Roman princes. ments burnt. comanni and Quadi, who make fre¬ pels him to pay a yearly tri¬
Eruption of Vesuvius and destruction of Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabia. period The queen, quent incursions into Pannonia. bute.
defeated by
Dreadful fire and plague at Rome. Death of the elder Pliny. ^ tastg ^
Suetonius,
11. ) L. Flavius Domitian, 81—96, a cruel and detestable despot, renews gmbellishing the poisons
and multiplies thejudicia majestatis. The Capitol rebuilt. city, and for re- 101-103 The Getce subdued by Trajan. 101—106 War with Trajan, 100
herself.
m-\ 82 Ridiculous expedition against the Chatti. 84 Circumnavigation of Scotland. pa;r;ng public who, 101-103, reduces Dacia,
85 Recal of Agricola. works. Educa- 78 and builds a bridge across
86 Capitoline, and, 88, secular games. Juvenal. Martial. tion diffused, and Julius Agri¬ the Danube.
Exile of St. John to Patinos. Tacitus. Plutarch. Quin- literature encou- cola com¬ 106 Roman province. The
tilian. Epictetus. Josephus, raged. pletes the country is filled with Roman
96 Sep. 18, death of Domitian.
conquest of colonists. Origin of the La¬
12. ) Nerva, 96-98. The younger Pliny. Soranus. tin language in Hungary.
of the island;
13. ) Ulp. Trajanus, 98-117, a truly great prince, abolishes th ejudicia majes¬ reduces'
tatis, and restores the Roman constitution. Forum, and Pillar of Tra- The succession Wales, and 121 Roman wall from the Rhine to the
101-103 Victorious over the Dacians. jan. Public Libraries, of emperors con- penetrates Danube by Adrian.
106 Dacia a Roman province.
Schools. Roads. Sego- t'mued hereditary into Cale¬
107 Reduction of part of Arabia Petr tea. vian aqueducts_ donia.
P 114 The Teutones in Illyricum. in the royal fa- Second great migration of the German nations
' Ik
114-116 War with the Parthians, in which Rome is victorious. Armenia and mily until Nero, Roman
Britain in¬ to the South.
Mesopotamia Roman provinces. 116 Seizure of Ctesiphon. by whose cruelty creases in
119-1' 14. ) P. ./Elius Adrian, 117, gives up the provinces of Armenia, Mesopo¬ During the reign of Aurelius, many tribes of the Suevi and Austro-Ger-
it became extinct. civilisation.
tamia, and Assyria. Pier of Adrian. Athcnceum. mans formed a league against the Romans, of which the principal con¬
The emperor from
120-3 Makes a progress through all the provinces. 121 federates were the Quadi, Marcomanni, Hermunduri, Narisci, Vandals,
this time was cho-
121 Builds a wall across the north of England. The emperor Astingi, to whom were afterwards united several septs of the Sarma
131 Improves the Roman jurisprudence by the introduction of the Edictum sen b the leSl0ns yfr/rjVm visits
tians; the Jazyges (who had lately emigrated from the shores of the
Perpetuum. or the prcetorian Britain.
132-5 Revolt in Judcea. guards. Wail of turf Dnieper and from the Carpathian mountains to the western shores
Adrian adopts T. JE. Antoninus. Dies, July 10, 138. from the of the Theis), the Roxolani, the Alani (a people from the north of Asia,
the mouth of beyond the Jaik), and other restless hordes of barbarians.
15. ) T. JE. Adrianus (Antoninus Pius,) whose reign has justly been con¬
the Tyne to
sidered as the happiest period of the Roman empire. He was the father of his
country, the restorer of the rights of the senate, the watchful guardian of the
the Solway About 140 the Goths, leaving their settlements on the Vistula and 150
Frith. Oder, migrate southwards and press forward the Marcomanni.
provinces, in all of which he established public teachers with competent salaries;
he carried on no war—on the contrary, several foreign nations chose him to arbi¬
trate their differences. 162 The Chatti make frequent incursions into Gaul and Rhatia.
Lollius Ur-
16.) M. Aurelius Antoninus, 161, the philosopher, associates in the go¬ bicusex tends
vemment L. Aur. Verus with the title of Augustus. The Chatti make an Roman
the Roman
irruption upon the Rhine—the Parthians in Asia. 167-180 War of the league against Rome. Invasion of Illyria as far as
dominion.
162-165 Verus successful against the Parthians. 140, erects Aquileia, 170. After varied success, the Romans, with their usual policy,
166 The Marcomanni, with their allies, penetrate as far as Aquileia. This first a second conclude a separate peace with each people; but in 176 they break their
war of Aurelius was ended Pillar of Antoninus. rampart, treaty and deceive all. The barbarians take advantage of the war in
174 by a glorious peace. . Ptolemy of Pelusium dies, 163. called An¬
which Aurelius had engaged against Cassius, and renew the war. At its
A dreadful plague and famine in toninus’s
Europe and Asia. empire. wall. close the emperor withdraws the garrisons from beyond the Danube.
175 The rebellion of Avidius Cassius, in Syria, terminated by his death.
178 The Marcomanni and their allies renew the war with Rome, and before the The Goths, towards the close of this century, inhabit the shores
close of it M. Aurelius dies, 180, at Sirmium. of the Black sea, the Dnieper, and Don (the present Mol¬
17. ) T. Commodus, 180-192, a monster of lust and cruelty. Perennis, prae¬ davia and Wallachia).
&-170- From the
fect of the praetorian guards, at the head of affairs. The Bastumce, Alani,
and others make incursions into Dacia. Galen Lucian. DEATH OF The Vandals, divided into various tribes, begin about this time
182-184 Successful wars in Dacia and Britain. 183
Commodus to to make a figure in history. They are now on friendly
18. ) P. H. Pertinax, 193, is raised to the throne on the murder of Corn- The Scots
Diocletian, force this terms with the Romans. A little later they advance along
modus ; but falls a victim to the turbulence of his soldiers after a reign of three
months. barrier, but the Danube into Bavaria.
193-284,
are soon re¬
19. ) M. Didius Julianus, March 28, 193, buys the empire of the prae¬ a period pressed by
torian guards. Put to death by order of the senate, June 1. UlpiusMar-
192- OF MILITARY
20. ) Sept. Severus. (Albinus Cesar. Piscennius Niger.) cellus.
194 War with Piscennius Niger, who is defeated and slain near Issus. DESPOTISM.
197 Albinus, after a bloody defeat near Lyons, kills himself, Feb. 19.
Symmachus. Clemens Alexandrians. 200
Tertullian.

a
22 Table xi. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF A. C. 200—300.

SEVERE MILITARY DESPOTISM IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

Parthia, SCLA- The Roman Empire. Church
A. C. or Persia. VON IANS. Roman Britain. History and
Septimius Severus, emperor. Bishops of
200 Rome.
The praetorian guard increased fourfold.
207 New inva¬ 211 Dies at York.
The Zepiiirinus,
sions of the Ca¬ 21.) Caracalla, Feb. 4, 211. His step-brother Geta is soon after assassinated by his order, in the 202-218.
Sclavo-
209 Vologeses ledonians. They arms of his mother Julia, April 4, 212. Papinianus dies.
V. {Arsuces nians, Fifth persecut ion
XXIX.) Do¬ are repressed by 212 Caracalla visits the provinces along the Danube, and in the east; most of which he ruins by his of the Christians.
as they exactions and cruelty.
mestic wars a- Sept. Sever us.
mong his sons, were Wars with the Catti and Alemanni. Litem Cophitica.
fomented by
afterwards He narrows 215 Caracalla grants the right of citizenship to all the sublets of Rome, in order to obtain money to pay
Caracalla.
called, the boundaries his soldiers.
216 Artabanus
derive to the river
IV. (Arsaces
XXX.), the their Tyne, in Nor¬ 217 April 4, he is assassinated, during an expedition against the Parthians, by
last of the Ar-
origin thumberland, 22.) M. Op. Macrinus, 217-218, associates in the empire his son M. Op. Diadumenus, who is Calixtus, 218-
sacidw.
from the created Ctesar. Purchases a peace of the Parthians, and changes the tenth of Caracalla into the 223.
where he builds
War with Rome. twentieth.
Scythian a wall of stone The dissolute
Dynasty of the and Sar- 23.) Heliogabalus, 218-222, formerly high priest of the sun at Emesa, whose worship he intro¬ and voluptu¬
twelve feet high
Sassanides, duces into Rome. Debases the senate, and fills every important post with his own degraded com¬ ous govern¬
matian and eight thick, ment of the
226-651. panions. Is murdered by the guards. Ulpiunus. Dio Cassius.
Artaxerxes, son hordes debauched
which he garri¬
of Sassan, a 24.) Alexander Severus, 222-235, a wise and virtuous prince; one of the best, indeed, that ever Heliogabalus, Urban I., 223-
who sons with ten assumed the purple. He raised the importance of the senate, from among whom he chose his privy was with dif¬ 230.
common Per-
225 sian soldier, re- dwelt be- council, and dismissed from their offices the creatures of Heliogabalus. ficulty reform¬
thousand men.
bels against the 226 Successful expedition against the New Pei'sian empire. ed by the Pentianus,
tween the Dies at York. stern and ri¬ 230-235.
Parthian king,
whom he de¬ sea of 235 Murdered, in Germany, by his soldiers, exasperated at the severity of his discipline. gid justice of
feats in three Alexander Se¬ Sixth persecution,
Azov 25.) C. Julius Maximinus, 235-238, continues the war against the Germans with great success; verus, an able in which Leoni¬
battles; in the
last of which he and the ? Fingal, the drives them beyond the Rhine, and resolves to cross Pannonia and attack the Sarmatians. and exempla¬ das, Irenaus,
is slain. Thus, ry prince, in Victor, Perpetua,
Dnieper, hero of the Ca¬
226 26 and 27.) The Gordians (I. and II.) 237, father and son, are proclaimed emperors in Africa, an age when and Felicitas
1.) Artax¬ and ledonians. but are soon slain. virtues were are martyred.
erxes becomes infinitely more
who
the founder of 28 and 29.) Pupienus and Balbinus are proclaimed by the senate; Gordian III., by the peo¬ rare and more Anterus, 235.
the new Per¬ in the ple, 238. dangerous
sian monarchy. 238 April, Maximin returns to Italy, and is slain before Aquileia by his soldiers; as are Pupienus than the most Fabianus, 236-
first infamous
This revolu- and Balbinus by the guards. 250.
tion was not century 30.) Gordian III., 238-244. Herodian. Justin. vices.
merely a change Christian
extended
of dynasty, but 31.) Philip, 244-249, the Arabian pnetorian praefect, gains over the soldiery and causes Gordian to churches built.
a total subver- them- be murdered in Feb. Insurrections in Pannonia, which Decius is sent to quell: he is proclaimed
sion of the con¬ emperor by the legions, 249, and defeats and slays Philip near Verona.
selves
stitution.
247 Secular games celebrated A. U. C. 1000.
west-
230-32 War with Censorship of morals. 250 Seventh per¬
ward.
Rome. 32.) Trajanus Decius, 249-251. secution of the
The Goths, under their king Ostrogotha, invade for the first time the Roman empire, by crossing Christians.
A. C. 2.) Sapor I., the Danube, 250; the emperor is slain by them in Thrace, together with his son, 251.
241-272, un-
250. successful 33.) Gallus, Oct. 251, emperor, with his son Volusian, Cesar. Associates Hostilian with him¬ Cornelius, 251
A.U.C. A
against the Ro- self in the empire, and then causes him to be murdered. Military
1003. mans. part of Cl. Ptolemy of Alexandria.
despotism had Schism between
Plotinus, founder of the new Platonic philosophy. Cornelius and
these now reached
The kingdom its greatest Novation.
powerful at its barba¬ 253 The emperor purchases a peace of the Goths, and is soon after involved in war with his lieutenant,
height : em¬
commencement, by whom he is slain. perors were
rians
flourishes during Lucius, 252.
deposed and
four hundred having 34.) Mv. YEmilianus chosen emperor, after three months, Aug., is slain by
murdered by Stephen I., 253-
crossed emperors; se¬ 257.
257 War against 35.) Publ. Licin. Valerian, who assumes the purple, is successful against the Germans and ditions arose
the Romans: the Goths, but Sixtus II., 257.
on every side;
Sapor advances 259 defeated and taken prisoner by the Persians. and the in¬
Carpa- Eighth persecu¬
as far as Cap-
cursions of the tion.
padocia. The thian 36.) Gallienus, 259-268, his son, and associate in the empire. Nineteen of his lieutenants de¬
barbarians be¬
emperor Vale¬ clare themselves independent. Period of the thirty tyrants. The Germans penetrate to Ravenna. The Dionysius, 259.
moun- came more ter¬
rian taken pri- Persians victorious in Asia Minor.
rible, as the
soner. tains, Several editions
Odenatus, 264, king of Palmyra, named by Gallienus, Augustus, with himself; 267 is mur¬ means of re¬
penetrate dered by his cousin, Maonius. Zenobia, his widow, queen of the east {Syria, Mesopotamia, pressing them of the Scriptures
and part of Asia Minor) conquers Egypt, 269. became more published.
years, and into
feeble.
proves a 268 March, Gallienus loses his life before Milan, in the war against Aurelius, an usurper. Origen's Octapla
Hungary, The legions
generally de¬ finished.
and 37.) Claudius, his successor, defeats and takes him prisoner; repulses the Germans; defeats the
cided the suc¬
Manes. Goths in Motsia;
settle cession to the
269 dies soon after at Sirmium, of a pestilential disease, having named Felix I., 269.
empire; and
between
the nomina¬
continual trouble 38.) Aurelian, 270-275, his successor.
the tion of their
to Rome. 271 The emperor drives back the Goths and Alemanni. Expedition against Zenobia, queen of Pal¬
leaders to the
Theis, myra, whom he defeats and takes prisoner.
purple be¬
3.) Hormis- Longinus Dies. Ruins of Palmyra. 272 Ninth perse
Danube, came the con¬
das I., 272. France, Spain, and Britain reduced to obedience. Monks in Syria and Egypt. cution of the
sequence not
275 4.) Varanes and 274 Dacia abandoned. Rome surrounded with a wall. Christians.
only of the
I., 273. Strigon. uncertainty of
275 Aurelian assassinated in Illyria, at the instigation of his private secretary, Mnestheus. Eutychianus,
succession, but
The Sassanida, March—Sept. 25, an interregnum of six months, when 275.
often of an in¬
claiming to be
vincible ne¬
descendants of 39. ) M. Cl. Tacitus is chosen by the senate from their own body: dies, in an expedition against
cessity.
the an- the Goths, 276. Manes, a Per¬
The Alani in Cilicia. sian, founder of
5.) Varanes 40. ) Probus, 276-282, a warlike prince, proclaimed by the army, the Manichees, a
II., 276. 277 defeats the Germans, Goths, and Persians; strengthens the frontiers by building sect of heretics.
278 a wall from the Danube to the Rhine; rebuilds and repeoples many towns; plants vineyards near
the Rhine :

282 slain by his soldiers.

dent kings of
Persia, form pre- 41.) Carus, 282-3, (his sons Carinus and Numerianus, Caesars,) having defeated the Goths, marches Caius, 283.
tensions to all the against the Persians, where he is killed by lightning. Numerianus is murdered by his father-in-law,
Asiatic provinces Arrius Aper, prefect of the praetorian guard, Sept. 17, 284. The Jewish Tal¬
287 Carausius mud and Targum
of the Roman
leagues with the composed.
empire. 42.) Diocletian, 284-305, defeats Carinus.
piratical Franks
and Saxons, and, Paul, the The¬
43.) Maximian, 285, associated in the government, who Oriental des¬ ban, the first
gaining over the
286 contends with the Alemanni and Burgundians on the banks of the Rhine, while Diocletian himself hermit.
legions in Bri¬ potism, luxury,
makes head against the Persians.
tain, declares Religious rites
6.) Varanes 288-293 Carausius in Britain usurps the title of Ccesar. effeminacy,
himself emperor. greatly multi¬
III., 293. 292 Diocletian chooses C. Gulerius, as Ctesar; and Maximian, Constantius Chlorus.
He is slain, 293, and courtly plied; and Pagan
7.) Narses, 293 Julian, an usurper, defeated in Africa—Achilleus in Egypt—and,
by Allectus, who ceremonies imi¬
294-301, loses 296 Allectus in Britain. (He had murdered Carausius in 293.) magnificence,
in his turn is tated by the
Armenia, Me-
put to death by from this Christians.
sopotamia, and To guard the frontiers, the empire is divided between four rulers :—
Constantius
Assyria, to the Diocletian obtains the east. Galerius, Thrace and Illyria. time prevail. 296 Marcelli-
Chlorus, 296.
Romans. nus.
Maximian, Italy, Africa, and the Islands. Constantius, Gaul, Spain, Britain, and Mauritania.
300 Irruption of the
Caledonians. 297 The empire is extended to the Tigris.

a
 Jul. Per. 4913—5013. ANCIENT HISTORY 23
•5
GREAT MILITARY CONFEDERATIONS OF THE BARBARIANS.
German Nations. Huns.
Saxons. Franks. Alemanni. Burgundiones. Marcomanni. Quadi. Goths. A. C.
The people in¬ 200
200 The Goths, (called also Gothones, Gutho- habiting the vast
The name of The Burgundio¬ The Marcoman¬ The Quadi nes, and Gotlii,) were a people of pure Ger¬
Franks, (or Free nes were a warlike ni engage in war inhabited the regions of China
The Saxons, one man blood, dwelling about the mouth of the
of the most illus¬ men, as the word and numerous peo¬ with the Vandals south-eastern Vistula, in west Prussia. About this time, on the banks of
trious of the Ger¬ imports,) was given ple of Vandal ori¬ to their mutual part of Ger¬ proceeding southward, they enter Dacia, and the Jenisey, and
man nations, ori¬ to a military con¬ Alemanni, (or gin, inhabiting the ruin and destruc¬ many, occu¬ after crossing the Danube attack the Roman who in the time
ginally inhabited federacy formed Allmen,') was a countries on either tion. pying Hun¬ provinces.
gary north of of Hannibal shook
the narrow neck of by the inhabitants name given to a side of the Elbe,
the Cirnbric penin¬ of the lower Rhine mixed body of to the south-west the Danube, the dynasty of Han,
sula, the present and the Weser. Suevi, who in the of the Gothones, or with parts of Like other German or barbarous tribes appeal- to have been
duchy of Sleswig, The Chauci, Cat- time of the empe¬ Goths. Moravia and they sometimes served as mercenaries in the same as the
or perhaps Hol¬ ti, and Cherusci, ror Caracalla, (ab. Galicia. the Roman armies. Huns, who in the
stein. Their si¬ were the principal 213 A. C.,) ap¬ Their do¬
peared on the minions ex¬ reign of Valentian
tuation disposed nations who as¬
them to embrace sumed and main¬ banks of the Mein, tended at one caused the great
the perilous pro¬ tained this honour¬ in quest of plun¬ time as far 215 Under Filimerus they migrate towards migration of na¬
fession of piracy; able appellation, der, or perhaps of Noricum, to¬ east as the the Danube and the north of the Euxine.
tions.
and their success which concealed, new and larger wards the north, river Theiss,
bordered on Ger¬ the neigh¬ For from the
gradually united though it did not settlements. They
to their standard extinguish, the pe¬ were distinguished many ; it compre¬ bourhood of most remote pe¬
other bands of culiar name of the as a brave and en¬ hended parts of which they riods there have
hardy adventurers, several confede¬ terprising people, Upper and Lower relinquished always been seated
who courted their rates. Each state, particularly for¬ Austria, nearly all when the Ja-
Styria, Carinthia, zyges Meta- in the mountain¬
alliance and adopt¬ or canton,included midable on ac¬
ed their name and in the league, re¬ count of their ca¬ and Salzburg, with nastce made ous uncultivated 225
laws. Hence it tained its inde¬ valry, which was portions of Tyrol their appear¬ tracts of country
was that their pendent sovereign¬ rendered more ef¬ and Bavaria. ance there. between Siberia,
power rose to a ty, consulting with ficient by the ad¬ India, and China,
height unheard of its brethren in the mixture of foot The Norici were
governed by their shepherds and hun¬
among the barba¬ common cause, soldiers, who had
without however been trained by own king, subj ected ters, living with¬
rians of the north,
and they were en¬ acknowledging any constant practice however to Rome, out any form of
abled to pour forth supreme head. to accompany the under Augustus, as government, with¬
those countless horsemen in their allies of the Pan- 236 They invade and ravage lower Mcesia, and,
nonii. 237, exact tribute of the Romans. out cities or mo¬
swarms who gain¬ most rapid expe¬
ditions. ney, attending sole¬
ed the sovereignty
Their country was ly to their cattle
of the sea, and
filled the British 238 They invade famous for its steel (which they fed
islands with their Gaul, but and iron.
on the mountains
colonies, their lan¬
242 They are defeated by Gordian, but still of Ural and Altai),
guage, and their 242 They are driven
laws. The Usipii, Van- from their coun¬ keep their ground on the Danube. and remarkable for
giones, and Tenc- try by the Gepi- their great skill in
teri were included da ; and, after 244-48 Fresh inroads into Masia and Thrace.
horsemanship.
The Saxon con¬ 244 are repulsed at in this league, all wandering through
of them under Germany in quest 245 In consequence of Philip's refusal to pay
federacy was, ac¬ Moguntiacum.
kingly government, of fresh settle¬ tribute, the Gepidce appear in arms on the They were sub¬
cording to some
and united against ments, they pass Carpathian mountains. sequently divided
authors, divided
into 3 branches: the Romans by a over into Gaul, into three very nu¬
common bond of where the pro¬
1. The Ostphali, 250 The Goths, under their king Ostrogotha, merous nations:
hatred. vince of Burgundy
to the east of the is allotted them, for the first time force their way into the Ro¬ 1. Turks, who 250
Elbe. and still retains man empire by crossing the Danube. The
afterwards occu¬
their name. emperor Decius opposes them in person, and
2. The West- pied Asia Minor
though at first successful, he is at last de¬
phali. (The old
feated and slain by them in Thrace. and eastern Eu¬
Chauci, and the (To the north of
251-2 The emperor Galius purchases a peace rope.
modern Westpha¬ the Franks dwelt
of them.
lians.') the Frisii, divided 2. Moguls,who
into Majores and
3. The Angarii, occupied the East
Minores. The pro¬
who were situated Indies.
vince of West
between the two 258-69 Four great piratical expeditions of the
Friesland still re¬ 3. The Mant-
first divisions. Goths, with 6000 ships and 300,000 men, into
tains their name.)
Asia Minor and Greece. Athens, and the shu Tartars, a
temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt, 263. The numerous people
emperor Claudius defeats them near Nissa, from whom the
and destroys their fleet. They recross the
Danube. In this expedition they are joined Hiongnu or Huns
The Angli, dis¬ by the Heruli, a people first known to the were descended.
tinguished in after Romans, about 259. Large bodies traverse
times for being the 271 They suffer a Italy and threaten Rome.
270 The Alemanni
threefold defeat From this store¬
allies of the Sax¬ invade Italy, but
are met and van¬ from the arms of house of nations
ons in their con¬ quished by Aure- Aurelian, in the were derived the
neighbourhood of 272 They are driven from lllyricum and Thrace,
quest of England, lian. barbarians who ul¬
Mediolanum. and defeated also on the Danube, but
inhabited the west¬ 274 they obtain Dacia from the Romans. timately succeed¬
From the year
ern extremity of 275 They return into Asia and are there de¬ ed in destroying the
275 they are en¬
feated. mightiest empire
the Vandal territory gaged in war with
—part of Mecklen¬
the Romans. of the world. 275
burg and Hano¬ 277 Extraordinary 277 They are de¬ 277 They are de¬
ver. They were naval expedition feated by Probus. feated by Probus The To-Pa people,
of the Thracian in their endeavour formerly situated
distinguished for The
Franks, in the to overrun the Ro¬
'tk near the lake Bai-
their skill and Mediterranean and man empire. Thuringii
daring in their pi¬ northern seas. were of Go¬ Gothic monarchy on the banks of the lower Kal,
thic origin— Danube and the northern coast of the Black 261 seize upon
iStS) ratical expeditions. first known Mungalia and
about the year sea, which soon extended from the Borysthenes
Songaria.
to the Doti. (See Heeren, 448.)
280
Their chief united in his own person the
itr»f they inhabited
ha,* the modem functions of high priest and king.
<W■ Thuringia and
Magdeburg as
far as the Her-
cynian forest.

Rupture of the
283-
league, and disap¬
bU
pearance of their
286 They assist
d 287 Continued name from the an¬
Carausius in Bri¬
288 Maximian wars against the
tTat- tain against the nals of history. 290 They conquer the Burgundiones.
transplants a part Romans, in which 290 They are de.
arms of Diocle¬
of them into Gaul. they suffer most feated by the
if. tian—and from
severely from fa¬ Goths.
this time they are
i riff* 294 Repeated mi¬ mine and pesti¬
engaged in con¬
irf1' grations. lence.
stant war with the
!pf Romans.
,ji0- Wars with the
tk Alemanni.
298 They are de
feated at Ante-
man tunum. 300
24 Table xii.
FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE.
A. C. Britain.
300 At the beginning of this
century the Saxons, between
the Rhine and Elbe, league
with many other states, and
particularly with the Jutes
and Angles, who afterwards
invade Britain.
306 Constantins dies at York
The Scots and Piets are
first heard of about this time.
They break through the bar¬
rier wall.
350
368 The Saxons invade Bri¬
tain; but are defeated by
Theodosius.
383 Maximus having taken
the troops from Britain for
his invasion of Italy, the
Scots and Piets, as well as
the Saxons, renew their at¬
tacks. The Britons apply
395
400
to Rome for aid.
402 About this time the le¬
gion stationed to guard Se-
verus’s wall, is withdrawn
by Stilicho.
406 Constantine chosen em¬
peror by the British troops,
leads them into Gaul.
The Roman troops being
gradually withdrawn, the na¬
tives become independent.
410 Britain contains many lit¬
tle republics or civitates,
each governed by a chief
magistracy or decemviri, se¬
nate, etc.
Torn by the domestic war¬
fare of numerous petty chief¬
tains.
420
The Scots and Piets con¬
tinually harass the island,
and the Franks and Saxons
430
infest its coast.
440
445 Vortigern, chosen
king, requests the aid of the
Anglo-Saxons, who,
455-586, found the
450 Saxon Octarchy:—
Hengist, founds the king¬
dom of Kent, 455.
Ella, Sussex, 490.
Cerdic, Wessex, 519.
Erkenwin, Essex, 527.
Ida, Bemicia, 547.
460
Ella, Deira, 560.
Uffa, East-Anglia, 575.
Crida, Mercia, 586.
470
476
SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF A. C. 300—476.
RISE OF NEW STATES.
Western part of the Roman Empire.
Spain. Gaud. Germany. Italy.
305 Diocletian and Maximian abdicate.
Constantius and Galerius emperors; the former obtains the west, and Galerius)
Italy, Africa, and the remainder. Maximin and F. Severus Caesars.
306 Constantine defeats the Franks, who Constantine the.Great, son of Constantius, 306-327 ; sole ruler from 323.
had invaded Gaul.
Six emperors at once. Constantine puts to death his father-in-law, Maximian, 310.
Galerius, 311. Maxentius, 312.
313 Licinius defeats and slays Maximin.
314 First civil war between Constantine and Licinius—accommodated.
Prcetorian guard abolished.
322 Second war; in which Licinius is defeated before Adrianople, and Constantine becomes
Sole Monarch.
329 Constantinople made the seat of government; Rome declines in importance.
337 Upon Constantine's death, the empire again divided:—
Constantine II. in Gaul. Constans in Italy and Africa. Constantius in the east.
340 War between Constantine and Constans—Constantine is taken and put to death, and Constans becomes emperor of Gaul and Italy.
350 Constans killed by Magnentius, who succeeds him, but is himself defeated and slain by Constantius, who becomes sole emperor, 353.
The Franks and Alemanni pour into Gaul,
but are defeated by Julian, 356-7—Battle T . „„ ,, n .
of Strasburg—his three campaigns in Ger- JuLIAN (the AP0State)> 360-363, the last of the family of Constantine.
many, 357, 8, 9. He restores paganism, and grants universal toleration.
358 Salian Franks on the Scheldt. 362 Julian's Persian expedition, in which he falls.
365-71 Valentinian drives die Alemanni out Jovian, 363-364 Degradation of the Pagans. n
of Gaul and Rhietia, and excites a war be¬ Valentinian, 364-375—his brother Valens rules in the east. Oppressive taxation.
tween them and the Burgundians. Gratian, 375-383, and Valentinian II., (a child). Gratian bestows the empire of the
east on Theodosius.
He makes Treves his capital. The Franks acquire great influence at the court of Gratian. Victory over the Alemanni
at Colmar, 378.
Maximus, 383-388, proclaimed emperor by the legions in Britain—Gratian is killed at Lyons, and Maximus acknowledged both by Theo¬
dosius and Valentinian.
387 Valentinian II. driven out of Italy by Maximus—the latter defeated and beheaded, 388, and Valentinian becomes sole emperor of the
west. He is assassinated, 392, by Arbogast, general of the Franks, who sets up „
Eugenius (the Grammarian), 392-394, who is defeated by Theodosius, now sole emperor. Homan degradation
CONSUMMATED.
DIVISION OF T HE EKPISE BETWEEN THE SONS OF THEODOSIUS
Spain. Gaul. Germany. Italy.
Honorius emperor, 395-423. Stilicho, (a Van¬ I
Fourth great migration of dal), his minister, d. 408.
the German nations. Alaric invades Italy,402. Stilicho collects an army
409 Gerontius, the Roman go¬ Expedition of the from Gaul, Britain, etc., and defeats him at Pol-
vernor, invites the Vandals, Alani, and Vandals, Alani, Sue¬ lentia, on the Tanuro, 403, again at Verona, and
Suevi, into Spain. vi, and Burgun¬ forces him to retreat to Pannonia..
Kingdom of dians, into Gaul, 406 Radogast’s invasion. He is slain, and his fol¬
the Suevi, Spain, Africa, 406- lowers retire into Gaul.
409-587, in 429. 408 Stilicho slain. Alaric’s third invasion; after
Gallicia and which the empire is never freed from barba¬
Portugal. rians—treaty with Honorius, which the emperor
Hermeric, 407 The Alemanni does not keep. 409 besieges Rome, but retires
409-438. ravage Helvetia, for five thousand pounds of gold and other valu¬
412 Gonderic, and sack Zurich. ables. 410 captures and sacks Rome; but after
king of the six days’ pillage withdraws his troops ; dies, medi¬
Vandals. tating the conquest of Sicily and Africa.
412 Ataulphus, with the Visigoths, leaves Kingdom of the
Burgundians founded Ataulphus, his successor, goes into Gaul, 412.
Italy, conquers Narbonne and Tou¬
louse, makes Narbonne his capital, mar¬ by Gondicar, about Valentinian III., 423—455, under the guardian¬
ries, 414, his captive, Placidia, sister of 413. ship of Placidia.
the emperor Honorius; crosses the Py¬
renees, and founds The greater part of Gaul and Spain lost.
415 The empire of the Visigoths.
Wallia, 415-^418, defeats the Vandals, The loss of Africa, the granary of Rome,
Alani, and Suevi, and compels them to causes a famine and great distress.
420-427 War
retire into Gallicia. ,
between the
Theodoric, 418-451.
Vandals and
Capital, Toulouse.
Suevi; the lat¬
ter defeated at Franks on the Lower
Merida, after Rhine.
which 80,000 ? Pharamond, 420.
Vandals, un¬
der Genseric, 428 TEtius, Roman gov.
cross over to The Goths but little in Spain from 428 Clodion
Africa. this time to the reign of Euric. crosses the
Rhine at the
head of the 437 Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Noricum, lost
Franks, and to the Greek empire.
Hermeric and subdues i
his son Richi- part of Bel
lan, 438, make gic Gaul.
many conquests.
No authentic Fifth migration
accoun t of the of the Ger¬
Frankish kingt man nations
Richiarius, 448. 449 the Saxon inva¬
previous to
Clovis. sion of England.
Invasion of Attila, with half a The Saxons dwell¬
million Huns, etc., he reaches Orleans. I. Dynasty ing near the mouth
Theodoric joins the Romans and Franks of the Me¬ of the Elbe, are in¬
against Attila; commands the right wing rovingians, vited by Vortigern
of the army at Chalons sur Maine, and Merovius, into Britain to aid 452 Attila returns 452 The inhabitants of Vene-
falls in the battle. Attila retreats and 450. him in repelling the from Gaul into tia take refuge from Attila
falls upon Italy. Scots and Piets. Italy. Pope Leo in the lowlands and islands,
saves Rome.
Thorismund, 451-453. found Venice, the eldest
daughter of the Rom. emp.
453-466 Theodoric II. From the assassination of Valentinian to the ex¬
456 Victory over the From 455 the Britons tinction of the imperial dignity (455-476), ten em¬
perors rapidly succeed.
Visigoths—gains a great part settle in Bretagne. 456 The Alemanni
Childe- follow the Bur¬ Maximus, 455. Avitus, 455-457.
of the Suevic empire.
ric conquers gundians into Al¬ 455 Genseric and the Vandals plunder Rome for
After this wars with the Romans,
to the Loire, sace. The river fourteen days, and lade their ships with an im¬
457 Remis- Franks, and Burgundians.
including Pa¬ mense booty.
mund,a power¬ Aar in Switzer¬
ris. Dies 481 land becomes the Ricimer, leader of the Goths, disposes of the
ful king of the
at Tournay, boundary between throne, and, 461, reigns under the name of
Suevi.
where his them. Severus III.
tomb was dis¬ Anthemius, 467-472.
covered,1653 Olybrius, 472. Glycerius, 472-473.
Subject to the Euric, 466-483, subdues the Suevi,
Julius Nepos, 474. Ricimer sacks Rome.
Visigoths, expels the Romans, and becomes
tinder their the founder of the 476 Odoacer, king of the Heruli, overthrows the
Clovis, 481, founds
own kings. Gothic monarchy of Spain. western empire, banishes Romulus Augustulus,
the Kingdom of
and founds the
the Franks.
Kingdom of Italy.
 Jul. Per. 5013—5189.
Church History and
Bishops of Rome.
Marcellus, 308. 330, or 334, Constantinople founded by Constan¬
Tenth persecution of the tine, and dedicated.
Christians, 303.
potism, which had been so galling, for the court
Eusebius, 310. splendour, manners, and despotism of the east
Arius excommunicated. —employment of eunuchs and spies—his seven
ministers of the palace—reduction of the legions—
Melchiades, 311. increase of barbarian auxiliaries.
Donatus flourishes.
support to the throne.
Sylvester I., 314. Division of the empire into four prefectures; and
Constantine favours the Chris¬ again into dioceses and provinces :—
tians.
Constantine embraces the Chris¬
tian faith.
325 First general council if
Nice, against the Arians.
331 The heathen temples de¬
stroyed.
353.
Mark, 336, (eight months).
Julius, 337.
337 Eleventh persecution.
Saints invoked; images and the
cross reverenced; incense used.
347 Birth of Chrysostom.
Liberius, 352, (schism be¬
tween him and Felix.)
361 Twelfth persecution, under
Julian. He endeavours in vain
to rebuild the temple.
Damascus, 366, (schism be¬
tween him and Ursinus).
381 Second general council at
Constantinople.
Siricus, 384.
THE GREAT,
Fan- The Gospel spread among the
Goths, Marcomanni, Iberians,
and Indians.
Anastasius, 399.
401 Pelagius denies original sin.
. Innocent I., 402.
414 Persecution of the Dona- 414-53 Regency of the emperor’s sister, Pulcheria.
tists in Africa.
Zosimus, 417.
Boniface, 418, (schism be¬
tween him and Eulalius).
M(.
Celestine I., 422.
Nestorius.
Third general council, 431, at
Ephesus, against Pelagius and
Nestorius.
Sixtus III., 432.
Ids
432 ? St. Patrick preaches the
Gospel in Ireland.
Leo the Great, 440.
451 Fourth general council, at
Chalcedon.
Hilary', 461.
Simplicius, 465.
a
ANCIENT HISTORY. 25
GREAT EMPIRE OF THE HUNS. ATTILA.
Eastern part of the Roman Empire. The Goths. Huns. Persia.
The Goths, in their progress The entire nation of IIormisdas (Hurmaz) II., A. C.
southward, are joined by count¬ 301-309—he builds Ortnus. 300
the Huns, driven from
less swarms of barbarians, and
thus overwhelm the countries they their ancient pastures,
Constantine changes the military and iron des¬ invade.
near China, by the
Sapor (Shaiipur) II 309-
About this time they invade, un¬ Sienpi, traverse the 380.
der Araric, Masia, and Thrace,
whole of Asia, 1300
but are compelled to recross the
Danube by Constantine. leagues; and, swelled 326 Persecution of the Chris¬
Christianity and the hierarchy become a powerful tians.
by the numerous
350 Hermanric, king of the Os¬
trogoths, founds an extensive em¬ hordes it conquered
pire—he invades and ravages in its route, enters
I. The Eastern, containing five dioceses: 1. Oriens. 2. twelve northern countries—the
JEyyptus. 3. Asia. 4. Pontus. 5. Thrace. Altogether, Visigoths, Sarmatians, and JIc- Europe, and gives the
forty-eight provinces. War with Rome, 337-363.
ruli submit to him. first impulse to the Sapor demands the restitu¬
II. Praifectura Illyrici, containing two dioceses: 1.
Macedonia. 2. Dacia. Forming eleven provinces. 366 The Goths invade Thrace,
III. Pralfectura Italias, containing three dioceses: but are defeated by the generals great migration of tion of all the provinces
Persia had formerly pos¬
1. Italia. 2 Illyricum. 3. Africa. of Valens. nations.
sessed in Asia Minor.
IV. Pr^fectura Galliarum, containing three dioceses: Upon the invasion of the Huns,
the Ostrogoths separate from the 374 They cross the 359 Sapor’s Mesopotamian
1. Gallia. 2. Hispania. 3. Britannia, etc.
350
Each Prefecture was under a Prtcfectus Prcctorio (Prae¬ campaign—siege of Armida
Visigoths. Wolga and Don, and —and, 369, of Singara.
torian Prefect), a civil governor, having under him Vicarii
and Rectores Provinciarum. Death of Hermanric and fall of overthrow the king¬ 362, 3 War with Julian,
his empire, 375. dom of the Alans, who is slain in repulsing the
300,000 Sarmatian slaves revolt, and are dis¬ 376 The Visigoths (one million 375.
Persians, on the Tigris.
persed over the empire, 334. men, 300,000 warriors) pressed 376 They dislodge the
Jovian buys a retreat by
by the Huns, implore the protec¬ Goths, and found an
ceding five provinces east of
Valens, 364-378. tion of Valens, and cross the Da¬ extensive empire be¬
the Tigris and the city of
3.65 Revolt of Procopius. nube into Masia, which he cedes tween the T/ieis and
Nisibis.
373 War with Persia. to them; but, oppressed by his Don. The Ostrogoths
378 Valens defeated and slain by the Goths, near officers and inflamed by the subject to them—they Peace with Rome, 372-420.
Adrianople. Massacre of the Gothic hostages extend their sway as
Ammianus Marcellinus. in Asia Minor, far as the Danube.
The
they (joined by the Ostro¬
Massacre of the Gothic hostages in Asia. The Moors goths') defeat and slay Valens, Artaxerxes (Ardasiiir)
Vengeance of Fritigern. in Africa under Fritigern, and ravage all II., 380-383. '
revolt under around them to the walls of Con¬
Firmus, but stantinople.
Theodosius, the Great, 379-395, a rigid Catholic, are reduced
Sapor (Shaiipur) III., 383-
and persecutor of the Arians and Pagans. by Theodo¬ Civilisation of the Goths in Mcesia. 388.
sius. They enjoy many places of trust
at Constantinople, etc.
Varanes (Baiiram) IV.,
HONORXUS, AND ABCADIUS. 395 Invited by Ruji- 388-399.
nus they cross the
Eastern part of the Roman Empire. Danube into Panno¬
empire
nia and Masia.
Arcadius, 395-408, aged 18, under the guardianship of Rufinus. Africa.
Third great migration of the German nations. Isdegerdes, (Yezdejird) 400
Alaric’s expedition from Illyria to Italy, Gaul, Spain, etc. 399-420. Favours the
Alaric, after training his army for four years to Roman discipline Christians.
and armour in Illyria, invades Italy.
Theodosius II., 408-450, a child.
Anthemius minister, 408-415. 410
412 Conquers Armenia.
flourishes
Persian War, 420-22.
Varanes V., or Bahram
Gor,420-440. 420
420 The Greek emperor de¬
Boniface, the Roman go¬ clares war against him on
vernor, invites the Van¬ account of his persecution
dals into Africa. of the Christians.
429 Empire of the
Vandals. Subdues Arabia Felix.
Genseric crosses from Spain Peace with the Greek em¬
with 80,000 men—conquers peror, 422-520.
Africa, 430-38—Carthage,
439, and also Sardinia, Cor¬
sica, Sicily, and the Balearic Invasion of the Huns, 430-
Islands. These countries
430
440.
were entirely pillaged and
Armenia divided between the Persians and Romans, 431-440. desolated: the lands and The Persians and Greeks
houses divided among the Attila, the divide the kingdoms of Ar¬
conquerers. scourg'e of God, menia between them.
Capital, Carthage. 433-453, forms an
immense empire from Isdegerdes (Yezdejird)
437 Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Noricum, gained from the St. Augustine, 430.
western empire. China to the Atlan¬ II., 438.
tic.
438 Theodosian Code. 440
A considerable fleet. Varanes (Bahram) VI.
441-446 He ravages {Legislator), 440-457.
441 Invasion of the Huns; who ravage Europe to the walls of Con¬ the eastern empire.
stantinople. Seventy cities sacked and pillaged. The Greek emperor
agrees to pay him a
yearly tribute of 2000
446 Peace with Attila; the emperor engages to pay a yearly tribute lbs. of gold, which am¬
of 2000 lbs. of gold, etc.' bassadors carry to At¬ to 500.
tila in his court be¬
Arian persecution of the
Marcian, 450. tween the Theis and
Catholics in Africa to 522. 450
Danube.
450 Great expedition
into Gaw^with 500,000
454 The Ostrogoths, after Attila’s death, settle in Pannonia and
men—defeated at Cha¬
Masia. 455 Genseric sacks Rome. lons sur Marne.
Leo the Great, 457-474. The first emperor crowned by a patriarch. 452 Returns through IIormisdas (Hurmaz) III.,
Italy. 457, deposed by
453 Death of Attila, Firoz, or Pherozes, 457-
and 488, who establishes him¬ 460
self by the aid of the white
full of his empire. Huns. He afterwards makes
468 Unsuccessful expedition against Africa. war against them, and is de¬
feated and killed.
Zeno, 474-491.
The Ostrogoths. 475 Theodoric, brought up
as an hostage at Constantinople, becomes chief 470
of the whole nation. He invades the empire;
476 Conflagration but Zeno buys his friendship, and receives many
at Constantinople services from him.
Offended, he ravages Thrace with great
cruelty, and founds in Italy
493 The king’dom of the Ostrogoths. 476
26 Table xhi. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF
Eastern Nations.
Jews.
Religion.
Greeks.
Romans.
About
2000 Primeval worship of Brahma in India, under the type of the divine attributes,
personified as the three divinities, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva. The l edas,
B. C. the sacred books of the Hindus, are believed to have been revealed by
Brahma—they consist of prayers and precepts—a collection of these in eleven
large folio vols. is now in the British Museum.
Worship of the sun in Persia.
Worship of Isis and Osiris (symbols of the moon and sun, the Ceres and Bac¬
chus of the Greeks)—of Ammon and Plitha (the Greek Jupiter and Vulcan)—
as likewise the animal worship of Apis, in Egypt.
Worship of Baal at Babel—tower of Babel, under Nimrod, and confusion of
tongues. _
Worship of Tien, the lord of heaven, in China.
Belief in one God, among the Jews, under Abraham, the patriarch.
Belief in one God among the Arabs, by Ishmael, son of Abraham—the cele¬
brated temple at Mecca, built according to tradition by Abraham and Ish¬
mael—here Ishmael was buried.
Belief in one God among the ancient Turks—Oguz Khan, of the Mongols, is
said to have re-established among them the true religion, as handed down
1800 from Adam.
Worship of Baal among the Phoenicians.
1800 First republics in Phoenicia—free cities under a king and magistrates.
The pious Job in Arabia Petraa.
1550 Worship of Jupiter, at Athens, after the settling of Cecrops, the
Egyptian—oracle at Hodona and Helphi.
Worship of the true God—after the Exodus the law is revealed to Moses
from Mount Sinai—institution of the Jewish theocracy—of hereditary high-
priesthood in Aaron’s family—the priestly tribe of Levites distributed in
1500
forty-eight cities.
1500 Eleusinian mysteries brought into Greece by Cadmus, the Phoeni¬
cian (or 1313). 1500 Egyptian imperial regulations under Sesostris : division of the countiy into thirty-six nomes, un¬
1150 The prophet Samuel among the Jews (1128, F. C.).
1100
1050 David, king of Israel, the writer of the Psalms.
1000 lOOO Solomon builds the Temple at Jerusalem.
959 Heath of the Indian sage Buddha, founder of a religious, or rather phi¬
losophical, sect, opposed to the worship of Brahma—rejecting the authority of
the Vedas, and abolishing the distinction of castes. Other accounts place this
event B. C. 543.
900 900-850 Elijah and Elisha prophets in Israel—Jonah at Nineveh.
Zoroaster’s Zend-avesta, (see under 555).
800 Isaiah begins to prophesy, 757-696.
About 721 History of Tobit, one of the captives carried from Israel by
Shalmane.zer.
716 Numa Pompilius, founder of the Roman religion, of the colleges
of priests and of the vestals—great influence of auspices and auguries
till the time of Cicero—the king high-priest—under the consular go¬
700 vernment an especial Pontifex Maximus was chosen—Augustus was
the first who reunited this dignity with the secular authority.
640 Jeremiah, the prophet, in Judea.
605-535 Seventy years’ captivity of the Jews in Babylon.
605 After the destruction of Jerusalem, the belief in the true God was carried
600 into the Assyrian and Babylonian empires by Daniel and Jeremiah—into
Egypt by Ezekiel.
About 560 Daniel in the lions’ den.
559 Foundation of the Persian monarchy by Cyrus.
555 Zoroaster (Zeradusht) reforms the religion of Persia—fire worship of 550 Formation of the republican government of Carthage at the rise of the house of Mago—two suffetes,
the Magians—the two conflicting principles, Ormuzd god of light, Ahriman or kings, for life, who enjoy supreme power only in civil matters, limited by a senate with a select
god of darkness—Zend-avesta (the living word) the sacred book of the Per- council, all chosen by the people—the generals of the republic were elected, their power in military
sians. The Magian doctrine still exists among die Ghebres in Persia and the matters was sometimes unlimited, sometimes a committee of the senate attended them, and in their joint
Parsees in India.
[Heeren makes Zoroaster to have lived certainly before the eighth century nies in Africa and Europe.
B.C. and probably much earlier: Asiatic Nations, vol. i. p. 373. See also
Gibbon, c. viii. Prideaux and Hyde make him contemporary with Harius
Hystaspes.]
Confucius (Con-fut-see) in China—he reduced the sacred books of the Chi¬
nese to their present form.
536 Return of the Jews from the Babylonian captivity.
About 520 the Sibylline books were brought to Rome from Cuma, in
Magna Gracia, in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus.
500
a
B. C. 2000—SOO.
Government.
The early priest-aristocracies of India and Egypt, with a king, limited in power by them at their head—
in both countries the people divided into castes—in India four; 1. Priests; 2. Warriors; 3. Agricul¬
turists, Manufacturers, and Traders; 4. Serfs, or servile caste:—in Egypt seven castes : Priests, War¬
riors, Manufacturers, Mariners, Interpreters, and two castes of Herdsmen. The priests, the upper
caste, monopolise all the learning and affairs of state—the kings selected from the warrior caste.
Early despotism in Assyria and China—an absolute king at the head—in China the emperor was like¬
wise high-priest. _ _ .
Nomad patriarchal government among the ancient Turks—Oguz Khan divided his great Turkish empire
into a right and left wing relatively to his own encampment, and into twenty-four tribes—traces of this
division still exist among Tartar hordes.
1600 Formation of small kingdoms in Greece by colonists, after the arrival of Cecrops in Athens—
the kings leaders in war, and magistrates in peace—then authority chiefly resting upon personal cha¬
racter—the kingly dignity hereditary.
1500 Republican, and in part patriarchal government of the Jews by Moses and Joshua under judges
and high-priests—the land divided among the twelve tribes knit together by the worship of Je¬
hovah, but still under their princes of tribes and elders—magistrates in the cities, to whom Scribes,
out of the Levite caste, are joined—hereditary high-priest in Aaron’s family—the government essen¬
tially founded upon agriculture and a fixed division of land—in the year of jubilee, which came round
every fiftieth year, all land that had changed hands reverted to its original possessor.
der nomarchs.
1100 [1096, F. C. v. i. p. 320.] Kingdom of Judah:—Saul selected as first king—the Jews deter¬
mine to have a king notwithstanding the expressed disapprobation of God—the prophet Samuel de¬
scribes to them in vain the tyrannic government of kings (I. Sam. ch. viii.)
1068 Abolition of kings in Athens, on the death of Codrus, and establishment of responsible Ar-
chons for life.
From about 1000 Greece begins to be parcelled into small republics, each generally formed of a sepa¬
rate free city with the adjoining territory—fedemtive government connected by national games and
the national assembly of the Amphictyones, which sat first in Helphi, afterwards at Thermopylae
—of twelve Greek nations each sent two deputies.
Settlement of Greek colonies in Asia Minor, which likewise adopt republican governments.
1000 Phoenician league, Tyre at its head.
975 Revolt of the ten tribes under Jeroboam—division of the kingdoms of Judah and Israel—the
former hereditaiy, the latter elective.
888 Dido from Tyre in Phoenicia founds Carthage.
817 (? 884) Lycurgus’s settlement of the Spartan government, which lasts about 600 years—a
mixture of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy—at its head were two kings, supreme leaders in
war, and supreme judges in peace—to these were added a senate of twenty-eight nobles, chosen for
life by the people—oi ykpovrtQ who must be sixty years of age—five ephori chosen yearly, who
became in the reign of Theopompus the virtual sovereigns of Sparta. National assemblies of the
people, consisting only of Spartans, i. e. of the aristocracy, to the entire exclusion of the Laconian
ntpioKoi, i. e. of the subject-people, who paid taxes and served in war. The Lacedemonian lands
were likewise divided amongst 39,000 families, 9000 portions to the Spartans, 30,000 to the Laco¬
nians—these portions of land might be bequeathed or given away, but never sold.
About 800 League of the twelve Etrurian free cities under twelve Lucumones (hereditary chiefs),
who were at the same time high-priests and leaders in war.
753 Foundation of the Roman state by Romulus and Remus—it was a colony from
Alba Longa : dominion of kings two hundred and fifty years, with a senate first of a hundred, and
afterwards of two hundred patricians : a prevailing aristocratic element.
752 Ai'chons at Athens appointed for ten years instead of for life.
About the same time Formation of the Greek colonial republics in Lower Italy (Magna Gracia)—
Syracuse at the head.
681 Nine yearly Arclions instead of one decennial—power in the hands of the three first.
594 Solon remodels the constitution of Athens, with a leaning towards democracy—three classes of
inhabitants, citizens, sojourners (jdrotKoi), and slaves—citizens again divided into four classes ac¬
cording to property; only the first three had access to all offices of state, (which were without
salary), but all were admitted to take part in the popular assemblies and courts of justice; an age of
thirty years was necessary for this—nine yearly Archons continued at the head of the govern¬
ment, consisting of the Archon, the Basileus, the Polemarch, and six Thesmothetes, to whom were
joined a senate of 400 (afterwards 500) yearly yepovrec, renewed by lot from the first three classes—
this senate was divided into ten committees of prytancs, who presided in rotation, and convened the
senate—all matters were considered in the senate before they could be laid before the popular as¬
sembly. A farther check on the democratic principle was introduced in the increase of power
which Solon gave to the court of Areopagus, at the same time that he raised its character and in¬
tegrity—all the more important causes were committed to its jurisdiction.
name public affairs were transacted—high court of 100—the Carthaginian dominion extended by colo¬
550 Census at Rome by Servius Tullius : he divided the people into six classes according to
their property, which determined their tribute and military service—the first five were liable to
taxes and military duties—the last, the proletarii, were exempt. The six classes were subdivided
into 193 centuries—general assemblies of the people, who voted by centuries in the field of Mars
—the first class (rated at 100,000 asses), had ninety-eight, the remaining five classes together only
ninety-five centuries, consequently the first class could outvote all the rest together.
510 Ostracism introduced at Athens, by which citizens possessed of too great power might be ba¬
nished for ten years.
510 Rome becomes a republic (decidedly aristocratic) under two consuls: the patricians, who alone
possessed the connubium, or right of legal marriage, and the hereditary privileges of the gens, with
the right of the auspices, which was the necessary qualification for offices of state, were actually
the populus, or body of the nation—it was in the comitia curiata, composed solely of patricians,
that the senate and all magistrates were chosen; they possessed all the land, filled all the priestly
offices, and were patrons of the plebeians. The plebeians were destitute of all political privi¬
leges, and were excluded from all civil and religious offices—they served as soldiers and artizans,
and, as clients, were dependent upon the patricians.
 Jul. Per. 2714—4214. ANCIENT CIVILISATION, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE. 27
Legislation and Juris¬ Finance. War and Marine. Agriculture. Trade and Manufacture.
prudence. Very ancient military feudal Noah, the first maker of wine. Ancient Indian cotton manufacture—con¬
Menu’s legislation in India. His system among the Persians. The Egyptian state founded upon agricul¬ tinued until of late years in the celebrated
Institutes are translated into English (Ferdusi.) ture—-dams and machines for spreading muslins of Bengal.
by Sir W. Jones. the waters of the Nile. Egypt, throughout
Menes’ legislation in Egypt. antiquity, was the granary for the neigh¬
Ocuz Khan’s legislation among the bouring countries. When a Roman pro¬
Turks. vince, its fleets laden with com sailed regu¬
Hosheng and Jemsiiid’s legislation larly for Rome.
in Persia. Dams and watering-machines among the
Babylonians: canals of the Euphrates—
dams first raised by queen Semiramis.
Hosheng and Jemshid introduce agricul¬
ture into Persia—to Hosheng the Persians
attribute the first canals for irrigating lands
—first culture of rice.
The emperor Yao introduces agriculture into
China. Even still in China the emperor
performs the ceremony of driving the
plough one day in every year, in order to
show his veneration for husbandry.
Rice cultivated and watering-machines in
India.
1800 Joseph makes the whole of 1800 Phoenician fleets. 11800 Gold and silver mines in Egypt under 1800 Trade of the Phoenicians—by sea to
Egypt state property by purchas¬ 1 the Pharaohs. Spain for silver—Britain for tin—Prussia
ing all the land, except that of the
for amber—North Africa—Arabia Felix.
priests, who thus remained the only
Establishment of Phoenician colonies. By
landed proprietors. The whole king¬ land their trade was carried on by caravans
dom leased out; the lessees agree¬ to Arabia Felix (for spice and perfumes)—
ing to pay a tax of one-fifth of the to Babylon by Palmyra—and through
produce into the royal treasury. Persia to Bucharia, Thibet, and China—
Laws in Athens by Cecrops— (Gen. xlvii.) 1550 Com and olives cultivated in At¬
trade with Armenia for slaves and horses.
tica after Cecrops—agriculture, till
high court of Areopagus. Their manufactures of linen and woollen
the decline of Grecian freedom, was
cloths, purple dyes, (the Sidonian garments
1500 Divine legislation of 1500 Division of Palestine the principal and most honourable
of Homer,) glass, manufactured goods, and
AMONG THE TWELVE TRIBES- 1300 Navigation in Egypt employment of the Athenians. Aris¬
Moses. ornaments—the Phoenicians were the Eng¬
the Mosaic year of jubilee : every under Sesostris. Great totle declares that to be the best re¬
lish of the ancient world.
fifty years all the lands that had military expedition of this public which encourages agriculture.
changed owners must revert to king through three quarters Phocion, the contemporary of Philip
the original possessors, in order of the globe: into the in¬ of Macedon, one of the last great
to prevent the accumulation of terior of Africa—to the bor¬ statesmen of Athens, cultivated his
landed property in the hands of ders of India—and into estate with his own hands.
a few. Thrace. (Herod, ii. 102.)
Minos legislator at Crete. 1300 Egyptian finance regulation 1300 Naval power of 1300 Sesostris irrigates Egypt by inter¬ 1300 Sea trade of Egypt under Sesostris-
[Three generations, i. e. ninety under Sesostris. The tribute raised Crete under Minos. secting it with canals. Flourishing period of Egyptian industry in
years, before the Trojan war. according to a strict division and (Thuc. i. 4.) cotton goods and dyes—weaving was in the
F. C.] valuation of the land. (Herod, ii. 1250 Agriculture in Italy by the hands of one of the hereditary castes.
109.) Greek Evander. 1200 Purple dyes of Tyre: garments of
1183 (or 1127)
Siege of Troy Tyrian purple were the most costly that
by the Greeks: for¬ could be worn.
mation of Greek tac¬
tics. No cavalry men¬
tioned by Homer, men 1050 Commercial treaty of David with
fought on foot, or from Hiram king of Phoenicia.
war-chariots.

1000 Institution of the Amphic- 1000 Jewish fleet under 1000 Phoenician silver mines in Spain. 1000 Trade of the Jews under Solomon
Solomon. to Ophir, (Arabia Felix and India.)
tyonic council in Greece as a
federative tribunal for settling Settlements on the Persian gulf at Elath
—the the disputes of the Greek states About 900 the Jews under and Ezion-Geber.
Jehosaphat could bring
with one another. It usually
sat twice a year, in spring and into the field 1,000,000
harvest. The decisions of this men capable of bearing
council were held as final and arms.
sacred. 817 Trade impossible in Sparta, from
817 Lycurgus’s regulations at 817 Lycurgus’s legisla¬ 817 Agriculture forbidden to the free the laws of Lycurgus : the Spartans
Sparta on a principle of po¬ tion in Sparta—essentially citizens of Sparta by the laws of Ly- had only iron money, and were for¬
817 Legislation of Lvcurgus
verty—only iron money al¬ calculated to make each cuiigus, and left entirely to the helots
in Sparta. bidden to amass riches:—handicraft
lowed—equal division of the citizen dependent on his and manufacture were left to the helots,
land among 39,000 families. own courage and ability and could not be carried on by free¬
for war—no walls—no men.
ships of war (for Sparta 754 The Roman state essentially 700-500 Flourishing trade of the opu¬
754 Romulus’ first laws in
was never to become a founded upon agriculture—Numa’s lent Ionian colony o/’Miletus in Asia
Rome.
conquering state). regulation respecting the termini, Minor—by sea to the countries about
720 Great armies of the As¬ etc.) In the best days ,of the Ro¬ the Euxine, on the coasts of which
syrians—150,000 men of mans it was their chief business- she had above one hundred settle¬
Sennacherib’s army were 460 Cincinnatus was chosen dic¬ ments, by means of which she mono¬
smitten before Jerusalem. tator from the plough-tail. polized the trade of the North in corn,
About 700 Corinthian slaves, and peltry—by land, over Per¬
fleet: triremes invented sia, far into Central Asia.
by the Corinthians: soon Trade of the Ionian colony Phocaa in
after, in 664, the first Asia Minor, more extensive than that
i«)-
sea-fight of note be¬ of any other Greek city—by sea to the
tween the Corinthians coasts of Italy, Gaul, Spain, and Cor¬
and Corcyraans. sica—their celebrated colony Mas-
660 Legislation of Zaleucus 700 Fleet of the Ionian silia (Marseilles.)
the Locrian. colony of Miletus—100 Trade by sea of Corinth and JEgina,
624 Bloody laws of Draco at ships of war. Samos, etc.
Athens. About 660 Celebrated 656 Grecian merchants allowed to trade
contest of the Horatii in Egypt by Psammetichus.
594 Solon’s legislation in A- and Curiatii, between 600 Attempt to join the Mediterranean and
thens—new institution of the Rome and Alba the Arabian gulf by means of a canal, under
Areopagus—the judicial power Longa. Pharaoh Necho.
thrown into the hands of the 656 Standing army of Greek Babylonian stuff and carpet manufactories.
people, who themselves sat in mercenaries in Egypt under
judgment, or appointed a com¬ Psammetichus. 594 Solon permits the Athenians to
mittee: such, indeed, was the 634 Organisation and disci¬ trade: though oil was the only raw
Areopagus and other courts of pline of the Median army 600 Watering-machines in the Babylonian material produced in the country al¬
justice; the right of speaking by Cyaxares. empireby Nebuchadnezzar. lowed to be exported—industry at
free to all. 600 Egyptian naval power home much encouraged by the same
555 Zoroaster’s legislation in Per¬ under Pharaoh Necho. legislator—the Greeks become expert
*1 sia. in the manufacture of small wares both
liliiaij Confucius’s legislation in China. in earthenware and metal—noted for
i join the laborious device of their weapons,
bowls, and vases ; for their skill in
550 Legislation of Pythagoras 550 Census introduced at 550 Carthaginian Navy man sculpture, engraving, etc.—Athens must
in? in Magna Gracia. Rome by ServiusTullius : ned by natives—their great have had large manufactories—the fa¬
ible the citizens divided into six armies formed of foreign ther of Demosthenes was rich, and
litidei classes, on a principle of mercenaries. left his son a sword manufactory,
films property, and taxed accord¬ 550 Organisation of which the orator continued to carry on.
>r< ingly—the sixth, proletarii, the Roman army ac¬ 550 Flourishing period of Carthaginian
being exempt. cording to the census 536 The vine and olive brought into commerce, colonies, and manufactures—by
o/'Servitjs Tullius the south of France by the Greek sea, throughout the Mediterranean and be¬
—muster in the field colony at Marseilles. yond Gades, north, to Britain, south, to
of Mars. Guinea—by land, a caravan trade to Upper
> alone Egypt, and the interior of Africa—founda¬
IS,*® tion of Carthaginian colonies. The Car¬
£t thaginian manufactures were of the same
ticW kind as the Phoenician.
jrif
508 First commercial treaty between Car¬
Ip
rtir* thage and Rome.
28 Table xiii. continued.
Civilisation in General.
About 2000.
The East was the earliest seat of civilisa¬ traditionary legends, forming the greater part of the Vedas.
tion : from this quarter have all other na¬
tions obtained wisdom. The Hindus
appear to have been the first civilised peo¬
ple ; and their culture seems to have passed
on to the Babylonians and Persians, to the
Ethiopians and Egyptians—by the latter it
was imparted to the Greeks, and by the
Greeks to the Romans.
Letters among the Hindus: the ancient
Nagari or Sanscrit, in which the Vedas and
Puranas, their sacred works, are written.
Hieroglyphics in Egypt and China.
Fine Arts in Hindostan, chiefly of a religious
character.
Fine Arts in Egypt, of a monumental cha¬
racter. All their works of art, obelisks,
pyramids, and temple-sculpture, seem to
have been intended as historical monu¬
ments of the great deeds of their kings.
1800 Letters among the Phoenicians.
1600 The Books of Moses—the earliest
records of the Jews.
1500 Cadmus, the Phoenician, intro¬
duces letters into Greece, (or 1313,
according to Eratosthenes).
1050 Sacred Poetry of tiie Jews—
David’s Psalms. The fort of Sion.
Letters introduced into Italy by Evan-
der the Arcadian, 1253; (60 years
before the Trojan war. Dionys. ap.
F. C.)
lOOO Flourishing’ Period of
Jewish Civilisation under
Solomon.
1000 Homer, the father of Greek
poetry, among the Ionian Greeks, in
Asia Minor. By the Greek colo¬
nies of Asia Minor Grecian civilisa¬
tion was further spread by new set¬
tlements over all the coasts of the
Black sea, as far as the present Cri¬
mea.
750 Spread of Grecian civilisation in
Italy by the colonies in Magna Gra¬
cia—to the coasts of Spain—to Gaul
(settlements of Greek colonies at Mar¬
seilles, 536, and Saguntum)—and to
the northern coast of Africa (colony
of Cyrene, 631.)
656 The Greeks encouraged to trade
in Egypt by Psammetichus.
600 Flourishing period of the Greek
plastic arts, especially of architecture
in the Doric and Ionic orders—the
Corinthian invented later. Rise of phi¬
losophy among the Greeks. Age of
the seven wise men : Solon one.
Rise of tragedy and comedy in Greece.
550 Zoroaster (Zeradusht) in Persia.
Confucius (Con-fut-see) in China.
550 Pythagoras, of Samos, settles at
Crotona, in Lower Italy, and founds
a state there—the Pythagorean confe¬
deracy.
Collection of the poems of Homer,
under Pisistratus, at Athens—foun¬
dation of a public library.
a
SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. C. 2000—500.
Poetry and Rhetoric. Philosophy. Physics. History.
Sacred Poetry of the Hindus. Hymns and rhythmical prayers and
Egyptian and Hindu philosophy : Astronomy among the As¬
the two most ancient nations of syrians and Babylonians
the world, who believed in the —the first science culti
immortality and the transmigra¬ rated in the world. The
tion of the soul. tower of Belus, at Babel,
The Upanishads of the Vedas 800 feet high—the most
and the Sutras or philosophical ancient observatory in the
aphorisms of different schools; world.
viz. Mimdnsd, Vedanta, Sank- Astronomy of the ancient
hya, Vatanjala, Nyaya, Vaisesh- Hindus.
ika. Chinese astronomy.
Astronomical and mathe¬
matical knowledge of the
Egyptian priests: Egyp¬
tian solar year—calcula¬
tions of eclipses of the
sun and moon—the zo¬
diac at Dendera, in Up¬
per Egypt, which was
brought to Paris in 1822,
probably however it be¬
longs to the period of the
Roman emperors — sun¬
dials and water-dials (ring
1600 The Pentateuch—its poetry—picture of primitive patriar¬ of king Osymandias)— 1600 Moses, the
chal life—beautiful history of Joseph—and above all the Song Egyptian numerals—Nile most ancient his¬
of Moses, one of the most magnificent compositions antiquity has metres, dams and sluices torian— thebooks
left us. of lake Maris. of Joshua and
Medical science in Egypt : Judges.
generally prescribed diet
by law—for every disease
an especial physician.
1300 San-
CONIATHON
in Phani-
cia—only a
few frag¬
ments of his
Phanician
and Egyp¬
tian history
are extant.
1050 Sacred poetry of the Jews: the Psalms—besides their sacred
character, the most beautiful poetry in the world—for the most part
written by David and his contemporaries, though some much
The books of
later, as the cxxxvii. in the time of the Captivity, and several, to¬
wards the end of the collection, at the dedication of the second Samuel, the
Jewish high-
temple; the xc. alone claims Moses for its author. Of more than
a thousand Songs by Solomon, two only (Psalms lxxii. and cxxvii.) priest and pro¬
remain.—It is remarkable of the Psalter, that the professors of the phet—the books
three principal religions, the Christians, Jews, and Mohammedans, of Judges,
Kings, and
all to this hour venerate it as inspired.
Chronicles.
1000 Lokman (or Bidpai), the Hindu fabulist.
1000 The Proverbs of Solomon—Ecclesiastes—the Song of
Songs.
Homer, [probably between 962-927, F. C.], the blind old min¬
strel, among the Ionian Greeks, in Asia Minor—his great epics,
admirable not only for their exalted poetic character, but as well
for the exact representations they give us of the domestic and
public life of the Greeks.
Hesiod, [probably between 859-824, F.C.],—his theogony the
most ancient Greek mythi—his pastoral poem, “Works and
Days."
800-500 The great Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and
Daniel, before and after the Captivity.
Greek Poets:—753 Antimachus of Teos; Asius of Samos.
Callinus flourished, 736-712.
Archilochus of Paros, 708-665, inventor of Iambics.
Simonides of Amorgus, flourished, 693-662.
Tyrtaus, 683, the Spartan writer of war songs in the Messenian
wars. Thaletas, 699-660. Terpander flourished, 676-644.
Polymnastus, 675-644. Aleman, 671-631. Aristoxenus of
Selinus, 623. Lesches of Myteline, 657.
Xanthus, a lyric poet, who preceded Stesichorus. 600 The seven wise men of
Arion, 625-610. Mimnermus, 630-586. Greece: Periander of Co¬
rinth ; Solon of Athens;
Sappho and Alcaus, both of Lesbos, 611—rise of Greek lyric poetry. 597 Thales of Mi¬
Pittacus of Mitylene; Chi-
JDumophyTe, 611. Erinna, 611. Stesichorus, 608, inventor of letus foretold an
lon ephor of Sparta; Cleo- eclipse of the sun—
the Chorus.
bulus; Bias; and Thales origin of the world
594 Solon's Elegies. of Miletus, the founder of the from water — water
Susarion, inventor of Comedy at Athens, 576. Ionic school: material origin the soul of the world.
of the world.
TEsop, the earliest Greek fabulist, born about 619, fl. 571. Philosophers of the Ionic school:
Pherecydes (550); Anaxi¬
mander and Anaximenes
(530); Anaxagoras (at A-
thens, ab. 450); Diogenes
550 The Chinese poetry in the Kings—the lyric Shi-King, etc. of Apollonia.
550 Pythagoras, founder of
Ibycus, fl. 560-539. the Pythagorean school (about
550 Pythagoras— 550 The Snu-
Anacreon of Samos, 559-530. Hipponax, 540. 527): disposition of the world traces of the true King of the
540 Theoguis and Phocylides. according to measure and system of the uni¬ Chinese.
535 Thespis first exhibits Tragedy. numbers—doctrine of the soul verse, such as Co¬
of tl\e world—metempsychosis pernicus represented
523-500 Charilus, Melanipides, Phrynicus, Telesilla, Lasus,
—music of the spheres—gold¬ it 2000 years later.
Epicliarmus. en verses. Pythagoras's phi¬
520 Simonides. losophy bears in every part an
oriental character—he had tra¬
TEschylus, the father of the Drama, bom '525, died 456—
velled into Egypt, Persia, and
he distinguished himself at Marathon, Salamis, and Plat a:a— India.
gained the prize in tragedy 484, and many times after—he died To the Pythagoreans belong:
at the court of Hiero in Sicily. AZscliylus was the creator of Epicharmus (486); Tim.eus
Greek tragedy—he clothed it as became its dignity—gave it a of Loris, the teacher of Plato;
grave, a lofty, a terrible character—introduced its characteristic Archytas; Philolaus (400).
chorusses, its gods, and heroes. Of his seventy-five dramas, 550 Xenophanes, founder of
only seven now remain. the Eleatic school in Magna
Pindar, of Thebes, celebrated for his sublime odes and lyrics, of Grcecia—idealism and panthe¬
which we still possess five—born, according to Boeckh, 522,died ism.
about 435, [518-439, F. C.] Of this school were Parmeni¬
des,460; Zeno,460; Melis-
sus, 444.
 Jul. Per. 2714—4214. ANCIENT CIVILISATION, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE. 29
Architecture. Sculpture, etc. Painting. Music. Luxuries, Manners, and
Remains of early Indian architecture: the subten-anean temples, Indian sculpture, both alto Rise of painting The solemn, mournful Customs.
hewn out of the mountains, at Salsett and Elephanta, near and basso-relievos, found in among the Egyp¬ music of the Egyptians
The general character which essentially dis¬ About
Bombay, with inscriptions and reliefs—the huge grottoes of the temples of Salsett and tians : colouring of only used in religious tinguishes the ancient from the modern
El/ora near Daulatabad in the Deccan, hewn in a mountain Elephanta, of Ellora and hieroglyphics, sta¬ worship and at fune¬ world, may be traced to three principal 2000
of red granite, and forming a semicircle of half a mile dia¬ Mavalipuram, with repre¬ tues, reliefs, mum¬ rals : the tuba, lyre, causes : domestic slavery, which was the B. C.
meter— the seven pagodas of Mavalipuram, near Madras, sentations of subjects from mies—remains of and flute. lot of far the greater part of the popula¬
hewn in the solid rock, reliques probably of a royal city. the Indian epics, the Ma- the starry heavens tion ; polygamy, as it still prevails in the
The Tower of Babel by Nimrod—the great city of Babylon habharata, etc. on the ceiling of East, and the subordinate condition of the
on the Euphrates, the oldest city in the world, forty-eight miles Statue of Belus, at Babylon, tire tomb of Osy- women. From the earliest times it was the
in circumference, with walls of brick, 250 towers, and 100 which Xerxes removed, 12 mandias at Thebes custom to buy the daughters from the fa¬
gates of brass. Its most remarkable building was the temple cubits high, of pure gold. —pictures in the ther ; a portion was unusual or very tri¬
of Bel, rising in eight successive terraces; its tower 800 Egyptian sculpture, stiff and tombs of the kings fling ; daughters were also excluded from
feet high, with a flight of steps outside, and resting-places, uniform, but colossal—of an at Thebes. inheritance: the father had unlimited au¬
which served as observatories. The hanging gardens of architectural character, most¬ thority over his family.
Semiramis. ly in reliefs. First oriental court splendour in the Assy¬
Thebes in Upper Egypt, the city of a hundred gates. Colossus in the palace (or rian and afterwards in Babylonian empires
tomb) of Osymandias at —the Persian historians say that the first
Thebes—bas-reliefs of land king of the Peshdadian dynasty introduced
and sea-fights, triumphs, etc. the ceremony of kissing the feet, and the
at Kamac. tiara. The left hand was originally the post
of honour in the East.
1700 Cyclopic walls in Greece. Suttees in Hindostan.
Circumcision among the Jews.
1800 Mummies in Egypt—tribunal of death 1800
among the Egyptians—workhouse for im¬
prisoned slaves under Joseph.

1550 Lasting marriages in Athens by

1600
Cecrops.

1500 The golden calf 1500 Three great yearly national

of the Jews in the Wil¬
1500
feasts of the Jews: the chief of which
1300 Buildings of Sesostris in Egypt—temple of Vulcan at derness, probably made of was the Passover at Easter, in remem¬
Memphis—sepulchral temple at Thebes—great canals. wood, overlaid with thin brance of their deliverance from Egypt.
1300 The obelisks in Egypt, monuments of kings, mostly of red gold—Aaron’s breast¬ 1500 Panathenaic games at Athens.
granite, with hieroglyphics very deeply inwrought, and coloured. plate. THE ARK, CHE¬ 1300 Public meals at Crete by king
Those of Heliopolis and Thebes the most celebrated. Egypt RUBIM, etc. Minos.
1300
still contains a vast number of these monuments. The Roman 1300 Daedalus, a mas¬
emperors carried many to Rome: the great obelisk of Thebes, ter in his art among the
180 feet high, which formerly stood in the Circus, was again Greeks. 1250 Orpheus a-
erected by pope Sixtus V. before the Lateran. In 1820 the mong the Greeks
present viceroy of Egypt presented what was called the needle tames wild beasts
of Cleopatra to the king of England—the obelisk of Luxor, by music. The
near Thebes, brought to France in 1833, is to be set up in beautiful mythus
Paris. of Eurydice, his
1200-1000 The Pyramids of Egypt, tombs of its kings, mostly wife, whom he re¬
built of limestone—forty, in four groups, still exist in Middle deemed from the
Egypt. The pyramid of Ghizeh, near Memphis, attributed to world below by
Cheops, is the largest. Herodotus states that 100,000 men the sweetness of
were employed upon it during forty years—it is 450 feet high, Rise of Greek his strains.
and faced with white marble. painting at Co¬ 1050 Solemn, sacred 1100
1100 Commencement of Greek architecture—Doric order rinth, the city for music of the Jews.
Earliest specimen of Doric order in ruined temple at earthenware ma¬ Saul’s melancholy
Corinth. nufacture, paint¬ soothed by David’s
1050 The fort of Sion built by David in Jerusalem. The earliest statues of ed vases, dark playing on the harp.
ooks the Greek Gods were shading upon As a ph appointed chief
of wood, partly painted light clayground. musician by David.
1000 The Temple, and the great royal palace at Jerusalem, of different colours, and 1000 Several thousand Magnificence and splendour 1000
by Solomon, with the help of Phoenician workmen—Solomon's clothed in many-co¬ musicians at the de¬ of the court of Solomon at
temple was of cedar, with carved work of elaborate work¬ loured garments. dication of the tem¬ Jerusalem.
manship, overlaid with gold—artificers from Tyre. Ab. 888 Etrurian ple of Solomon.
vase paintings, 817 Music an es¬ 817 The legislation of Lycurgus, in¬
Ab. 800 Etrurian architecture in Italy: the strongly Ab. 800 Plastic of the mostly repre¬ sential part of tended to do away with all luxury—
fortified Etrurian cities—their canals—the ditches of sentations of the Greek education, 800
Etrurians—their va¬ public common-tables—no theatres—
Tarquin, and other places, in the territory of the pre¬ ses—their bronze fi¬ worship of Bac¬ as early as Lycu r- foreigners not allowed to stay long in
sent Cornato, (near Civ it a Vecchia). In these import¬ gures, especially of chus. (Engrav¬ ous, and after¬ Sparta, nor Spartans allowed to re¬
ant lately-discovered monuments, have been found a the gods—sarcophagi, ings by Hamil¬ wards by Pytha¬ main long abroad, for fear of corrupt¬
great number of vases, bronzes, and wall paintings. cups, gems. ton, Millen- goras, Plato, and ing their morals—dowers with daugh¬
The Etrurian architecture was probably derived from gen,Millin— Aristotle. ters forbidden.
the same source as the Greek. Ab.750 Phidon king of Luigi Sanzi). 777 Musical con¬ 777 Olympic games revived—five days
Argos coined the first tentions at the O- in July every fifth year—wrestling,
'00 The city of Ecbatana in Media (now Hamadan), sur¬ silver money at Mgina, lympic games. racing, and other bodily exercises—
rounded with seven terrace-formed walls, each of a different it bore the figure of a 716 Music at the afterwards musical and poetical com¬ roo
colour—it had also a royal palace, covered with silver tiles. tortoise. Roman sacri¬ petition. The victor obtained an olive
666 Egyptian labyrinth, with 3000 chambers, half above and Ab. 650 The coffer of fices, which they crown and the admiration of all
half below the earth, on the south side of lake Maris in Middle Cypselus in Olympia, probably bor¬ Greece.
Egypt: 150 chambers still remain. made of cedar, with re¬ rowed from the 750 Rape of the Sabines—severe pa¬
600 Buildings and canals in the Babylonian empire, by Nebu¬ liefs inlaid with gold Etrurians. rental power among the Romans.
chadnezzar. and ivory—a very an¬ 650 Terpander of 600 Luxury of the Sybarites in Magna GOO
From the sixth century B. C., progress and perfection of cient work in the Greek Lesbos—the seven¬ Gracia.
Doric and Ionic architecture: election of magnificent toreutic art. stringed lyre—he 594 To the Areopagus is confided by
Doric temples and theatres in Magna Gracia—those of Ab. 600 Throne of A- is said to have in¬ Solon the care of public morals—it
Agrigentum, Selinus, Segeste, etc. in Sicily, and of Pa- pollo at Amyclaa— vented signs to ex¬ proceeds with severity against idlers,
stum, near Naples, still remain—the three temples at Se¬ made of wood, and press musical and all engaged in dishonourable pur¬
linus are among the largest ruins of Europe. The temple adorned with representa¬ sounds in the se¬ suits. Solon also forbade the endow¬
of Jupiter at Agrigentum was the largest of ancient tions of the fabled deeds veral genera—the ment of daughters, lest the dower, and
Greece: a man could stand in the flutes of its columns— of gods and heroes. first author of scho¬ not the wife should be married. The
but it was never finished. The celebrated theatre at Syra¬ lia—the Lacede¬ prytaneum, a hall in which the pry-
cuse, hewn out of the rock, is one of the most astonishing monians sung his tanes and those who had done signal
works of antiquity. See Wilkins’s Magna Gracia. songs at their service to their country feasted to¬
About the same time, the Doric temple of Jupiter Pan- meals. gether.
hellenius, in which is partly preserved the encaustic paint¬ 625 Arion of Les¬ 586 Pythian games near Delphos, Isth¬
ing with which ancient temples were ornamented : the bos, the inventor of mian near Corinth—Nemaan.
cilia, the inner apartment, was painted red, the entabla¬ the dithyrambus. 576 First play at Athens.
ture over the columns in green and yellow foliage, the 600 Psalm singing 563 Law of Amasis king of Egypt, by which
pediments sky-blue, and on each of the marble tiles a among the Jews every one was to state his means of liveli¬
flower. during the Babylon¬ hood.
Temple of Jupiter at Olympia, in the Doric order, by the ian captivity—it is 510 Annual feast of the Regifugium
famous architect Libo—it contained the celebrated statue believed that strains in Rome.
by Phidias. of this sacred music
>111'- Temple of Diana at Ephesus, (Ionic order), in the reign of have descended by
Croesus, architect Ctesipuon—the most beautiful temple tradition to the ca¬
of Asia Minor. tholic church, and
600 Cloaca and Circus at Rome by Tarquinius Pris- are now in use.
cus—first use of the arch. Sacadas of Ar¬
560 Splendid buildings at Memphis and Sais, by Amasis. gos gained the mu¬
550 Persepolis, burial-place of the Persian kings—destroyed sical prize at the
by Alexander the Great—its ruins ( Chehl-Mendr), except Egypt, three first Pythia,
the greatest in the world. The palace of most beautiful grey 586, 582, 578.
marble, in the shape of a half moon, was built on terraces, 550 Persian sculpture in the (F. C.)
hewn out of the rock, forming, together, a vast amphitheatre— ruins of Persepolis—with re¬ 550 The canon of
covered with highly-finished colossal reliefs—the whole show¬ presentations of court levees, Pythagoras for the 500 Magnificence and splendour of the Per¬
ing that architecture and sculpture must have been long culti¬ processions, etc. mathematical de¬ sian court: 15,000 courtiers daily fed at 500
vated, and had attained a much higher degree of perfection The statuaries D i pcen us termination of tone the king’s table, at which every thing was
than is generally believed. (IIeeren’s Asia). The columns and Scyllis of Crete— —his gamut—the the most excellent of its kind, (water of
which still remain are fifty feet high, and three men could they brought to perfec¬ Pythagorean lyre. the Choaspes, salt from Africa, etc.)—im¬
scarcely fathom them—the stairs so wide and easy that ten tion the working in mense palaces with paradises—vast parks
horsemen could mount them abreast. marble. comprising whole provinces—hunting in
550 Rome fortified by a wall, ditch, etc. Riioecus of Samos, the whicn whole armies were employed.
520 Temple of Cupitoline Jupiter at Rome— Tuscan inventor of casting me¬ Oriental seraglios — institution of state-
order. tals. posts and messengers, (ayyapoi, IIerod.
viii. 98).

a
30 Table xiv SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. C. 500—200.

Rome. Government. Legislation and Ju¬

Greece.
Eastern Nations.
Jews.
Religion.
500
Ab. 460 The histories o/Juditii and
Holofernes—of Esther and Ha-
man under Artaxerxes I., king
of Persia.
460 Ezra restores the Mosaic reli-
-collects and publishes the sa¬
cred books of the Old Testament.
446 Marriages between patricians and plebeians allowed in Rome—the plebeians obtain the jus connubii.
444 Nehemiah founds synagogues
-—rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem.
Malachi, the last prophet of the
Jews.
Sect of the Samaritans.
400
500 Re-organisation of the Persian empire by Darius Hystaspes: division of the empire into twenty risprudence.
satrapies—complete formation of seraglio government. Herodotus states that the Persian mon-
archs looked upon all Asia as their property—this idea, and the notion that all land was the pro-
perty of the king, are still fundamental principles among the oriental nations.
Great struggle for 200 years between the patricians and plebeians of Rome re¬
peating political privileges, 500-300 B. C.
Brilliant period of Greece from the Persian to the Peloponnesian war, 499-404.
493 First tribunes of the people granted to the plebeians of Rome after their secession to Mom Saeer.
492 The plebeians obtain assemblies of their own—comitia tributa, in which all voted who were enrolled
among the tribes, without any preponderance of rank or wealth—it was twenty years later that the law
of Yo li-'.ro, ordaining that tribunes be elected at these comitia, made the plebeians quite independent.
490 Greatest power of the ephori at Sparta.
486 First agrarian law in Rome for a general and equal distribution of conquered lands, after the con¬
quest of the Hemici by the consul Spurius Cassius.
478 Law in Athens, by which, according to Solon’s regulation, even poor citizens of the fourth class
might obtain offices of state.
477-404 Supremacy of Athens in Greece. 461 The power of the Areopa¬
gus limited by Epiiialtes
under Pericles.
451, 450 Laws of the XII. Ta¬
bles in Rome—in 462 the peo¬
ple demanded by their tribune
Terentillus ARSA,afixed code
of laws for all classes—454 a code
of law's is compiled; and, 451,
the law commission of ten patri¬
cians, Decemviri, is abolished in
consequence of the outrage of Ap.
Claudius. The XII. Tables
444 Age of Pericles in Athens: rule of demagogues—rise of mercenary troops—citizens paid for at¬
contained laws for the regula¬
tending in the courts of justice—decline of the Areopagus. tion of parental authority, re¬
specting crimes, inheritance (only
sui and agnati could inherit;
412 Republican government in Syracuse by Diocles: the magistrates chosen by lot.
cognati, relations on the wife’s
404-371 Supremacy of Sparta, dating from the humiliation of Athens by Lysander.
side, were excluded) ; prohibi¬
tion of marriage between patri¬
cians and plebeians, (this law
abolished 446), no privileges.
All lawsuits to be concluded in
one day.
412 Legislation of Diocles in
Syracuse.

371 Supremacy of Thebes, after the humiliation of Sparta by Epaminondas.

366 First plebeian consul in Rome. 366 Appointment of a prator in

Rome to settle civil disputes—
formation of the Roman law by
the edicts of the prators.

339 The plebeians obtain the complete legislative power: the confirmation of the senate no longer required 339 Double source of legislation
to the decrees of the popular assemblies—this at first was the case only with the comitia ceniuriata, but, in Rome—the proper laws en¬
286, was extended also to the comitia tributa. acted by the people in the co¬
mitia independent of the senate,
338 Annihilation of liberty in Greece by Philip of Macedon.
and the senatus consulta or or
dinances of the senate.
325 Alexander’s projected organisation of an universal empire, Babylon to be the capital—the east
and west to be united by the amalgamation of the dominant races, by marriage, education, and com¬
merce—the religion, laws, and internal government of the separate countries to be meddled with as
little as possible.

301 Syrian Empire of the Seleucid^- ■seventy-two satrapies—capital, Antioch.

The Jews under the dominion of 300 First plebeian Pontifex Maximus in Rome—the plebeians now have equal rights with the patricians.
300 the Ptolemies—above 100,000 Roman democracy : the people possess the power of making the laws, choosing magistrates, war and peace,
are carried into Egypt. life and death—the senate direct the diplomatic and foreign department, finances, and police—the
two yearly consuls, with the highest civil and military authority, stand at the head of the republic as chief
magistrates and constitute the executive.
Extension of the Roman dominions by colonies throughout Italy: distinction between the municipia, pos¬
sessing the rights of Roman citizenship-—colonies with their own governments, but having no part in the
Roman committees and magistracies—allies which had also their own government, but paid tribute and
furnished troops—and subjects governed by Roman prefects.

280 AEtolian league in central Greece, and Acheean in Peloponnesus, founded upon the principle of
complete political equality of all the federate cities—deputies met twice a-year for deliberation and
to choose their strategus.

270 The Septuagint version of

the Scriptures.

256 Foundation of the Parthian Empire of the Arsacida: in Persia, which lasts to A.C.226.
—eighteen satrapies and many tributary kingdoms—monarchical-aristocratic government—a supreme
state council with the power of deposing the kings, who were elected from the house of Arsaces.

244 Agis III. attempts to reform the government of Sparta and re-establish that of Lycurgus, which
the law of the ephor Epitadeus, allowing the alienation of lands, had completely set aside—his plan
was to establish a new agrarian law, and a new division of the land into 19,500 equal parts, in order
to remedy the great inequality of property, and reduce the power of the ephors—for this plan the
ephors caused him to be strangled, 241—Cleomenes carried out this reform, overthrew the ephors,
divided the lands, and revived the laws of Lycurgus, 226.

241 Highest authority of the Roman senate at the close of the first Punic war: the highest point of
Rome’s real greatness was from this time to the conquest of Greece, 146.
240 Jesus son of Sirach in Egypt.

200
'=>
a
 Jul. Per. 4214—4514. ANCIENT CIVILISATION, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE. 31
Finance. War and Marine. Agriculture. Trade and Manufactures.
500 Financial system in Persia under Darius 500 Military organisation of the Persian 500 Agriculture and gardening flourish
IIystaspes : he levied a fixed tribute from the empire, according to a decimal division in the Persian empire, encouraged by
conquered nations, instead of receiving presents, throughout—royal standing armies in the the laws of Zoroaster. The younger
as heretofore. This tribute consisted, as it does provinces, as well as the domestic troops Cyrus assured Lysander that he never
now, of natural productions, with uncoined gold of the satraps—Greek mercenaries soon dined till he had fatigued himself by
and silver. There were also various royal im¬ after, also—Persian fleets under Darius labour in his garden.
posts for the use of the court—the province of IIystaspes, composed of the vessels of the Celebrated breed of horses among the
Persis (Furs) was free from taxation. Phoenicians and of the Asiatic Greeks. Persians.
490 Athenian army under Miltiades of Carthaginian gold and silver mines in
10,000 men defeats 100,000, Persians at Spain. Phanicia, Carthage, and Greece continue
Marathon. to engross the maritime trade of the
Athens becomes a naval power, through Tiie- world.
mistocles, who builds 200 ships with the
produce of the mines of Laurium.
486 First agrarian law in Rome on account of the 480 Xerxes’ celebrated expedition into
unequal division of the conquered lands. Greece: the Persian army two and a half
millions (and, with followers, five millions)
strong, collected from fifty-six nations—it
was seven days and nights crossing the
Hellespont, over two bridges of boats.
480 Heroic struggle of Leonidas, at Thermo-
470 Common treasury of the Greek states at Delos
pylce.
for the Persian war—Transferred to Athens, 461,
479 The strongest army the Greeks could mus¬
by Pericles.
ter against the Persians at Plataee, consisted
Under Pericles the Athenian revenue is reckoned
of 110,000 men.
at 2000 talents (about 400,000/.)—it was raised
by the contributions of the citizens (the rich of the
first class alone bore the expense of the fleets and
of the public festivals); by the caution-money of
the metcechs; by tribute from the subject is¬
lands and cities ; by the produce of the customs,
which were farmed; and by the mines at Lau-
rium. The administration of the finances was
, under the council of 500, but they were obliged to
lay their accounts before the people.
444 Appointment of two censors in Rome, who every 444 Mercenaries employed by Pericles at
five years estimated the property of the citizens. The Athens.
taxes imposed according to this valuation were not 415 Sparta a naval potcer.
permanent, but only levied to cover the temporary 406 Standing army at Rome after the siege of
expenses of war. Veil. The infantry first receive pay, and soon
after the cavalry—the army was raised by con¬
scription ; every citizen was bound to serve,
though the proletarii, the last class, were never
enrolled till the time of Marius—ten years’
service was a necessary qualification for offices
of state.
400 Celebrated retreat of the 10,000 Greeks
under Xenophon, from Cunaxa near Ba¬
400 Modification of Lycurgus’ laws at Sparta : the
bylon, through Asia Minor into Greece. They
state from this time might possess a treasury.
marched in eight months upwards of 2000
miles.

371 Epaminondas the Theban, (hero of

Leuctra and Mantinea), creates a neiv system
of military tactics, which was carried to per¬
fection by Philip of Maccdon.
350 Macedonian gold mines in Thrace
under Philip: they produced 1000
338 Philip gains the battle of Charonea by talents yearly, or about 200,000/.
his oblique order of battle, the Macedonian
phalanx—Philip’s body-guards composed of
Macedonian nobility.
Splendid, military achievements
of Alexander the Great,
who, with an army of 30,000 men and 5000
cavalry, in ten years conquered the principal
countries of Asia and Africa—this expedition
most glorious, when the smallness of the
army and the greatness of its results are con¬
sidered.
Formation of a Macedonian fleet after the cap¬
ture of Tyre—voyage of Nearchus from the
Indus to the Persian gulf.
Ab. 300 Trade of the Seleucidte: Se-
312 Commencement of the Roman military roads
leucus encourages the intercourse
through Italy: first the Via Appia from Rome
with India, and sends ambassadors to
to Capua, afterwards continued to Brundusium—
the banks of the Ganges—Antioch
these roads, and the improvement of the Roman
a great emporium.
tactics in the mountain wars against the Samnites,
Ab. 300 The cotton trade and manu¬
paved the way to the conquest of all Italy, 222.
factures of Egypt flourish under the
Ptolemies.
Naval power of the isle of Rhodes.
Alexandria becomes the great seat of
trade under the Ptolemies—caravan
trade across Asia to India and Africa
—sea trade in the Arabian gulf, Indian
Ocean, and the Mediterranean.
275 The Romans learn of king Pyrrhus the The canal connecting the Red Sea with
regular fortification of a camp. the Nile, begun by Pharaoh Necho,
though perhaps completed at this
time, was but little used.
Flourishing trade of the isle of Rhodes:
260 Rome becomes a naval power in the first first maritime law of Rhodes.
Punic war—the first large Roman war-ship was
built after one captured from the Carthaginians.

Egypt the first power by sea, and one of the

first by land, under Ptolemy Philadel-
phus. Heeren.

250 Revenue of Egypt under Ptolemy Piiila-

delphus, 14,800 silver talents, (four millions
sterling), exclusive of the toll paid in corn.

218-202 Hannibal’s celebrated expedition into

Italy, in the second Punic war—his victory near
Canute, 216.

202 Victory of Scipio over Hannibal near

Zama.

201 The Romans cause the Carthaginian fleet to

be delivered up to them—196 the Macedonian 200 Vines and olives cultivated in Italy.
—84 that of Pontus.

a b
32 Table xiv. continued. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. €. 500—200.

Civilisation in general. Poetry and Rhetoric. Philosophy. Physics. History.

Sacred epic poetry of the Hindus—the eighteen Puranas, the his¬ 500 Heraclitus the obscure, of 500 Leucippus
tories of the great deities of the Hindus; of Brahma, the creator; Ephesus—Empedocles of Agrigen- and Democri¬
of Vishnu, the preserver; of Siva, the destroyer, and of their tnm (450) likewise a statesman and tus’ atomic sys¬ 460-444 Books
families, incarnations, etc.—The two great epics : the Maha- poet. tem : the world of Ezra and
bharat, by Vyasa, (various portions of which are translated Leucippus, founder of the new Ele- formed by a Nehemiaii.
into English, as Nala and Damayanti, by Mr. Milman)—the atic, or Atomic school. fortuitous com¬
Ramayana, by Valmiki, (translated into English by Carey Democritus of Abdera, a disciple bination of a Herodotus, the fa¬
and Marshman, and portions by Mr. Milman). of Leucippus (425.) toms. ther of history, b.
490-431 Golden period of Athens becomes the principal seat of According to He- at Halicarnassus,
Grecian civilisation from the Greek philosophy—the fifth century raclitus _/ire i 484—after travel¬
Persian to the Peloponnesian war Age of Pericles, 444-429. B.C. was the period of the Sophists the soul of the ling over Egypt,
(within this falls the Age of Peri¬ Sophocles, born 495, died 405, selected as the most beautiful and their subtle dialectics: Gor¬ world. Libya, and great
cles, 444-429), a period in which youth in Athens to dance at the festival after the day of Salamis— gias of Leontium (ab. 440,) Pro¬ part of Asia, Scy¬
Greece brought forth great men in he was skilled in music—served with distinction in the army tagoras of Abdera, and Prodicus thia, Thrace, Ma¬
almost every department of human •—became the rival of TEschylus—seven only of his hundred of Ceos, ab. 420. cedonia, & Greece,
knowledge—in tragedy, 7Eschyi.es, pieces are extant—he has been regarded as the most perfect of the he returned to his
Sophocles, Euripides—in comedy, tragic poets—he paid particular attention to the effect of his chorus, native city; but,
Aristophanes—in lyric poetry, Pin¬ on which subject he composed a treatise. disgusted by the
dar—in philosophy, Socrates—in tyranny of Lyg-
history, Herodotus, Thucydides, Euripides, born 480, on the day of Salamis, died 406, called by dumis, he with¬
and Xenophon—in medicine, Hip Aristotle the most tragical—he excelled in depicting passion, all drew to Samos,
pocrates—in the plastic arts, Phi his best plays are full of it—his poetry greatly esteemed at Athens, where he began
dias, Polycletus, and Praxiteles witness the inscription on his cenotaph, “ All Greece is the monu¬ his history—456
—in painting, Polygnotus, Zeuxis, ment of Euripides; the land of Macedon covers but his bones”— he recited parts of
Parrhasius—in architecture, Icti of his 120 tragedies we possess only eighteen. his history at the
nus, Callicrates, designers of the Olympic games,
great buildings of Pericles—lastly, Aristophanes, an Athenian, the only comedian of the Greeks of 440 Socrates, said by the Greeks travelled over
that music was much cultivated, ap whom any completed drama is extant, flourished 427-388—of to have brought down philosophy Greece, and again
pears from the building of the Odeium fifty-four pieces only eleven remain, full of wit and humour. He from heaven to the abode of men, recited at the festi¬
of Pericles, for the purpose of musical lashed every vice and weakness of the people. was the first, while he combated val of the Pana-
competition. Formation of the Greek orators by the Sophists: 444 Gorgias, the Sophists, to give it its proper thenaa—444 goes
teacher of Isocrates—Antiphon—Andocides. direction, and to found it upon ex¬ with an Athenian
400 Lysias at Athens after the expulsion of the thirty tyrants—he perience—the Socratic method—-the 400 Hippocra¬ colony to Thu-
was esteemed the best orator of his time—Photius mentions 233 two great Socratic virtues, Modera¬ tes, b. 460, d. rium in Magna
of his orations, but only thirty-four remain. tion and Justice. This celebrated 357, (of the fa¬ Gracia, where he
Isocrates, born 436, died 338, a friend of Plato, at Athens—the philosopher died by poison 400, mily of Ascle- was long occupied
most famous orators of Greece were formed in his school: Is.eus, aged 70 : he left no writings. piada, who in finishing his
Lycurgus, Demosthenes, hence Cicero compares it to the Disciples of Socrates: Cebes, TEs- traced their de¬ great work, and is
wooden horse, as containing the princes of the Greeks—his Pane¬ ciiines, Xenophon the celebrated scent from supposed to have
gyric is said to have occupied him ten years in writing—of his historian. TEsculapius) died there.
sixty speeches twenty-one remain. Antisthenes (380) founder of the founder of scien¬ Thucydides, born
Cynic school, which was the origin tific medicine— 471—upon hear¬
of the Stoic. he closely fol¬ ing Herodotus read
Aristippus (380) founder of the lowed nature— his history at the
Cyrenaic school. chiefly relied Olympic games he
Demosthenes, born 382, d. about 320, the most celebrated orator Euclid, founder of the Megaric upon diet-—and was affected to
of antiquity—the disciple of Is.eus and Pi. a to—he made most school. originated the tears. He served
extraordinary exertions in the cultivation of this art—recited on Piisdo, founder of the school of notion of criti¬ in the Peloponne¬
the sea shore—put pebbles in his mouth—shaved off half his Elis. cal days in dis¬ sian war; but, ba¬
beard that he might not be drawn from his studies—transcribed Menedjemus, founder of the Ere- eases. nished in the ninth
Thucydides’ history eight times, etc.—his most famous orations trian school. year for his ill suc¬
were pronounced against Philip, the oppressor of Grecian liberty 390 Plato, founder of the Academic cess, he retired in¬
•—he died of poison—sixty of his orations still exist. school, born 430. After eight years’ to Thrace, where
TEsciiines, born 389, died 314, the rival of Demosthenes. study under Soc rates he travelled in¬ he wrote his fa¬
to Magna Gracia and Egypt, visited mous history-—he
the court of Dionysius at Syracuse, was the first to in¬
and at last settled at Athens, where terweave speeches
he taught in the gardens of the and state maxims
Academy—he died 348, aged 82— with his narrative
the Platonic inspiration and innate —his death is un¬
ideas—Platonic love—Platonic re¬ certain.
public—ideal kingdom—thirty-five 400 Xenophon (d.
of his Dialogues are still extant. 359)—disciple of
330 Aristotle, founder of the Pe¬ Socrates—the ce¬
330-20 Menander of Athens, and Philemon—new Greek co¬ ripatetic school: systematic division 330 Aristotle, lebrated leader of
325 Intercourse between three quar¬ medy—the chorus discarded—only a few fragments of their works of logic and rhetoric—ethics and the father of the 10,000, whose
ters of the globe opened by Alexan¬ remain. politics—physics and metaphysics natural history Anabasis he wrote
der—Greek culture, language, and —born at Stagira, in Macedon, 384 among the —also finished the
manners prevail in all. —disciple of Plato—eight years Greeks. history of Thucy¬
tutor to Alexander, and then pub¬ dides—his Cyro-
lic teacher of philosophy at Athens Theophrastus pcedia the first in¬ '

300 Period of the Ptolemies—Egypt —fled, after Alexander’s death, to also left works stance of an his¬
becomes the seat of science and lite¬ Eubceu, where he died, 322. Aris¬ on natural his¬ torical romance—
rature—celebrated museum of Alex¬ totle was the exact converse of tory. from the simplicity
andria, the first academy of arts and 275 Theocritus, Idyls—Bion and Moscuus. Plato, possessing an acute, pene¬ 300 Under the and purity of his
sciences—its library the richest and Aratus—astronomical poem. trating, and practical understand¬ Ptolemies— diction, he has
largest of antiquity—golden period of ing. lie wrote 148 treatises; his Euclid, the fa¬ been called the
lighter poetry, of learning, philology, Ethics, Politics, Logic, Rhetoric, ther of mathe¬ Athenian muse,
and of criticism. The most cele¬ Poetic, Physics, and upwards of matics. and the Bee of
brated names of the Alexandrine The Alexandrine poets: Lycophron, 259, Callimachus (flou¬ forty others are still extant. Apollonius, Greece. Quin¬
schools are, Euclid the mathemati¬ rished 256), Apollonius Riiodius, ab. 194. Pyrrho of Elis, (died about 288), (about 250) au¬ tilian says, ‘the
cian, Aristarchus and Hippocrates founder of the Sceptic school. thor of conic sec¬ Graces dictated
astronomers, Eratosthenes the geo¬ Diogenes the Cynic, d. 323. tions. his language, and
grapher, as well as the first philolo¬ Theophrastus, fl. 287, author of the Astronomers:— the goddess of per¬
gist, the critic Aristarchus, and the Characters. Aristarchus, suasion dwelt on
poet Apollonius Riiodius, etc. Epicurus, b. 341, d. 270, founder who thus early his lips.’
Magnificent buildings of the Ptolemies of the Epicurean school—pleasure taught the two¬ Ctesias, (fl. 401-
in Alexandria—the Serapium—the the summum bonum. fold motion of 384)—only frag¬
Pharus—the harbour. Zeno, fl. 299, d. ab. 263, founder the earth about ments of his Per¬
of the Stoic philosophy—-virtue the its own axis and sian and Indian
chief good—man should live ac¬ round the sun. histories are ex¬
cording to right reason, or nature. Eratosthenes, tant—he obtained
Arcesilaus, fl. 278, founder of the b. 275, d. 194, his materials from
middle Academy. the first mathe¬ oriental sources.
278 The four schools of philosophy matical geogra¬ Berosus, ab. 300-
(Peripatetic, Stoic, Epicurean, and pher—also pre¬ 280—Babylonian
Academic) directed at this time by eminent in ge¬ historian.
Strato, Zeno, Epicurus, and neral learning. Manetho, flourish
Arcesilaus. Hipparchus,fl. ed 268—Egyptian
162-127—first historian. Only
catalogue of fix¬ fragments of these
240 First play exhibited in Rome by Li- 240 First comedy in Rome after the Greek model, by Livius An¬ ed stars—de¬ two writers re-
vius Andronicus—intercourse with dronicus, the father of Latin comedy. termined lati¬
the Greeks begins from 230. The book of Jesus son of Sirach, written in Egypt. tude and longi¬ The Parian Mar¬
tude—laid the bles, the remains
foundation of of which are now
235 N.cvius flourished, author of many plays taken from the Greek trigonometry. at Oxford, origi¬
—poem on the Punic war. nally included the
Ennius, born 239, died 167, called the father of Latin song—Virgil period from 1582-
borrowed whole lines from him. 264.

Fabius Pictor, flor.

Archimedes, d. 225-216, the first
212, the cele¬ Roman historian on
brated mathe¬ the Greek model.
Pacuvius, born 219, imitator of the Greek tragedians. Carneades, b. 213, d. 129, founder matician of Syra¬ Cincius Alimentus,
210 Treasures of Greek art brought from of the third Academy. cuse—the great¬ his contemporary.
Sicily to Rome by Marcellus—from est mechanic of
Greece and Macedonia by TEmilius Plautus, died 184—his comedies, like those of Aristophanes, are antiquity — he
Paulus, 146. full of wit, humour, and raillery—pictures of the Roman manners of laid the founda¬
Comedies of Plautus. his times. Twenty are extant—the Panulus contains specimens of tion of hydro¬
the Punic tongue. statics and sta¬
tics.
a
 Jul. Per. 4214—4514. ANCIENT CIVILISATION, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE. 33
Architecture. Sculpture, etc. Painting. Music. Luxuries, Manners, and Customs.
Ab. 480 Statues on the
pediments of the temple About
478 First stone theatre in Greece—that of Bacchus
near the Acropolis at Athens. of Jupiter Panhellenius at 500
Buildings of Themistocles : more for use than JEgina—restored by Thor- B. C.
show—dtp walls built, and long walls planned, waldsen in the Glypto-
which, uniting Athens to the Piraeus, made it a thek at Munich.
sea-port town. 460 Simplicity of Roman manners—Cincinnatus
470 Buildings of Cimon : chiefly ornamental—the consul from the plough tail.
Pcecile, Store, Gymnasia, embellishments of the
Agora and Academy—Doric temple o/’Theseus— 450 Increasing opulence gave rise in Rome to an
splendid Ionic temple at Miletus. equal division of property among all their children—
portions, inheritance, and the endowing of daughters.

444 Splendid architecture of the age of Pericles : 444 Flourishing period of
the Parthenon, the temple of Minerva, entirely of plastic arts in Greece.
white marble, in the purest Doric, by Ictinus Phidias, the guider and
and Callicrates under Phidias—the ruins of agent of Pericles in the
this most beautiful building are still the admira¬ noble works of art he
tion of the world—it contained the statue of the undertook. Colossal sta¬
goddess in gold and ivory, a masterpiece by Phi¬ tue of Jupiter Olympius
dias— The Propyltea likewise of white marble, in ivory, with golden
Doric and Ionic, byMNESicLES—they formed the drapery, enamelled with
entrance to the Acropolis—The Odeium at Athens, painted flowers—sitting
for musical and poetical recitation. Doric temple on a throne of cedar,
of Eleusis, built by Ictinus—Doric temple of Juno forty feet high—this was
at Argos—colossal statue by Polycletus. held the finest statue of
antiquity, and one of the
seven wonders of the
world. Statue of Pallas
in the Parthenon at A-
thens. Neither of these
now exists; but the statues
and reliefs from the Par¬
thenon brought by Lord
About 400 Corinthian order: Temple of Jupiter Elgin to England, as well
Olympius at Athens. The invention of this splen¬ as the high reliefs from the
did order is ascribed to Callimachus. temple of Phigaleia, now
in the British Museum,
are probably monuments
of the time of Phidias.
395 Etruscan canal for draining the Alban lake.
Polycletus, his model
called “ The Rule.”
Myron : his celebrated
cow.
Ab. 350 The mausoleum of the Carian queen Arte¬ Alcamenes : statue of the
misia at Halicarnassus—Corinthian order. Aphrodite.
Temple of Bacchus at Teos, a masterpiece in the Ctesilaus.
Ionic order by IIermogenes. Ab. 350 Scopas employed
on the mausoleum raised
by Artemisia : one of
the seven wonders of the
in- world.
Praxiteles : his famous
naked Venus, after the
Ab. 330 The Choragic monument of Lysicrates model of the courtesan
at Athens, vulgarly called the lantern of Demos¬ Phryne—his veiled Venus,
thenes, the only remaining example of Grecian victrix—and his colossal
Corinthian—the Choragic monument of Thra- statue of the latter which
syllus. was discovered, 1820, at
Deinocrates, the greatest architect of Alexan¬ Milo, and is now in the
der’s time—he built Alexandria, and restored the Louvre : this is perhaps
temple of Diana at Ephesus, burnt by Herostratus. the most magnificent spe¬
He planned the formation of mount Athos into the cimen of Greek art which
figure of a kneeling statue 6000 feet high, holding now exists.
in one hand a basin, from which the river that Lysippus of Sicyon: sta¬
rises here should issue, and in the other the city tues of Alexander and his
which lies at the foot of the mountain. He also generals. To the same
built the colossal monument, in pyramidic terraces, age belong the colossal
which Alexander caused to be erected in honour Dioscuri on Monte Ca-
of his beloved IIepii.estion, near Babylon. vallo at Rome, represented
as breaking horses.
Prygoteles : a famous
lltjl gem engraver—patronised
H, by Alexander.
444 Micon, battle 444 Under Pe¬ 444 Luxury in Athens, from the time of Pericles—
pieces. ricles the O- Aspasia, his friend—influence of the courtesans on
Panzen us,painted the deium at Athens Greek manners. In this, its flourishing period,
vest, and the enclo¬ was built for Attica contained 500,000 inhabitants, of which
sure for the throne, musical compe¬ very nearly four-fifths were slaves, to whom was
of the Olympian Ju¬ tition. left all the labour—the happy lot of the free-born
piter. Hellenes was the Muse, intellectual employment,
POLYGNOTUS. and a share in public affairs—In the Greek, as
By these three artists well as the later Roman life, private affairs were
the walls of the A- subordinate to public—with both the freedom and
thenian gallery were honour of the stale was the chief object. Aristotle
painted: by Pante- expressly states that in every well-ordered common¬
nus the battle of 'Ma¬ wealth, all must prefer the affairs of the public
rathon, by Polygno- to their own: man lived not as with us to pro¬
tus the Greeks be¬ duce, but produced to live.
fore Troy—he also 444 Two censors at Rome to watch over the manners
painted, in the hall of the citizens—they suffered no idlers in the city;
of strangers at Del¬ every one was obliged to note down his means of
phi, the celebrated livelihood—the continually increasing poor sent away
Elysian Fields, and in colonies.
the Capture of Troy. 410 Alcibiades—luxury and demoralisation rise
Apollodorus, teach¬ to the highest pitch in Athens.
er of the art of mix¬ 400
ing colours, and
shading.
Zeuxis and Parrha-
s i us of Ephesus—the
395 First triumph of Camillus in Rome, after the
grapes of the former,
and linen of the lat¬ fall of Veil—Camillus’ procession to the capitol in
ter. a gilt chariot drawn by four white horses.
Eupompus—Nicias,
etc.
Apelles of Cos, con¬
temporary with A-
lexander, a capital 350 Increased influence of courtesans in Greece
painter. His Venus —the celebrated Lais of Corinth, daughter of a
Anadyomene, etc. mistress of Alcibiades—a courtesan so beautiful,
Protogenes of Rhodes that all Greece did homage to her charms. De¬
the rival of Apelles. mosthenes visited her, but when told she valued
Pausias, master of her favours at 2001., he departed, saying he would
encaustic painting. not buy repentance at so high a price—hence
arose the proverb, “ Non licet omnibus adire Co-
rinthumP
The courtesan Piiryne : she sat to Praxiteles, as
a model for his naked Venus—and became so rich
by her profession that she offered to rebuild
Thebes, which Alexander had destroyed, if this in¬
scription might be placed on the walls, Alexander
diruit, sed meretrix Phryne refecit.
Ab. 320 Aris-
toxenes of Ta-
rentum, the most
celebrated Greek
writer upon mu-

;IX-1
I
312 First Roman aqueduct, and first great military
atal road—planned by the censor Appius.
ati'l

300 Magnificent buildings of the Ptolemies in 500

Alexandria — the royal palace, comprising a
fourth part of the whole city—the temple of
Serapis—the pharos—the harbour. 293 First sun-dial at Rome.

es.
300-1
264 First exhibition of gladiators.
wiffll

irisb-|
f'f, 280 The city of Rhodes, held to be the most beau¬ 280 The colossus of the
jnljl tiful of all Greece. god of the sun at Rhodes
these I by Chares : overthrown
re-[ by an earthquake, 222.
The group of the Laocoon
llit-l is referred to about the 240 First drama at Rome.
same period. It was found
DO*I by pope Julius II. in
1506 in the baths of Ti¬
tus, and now stands in
the Belvedere at Rome.
The Farnesian Hercules
belongs to the same pe¬
riod—they are both attri¬
fct| buted to Rhodian artists.
(D®|
lei. 214 The great wall of China, said to have been 215 First sumptuary law against the rising luxury
Jlt5| built in one summer. of the Roman ladies—the lex Oppia repealed twenty
4 years later notwithstanding Cato’s opposition.
? The Erectheium in the Acropolis at Athens, the
most perfect specimen of Grecian Ionic which is
left us.
200
34 Table xv. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. C. 200 to A. C. 476.
Romans. Government. Legislation and Juris¬
Greeks.
prudence.
Eastern Nations.
B. C. Jews.

200 to Religion.
A. C.
47G

176 The Jews under the tyrannic

dominion of Antiochus Epipha-
NEs,kingof Syria: their religious
rites prohibited, and the sanctuary
polluted.

167 Regain their freedom under

the heroes Matthias and Judas Ab. 150 Ordinances for preventing
Maccabeus. the oppression of the provinces—
frauds upon the public treasury—
bribery in obtaining state offices,
etc. The four pretors for the pro¬
146 After Asia Minor, Carthage, Greece, and Macedonia had been made Roman provinces, rise of a vinces holding from this time the
new aristocracy in Rome, the nobilcs or optimates (rich families of the magistrates and senators), and quastiones perpetiue by a standing
straggle between them and the people, plebs. commission from the people, re¬
Troubles of the Gracchi from 133—the two brothers press for the division of the public lands among the main a year in Rome to execute
poor citizens—strongly opposed by the rich aristocrats—Caius Gracciius, 122, forms the knights (ordo their office before setting out for
equestris) into a political body, and confers upon it thejudicia (right of administering justice), hitherto their provinces, where they held the
Ab. 110 Sects of the Pharisees, supreme civil, judicial, and mili¬
confined to the senate, whose influence and authority is lessened by this measure.
Sadducees/dxiA Essenes, among the tary authority.
After the murder of the two brothers the agrarian law was evaded by the repeal of the act, forbidding the
Jews. 122 The knights obtained, by the
transfer of the national lands already divided—the lex Thoria ensued, a stop to all further divisions—a
land-tax to be distributed among the people instead—even this is afterwards abolished. Sempronian law of C. Gracchus,
the office of judges, hitherto con¬
107-101 Power of the senate checked by the six consulates of Marius, a homo novrn and democrat.
fined to the senate, to which, at a
100 later period, it is partially restored
89 At the close of the social war, the rights and privileges of citizenship conferred on the Italians.
—these judges, who were chosen
88 Civil war of Marius and Sylla : Marius heads the democracy, Sylla the aristocracy.
by the praetor, the supreme judge in
the republic, nearly corresponded to
82 Sylla perpetual dictator—re-establishes the power of the senate, limits that of the tribunes of the our jurymen—their business was to
people. enquire into the facts of the case,
70 Pompey, in effect, succeeds to Sylla’s power—trims between the nobles and the people—restores the and according to their vote the prae¬
tribunitian authority. tor gave judgment.
Ab. 65 Decline of the Roman religion High character of Roman jurispru¬
from the time of Cicero—the auspices dence.
and auguries, which had hitherto been 63 Catiline’s conspiracy. 81 Legislation of Sylla—his dread¬
held so sacred that the Romans would ful proscriptions.
begin no business without them, fall into 60 First triumvirate of Calsar, Pompey, and Crassus, at Rome.
disuse. 46-44 Legislation of C^sar.

45 C.-esar perpetual dictator—wishes to become king—murdered, 44.

43 Second triumvirate, Antonius, Lepidus, and Octavianus.
42 The last of the republicans, Brutus and Cassius, slain at Philippi.

13 Augustus Pontife:r Maximus—thus
the civil and religious power, which had
been separated from the expulsion of
Turquin, again became united.
Oriental, and particularly Egyptian, prin¬
ciples are introduced into the Roman
religion—(Egyptian mysteries—worship
of Serapis)—but it gradually sinks into
gross sensuality and materialism.
Birth Throughout the whole empire the old
of religion and manners seemed dissolved,
Christ. and a pressing want was everywhere felt
of a new, spiritual, living principle.
The word of truth was pub¬
lished in Palestine
—its simple and sublime doctrines satis¬ tained to the enslaved senate.
fied this pressing want, and were eagerly
adopted. Thus the greatest revolution
which ever took place was brought about 41 Claudius, the first emperor chosen by the prceionan guards and not by the senate.
almost without notice—in 100 years
Christianity had spread into the most
A. C. remote provinces of the Roman empire.
100
A. C. 102 Official report ofVliny, go¬
vernor of Bithynia, to Trajan, respect¬
ing the great number of Christians.
200 ' which the Romans particularly ex¬
300
312 Christianity made the religion of the
empire by Constantine.
32 Civil war of Octavianus and Antony"—the victory of Aclium purchases Octavianus the sole
dominion of Rome, and
30 The Republic is changed into a monarchy—Augustus, as emperor, governs it under 30 Legislation of Augustus.
republican forms, uniting in himself the dignities of consul, tribune, imperator, and Pontifex Maximus— To the laws and decrees of the se¬
the senate becomes the great council of the empire—the assembly of the people continued, but without nate were now added the constitu¬
any real power—the emperor master of the army and treasury, consequently of the state—first paid ma¬ tions of the emperors.
The two schools of Roman jurispru¬
gistrates.
27 New organisation of the government of the provinces: they are divided between the senate and em¬ dence, Capeto and Labeo—Sabi-
peror—the emperor takes the frontier provinces, which he governs by lieutenants, with the highest civil nus and Proclus, their most cele¬
brated scholars, founded also two
and military powers—the senate govern theirs by proconsuls, with only civil authority.
schools, named after themselves.
A. C. 14 Despotic government of Tiberius—he transfers what duties the popular assemblies had re¬
A. C. 23 From the time of Tibe¬
rius, who transfers the comitia to
the senate, the laws of Rome cease
—his judicia mu jest at is.
98 Trajan restores the rights of the people, senate, and magistrates.
131 Perpetual edicts, collected from
the yearly edicts of the praetors by
180 Rome a military despotism from the death of Marcus Aurelius. Salvius Julianus, established by
Adrian.
Reformation and improvement of
Roman jurisprudence: a science in
215 Caracalla confers the right of citizenship upon all Roman subjects.
celled— period of the great ju¬
rist Caius, 160, the well known
author of the institutes from which
the Justinian were principally de¬
284 Diocletian’s oriental form of government—the emperor receives divine honours—the monarchy rived—Papinian praetorian pre¬
considered as hereditary—the emperor governs by his ministers with unlimited power—-first division of fect, 212, put to death by Cara¬
the empire, and nomination of Caesars as co-rulers. calla—Ulpian (died 288) and
Paulus (died 255), to whom the
greater portion of the Justinian pan¬
dects are ascribed.
Flourishing period of Roman law at
Rome, 135-500—the school at Be¬
330 Seat of government changed from Rome to Constantinople. ryl us in Syria, flourishes till 570.
331 New division of the empire into four prefectures, Gallia, Italia, Illyria, Oriens—again subdivided From 296 the Codex Gregorianus,
into thirteen dioceses and 116 provinces—a prefect is placed as civil governor over each prefecture_ and from 365 the Codex Hermoge-
the army under its own commanders—Rome and Constantinople have their particular prefects. nianus, both collections of imperial
rescripts, were adopted in all tri¬
bunals without imperial confirma¬
tion.

395 Final division of the Homan monarchy into the Eastern and West¬
ern Empires.
400 425 School of law at Constantino¬
ple : five years’ course of instruc¬
tion.
426 Constitution of Valentinian
III. — the writings of the great
lawyers admitted as legal authority.
438 First official code of laws of the
emperor Theodosius II.

476 476 Overthrow of the Western Empire.

a = ^
 , JUL. Per. 4514-5190. ANCIENT CIVILISATION, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE. 35
Finance. War and Marine. Agriculture. Trade and Manufacture.

168 Taxes no longer paid in Rome after the war with

Perseus of Macedon: the Roman treasury was now
supplied by the tribute of the Italian allies—by
heavy imposts levied in the provinces—but chiefly by
the national domains in Italy (especially Campania)
and in die provinces, let on four-year leases by the cen¬
sors ; to these sources of revenue must be added the
customs—the mines, particularly those of Spain—and
the duty on enfranchised slaves. 146 Roman standing armies in the provinces 146 Destruction of Carthage and Corinth
The Roman treasury was managed by quastors under after the great conquests beyond Italy. not attended with very great results—
the control of the senate. their trade had already passed to Alex¬
andria and Rhodes.

From about 100 the public revenues in the provinces Ab. 100 The proletarii, capite censi, are first ad¬
were farmed by the knights. mitted by Marius into the legions.
a
is
82 Colonies for the veterans founded, and dona¬ 82 Decline of agriculture by the depopula¬
to
tives to the soldiers by Sylla—at Pompey’s tion of Italy, by the civil wars of Marius
ID I and Sylla—husbandry almost entirely left
triumph each private obtained nearly 30/.
< I to slaves—the lands converted into pleasure-
t- I grounds and gardens—corn supplied from
the provinces—after the time of Augustus
After 62 The Roman treasury greatly enriched by the fertile Egypt sent yearly its fleets laden
Pompey and C.esar—Pornpey is said to have paid with corn to Rome.
in about two and a half and Ccesar eleven millions
sterling. 74 The cherry-tree first brought to Europe
from Asia, by Lucullus.
Terentius Varro : three books on agri¬
culture.
50 Roman legions in their highest perfection for The Roman emperors possess gold mines
discipline and courage under C.lsar, the great¬ in Asia Minor, Macedonia, Illyria, Sar¬
est of all the Roman generals. dinia, Italy, Gaul—and productive silver
Germans in the Roman armies—they aid Ccesar mines in Spain.
at the battle of Pharsalia against Pompey.

30 The emperors become masters of the Roman fi¬
nances, by gradually confounding the fiscus, their
privy puree, with the (cranium, the public treasury.
Improvement of the Roman customs, under Augus¬
tus—an ad valorem duty of from one fortieth to one
eighth was imposed upon imports and exports—the
heaviest duty was laid upon Arabian and East Indian
goods.
Tax office per cent, on inheritances, vigesima heredi-
tatum.
Introduction of an indirect tax, one per cent, on all
goods sold, the centesima rerum venaliurn—Tiberius
lowered this half per cent, as it had become odious.
Fine upon celibacy by the lex Julia Popp ecu.
The revenue of the Roman empire amounted to about
forty millions sterling.
Ephesus, in Asia Minor, becomes, next to
30 The emperors become masters of the Roman
Alexandria and An tioch, the chief place of
armies.
trade in the Roman empire.
Regular settlement of twenty-eight colonies of
Direct trade of the Romans with India —
veterans in Italy under Augustus—First stand¬
from the East were brought silks, cottons,
ing army in Rome—10,000 praetorian guards, in
jewellery, and spices to Rome. Pliny tells
ten cohorts, encamped about the city.
us that 400,000/ were sent yearly to India.
The Roman army 400,000, and the navy 50,000
Silk and linen 'manufactories of the Roman
men. Seepage 18.
empire—silks in Italy—linen in the trading-
The Roman armies employed upon great buildings
towns of Spain.
in time of peace.
Cotton manufactories at Malta.
Purple dyes in the Balearic islands, Toulon,
etc.
Thirty-nine manufactories of arms in the
A. C. 10 The apple-tree brought from Syria fifth century, A. C., in the Roman empire.
into Italy.

14 A. C. The Roman treasury partly supplied by con¬

tes I fiscations froimthe ti me of Tiberius.
A. C. 41 Rising power of the prcctorian guards-
they raise Claudius to the purple.
50 Columella born in Spain — twelve
books on husbandry—his book on the cul¬
69 Vespasian re-establishes the discipline of the ture of trees.
praetorians.

180 Disordered state of finances under Marcus Au¬ 180 The praetorians almost exclusively dispose of
relius, who was obliged to sell the imperial plate the purple after the death of Marcus Aure¬
to support the Marcomannic wars. Commodus an¬ lius— they exact in proportion considerably
ticipated the taxes several years. larger donations.
215 Caracalla’s grant to all Roman sub¬
215 Improvement of the finances by C'aracalla, who
jects of the right of citizenship, leads many
grants the right of Roman citizenship to all the pro¬
substantial farmers to leave the lands of
vinces in order to render them liable to the taxes on
Italy uncultivated to reside in the capital.
inheritances and enfranchisements. —Rome becomes dependent on the pro¬
vinces for a supply of food.
ClM‘
,) and

luiidl
«(&■
1570-
312 General land tax, according to a register of lands
frmvg1" renewed every fifteen years (indictiones), introduced 312 The prcctorian guard broken up by Con¬
upend by Constantine. stantine the Great.
all tn- Tax upon trade, levied on almost every kind of Foreigners, from this time, form the sinews of the
moveable property, and collected every four years, Roman army—whole hordes of barbarians are
aururn lustrale.—The aurum coronarium, the custom taken into pay by Constantine—they are not
of presenting the emperors with golden crowns upon formed into legions, but, under their own chiefs,
certain occasions, was now changed into fixed sums and retaining their national arms and discipline,
to be paid by every considerable city. protect the empire for a stipulated tribute.
Reduction of the legions from 12,500 to 1600
L and 1500 men—Constantine keeps up 132 le¬
iivP-" I
gions, forming together about 180,000 men. 452 Foundation of Venice by refugees from
jnstflt-1
the sword of the Huns.

STISlh
460 The Mediterranean trade almost an¬
nr nihilated by the conquest of Africa by
Genseric the Vandal—a robber by land
and pirate by sea.
476 Odoacer, general of the Germans, who
formed part of the imperial body guard, over¬
throws the Western Roman Empire.

a
36 Table xv. continued. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF B. C. 200—A. C. 476.

Civilisation in ge¬ Poetry and Rhetoric. Philosophy. Physics. History.

neral. Polybius, about 210-124, Greek historian, am¬
bassador, and general—the first who traced the
About 200.
Terence, b. 195, d. 159, imitator of Menan¬ cause and effect of events (repay para).
der—comedies taken from Roman life written
in the purest style.
Ab. 175 Library and mu¬
seum at Pergamus, by Eu- LucrLius, b. 148, d. 103, father of Roman
menes II.—pretended dis¬ satire.
covery of parchment, where¬
by ancient literature has Nicander—Hipparchus—Agatharchi-
been preserved: (the Jews des, fl. 113—Artemidorus, fl. 103, Greek
already wrote upon similar poets.
materials).
163 Greek philosophy in Rome: 163 Greek philosophy at
from this time Greek, civilisation Rome—the two later sys¬
prevailed among the Romans. tems of Epicurus and the
Comedies of Terence. Stoics had a vast influ¬
ence upon Roman life—
100 Roman school of orators formed upon the Cato, Seneca, M. An¬
63 Flourishing period of Roman Grecian—M. Antonius—L. Crassus. tonius were celebrated Diodorus Siculus, fl. 60-30—of his Library
literature, reaching from Cicero Meleager, fl. 95, first collector of the Stoics; but the Epicu¬ of History, upon which he spent thirty years,
to Trajan, begins—Cicero, Greek anthology. rean school generally pre¬ only a few fragments remain.
Catullus, Lucretius, C^sar, Ab. 100 Pan ini, author of grammatical vailed.
Corn. Nepos, Sallust—library Sutras or aphorisms. Sudraka, author Dionysius Halicarnasseus : wrote his Roman
of Lucullus. of the drama the Mrich-cha-Kati, trans¬ Antiquities, B. C. 29-7-—only fragments remain.
Splendid buildings of the Roman lated by professor Wilson, (Hindu The¬
nobles—the houses of Clodius atre).
Asclepiades of Prusa, fl. Sallust, b. 86, d. 34, history of Catiline’s Con¬
and Cicero, villas outside the
Cicero, b. 106, d. 43, the greatest orator, phi¬ 91—the most esteemed phy¬ spiracy, and the Jugurthine war, both excellent.
city such as those of Sylla and
sician of Rome.
Lucullus—the theatre of the losopher, and perhaps statesman, that Rome
aedile, M. Scaurus, for 30,000; can boast of.
of Pompey for 40,000; and the Catullus, b. 87, songs, elegies, epigrams.
circus maximus for 300,000 spec¬
tators. Lucretius, d. 55, celebrated poet and philo¬ Lucretius. Corn. Nepos, fl. 40, author of Lives of the most
56 Flourishing period of San¬ sopher. illustrious Greek and Roman generals.
scrit literature under the
patronage of Vi ream a di¬ 56 Kalidasa, the great Sanscrit poet of Cicero—his celebrated trea¬ Julius Caesar : the finest Roman historian, in the
xy a, king of Ougein. Nine India, author of Sakuntula, translated tises on Friendship, on the style of memoirs. We still have six books of his
authors, called the “ nine by Sir W. Jones ; of Vikramorvasi Moral Duties, Old Age, 45 Julius Cesar improves Gallic and three of his Civil wars.
gems,” are said to have ex¬ (Hindu Theatre) ; and of the Megha etc. the Roman calendar.
isted at this time, of whom Duta, or Cloud Messenger, a poem,
Dhanwantari wrote on translated by professor Wilson.
medicine; Vararuchi on
grammar ; Amera Siniia
was a lexicographer, and
Kalidasa a dramatic writer
and poet.
Ab. 30 Age of Augustus :
the golden period of Roman lite¬
rature— lYI axes as—the poets
Virgil, Horace, Ovid—the Virgil, the greatest epic and didactic poet of
historian Livy—Varro, the cri¬ Rome, d. 19 B. C. aged 51.
tic. Horace, the great lyric poet, patronized by
The Greek language adopted at Maecenas, d. 8 B. C. aged 57.
court. Ovid, died in banishment at Tomos, 17 A. C.
The great buildings of the Roman aged 59.
emperors—temples, theatres, etc. Tibullus and Propertius, elegies—Phje- Livi us, the celebrated historian—born at Padua—
Treasures of Egyptian art brought drus, fables. flourished under Augustus, and died at Rome,
to Rome. A. C.
30 Philo, an Alex¬ A. C. 15 Celsus, the Roman A. C. 19, aged 75.
Birth of Christ. andrine Jew—he was Hippocrates, whose sys¬ Valerius Maximus—Celebrated actions and say-
much attached to the tem he transplanted to Rome. ings of the Romans and other illustrious persons.
philosophy of Plato. 30 Seneca’s Quastiones Na- Velleius Paterculus, historian.
A. C. 50 Lucan, heroic poem on the civil 30 Seneca, moral philoso¬ turales.
Strabo, the great geographer, born about 60 B. C.
wars of Cjesar and Pompey. pher—his pupil, Nero, or¬
still living A. C. 14. (See F. C. iii. 552).
Persius, Petronius, satires. dered him to be bled to
Seneca, tragedies. death, 65. 60 Pliny, the elder—this 30 Pomponius Mela, wrote a geographical com¬
A. C. Ab. 81 Domitian intro¬ 80 Juvenal, satires—Val. Flaccus, Argo¬ great naturalist has left us pendium.
duces the censorship. nauts. an encyclopaedia of nature 70 ? Quintus Curtius—history of Alexander the
and art, in thirty-seven books Great.
Silius Italicus, historical poet.
—he was killed by an erup¬ Flavius Josephus, b. 37, d. 93—Antiquities
90 Martial, epigrammatist. 90 Plutarch, moralist tion of Vesuvius, A. C. 79. and Wars of the Jews.
Statius, the Thebaid, etc. and biographer—he wrote
90 Tacitus, contemporary with Trajan—a deep
98-138 The last flourishing pe¬ Quintilian, rhetorician—he wrote under also upon education and
thinker, and splendid philosophical historian.
riod of Roman culture under Domitian. music—died about 140.
Trajan and Adrian—the great Epictetus, the Stoic, a Suetonius, Adrian’s secretary—Lives of the twelve
historians Plutarch, Tacitus, Dio Chrysostom, of Prusa, orator. Phrygian slave—his Mo¬ Cwsars.
Suetonius—the great XJlpian li¬ rals.
Florus, an F.pitome of Roman history.
brary—public schools in all the 100 Pliny, the Younger, panegyrics.
provinces — jurisprudence flou¬ Plutarch of Charonea—was contemporary with
rishes—edifices, the forum Tra- 160 Lucian, witty satiric dialogues — he 150 Galen of Pergamus, Trajan, and died about 140—his parallel lives
jani—triumphal arches—baths. died under Commodus. 160 Apuleius, miscellaneous a Greek by birth—cele¬ contain a fund of information and instruction.
160 Apuleius, satirical romance of the golden philosophical treatises. brated physician of Rome
Ptolemy, geographer, etc. in the reign of Adrian
ass—(the beautiful episode of Psyche.) The Antonines, sometimes —distinguished for his at¬
and Antoninus Pius.
called the philosophic empe¬ tention to anatomy and
rors: the latter, Marcus, symptoms. His system Ab. 170 Pausanias, the first writer of travels—
was a strict disciple of the prevailed throughout the his Description of Greece contains the best ac¬
Stoics. middle ages. count of ancient works of art.
200 Decline of Roman civilisa¬ Ptolemy of Alexandria, Appian, historian, under Trajan and the Anto¬
tion, from the death of M. Au¬ the greatest astronomer of nines.
relius. 210 Diogenes Laertius antiquity. He was the
Arrian, Alexander’s expedition—India, etc.
—lives of the philoso¬ first who published a sys¬
phers. tem of the universe—he Aulus Gellius, Nodes Attica, fragments from an¬
made the world to stand cient writers.
still, and the other hea¬ Justin, abridgement of Trogus Pompeius’s his¬
250 Longinus, philoso¬ venly bodies to move tory.
pher and critic—treatise round it. He also left Dio Cassius (b. 155)—fragments only exist of
on the sublime, d. 273. a treatise on geography. his great history, from Aeneas to Alexander
Severus.
/Elian, Various history.
Herodian, Roman history in eight books—he
flourished between 180-235.
312 From the time of Constan¬ 300 D. Scriptores Historic Augusta:: Spartianus,
tine the intellectual powers of Capitolinus, Trebellius, Vopiscus, Gallica-
man become almost entirely ab¬ nus, Lampridius—44 lives from Adrian to Ca-
sorbed in religious controversies. 360 The emperor Julian’s RACALLA.
philosophical writings.
380 Ausonius, epigrams and idyls. 380 Aurelius Victor—lives of celebrated Romans.
Claudian, epic and occasional poet, under
the emperor Theodosius. Eutropius—abridgement of Roman history, from
the foundation of the city to Valens.
390 Ammianus Marcellinus—Roman historian.

420 Paulus Orosius—universal history.

Zosimus, history of the emperors from Augustus

to 410.
Europe reduced to a state of bar¬
barism by the invasion of the
Goths, Vandals, and other bar¬
barians.

a
 JUL. Per. 4514—5190. ANCIENT CIVILISATION, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE. 37
AnCHITECTURK. Sculpture, etc. Painting. Music. Luxury, Manners, and Customs.
186 The Bacchanalia introduced at Rome.
184 The censorship of Cato. B. C.
183 First law against the sale of offices of state. 200 to
181 The Lex Orchia, a new law against luxury, limiting A. C.
the number of guests at entertainments.
Greek works of art brought to Rome after the conquest of Greece and 174 First baker in Rome—bread previously made by the
476
Macedonia. women.
156 Building of theatres forbidden at Rome—Pompey built
the first of stone.
122 Distributions of corn to the poor, “ Panem et Cir-
cense’’ from this time the ciy of the Romans—under
146 Temple of Jupiter Stator and Juno at Home— C.esar 320,000 persons were thus supplied; but he re¬
the first a magnificent temple of marble, built by duced the number to 150,000.
Q. Metellus Macedonicus— large colonnades The games of the circus—chariot races, combats of horse¬
were also built by the same person for the recep¬ men, combats with wild beasts, naval engagements, for
tion of the works of art taken from the Greeks. which the circus maximus was laid under water; but the
chief attraction was the combats of gladiators. 100
82 From the time of Sylla the Rotnans acquire a passionate taste for the fine arts- Ill Jugurtha, king of Numidia, convinces himself of the
Greek artists find in Rome the greatest patronage—Rome becomes the chief seat of Grecian arts and science. corruption of the Romans.
Ab. 100 Fractions and oppressions increase in the Roman
provinces after the knights have the farming of the revenue.
70 Oriental luxury introduced at Rome by Lucullus and
Pompey, the conquerors of Mithridates.
HOME BECOMES THE GREAT CENTRE TO WHICH THE TREASURES OF THE WORLD FLOW.

Music for theatres and The wealth of some of the Roman citizens is scarcely cred¬
60 Theatre of the JEdilc M. /Emilies Scaurus, ible—Crassus possessed nearly two millions sterling in
at Rome, built of wood, to hold 30,000 spectators concerts among the
landed property—Cicero’s house cost nearly 40,000/.—
—it was supported by 360 columns of marble thirty- Rotnans. In music
the Romans were that of Clodius upwards of 100,000/.—CjESar at his
eight feet high, and adorned with 3000 brazen sta¬ first triumph feasted the people at 22,000 tables, and made
tues. never more than
scholars of the presents of money to 320,000 of about 2/. each: at the
The first stone theatre built by Pompey tiie Great: public games he gave, there were about 600 fencers—
the present palace of Ursini, at Rome, stands upon Greeks.
lloscius, the tragedian, contemporary with Cjf.sar, ob¬
its ruins—it held 40,000 spectators. tained about 4000/. annually—Sylla exhibited 100 lions
Houses of Clodius and Cicero—Villas outside at the public games, Pompey 500 and 18 elephants—
Rome in the Campagna, after the example of Lu¬ 3000 golden crowns, above 20,000 pounds weight, were
cullus and Sylla. borne before Cesar’s triumphal car, as presents from the
The curia of Pompey. kings and states allied to Rome.
The Fora and Basilica of Rome: the forum Julium
of C.esar—the basilica JEmilia—the magnificent
basilica Pauli, founded by /Emilius Paulus—the 41 Feast of Cleopatra in the most sumptuous and
Naumachia of C.esar—the enlarged circus. extravagant style of the east, graced by all the refine¬
45 Vitruvius, the greatest Roman architect : his ment of this alluring and accomplished courtesan—
ten books of architecture are the only writings on pearls were dissolved in drinks to render them more
this subject antiquity has left us. expensive, and all that was most costly and recherche
Beautiful statues of the
Foundation of magnificent temples under Augustus: was served at table.
Roman emperors and their
the Pantheon, in the Field of Mars, by Agrippa,
families: of Augustus,
the only building of antiquity preserved entire, the The population of the Roman republic, at the accession of
Nero, Agrippina, etc.
present Santa Maria ad Martyres (o della Rotonda) Augustus, was 120 millions—half of these were slaves,
—temple of Vesta at Tivoli. 40 millions were tributaries and freedmen, only 20 mil¬
Foundation of the magnificent theatre o/’Marcel- lions enjoyed the full right of citizens.
lus for 40,000 spectators—the ruins still exist (Pi¬ The paintings of Her¬ The luxury of the Romans in buildings, villas, gardens,
ranesi Antichita di Roma). culaneum and Pom¬ baths, banquets, spectacles, slaves, dress, etc., rose to the
peii : such as have highest pitch.
been got off the wall Grandeur of the theatres at Rome under the emperors:
are placed in the 3000 female dancers and as many singers. The two cele¬
Museo Borbonico at brated pantomimes : the comic Batiiyllus, and the serious
Naples. Pylades.
The first emperors had no court, but were served by slaves
and freedmen.
20 Golden milestones in Rome by Augustus.
A. C. ab. 50 Aqueduct of the emperor Claudius, Birth
of which a considerable portion is still standing. of
I.C. 64 Nero’s golden palace with fields etc. inside it— Christ.
so extensive that Tacitus calls the rest of Rome an A. C. 41 Women possess great influence at the imperial
appendage to it. court under Claudius.—Messalina—Agrippina.
New and more regular buildings in Rome after the fire.
69 The Coliseum of Vespasian—now one of the 68 Upon Nero’s
greatest ruins of Europe. death 500 singers
80 The Thermce of Titus. 80 The very beauti¬ and virtuosi were
ilia
81 The new Capitol of Domitian-—the dome double ful paintings in the paid off—the em¬
gilt. Thermce of Titus peror himself had 86 Cupitoline and
The amphitheatre at Verona, ascribed also to Do¬ The reliefs on Trajan’s —partly preserved. exhibited in public. 88 Secular games.
mitian, one of the best preserved monuments of pillar—the reign of A-
this kind—it held 22,000 men. drian was the golden pe¬ ? 90 Plutarch’s
riod of Egyplomania at treatise on music.
100 Splendid edifices of Trajan and Adrian : ar¬ Rome: costly mixture of 100 Establishments for the education of poor children un¬
chitect Apollodorus from Athens—Trajan’s forum brass with silver—statues der Trajan. A. C.
said to have been the most astonishing in Rome— of porphyry, granite, ba¬ 100
Trajan’s pillar of white marble, in commemoration salt, etc.
of his victory over the Dacians—the triumphal arch The sarcophagi, in the
of Titus—the bridge o/'Trajan over the Danube. time of the emperors, with
their basso-releivos, in the
120 Moles Adriani, the present Castle of St. Angelo, style of the stone coffins
Adrian’s sepulchre—the Villa Adriani at Tivoli, of the Egyptians—(Pom-
The paintings in the
now a labyrinth of ruins thirty miles round. pey’s burying ground). Thermce of Con stan- 180 Commodus wears a perfumed peruke powdered with
The great buildings of Palmyra and Baalbec—tem¬ 180 The equestrian statue tine: a proof that
gold dust.
ple of the sun at Baalbec by Sept. Severus of M. Aurelius upon its the art was thus early
(Wood’s Palmyra). column in the Capitol. on the decline. 200
218 Heliogabalus the most debauched of the emperors—
Beginning of the third century: Triumphal arch of j!liniature paintings in he was the first who wore silk, which after him came into j
Sept. Severus—Thermce of Caracai.la. manuscripts—the Va¬ general vogue.
an-
tican Virgil and Te¬
rence, the Ambro¬
bis- sian Iliad, etc.
The Roman Mosaics
—the Mosaic paint¬
pfl 284 Diocletian’s baths: containing above 3000 ings form the con¬ 284 Under Diocletian the court was established com¬
benches of marble, the walls were adorned with necting link of an¬ pletely in the oriental style—first court ceremonial, and first
mosaic paintings, the water issued from mouths of cient and modern groom of the bedchamber in Europe. The court of Ni-
massive silver—chateau and villa at Spalatro in art. (Celebrated Mo¬ comedia with its ceremonial was the model of the later
Dalmatia. saics of Prceneste— Christian European courts. The emperors appeared from
those lately discover¬ this time in great pomp and splendour, covered with gold, 300
ed at Pompeii: one silk, and jewels—from Augustus till now they had only
of Alexander’s bat¬ worn a woollen toga, adorned with purple.
tles, etc.).

323 Under Constantine the Great court splendour rose

323-334 Foundation of Constantinople by Constan¬
to such a pitch that henceforward it cost more than the j
tine the Great. Celebrated dome of the church of 330 Constantinople be¬
legions—thousands of cooks, butlers, footmen, messengers, |
St. Sophia. comes the seat of arts and eunuchs, barbers, etc.—court ceremonial rigidly observed
literature, and continues —court titles introduced—dukes, counts, illustrious, ho¬
so till taken by the Turks, nourable, etc.
1453—statues of the Hip- Constantine distributes 80,000 loaves daily in his new
podrom, and of the church capital.
of St. Sophia.
Iff! 379 Statues of heathen gods
pulled down under Theo¬ 400
dosius—destruction of
ancient works of art.
■176

b C cl e
 38 GENEALOGICAL TABLES OF
Trojan Genealogy. (From Heeren and Clinton.) Early Greek Genealogy.

Dardanus. Deucalion.
I I
Erichthonius. Hellen,
(whence the name of Hellenes).
I
Tros.
A Dorus, Xuthus (Suthus). TEolus,
Ilus. Ganymedes. Assaracus. Cleomnestra. (whence the Dorians). ^-- —-a(whence the iEolians).
Achaeus Ion
! I
Laomedon. Capys. Lyersus. (whence the Ach®ans) (whence the Ionians).
.. .A_
Tithonus Priam. Lam pus. Clytius. Hicetaon. Anchises Antenor.

Memnon. Hector. iENEAS.

Perseidre. Pelopidao.

Danaus. (Pour generations between Danaus and Perseus.) Tantalus.

/—A—^
Perseus and Andromeda. Pelops.

Perses, Eleus, Electryon, Gorgophone, Sthenelus,

Alc.*us, Mestor m.,—A—^Lysidice. Nicippe Atreus succeeds his nephew Thyestes.
k. ofTyrinthus.
m. Nicippe1'- -'m. Sthenelus. Eurystheus at Mycen®. _/V_
-v--;--v--% A Tantalus. Pelopia. Plisthenes.
Amphitryo, m. Alcmene, d. Electryon. Perimede. Anaxo. Eurystheus, k. of Mycenae, in whom the Agamemnon, k. of Mycenae, Plisthenes. |
Keraclidee. race of Perseus ends. The Pelopid® m. Clytemnestra, d. ofTyn- iEgisthus.
-—succeed. darus.
Iphicles. HERCULES, m. 1. Deianira: 2. Auge, r-A-■--—^ Erigone m. Ti-
d. of Aleus, k. of Arcadia. Hyperion, last k. Iphigenia; Electra; Orestes, m. Hermi- samenus, son
Iolaus leader ,- of the Mega- one, d. of Menelaus of Orestes and
of the Hera- 1. Hyllus, who defeated and 1. Antilochus. 1. Ctesippus. 2. Telephus k. of Lycia. rians. and Helen. Iiermione.
did® against slew Eurystheus. m. Iole, | | ,——A-
Eurystheus. d. of Eurystheus. Phylas. Thrasianor. Cyparissus. Eurypylus. Tisamenus.,
__A_.

Cleod®us. Eu®chme m. Hippotes. Antimachus. Penthilus, called by some brother

I to Polycaon. of Tisamenus, leader of the iEo-
Aristomachus. lian colony to the Troad.

Aletes, Deiphon.
Temenus Cresphontes k. of Mes- Aristodemus, upon the expulsion of the Sisyphid® CADMUS.
or Teme- senia. m. Merope d. becomes king is king of Corinth, m. Argia, d. of
nes, has of Cypselus, king of of Sparta. Autesion. Polydorus.
Argos. Arcadia. ,-A-
Eurysthenes- -and- -Procles—twin-brothers. Labdacus.
(--1 m. Lathria: * * whence the Spartans : m. Anaxandra—twin-sisters. I
iEpytus or iEgyptus. A Laius.
Of the nobler race of the and Of the race of the I
Eurysthenid® or Agid®. Proclid® or Eurypontid®. CEdipus.
-A-
Achelous, otherwise called Archelaus. Eurypylus. Callias. Hirnethus. Cisus. Phalcus, or Phalces. Polynices. Eteocles.
_ I I I
Medon. Alth®menes, first king of Regnidas. Thersander. Laodamas.
A
Kings of Athens. Crete. I
Lacidaus. Thestius. Panthous. Tisamenus.
Cecrops (ab. 1550.) I
-A_
I
Cranaus. Mella, under Phidon, prince Caranus, founder Euphorbus Autesion.
Amphictyon. whom Argos of iEginet®. of the kingdom
Erichthonius. becomes a of Macedon. Mnesarchus. Theras. {Herod. IV. 134.)
Pandion. democracy. I
Erectheus (ab. 1383.) PYTHAGORAS.
Cecrops II.
Pandion II.
Egeus. Kings of Sparta.
Theseus.
Menestheus. (Hercules).
Demophon. (Hyllus).
Oxyntes. Cleodsus.
Aphidas. Aristomachus.
Genera- Thymates. 1. Aristodemus.
tions. Melanthus _A_
a>
1. Codrus (ab. 1045.) 2. Eurysthenes. 2. Procles. ja
Perpetual Arclwns. I O
d
2. 3. Agis. 3. Sous. bo

I O
4. Echestratus. 4. Eurypon. t-
*o <0-
I
4. 5. Labotas. 5. Prytanis.
c
I „ I o
6. Doryssus. 6. Eunomus. »o S <
O ■O' CO
_A_ k U
£
7. Agesilaus. 7. Polydectes. Lycurgus, £ Oh
the lawgiver. ^3
7. a a Oh
8. Archelaus. 8. Charilaus. o o a o £
>>
I o o h «
8. 9. Teleclus. 9. Nicander. a in »—S
ID u-*
V o * pH
Q o
9. 10. Alcamenes. 10. Theopompus. s o
_A___ O
a
<v
10. 11. Poi.ydorus. Archidamus. Anaxandrides. h
1 *
s
O
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np
a
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o 03
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11. a < u C/3

a
12. Eurycrates. 11. Zeuxidamus.
_A_„
Archidamus. cfi
■H w
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12. 13. Anaxander. Lycorias. 12. Anaxidamus. Anaxilaus. S X
H to
c 2
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„ I
14. Eurycratides.
I I
13. Archidamus I. Leotychides
5 CUD
P
d
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■*-> nj 'p
! d p c
C/3
14. 15. Leon. 14. Agesicles. Ilippocratides. 8
i I u d
C '-a
03
15. 16. Anaxandrides. 15. Arjston. Agis. CL, bo 4= d
-A_
o < 03
O C/3 c
16. 4 Cleombrotus. 18. 3Leonidas. 2Dorieus. 17. 1 Cleomenes I. 16. Demaratus. Menares. a o c o 03
<u O) C/3
h 'a
_A_ JZ 03 G
I w -a a
17. Nicomedes. Pausanias. 19. Pleistarchus. Euryanax. Gorgo. 17. Leotychides. ;z < U
B S3 w «4H
C/3

Thuc. J. 107. I Herod. IXAO. O O a o 13

a H C/3 CO
- c3 - ■ d C/3
"g
S' faf) bn 3a p
18. Cleomenes. 20. Pleistoanax. Aristocles. Zeuxidamus.
O
h) o o 03
Lampito. W 03
03
< s < U C/3 03

19. 21. Pausanias.

Thuc.V. 16.
18. Archidamus II.
a
I*
o
I
■+->
a
CO
CO
A _A_ 2
03

20. 22. 1 Agesipolis I. 23. 2Cleombrotus I. 19. ‘Agis II. 20. “Agesilaus II.
rO
to
d
____A__
f ^
21. 24. 1 Agesipolis II. 25. 2Cleomenes II. a
Leotychides. 21. Archidamus III. 03
C/3
—-A o
-C
22. 1 Acrotatus. 2 Cleonymus. 23. Eudamidas I. 22.‘Agis III. o
I f-a
23. 30. Cleombrotus II. 26. Areus I. 29. Leonidas II. 24. Archidamus IV. d

I I
24. Agesipolis. Cleomenes. 27. Acrotatus. 31. Cleomenes III. 25. Eudamidas II. IS
| Polyb.IV. 35. _A_
25. 32. Agesipolis III. 28. Areus II. 26. Agis IV. 28. Archidamus V.
I
27. Eurydamidas. filii. Polyb. IV. 35.
 r King's of Macedonia.
10. Alexander I.
ANCIENT HISTORY
(Early Kings, see p. 9 e, etc.)
(Caranus being reckoned the first.)
cc'i
fD I
cd
3 "I
39

Ho
11. Perdiccas II. Philippus. Amyntas. 3 5 |g t-1
ft> to -r M SB
* w O p o
(Thuc. I. 57.) -a c o CL
e C/3 g-
cr 3 1
12. Archelaus. Amyntas. Aridaeus. Xfl S
d W
{Thuc. II. 95.) w w c P-
r1 O- P at
w d
13. Orestes. (? 14. Pausanias.) 15. Amyntas II.
p d
o
d
M ,
h r cr Io
(Diod. XIV. 82. 84.) to nr 3. ^
4^ • GO O 3’ •
* W
W
d ►♦5 C/3 'PH * >
16. Alexander II. 17. Perdiccas. 18. Philippus II. Antipater. V 5; W A >\ nr a
►3’ o d ? O XA !i
A r 3 ' O
to .3 s
19. Alex. III. 20. Philip III. Thessalonice. m. 21. Cassander. Phila, Cn o ;
3
the Great. Aridaeus. | m. Dem. Poliorcetes, 3 ! td
pr •-d CD
>1 •Hi
I 22. Philip IV. son of Antigonus. 3 S' ' CO -
20. Alexander, ►3* s. ^ C d H
Antigonus. O O —r
—H 3 -*• S? a 3‘ a
joint k. with Aridaeus. co W CD p . a> w
O o to wc to ^ o
23. Demetrius Poliorcetes, £ o ^ p O CO nr Oj c/3
O P to
m. Phila, d. of Antipater. S" o- > 3 to d +
a> 3 £ 8 3
oa 2 2, ^ p § g o CO 3
26. Antigonus I. Gonat. £L o CD
. o o g & nr
d V3 a nr P
ra d o » to
27. Demetrius II. Alcyoneus. a- Ot p S3
^ fD o-Jl o o * x/i
I
29. Philippus V. 28. Antigonus II. (Doson.)
p n g £
*1 >
d !g
<t> d > o’ 0<
§3. a
a a o p
30. Perseus. H H nr p- O CA

O O d P HH
►0 <o O o o v p- L,
Carthaginian Families. I. House of Mago. > 3 P w a D y^ ^
P d d B (JQ 3
1. Mago (between 550-500.) o' nr >
o 2 CD ^
r--A nr* ^ • ^ 50
O S
2. Asdrubal, general in Sardinia and Sicily. 3. Hamilcar t 480 in Spain. W * w •-n.—j-
-A---„ A_
d 3
o p p O to
4. Hannibal, 5. Asdrubal, 6. Sappho. 7. Himilco, 8. IIanno 9. Gisco t at p >
H ►tj S' v-k. 3 03
O w ft) g 3 r
(appear to have been generals in Africa.) general in Sicily. _A
P > CA . p k-i. m
Selinus in exile. a ^ CZ2
11. Himilco 406; ,— _A_ w ^
CA L J>
.^3 O no
II. House of IIanno general 396, killed 10. Hannibal, o *-r, p
S.f Id
1. Hanno t 330. himself 395. genl. 410-406. O3 o_
OS1 ^ CD
p ft) ►1
CD * o’
'i 3 no >
2. Gisco general 340. 3 nr 3 n3 d C5 a
C/3 so, p fD
A O p Pu orq'
CL H c O O
3. Hamilcar, general 311, 4. Anonymous. « co a 3 5 O o o P
H o H ft> % p‘
t at Syracuse, 309. cns 2
r-A- 3 p O 3 g.
5. Bomilcar. td e/2 ^ O ^ 3 S> ° ►
J? W o P w V. ? “ r •
ftT * d
3 M o g-* ^I O
The Jews. I. House of the Maccabees. o’ ^ P yp n §' 3 °
I
Mattathias t B. C. 166. a N 2 J
3 fD 3
P C/l _ •H Qh- oq
Judas Maccabaeus t 161. Jonathan, high priest t 142. Simon, prince and high priest. CTQ P . C/3 o
. o -o
r~~ ^ CD 3
f fD 5 g OD R
John Hyrcanus t 107. o &
8,£ d" ^ co
._A_ c CD d tf
c/3 d-. @4
Aristobulus I. t 106, Alex. I. Jannseus t 79. nr hD o
*<s .<! o 3
fting and high-priest. m. Alexandra. o
h> Crr O C/3
,--A-
P ^ n
Hyrcanus II. t 30. Aristobulus p
II. House of Herod. no
t 49. no
P
CL
Antipater t 43.
_A_ Alexander II. f 49. Antigonus t 37.
Salome. Herod the Great t A. C. 3. A
r -a
m. nine wives. Aristobulus t 34. Mariamne t 28, f5)
m. Herod the Great. 3 G
• fD
H
H
B °
P
^ M
By Doris. By Mariamne, d. of Alex. By his other wives. Ef £. w S' 2 o
A_ 3 $ « x a
Anti pater, Alexander. Aristobulus. Herod Philip, Archelaus, Philip, Her. Antipas, gig
§«s
p - HH

P3
killed in prison, B.C. 5. B.C. 5. m. Herodias. ethnarch, tetrarch tetrarch of Ga- M O-*- fD 2
3
A.C.3. (Mat.ii.22.) oflturea lilee, m. Ile- ■ 3i ox n
o fD-
Salome, danced dep.A.C.6. and Tra- rodias, his «1 • o
c
CD w
o H O £f. hi
Herod Agrippa, Herod, k. of Chalcis. Herodias, before Antipas, rd c ’p hi TT
chonitis, brother’s wife, p
p s H cw a
aq
(Acts xii.) m. Herod (Matt. xiv. 6.) (Luke iii. dep. A. C.39. CT » 3 o 3 g
p ^ tr
A. C. 44. Philip and m. Philip the 1.) m. Sa¬ td a* ’
Antipas. tetrarch. lome. p <
I O'* 3 O p 3
t A. C. 34. ff fD P
(fl 1° W
o crq M
P CO td o CL P
01 Herod Agrippa, Bernice, Drusii.la, p nr ^ fD
►i 2 O co
P fD H
succeeded his (Acts xxv.) m. Felix, —” H r o ?D O S.-H
^ P H
uncle as king of (Acts xxiv.) n O'3 »
> F o
> 2! 00

Chalcis, (Acts P* 3- “*■

3 “ ^r P C/J
r-*- M 3 o
o
3 g co p_, W
.)) O w o IO ♦ o gH- p < w
* HH H o 3“^ . p w p
d S • aq to
oil ' p w > p C/5 * P S 2 nr o 0-
The Caesars. I. C. Julius Caesar, praetor, t 84. cj o
i p 5* tr 3 ^ ► B* * S3 o’
nF
B.O H
ssa o S
fD

C. Julius Cjesar, dictator, Julia t 52. hi n; ^ tn s»» . H a >3

P-
p
H • o» c/5 55 to
t 44. m. Accius Balbus. d tO co. H aq ■"d
3 HH
w o (D* -+ nr h
_A_ 3 h1
£ 2 w| s CD o
Julia t 52. m. Pompey. Accia t 42. m. C. Octavius. oa
» &hd o g
3 P B
o w C H
Octavia the elder Octavia the younger C. Octavius (Caesar Augustus) T3 P H-l
3 s:
m. M. Marcellus. m. 1. C. Marcellus. t A. C. 14. P
5 Q aq g V> p
2. Pompey. 3. M. Antony. E. fD- p CO o H
' O ■ S’ "S
II. T3 °
CO Q- P
Cjlsar Octavianus Augustus t A. C. 14. n * CO CO

m. 1. Scribonia. 2. Livia, widow of Tiberius Claudius Nero 3-*- • o

g w
*1 __1_
Tiberius Nero t A. C. 37. Nero Claudius Drusus t 9. fD ^
2 w
m. 1. Vipsania 2. Julia. m. Antonia the younger. hi o’ co
_A_
H .3 fD Or

Julia t A. C. 17. Drusus Caesar t A.C. 25. Germanicus Claudius •3 f Oo n

m. 1. M. Cl. Marcellus. 2. Agrippa. 3. Tiberius. t A.C. + A. C. 54. Off. o L o 5
A P OP3 ^ *g S
m. Agrippina. m l. Messalina. .— PH e- H O
& W o
2. C. Caesar 2. L. Caesar 2. Agrippina, 2. Julia 2. Agrippa, Postil, 2. Agrippina. B
1 3
H p p ■3 X o
t A. C. 4. t A. C. 2. t A. C. 35. f A. C. 30. t A. C. 14. p
•^ CL y
4 P « cr
> r > H 3 w
Nero Drusus Caius Caligula Agrippina l.Britannicus 1.Octavia O n
t A.C.29. t A.C.35. t A. C. 41. m. l.Cn. Do- tA. C. 34. t A.C. 59. b r fD Kj >
O C/5 & w
mitius. 2.Claudius. m. Nero. o^ o
_a,__ CD M
P o
57 «
g "
E- fD
r 7 ; > O X c 2.
1. Domitius Nero t A.C. 68. m. 1. Octavia. 2. Poppaea Sabina. CO O td
P- H
td p fD n fcr
3 fD W
House of Constantine. Constantius Chlorus t 306. • O 3 » Q O
5. »-H fD-
O P
m. 1. Helena. 2. Theodora. o ^ D o
---a--
fD * P aq
fD

Constantine the Great t 337. Contantia Jul. Constantius t 337. Annibalianus.

m. 1. Minervina. 2. Fausta. m.C.V.LiciNius,Caesar, t 324. m.l.Galla. 2.Basilina. hi:
H CO
,-—a- -\ t-\ r > O
f
1. 2. 2. 2. FI. Valer. Licinius 1. 2. O
•—1 "d
rH'
- i>-
Crispus Constantine Constantius Constans t 326. Gallus Julian (the Oi r1
o» pi -
t 326. f 340. t 361. t 350. t 354. apostate) t 363. • x

Dalmatius Casar t 339. Annibalianus t 338.

 GENERAL INDEX

Aaiion, high priest, 4. Alcmsonides, 9 d Antiochus II., (Theus) 14, a, I Aristophanes, 32 a, b Baalbec, temple of the sun, 37 a Battle of Philippi, about the end
Abantes, a race of Euboea, 6 g Alectas, 39 Aristotle, 13 a, 32 c Baasha, 6 f of Oct. 42. 19 b
Abas, k. of Argos Alemanni and Burgundians on -III., (the Great) 14 Aristoxenus 28 b, 33 d, Babel, tower of, 4 b, 26 a -of Actium, Sept. 2 31.
Abel, 4 the Rhine, 22 d a, 16 a, 17 a, g, k, 39 Arius of Samos, 28 b Babylon, 29 a
Abibal (for Abical,) 6 b -their origin, etc. 23 c -IV., (Epiphanes) 16 a, Alius excommunicated, 28 a -founded, 4 b
Abijam, k. of Judah, 6 e — -invade Italy, 23 c 17 k, 34 a, 39 Arizantines, 8 e -captured by Cyrus, Bauddha religion, 8 a, 26 a
Abimelech, 6 e Alexander I., k. of Macedon, -V., (Eupator) 16 a, Armenia, revolt of, 16 a 10 a Bede, 1
Aboriginal tribes, 5 a, d 11 b, 39 a, d 39 -, a province of Syria, Babylonia, 6 a Bel, 29 a
Abraham, patriarch, 4 e, f -II., 12 f, 39 a, d •- VI., (Sidetes) 16 a, 16 1 Babylonians, a Semetic race, 6 a Belator, 8 d
Absalom rebels, 6 e -III., the Great, 12 f, 39 -, a source of contention, Bacchanalia, 17 a, 37 e Belibus, 8 c
Abyssinia, 1 a, 5 39 a -VII., (Grypus) 16 a 18 b Bacchus, theatre of, 33 a Belief in one God, 26 a
Acarnania, 11a — --projected organis¬ -Cyzicenus 18 d, 39 -, Min. dependent upon Bacchylides, lie Belus at Babel, 28 d
Accia, 39 f ation of an universal empire, -Eusebes, 18 d, 39 Rome, 20 e Bactria, 14 c -, 4 b. 6 a
Achaca, Rom. province of, 17 b 30 b -Minor, 18 d -and Mesopotamia, Ro¬ -fall of, 16 c Beneventum, 15 o
Achaean league, 15 r, 30 b —*-— battles, paintings -Asiaticus 18 d, 39 man provinces, 21a Bagoas, 12 a Bengal, 16 n
-war, 17 a of, 37 c -Hierux, 14 a, 39 -, divided, 28 b Bakht al Nasser, 7 a Ben-hadad, 6 e
Achaeans, 5 c, 9 g, 14 a, 15 r -IV., son ofCassander, -- of Syria, 17 a Armies employed upon great Balbinus, emp., 22 d Berbes, 5 a
-espouse the Rom. in¬ 15 s — --Cyzicenus, 16 a buildings, 35 b Balbus Accius, 39 f Berenice, 14 a, 18 d
terest, 17 b -of Pliers, 13 a Antipas, tetrarch, 20 f, 39 Armies of the Assyrians, 27 c Balearic isles reduced, 17 i -and Tryphiena, 18 f
Achaemenes, 10 b — -k. of Epirus, 13 c Antipater of Macedon, 12 f, 39 Arminius, on Herman, 19 d. Baleazar, 6 b Berosus, 32 e
Achaia 11, a, Rom. prov., 21 a -II., 15 q -II., 15 s, 39 Army, Roman, 18 e Balkh, 7 a Berytus, 34 c
Achilles, of Thessaly, 38 -I., k. of Egypt, 17 k — --procur. of Judea, Army of Hazael, k. of Syria, Barbarian auxiliaries, 25 b Bessus, 12 a
Acliilleus, k. of Egypt, 22 d -II., 18 f 18 c 6 e Barbarians attack the Rom. emp., Bhartrihari, 19 f
Acilius, 16 a -III., 18 f Antipatris built, 18 c Army of the Jews almost a 21 a Bhima, 7 f
Acrae, lid -Antipater, 39 Antiphon, 32 b million, 6 e Barcine family, 15 n Bias, 28 c
Acraganes, 6 a -Bala, k. of Syria, 16 Antisthenes, 32 c Army of the Greeks, 31 b Barcochab, 20 f Bion, 17 b
Acrocorinthus, 15 r a, 17 k Antonia the younger, 39 | Army, the Roman, supplied by Bas, 12 h Birth of Christ, 18 c
Acron, k. of Sparta, 38 — -Zebina, 16 a Antoninus Pius, emperor, 21a, foreigners, 35 b Basileus, 26 b Bithynia, 12 h, 14 a, e, 18 e
Actium, victory of, 1 -Jaunaeus, 16 k, 18 c b, 36 e i Arphaxad, 4 a Basilica ASmilia, 37 a -bequeathed to Rome,
Adam,4 a -Severus, emp. 22 d Antoninus, M. Aurel. 21 a 1 Arrian, 36 e -Paula, 37 a 19 a
Adherbal, k. of Numidia, 17 g -I., pope, 20 g Antonius, Marcus, orator, 19 b ! Arrius Aper, praet. perfect, 22 d Basso-relievos, 29 b Blemmyes, 5 a
Adolphus, see Ataulphus Alexandra, widow of Jannaeus, Antony, M. 39 f Arsaces, kings of Parthia, 14 b, Bastarnae in Dacia, 21 a Boadicea, queen, 21 b
Adrameles, 8 b 18 c Apamea, 14 a, 39 16 c, 18 a, 20 d, 22 a, Batavi, 19 d Bocchoris, 7 b
Adrian, emp., 21 a, b, 36 a, 37 b Alexandria, founded, 12 b Apaturius, 14 a Arsaces, I. founds the k. of Bathyllus, 37 e Bocchus, 17 g
-’s sepulchre, 37 a -era of, 1 Apellas, 15 s Parthia, 14, a, b Bochart, 4 g
Adrymetus, 4 i --inhabitants of, 14 m Apelles of Cos, painter, 33 c I Arsacidm, 16 b, 18 a Battles. Bceotia, 11 a, 13 a
ASacides, k. of Epirus, 13 c -trade of, 35 a Apion, 19 a Arses, 12, a Bceotian confederacy, 17 b
Algeus, k. of Athens, 38 -siege of, 16 a Apollinis, 7 c Arsinoe, 14 m, 18 f Battle of Ramoth-Gilead, 898. Bomilcar, 13 g, 39
ALgospotamos, 11 a, e Alexandrine war, 18 f Apollo Triopius, temple of, 6 g, Artabanus of Persia, 10 a 6f Boniface, pope, 25 a
Aigus, 12 f Alexandrines rebel, 17 k 33 b -I. 14 b -of Megiddo or Magdo- Bonn founded, 19 d
-Alia Capitolina, 20 f Allectus in Brit., 22 c, d Apollodorus, 33 c - II. 16 b. lum, 609. 8 f Book of Psalms, 6 e
Alian, historian, 36 e Allies of Athens in the Pelop. Apollonius of Perga, 32 d -III. 20 d -of Circesium, 606. 8 Boteiras, 12 h
Amilius, 15 o war, 11a — -Rhodius, 32 a, b - IV. 22 a c, 9 a Brahma, 26 a, 32 b
-Paulus, 17 a, 37 a -of Sparta, 11 a Appian, 36 e Artabazus, 12 a -on the river Halys, 585. Brasidas, 11a
-Scaurus, 37 a -of Rome in the Pelop. war, Appius, 33 a Artaphernes, 11 a Brennus, 13 f
Am. Amillianus, Rom. emp. Alexander Bala, 17 k Apple brought into Italy, 35 e Artaxerxes, I. Longimanus, 10 a -of Marathon, Sept. 28, Bridge of Trajan across the Da¬
22 d Altai mountains, 23 h Apries, Pharaoh Hophra, 9 a Artaxerxes Mnemon, 10 a, 12 a 490. 10 a, 11a, 31b nube, 21c
Aneas, 6 g Alyattes, 8 h Apuleius, 36 b, c Artaxerxes, III., Ochus, 12 a -of Thermopylae, Aug. 7, Bribery, 34 c
Anobarbus, D. 19 a Amalek, 4 f A puli, The 5 d Artaxerxes, son of Sassan of 480. 10 a, 11a Brilliant period of Greece, 30 b
Aolic migrations, 6 g Amalekites, 4 f Aqueduct, the first Roman, 33 d Persia, 22 a -of Plataea, Sept. 22, 479. —--Israel, 6 e
Aolis, 14 d Amasis k. of Egypt, 9 a •—-of Claudius, 37 a Artaxerxes (Ardashir) II. 25 e 10 a, 11 a Britain visited by Phoenicians for
Apytus, k. ofMycense Amaziah k. of Judea, 6 e Arabia Petraea reduced, 21a ! Artaxias of Syria, 16 1 -of the Eurymedon, 466. tin, 6 b
Aqui, 5 d Ambivius, procurator of Judea, Arabia Felix, 6 e | Artaxias II. 18 b 10 a --Carthaginians,
Ararium, 35 a 20 f Arabian goods, 35 a Artemisia, 33 a -the first of Chaeronea, 10 e
Aropus, 9 e Ambracia, 11a Aram, father of the Syrians, 4 a Artemisium, 11a 447. 11 a -first invaded by the Ro¬
Aschines, 32 b Ambrosian Iliad, 37 c. -Naharaim, 4 c Arvath, or Aradus, 6 b -the first of Mantinea, mans, 19 c
Aschylus, 11 a b, d, 28 a, 32 b Amenophis IV. k. of Egypt, 7 b Araric, 25 c Arundelian marbles, 1 424. 11a -(Roman) or Albion, 21
Asculapius, 32 d Amera Kosha, 19 f Aratus, 13 r, 14 m, 32 b Arymbas, 13 c -of Coronea, 394. 13 a b, 22 c, 24 a
Asop fl, 9 d, 28 b Arnera Sinha, 19 f, 36 a Arbela, 12 a Asa, 6 e -of Lechoeum, 393. 13 a --Roman conquests in,
Atius, Rom. governor in Gaul, Amestris, 10 a Arcadia, 13 a Asaph, musician, 29 d —--- of Leuctra, 371. 13 a 21a, d
24 b Ammianus Marcellinus, 25 b Arcadius, Rom. emp., 25 b Asaridinus, 8 c -the second of Mantinea, - increases in
Atolian league, 15 r, 30 b Ammon, worship of, 5 b, 26 a Arcesilaus, 32 c Asclepiades of Prusa 36, d 362. 13 a civilisation, 21 b
Atolians, 12 f Ammonites, 4 f, 6 e Archelaus heads a colony, 6 g Asdrubal, 15 n, o, 39 -of Philip against the -— contains many little re¬
Afrasiab, k. of Persia, 7 a Ammonium, colony of, 5 a Aleman, 28 b Ashkenaz, 4 g Illyrians, 359. 12 f publics, or civitates, 24 a
Africa, 4 d Amon k. of Judea, 8 f Archelaus of Macedon, 11 b, 12 Asia Minor, subject to Rome, -of Strasburg, 357-8-9. -- apply to Rome for aid,
-circumnavigation of, 9 a Amorites, 4 e f, 39 a, e 18 e 24 b 24 a
-invaded, 28 c Amos, 8 f -— k. of Cappadocia, 18 Asmonean family, 18 c -— the second of Chaeronea, -Saxon octarchy founded
African states, 5 a Amphictyon k. of Athens, 38 b, e Asordanes, 8 b 338. 13 b in, 24 a
-war, 19 a, b Amphictyones, 12 f, 13 a, 26 b -ethnarch, 20 f Aspasia, 33 e -on the river Granicus, Britannicus, 21 a, 39
Agamemnon, 7 d Amphictyonic council, 7 d, 27 a Archianus, 8 c Assur 4 334. 12 a Bruttii, 5 d
Agasicles Amphigyes, k. of Sicyon, Archias, 17 h Assyria, brilliant period of, 8 a -of Issus, Oct., 333. Brutus, Lucius Junius, 9 f.
Agatharchides, 36 b Amphipolis, 11 a, b Archidamus, 13 a Assyrian dynasty, 4 b, 6 a, 12 a 11 c
Agathoclea, 14 m Amphitheatre, a Archilochus of Paros, 9 d, 28 b -era 1 -of Arbela, Oct. 2, 331. -, Marcus, and Cassius
Agathocles, 13 d, g, 14 b, m Amraphel, k. of Sliinar, 4 c Archimedes, death 15 p, 32 d Astacus and Chalcedon, 12 h 12 a slain, 19 b, 34 b
Age of Pericles in Athens, 30 Amyntas I. k. of Macedon, 9 d, Architecture, 29 a, 33 a, 37 a Assyrians, astronomy among the, -of Ipsus, 301. 12 b, 1, Buccaria, 20 a
b, 32 b e, 11 b, 39 Archons at Athens, 26 b 28 d n, 13 b Buddha, see Bauddha.
Agesilaus, 12 a, b, 13 a -II., 12 f -perpetual, 7, d Astronomical knowledge, 4 b -of Sardis, 263. 14 d Budians, 8 e
Agesipolis, 13 a -12 f Archytas, 28 c Ataulphus, k. of the Visigoths, —— in which Ilegulus is de¬ Buildings and canals in the Ba¬
Agis II., k. of Lacedmmon, 13 a Amyrtaeus, k. of Egypt, 10 b Ardashir, see Artaxerxes 24 b feated by Xanthippus, 255. bylonian empire, 29 a
-III., re-establishes the laws Amytis, q. of Persia, 10 a Ardys, 8 h Atbar, 5 a, 4 i 15 o Burgundiones, their seat and
of Lycurgus, 30 b Anacreon, the poet, 28 b. Arduasdesl., k. of Armenia, 18 b Athaliah, 6 e -of Sellasia, 222. 15, origin, 23 d
Agrarian law in Rome, 11 e, Anactonum, 11 a -Ill, 18 b Athenaeum, 21 a r s -kingdom of, 24 c
17 h, 30 b, 31 a Anastasius, pope, 28 a Areopagus, 9 d, 11a Athenian allies, 11a -of Ticinus and Trebia, Busians, 8 e
Agricola in Britain, 21a Anaxagoras, 28 c Areopus, 12 f Athenian army under Miltiades, 218. 15 o Byblus, city of, 6 b
Agriculture, 27 d, 31 c, 35 c Anaxander, k. of Macedon, Argmus, 9 d, f 31 b -of Thrasymene, 217. Byzantium, 11 a, 12 f
-forbidden, 27 d Anaximander, 10 a, 28 c Arginusae, II a Athens mistress of the sea, 11a 15 o
-in Persia, 31 c Anaximenes, 10 a, 28 c Argives, 5 d, 7 e, 11 a -taken, 15 r -of Cannae, 216. 15 o
-decline of, 35 c Ancus Martius, 9 f Argonauts, 6 g -becomes a naval power, -— at the Metaurus, 207. Cabbala, 20, f
Agrigentum, 11 d, 13 d Andocides, 32 b Argos, 5 c, 13 a, 15 p, q 31 b 15 n Cadmea, 13, a
-taken, 15 o Andromachus, 39 Argyraspid®, 12 m Atlas, 6 g -of Zama, 201. 15 o Cadmus, 5 c, 7 d, 25 a, 28 a
Agrippa, 19 d, 37 a, 39 f Andronicus, Livius, poet, 32 a Ariamnes, 14 g Atropatenes, 20 d -of Panium, 198. 16 a Cadurians, 12 a
-II., procon. of Syria, Angarii, a Saxon tribe, 23 a Ariarathes k. of Cappadocia, 39 Attalus, I., k. of Pergamus, 14, -of Cynoscephalae, 197. Caesars, genealogy of, 39
20 f Anglesea, isle of, 21 b -II., 12 m d, e 17 a -Julius, 17 h, 19 b
Agrippina, 21 a, 37 b, e Angli, their origin, seat, etc. 23 a -III., 12 m, 39 -, alliance of Rome with -of Magnesia, in Lydia, c, 34 b, 35 b, 37 e
Agron, 8, 6 h Anglo Saxons, 23 a -IV. 16 h 15 s 190. 17 a Camus, 9 e
Ahab, 6 f Anicetus, pope, 20 g - V. 16 h -II., 16 d -in which Philopoemen is Csepio, 17 i
Ahaz, 8 f Anicius, 17 a -VI. 16 h -—-HI., 17 g taken prisoner, 183. 17 b Cain, 4
Ahaziah, 6 f Annihilation of liberty in Greece, Aricia, 11 f Atticus, death of, 19 b -of Pelusium, 171. 16 a Caius, 22 e
Ahriman, 26 a Aridaeus, 12 f Attila, the scourge of God, 25 d -of Pydna, June 22, 168. -civilian, 34 c
Aix, 17 i Antalcidas, peace of, 12 a, 13 a Asinius Pollio, 19 b -, returns from Gaul into 17 g -Gracchus, 34 b
Akibha, 20 f Antenor, 7 e Ariobarzanes k. of Postus, 12 h Italy, 24 d -—— near Aix in Provence, Caledonia, 21 b
Alani in Dacia, 21 a Anterus, pope, 22 e -II. 12 b —-, defeated at Chalons sur 105. 17 i Caledonians, irruption of the,
-Cilicia, 22 d Anthemius, minister of Theodo¬ -III. 14 f Maine, 24 b -of Verona, 101. 17 i 22 d
-25 d ras, 25 b -of Capp. expelled, Attica, population of, 23 e - of Tigranocerta and Ar- Calendar, Roman, 36 d
Alaric, k. of the Goths, invades Anthemius, Rom. emp. 24 d 18 e Atyadse, dynasty of, 6 h taxata, by Lucullus over Mi- Caligula, emp. 21 a
Italy, 24 d Anthemusias, 6 c -, I. Eusebes, II. 18 e Augustus Caesar emperor, 8 b, thridates, 69. 18 b Caliyuga, era of, 1
-- 25 b Antigonus, the Cyclop, 12 b, e Arion of Lesbos, 28 b, 29 d 9 d, 19 a, 21a, 36 a, 37 e, 39 f -of Bedriacum, 69. 21 a Calippic era, 1
Alazones, 5 e Antigonus Gonatas, 15 r, s, Ariovistus, 19 d -, statue of, 37 b -at night in Upper Ar¬ Calixtus, pope, 22 e
Alba Longa, 7 e 39 Aristagoras, 10 a, 11 a Aulus Gellius, 36 e menia, by Pompey over Mi- Callicrates, 17 a, 32 a, 33 a
-destroyed, 9 f Antigonus Doson, 15 s, 39 Aristareus, 32 a, a, d, Aurelius Victor, 36, e thridates, 69. 18 b Callicratidas, 11a
Albinus Cresar, 21 a Antilibanus, 4 d Aristeas, 14 i -, M. statue of, 37 b -of Antony over Catiline, Callimachus, 14 m, 28 b, 33 a
-, P., procurator, 20 f Antimachus of Teos, 28 b Aristides, 10 11, a Avidius, Cassius, 21 a 62. 19 b Callinicus, 14 a
Alcasus, the poet, 9 d, 11 a, Antioch, city of, 14 a, 35 d Aristippus, 32 c Avites, 4 f -of Sinnaeha, in which Callinus, 9 d, 28 e
28 b Antioch, era of, 1 Aristobulus, k. of Judea, 16 k, i Aurum coronarium, 35 a Crassus is killed, 53. 18 a Callipid®, 5 e
Alcamenes, 33 b — -, a great emporium, 31 d 18 e, 36 d, --lustrale. 39 a -of Dyrrhachium and Callippus, 13 d
Alcetas I., 9 d Antiocliis, d. of Antioch, the Gt. Aristobulus, k. of Armenia, 20 e Ausonius, 36 b Pharsalia, 48. 19 b Camarina, lid
-II., 13 c 16 h Aristocracy, new, in Rome, 34 b -of Munda, 45. 1 b Cambyses, 9 a, 10 a 1
Alcibiades, 1 1 a, 33 e Antiochus I., (Soter) k. of Syria Aristomenes, 9 d, 17 k Baal of Tyre, 8 d -- ofMutina, April 15, 43. Camillus 13, f !
Alemseon, 7 d, 28 b 14 a, b, 39 Aristonicus, 16 d, f Baal, worship of, 26 a 19 b Campanians, 5 d I 9
I 9
 GENERAL I^DEX. 41
Canaan, 4 e, 6 e Cimmerians, 9 c Council at Jerusalem, 20 f Demosthenes, 11 a, 13 b, 32 b Emperors masters of the Roman Gades, 8 h
Canaanites, 4 e -irruption of, 8 h of Nice, 25 a Dendera, 28 d finances and armies, 35 a Galatia, 14 h, 16 i, 18 e
Canal of Asrinbe, 14 m -, expelled Asia -of Constantinople, 25 a Dercebal, chief of the Get® Empire divided, 24 d G alba’s defeat, 17 a
Canals of Egypt, 7 b Minor, 8 h -, 431, of Ephesus, 25 a 21 c Emporia seized by Masinissa, -revolt of, 21 a
Canals, 29 a Cimon, 11 a at Chalcedon, 25 a Dercyllidas, 13 a 17 f -emperor, 21a
Canal of the Red Sea and Nile, Cincinnatus, 11 e, 27 d, 33 e Court splendour in Persia, 29 a Dercylus, 6 a Enfranchised slaves, 35 a Galen, 21 a. 36 d
31 d Cincius, Alimentus, 32 e Courtesans, influence of, 33 e Desna, 5 e English era, 1 Galerius C®sar, 22 d, 24 d
Candaules, 8 h Cinna, 19 b Cnidus, 12 a Despotism in Assyria and China, Engelsburg, 37 a Gallienus, Rom. emp , 22 d
Candia, 11c Circeii, 9 f Crassus invades Parthia, 18 a, 26 b Eul®us, 17 k Gallogrscia, 14 h
Canon of the Old Testament, Circesium, city of, 6 e, 9 a 36 b Deucalion, 5 c Enna, lid Gallus, Rom. emperor, 22 d
14 i Circumcision among Jews, 29 e Crassus pillages the Temple, 18 c Dhanwantari, 36 a Ennius, 15 o, 17 a, 32 b Gamut, 29 d
-of Pythagoras, 22 e Circus, games of, 37 e Creation of the World, 4 a Dhritarashtra, 7 f Epaminondas, 13 a Gardening in Persia, 31c
Capeto, the lawyer, 34 c Citizens free from'taxes, 17 a Cremona, colony of, 15 o Diadumenus, 22 d Epecheres, 6 a Gaul a Roman province, 17 i
Capitol rebuilt, 21 a Citizenship of Rome, 22 d, 34 b Creon, 9 d Dido, 7 e, 26 b Ephesus founded, 6 g -protected by Tiberius, 21 c
Capitoline games, 21 a, 37 e Civil war of the triumvirate, 19 b Cresphontes, 7 d Dio Cassius, 22 d — 35 c Gauls invade Pannonia, 14 h
Capitolinus, the historian, 36 e Civil war between Caesar and Cretan war, 19 a Dio Chrysostom, 36 b Ephialtes, 11 a, 30 c -irruption of, into Greece,
Cappadocia, 12 m, 14 f, 16 h, Pompey, 19 b Crimisis, 13 d Diocletian, Roman emp., 22 d, Ephori at Sparta, 30 b 15 r is . ^
18 e Civil war of Marius and Sylla, Critolaus, 17 b 36 a, e Epicharmus, 28 b, c -into Thrace, 15 t
Capre®, 21 a ,1.9b Croesus, 8 h, 10 a Diocletian’s oriental form of go¬ Epictetus, 21 a, 36 c Gautama, 8 a
Captivity of the Jew's, 8 f Civil war of Octavius and Anto- Crotona founded, 9 g, 28 a vernment, 34 b Epicurus, 32 c Gela, 11 d
Captschak, 14 1 nius, 34 b Crotoniat®, 9 g -receives divine honour, Epicydes, 15 p Gelon, 10 e, 11 d
Capture of Jerusalem, 6 e Civil troubles under the Gracchi, Crucifixion of our Saviour, and 34 b Epidaurus, 15 r Genseric k. of the Vandals, 24 b
Caracalla, emperor, 22 d, 34 b, 17 h foundation of the Christian - and Maximian abdi¬ Epimenides, 9 d •- plunders Rome, 24 d,
34 c, 38 a Civilisation in general, 28 a, 32 a, church at Pentecost, 20 f cate, 24 d Epidamus, 11 a, 15 r 28 c, 35 d
Caractacus, 21 b 36 a Ctesias, 10 a, 32 e Diodes, 11 d, 30 b, c Epiphanes, 16 e Gepid®, 23 d
Caranus, 9 e, 12 h - decline of Rom. 36 a Ctesilaus, 33 b Diodorus Siculus, 36 e Epirus, 13 c, 15 q, 17 d Gerontius, 24 b
Caravan trade, 31 d Claudian, 35 b Ctesiphon embellished, 20 d Diodotus Trypho, 16 a Episcopal government, 20 f German tribes taken into pay, 19
Carbo, P. 17 i Claudius, Rom emp. 21 a, 22 d -captured, 20 d Diogenes of Sinope, 12 a, 17 b Epitadeus the ephor, 30 b d, 38 b
Carey, 32 b 34 b, 37 a, e, 39 seized by the Romans, — of Apollonia, 28 c Equites publicani, 17 h German nations, 19 d, 21 c
Caria, 6 g Clazomen®, 12 a 21 a -Laertius, 36 e Eras, table of, 1 — first migration of.
Carian mercenaries, 2 a Cleander, lid Ctistes, 12 k Diomedes, 7 e Eratosthenes, 14 m, 32 a, d 19 d
Carians, 4 g Clemens Alexandrinus, 21 a Culture, Roman, 36 a Dion, 13 d Erechtheus, 7 d second, 21 c
Carinus, Caesar, 22 d Clement I., pope, 20 g Cuma, 26 a Dionysius Halicarnassus, 36 e Erichthonius, 6 g third, fourth, 24 b
Carmenta, prophetess, 7 e Cleobulus, 28 e Cum®, 7 e -I., 11 d, 13 d Erij, 7 a fifth, 24 c
Carneades, philosopher, 32 c Cleombrotus, 13 a Cunaxa, 10 a, 31 b ---II., 13 d Erinna, 28 b Germanicus, 21 a, 39
Carniades, ambassador, 17 b Cleomenes, 30 b Curi® of Pompeius, 37 a - Exiguus, 1 Erkenwin in Britain, 24 a Germany, 19 d
Carpet manufactories, 27 e III., 15 r Cush, or Ethiopia, 5 a —;-pope, 22 e Esarhaddon, 8 b, g Gessius Florus, 20 f
Carthage, 7 c, 9 b, 10 e, 15 n Cleon, 11 a Cushanrishathaim, 6 c, e Dipoenus the statuary, 29 b Esau and Jacob born, 4 e, f Get® subdued by Trajan, 21 c
17 f Cleopatra, 12 g, 17 k, 18 f, 37 e, Cuthali, 8 g Discipline of the pr®torians Essenes, 34 a Geta, 22 d
Carthagena, founded, 15 n 39 Customs, 35 a 35 b Esther, 10 d Ghebres, 26 a
Carthaginian navy, 27 c Cleopatra’s needle, 29 a Cyaxares, 8 e, 27 e Dispersion of mankind, 4 b Esther and Haman, 30 a Gherri, 5 a
-families, 39 Clepsydra, 10 a Cyclopic walls in Greece, 29 . a --— - of the Jews, 20 f Ethbaal I., 6 b Ghizeh, 29 a
Carus, Rom. emp. 22 d Clinton, Fynes, 1 Cyclopean monuments, 5 c Dissensions between Spartans Ethiopia, 5 a Gideon, 6 e
Casan, 5 e Clisthenes, 9 d Cylon, insurrection of, 9 d and Ach®ans, 17 b Ethiopian eras, 1 Ginghis Khan, 7 a
Casmenae, lid Clitus, pope, 20 g Cyme founded, 6 g Division of Palestine, 27 b Etruria, 11 f, 13 e Girgashites, 4 e
Cassander, 12 f, 15 s, 39 Cloacae and Circus at Rome, Cynoscephal®, battle of, 17 a -of the empire, 24 b, Etrurians defeated at sea, Ilf Gisco, 39 c
Cassius, Spurius, lie 29 a Cypselus, 29 b 34 b Etrurian confederacy, 9 f Gladiators first exhibited, 15 o
-, L., 19 b Clodion, 24 b Cypron built, 18 c '-of the people into four - early civilisation, Ilf 33 e
Caste of priests, 4 b Clovis founds the kingdom of the Cyrene, 10 a, 17 k, 28 a classes, 9 d - colonies in Camp., 9 g Glycerius, Rom. emp., 24 d
Castes in Egypt, 9 a, 26 b Franks, 24 b ■-bequeathed to the Ro Dnieper, 5 e - architecture 29 a Gnomon, 13 f
-in India, 10 f, 26 b Code of Theodosius, 34 c mans, 19 a Dodecarchy, 9 a free cities, 26 b Gold mines, 35 c
Casting metals, 29 b Codex Gregorianus, 34 c Cyrenaica, 17 k Dodona, oracle at, 26 a Etrurians, 5 d Gold and silver mines in Spain,
Castle of Zion built, 6 e Codex Hermogenianus, 34 c Cyropedium, 14 a, 15 t Domestic slavery, 29 e Etruscan canal, 33 a 31 c, 27 d
Castra prstoriana, 21a Coele-Syria, 14 a Cyrus, the younger, 8 e, 10 a Domitian, 21 a, 36 a, 37 a Euboea, 7 e, 11 a, 12 f, 32 c Golden period of Grecian civili¬
Catana, lid Codrus, 6 g, 7 d, 26 b Cythera, 11a Domitius, 39 Euclid of Alexandria, 14 m, 32 sation, 32 a
Catiline’s conspiracy, 19 b Coffer of Cypselus in Olympia, -, JEnobarbus, 19 a a, 32 d Golden period of Roman litera¬
Cato, censor, 17 a, 19 b Donatives to the soldiers, 35 b Eucratidas II., 16 c ture, 36 a
Catti, 19 d, see Chatti. Collatinus, lie Dacia, Rom. prov. 21 c Donatus flourishes, 25 a Eugenius the grammarian, 24 b Golden age of Ptolemies, 14 m
Catullus, 36 b Cologne founded, 21 c Dsdalus, 29 b Dorians, lid Eumenes I., 14 a, d Golden calf of the Jews, 29 b
Cebes, 32 e Colonial system of Rome, 15 o Dalmatia, 37 a Doric order, 29 a -II., 36 a Gomer, 4 g, h
Cecrops, the Egyptian, 5 c, Colonies in Asia Minor, 26 b Damascus, 4 c, 8 b Doris, 39 -, 12 b, m, 16 d Gonderic, k. of the Vandals,
26 a Colonies, 30 b -, pope, 25 a Doson, 39 Euphrates, 9 a, f , 24 b
Cecropia, aft. Acropolis, 5 c Colonies for the veterans, 35 b Damophyle, 28 b Dowers with daughters for¬ Eupalis, or Empachmes, 6 a Gondicar, 24 c
Celestine I., 28 a Colossus of Rhodes, 14 a Dams and watering machines, bidden, 29 e Eupompus, 33 c Gordian III., emperor, 22 d
C'elsus, 36 d at Thebes, 29 b 27 d Draco, 9 d Euric, k. of the Suevi, 24 b Gordians, the, emperors, 22 d
Celtiberi, 17 a Columna rostrata, 15 o, 21 a Danaus, 5 c Drama, first at Rome, 33 e Euripides, 11 a, 32 a, b Gordius I., 6 i
Censor in Rome, 11 e, 31 a, Coliseum of Vespasian, 37 a Danger of Rome 19 b Drepanum, 15 n Eurymedon, 11 a -II., 6 i
33 e Columella, books on husbandry, Daniel in Babylon, 8 c Druids, 21 b Eusebius, pope, 28 a h
Censorship of Cato, 37 e 33 c -in the lions’ den, 26 a Drusus, 19 d, 39 f Eutbydemus, 14 c Gorgias, 32 b
Centura dMorum, lie Combination of atoms, 32 d Dardanus, 6 g Ducetius, lid Eutychianus, pope, 22 e Goshen, 4 e
Census at Rome, 15 o, 26 b Comedy, inventor of, at Athens, Darics coined, 10 a Duilius, naval victory of, 15 o Evagoras, 12 a Gospel published in Palestine,
Centesima rerum venalium, 35 a 28 b Darius Hystaspes, financial Duryodhana, 7 f Evander, 7 e, 27 d, 28 a 34 a
Cephrines, 7 b -rise of, in Greece, 28 a system of, 31 a Dwapara, 4 a Evaristus, pope, 20 g •-spread among the Goths,
IB, I Ceraunus, 14 a, 15 s first acted at Rome, 32 b -, 9 c, 10 Dwaraka, 7 f Evil Merodach, 8 c «tc. 25 a
Cerdic, in Britain, 24 a Comedies of Plautus, 32 b a, 12 a Dydalsus, 12 g, h Exode of the Israelites, 5 b, 6 e Gotarzes, Arsaces XXI., 20 d
i ID Cerealis, 21 a of Terence, 36 b —, k. of Pontus, 18 e Dyme, 15 n Ezekiel in Chaldea, 8 c Goths, their origin, seat, etc.
Ceretrius, 15 t taken from Roman life, -II., Nothus, 10 d Dynasty of Pharaohs, 5 b Ezra, 10 d, 30 a, 32 e 19 d, 21 c, 23 g
i re- Chabrias, 13 a 36 b -III., Codomannus, 12 a Dynasty of Menes, 5 b -- four great piratical expe¬
Chaereas, 21 a Comilia centuriata, 9 f Datis, 11 a ditions of, 23 g
aid, Ch®nlus, 28 b Comitia tributa, 11 e, 30 b Daughters, 29 e Fabianus, pope, 22 e Gothic monarchy of Spain, 21 b
Chsronea, battle of, 13 a, 31 b Commagene, Rom. prov. 21 a Daulatabad, 29 a East India goods, 23 a Fabius, 15 n -on the Danube,
nded i Chalcidians, 9 g Commercial treaty between Car¬ David, 20 a Ebro, 13 n Pictor, 1, 32 e 23 g
Chalcis, 7 e thage and Rome, 27 e David’s victory over Goliah, 6 e Ecbatana founded, 8 e Famine in Europe, 21 Goun, 4 b
Chandragupta, 8 a, 4 a Commodus, emp. 21 a, 35 a, 36 Deborah and Barak, 6 e Ecbatana, city of, 29 a Farnesian Hercules, 33 b Government, 26 b, 34 b, 38
Chares, 12 a, 33 b a, 37 e Deccan, 29 a Eclipse of the sun, 28 d Faunus, 7 e -of Rome, 19 c
Chatti make an irruption upon Commtmia Sacra, 9 f Decelea, 11a Edictum Perpetuum, 21 a Feasts, national, of the Jews, -Suffetes, 9 b
the Rhine, 21a Confiscations, 35 a Decemviri, 3 c, lie Edicts of the pr®tors, 30 c 29 e Gracchus, 17 h, i, 34 c
-and Hermunduri war, Conflagration at Constantinople, Decennial archons, at Athens, Ediles, lie Felicitas, martyr, 22 e Grscia Magna, 7 e
iS'“ i 21 c 25 b 9d Edomites, 4 f Felix, procurator of Syria, 20 f Grais, 6 g
Chedorlaomei, 4 c Confucius, (Con-fut see,) 10 g, Decius, Rom. emp. 22 d Egina, 11 a -I., pope, 22 e, 25 a Gratian, 24 d
Cheops, 7 a, 29 a 26 a Decius Mus, 13 f Eglon, k. of Moab, 6 e Female influence, 14 a Gratus, procurator of Jud®a,
Cherry-tree first brought to Eu¬ -’s leg. in China, 27 a Decline of Roman civilisation, Egypt, 5 b, 4 e, 18 f, 17 k, Feridun, 7 a 20 f
rope, 35 c Congiaria et Viscerationes, 21a 36 a 14 m Ferdusi, 7 a Grecian civilisation, 32 a
Cherusci, 19 d, 21 8 Congress at Sparta, 13 a -— of the Achsan league, -sent corn to Rome, 35 c Festus, P. Porcius, 20 f - eras, 1
mi Cheva, 20 b Conic sections, 32 d 17 b -reduced by the Persians, Feudal system among the Per¬ -- republics, 7 d,
Chi-Hoang, 14 k Conon, 12 a -of Greece, 13 a 10b sians, 27 c Greece, 5 b, c, 7 d, 9 d, 11 a,
He | Childeric, 24 b Constans, in Italy and Africa, -of agriculture, 35 c -a Persian province, 10 b Filimerus, Gothic chief, 23 g 13 a, 15 r, 17 b
Chilon, 28 e 24 d -of Theban supremacy, -conquered by Cambyses, Finance, 27 b, 31 a, 35 a Greeks, 37 d
China, 10 g, 14 k, 16 n, 19 e, Constantine the Great, 24 d, 37 13 a 10 b Fine arts in Egypt, 28 a Greek culture, 32 a
20 a a, e -- of the Parthian king¬ -loses herSyrian possessions, -in Ilindostan, 28 a -architecture, 29 a
-, embassy to, 20 a -favours the C h ristian dom, 20 d 17 k -in Greece, 28 a -philosophy in Rome, 36
-, tributary to the Huns, religion, 25 a -of Roman religion, 34 a Egyptian eras, 1 -in Rome, 28 a a, c
16 n -establishes the Defeat of the Sicani, 10 e -naval power, 27 c Fine upon celibacy, 35 a -language adopted at court,
-, relations with Europe, Christian religion, 34 a, 37 -of the Etruscans, 13 f -state founded upon agri¬ Fingal, hero of the Caledonians, 36 a
20 a a, b -of the Persians at Plat®® culture, 27 d 22 c -comedy, new, 32 b
Chinaladanus, 8 e chosen emperor by and Mycale, lib mysteries, 34 a Firoz, or Pherozes, 25 e -artists, 37 a
Chinese poetry, 28 b the British troops, 24 a, b Degradation of the pagans, 24 d Egyptians, 37 b Fire at Rome, 21a -mercenaries, 31 b
■-wall, 14 k, 33 a Constantinople, founded, 25 b Deinocrates, 33 a Egyptomania, 37 b Fiscus, 35 a -army at Plat»a, 3 b
-, era, 1 24 d, 37 e Deioces, 8 e Ehud, 6 e Flaccus, Marc. Ful., 17 i Gregorian year, 1
Chinzirus, 8 c Constantinus Chlorus, 22 d Deiotarus, king of Galatia, Elah, 6 f Flamininus, 17 a, b Grottoes of Ellora, 29 a
Chios, 13 a, 15 a, 16 s Constantius emperor of the east, 18 e Elam, k. of, 4 b Flavius Josephus, 36 e Grypus, 18 d
Chivalrous age of Greece, 7 d 24 d Dekhin, 20 b -4 a, 8 c Flood, Noah’s, 4 a Guderz, 7 a
Chola, 20 b Constitution of Valentinian, 34 c Delenda est Carthago, 17 a Elatea, 13 a Florus, 36 e Gushtasp, 7 a
Chorus invented, 24 b Consular era, 1 Delhi, 7 f Eleans, 15 s Flourishing period of Sanscrit Gyges, 8 h
Chorus discarded, 32 b Coponius, 20 f Delos, 11a -alliance of Rome with 36 a Gyzantes or Byzantes, 5 a
Cho-ten, 20 a Cora, 9 f Delphi, 13 a, 14 g, h, 26 a the, 15 s Fohi, 10 e
Choragic monument of Lysi- Corsbus, 9 d Deluge, 4 a Eleatic school, 28 c Fortification of a camp, 31b
crates, 33 a Corcyra, 11 a, 13 a Demagogues rule, 30 b Eleazar, 14 i Fort of Sion, 29 a Halicarnassus, 6 g
-— of Thrasyllus, 33 a Corfinium, 19 c Demaratus, 11a Electra, 6 g Forum of Trajan, 21 a Haliartus, 13 a
Christian church, foundation of, Corinth, fall of, 17 b Demetrius, 12 b, 1, 15 o, r, 16 Elephanta, 29 a Julian, 37 a Halys, the river, 6 d
20 f Corinth and Corcyra, war, 11 a a, 17 c, k, 39 Elephantophagi, 5 a Franks, origin, seat, etc. 23 b Ham,4 e
—-churches built, 22 e Corinthian order, 33 a -II., 49 a, 15 s Eleuthrus, pope, 20 g -invade Gaul, 23 b Hamath, 8 g
Christianity the religion of the Coriolanus, lie -Nicator, 39 h Eleusinian mysteries, 26 a and Saxons infest Britain, Haman, 10 d
empire, 34 a Cornelius, pope, 22 e -Pharius, 15 o Eli, death of, 6 e 24 a Hamilcar, 10 e, 39
-—- becomes a powerful Coromandel, 20 b -Phalereus, 13 b Eliakim, 8 f - 24 b, d -Barcas, 15 n
3> support to the throne, 25 b Coronea, battle of, 13 a - Poliorcetes, 13 b, Elijah, 6 f, 26 a kingdom of, founded, Han, 14 k, 19 c
Cnristians, great number of, 34 a Corn. Nepos, 19 b, 36 e 14 a Elisha, 26 a 24 b Hannibal, 13 d, 15 n, 16 e, 17 f,
Chrysostom’s birth, 25 a Corn to the poor, 17 h -marries Phila, 39 Ella in Britain, 24 a Frauds upon the public treasury. 31 b, 39
Church history, 20 g, 22 e, Corsica, 15 n -king of India, 16 c Ellasar, 4 b 34 c Hanno, 9 b, 13 g, 39
25 a Cos, 6 g -Eucsrus, 18 d Ellora, 29 a French era, 1 Happy period of the Rom. emp.,
Cicero’s birth, 17 h, 19 b, 36 c Cosroes, Arsaces XXV., 20 d Democracy in Sicily, lid Elou, 6 e Frentani, 5 d 21 a
37 b Cotton manufacture, 27 e, 35 e -in Epirus, 15 q Emathia, 9 d, e, 11 b Frisii, 19 d, 21 c Hastinapura, 7 f
Cilicia, Rom. prov. 21 a - trade, 31 d Democracy restored at Athens, Empedocles, 32 e -their seat, etc. 23 b Hazael, 6 c
Cimbrians, see Cimmerians. Cotys k. of Armenia, 20 e 13 b Emperor receives divine honours, Fritigern, 25 b, c Hecatonnesi, 6 g
Cimbrian war, 17 i Cotys, 12 e Democritus, 32 d 34 b Fundamental eras, 1 Heeren, 39
42 GENERAL INDEX.
Hejira, or flight of Mahomet, 1 Invasion of Attica, 11a Kerrizites, 4 e Lud, 4 a, i I Menes, 5 b, 27 a Naxos, 11 a, d
Helen, rape of, 6 g Ionians, 11 d Kershap, 7 a Lusitani, 17 a, i Mentor, 12 a Neapolis, 7 e
Heliodorus, 16 a Iphicrates, 12, 13, a, 12 b Keturah, 4 f Lutatius Catulus, 15 n, o Menu, 4 a, 26 a Nebuchadnezzar, 8 c
Heliogabalus, emp. 22 d, 37 e Ira, 9 d Khondemir, 7 a Luxor, 29 a • Merbal, 8 d Necho, 9 a
Hellenes, 5 c Iran, 7 a Knights, Roman, 17 h Luxury in Athens, 33 e Mercenary troops, use of, 30 b Nectanebus, 12 a, b
Hellespont, 13 a Isaac, birth of, 4 e -, obtain the of¬ -of Asia, 17 a Meroe, 5 a -II., 12 b
Helots, 11a Isreus, 32 b fice of judges, 34 c -, manners, and customs, Merovingian dynasty, 24 b Nehemiah, 10 d, 30 a, 32 e
Helvetia, 24 c Isagoras, 9 d Krishna Dwaipayana, 7 f 29 e, 33 e, 37 e Mesesimordacus, 8 c Neleus, 6 g
Helvetii, 19 d Isaiah, 26 a, 8 f -. 4 a, 7 f Lycia, Roman province, 21a Mesopotamia, 4, 6 e Nemaean games, 29 e
Heneti, 6 g, 7 c Isdegerdes (Yezdejird) 25 e Kulpas, 4 a Lycophron, 32 b, 14 m Messaliua, 21 a, 37 e Neoptolemus, 13 c
Hengist in Britain, 24 a Ishmael, 4 Lycortas, Achaean prietor, 17 b Messenia, 13 a Neriglissar, or Belshazzar, 8 c
Hephfestion, 33 a Isis, 5 b, 26 a Labeo, A. 21 a Lycurgus, 7 d, 26 6, 27 a, b, Messenian war, 9 d, 11 a Nero, 21 a, 37 a, b, d, 39
Heraclea, 16 e Isocrates, 32 b -, the lawyer, 34 c 29 b, e Metaurus, 15 n -Rom. emp. 21 a
Heraclidra, 6 h Israelites, 4 f Labienus, 18 a -regulations at Sparta, Mete, 14 1 Nerva, emp^21 a
Heraclitus, 32 d, e Issus, 4 d Labyrinth, 29 a 27 b Metellus banished, 19 b, 17 c, Nephereus, 12 b
Herculaneum and Pompeii, Isthmian games, 17 b, 29 e Lacus Vadimonis, 13 e Lydia, 6 h 17 g Nestorius, 25 a
paintings of, 37 c -and Pythian games, 9 d Laelius Sejanus, 21 a Lydians, 4 g, i Methoue, 12 f Newton, 1
-destroyed, 21 a Istria subdued, 17 a Lais of Corinth, 33 e Lysander, 13 a, 11 a, 30 b Methuselah, 4 Nicander, 36 b
Hercules, 7 d, 9 e, 12 f, 39 Italy, kingdom of, founded, 24 a Lamacus, 11a Lysias, 16 a, 32 b Micah, 8 f Nicanor, 13 b, 14 a
Heresies spring up, 20 g —— 5 d, 13 f, 24 d Lamian war, 13 b, 12 g Lysimachia, 16 a Micale, 11a Nicias, 11a
Hermseum promontorium, 7 c -, early, e 7 Language, attempt to discover Lysimachus, 14a, 12e, 15q, s, t Micipsa, k. of Numidia, death of, Nicomedes, 14 a, e
Herman, or Arminius, 21c -, depopulation of, 35 e the primitive, 9 a .17 g -II., k. of Bithynia,
Hermunduri, 21 c Ithobaal, 8 d Languages, confusion of, 4 b Micon, 33 c 16 e, 18 e
Hermeric, k. of the Suevi, 24 b, Ithome, 11 a Lands in Egypt state property, Maccabees, house of, 39 Midas, 4 h —-III., 18 e
25 f Itursea, 20 f 27 b -, era of the, 1 -II., 6 i Nimrod, 4 b, 7 a, 26 a
Hermit (Paul the first) 22 e Jabin, king of Hazor, 6 e -in Palestine, 27 b Maccabeus, 34 a -III., 6 i Nineveh, 4 b, 6 a
Hernici, 5 d Jacob, 4 c, e, 5 b Land-tax general, 35 a Macedonia, 9 e, 11 b, 15 s, 17 c,d -IV., 8 h Ninus, 6 a
Herod, 18 c Jair, 6 e Laodice, 14 a, 16 h, 39 -, kings of, 39 — V., 8 h Nisibis,25 e
-the Great, 39 Jannaeus, 18 c, 39 Laomedon, 6 g Macedonian war, 15 o, 17 ad Middle academy, 32 c -city of, 6 c
-II., Agrippa, 20 f, 39 Jason, 7 d Laoschang, the Hun, 16 o —--fleet, 31b Midian, 4 f, 6 e Noah, 4 f, i
-, house of, 39 -, high priest, 16 k Laosthenes, 6 a -supremacy, 13 a Midianites, 4 f -sons of, 4 g
Herodian the historian, 22 d -, the Tagus of Thessaly, Laocoon, 33 b Macrinus emperor, 22 d Migration of the German na¬ -first maker of wine, 4,
-, 36 e death of, 13 a Lasus, 28 b Macrobians, 5 a tions, 17 i 27 d
Herodias, 39 Jebusites, 4 e Lathyrus, 18 f Madura, 20 b Miletus, city of, 8 h Nobiles and Optimates, 17 h,
Herodotus, 1, 9 d, 32 a, e Jehoakim, 8 f Latin language in Hungary, 21 c Maecenas, 19 a Military roads, 15 o, 31 b 34 b
Heroic age of Rome, 13 f Jehoahaz, 6 f, 8 f Latitude and longitude, 32 d Maaonius, 22 d -despotism at Rome, 21a, Nomes of Egypt, 7 b
Hesiod, 28 b Jehoash, 6 f Laudamia, queen of Epirus, 15 q Maenon, 15 p 32 d, 34 b Rorici, allies of the Pannonii,
Hezekiah, 8 f, Sennacherib, 8 f Jehoram, 6 e Laurium, 38 Moeris, 7 b -tactics, 31 b 23 e
Hiarbas, 17 g, 19 a Jehoshaphat, 6 e, 27 c Law, first sumptuary, 33 e Moesia, Goths in, 22 d -achievements of Alex¬ Noricum, 21 c
Hicetas, 13 d, 15 p Jehu, 6 f -against bribery, 17 a Magas, 14 a, 39 ander, 31 b Normal year, 1
Hiempsal, 17 g Jemshid, 7 a, 27 a -in Athens, 30 b Magadhii, 4 a, 7 f, 19 -organisation of Persia, Norman Conquest, 1
Hiero, 15 n, o Jephtha, 6 e -of Volero, 30 d Mages, 8 e 31 b Notium, 11a
-I., 11 d Jeremiah, 26 a, 8 f -of Amasis, 29 e Magians, 6 d, 10 a, 26 a Milman, 32 b Novatian, pope, 22 e
-II., 15 p Jericho, fall of, 6 e -of the emperor Theodosius Magistrates chosen by lot, 30 b Miltiades, 11 a Nubia, 5, a
Hieroglyphics, 28 a Jeroboam, 26 b, 6 f II., 34 c Magna Graecia, 9 g Mimansa, 28 e Nubians, 5 a
Hieronymus, 15 p -II., 8 g ■-of the XII. Tables in Rome, Mago, 9 b, 13 d Mimnermus, 28 b Numa Pompilius, 9 f, 26 a
Highest authority of the Roman Jerusalem taken, 12 c 30 c -, house of, 39 Miniature paintings, 37 c Numantine War, 17 h, i
senate, 30 b ■-, destruction of, 20 f, -in Athens by Cecrops,27 a Maha-Bala, 11 b Mindarus, 11a Numerianus Caesar, 22 d
Hilary, pope, 25 a 21 a League with the Umbrians, 13 f Mahabharata, 4 a, 32 b Mines, 35 a Numidia, 17 f
Hilkiah, 8 f Jeshua slain by Johanan, 12 c -of the Marcomanni, 21c Malachi, 10 d, 30 a Ming-Fi, 20 a Nyaya, 28 c
Hirnera, lid Jesus, son of Sirach, 30 a -of the Cherusci, 21c Malchus, 9 b Minos, 7 d, 27 a
Himilco, 13 d, 39 Jewish captivity, 10 d Leah, 4 c Mamertines, 13 p Mithraeus, or Ninus II., 6 a
Ilimmalah Mountain, 4 - era, 1 Legates, 19 b Manasses, 10 d Mithridates I. and II., 12 k
Hipparchus, 9 d, 11 a, 32 d, -fleet, 27 c Legions dispose of the empire, Manes, 22 a, e -II., 18 a, 16 b —-in Egypt, 29, a
36 b -kingdom divided 20 f 22 d Manesseh, 8 f -III., 12 k, 14 b Obodas, k. of Arabia, 18 c
Hipparinus, 13 d -theocracy, 26 a -, reduction of, 35 b Manetho, 14 m, 32 e -IV., of Pontus, 39 Ochus, 12 b
Hippias, 9 d, 11 a -civilisation, 28 a Legislation of Solon, 9 d Manichees, a sect of heretics, -V., Evergetes, 16 f Octavia, 39
Hippocrates, 11 d, 15 p, 32 a, d -sanctuary polluted, 34 a -of L. Sylla, 34 e 22 e -VI., Eupator, 16 f Octavius, 19 b, 39
Hippodrom, statues of, 37 b -war, 20 f -of Augustus, 34 c Manlius, 13 f, 17 i -the Great, 18 e, Octavianus Caesar, 19 b, see
Hipponax, 28 b Jews under Cyrus, 10 d -of Jemshid, 27 a Manners and customs, 29 e, 33 e, 19 a, d Augustus
Hiram, 6 b, 8 d, 27 e -, their religious rites pro¬ -and jurisprudence, 37 e — -, 37 e Odeium at Athens, 33 a, d
History, 28 e, 32 e, 36 e hibited, etc., 34 a 27 a, 30 c, 34 c Mantinea, 13 a Mitylene, 11 a Odenatus k. of Palmyra, 22 d
Hittites, 4 e -submit to Antiochus, 14 i Leo the Great, 25 a, 28 b Mantshu-Tartars, 23 h Mizraim, 4 f Odoacer overthrows the western
Hivites, 4 f -carried into Egypt, 30 a Leonatus, 12 q Manwantaras, 4 a Mnasciras, 18 a empire, 24 d, 35 b
Homer, 6 g -, see under Palestine. Leonidas, 22 e Manuekeker, 7 a Mnestheus, 22 d Odrysae, 11 c, 12 e, 17 c
Holofernes, 10 d, 16 h, 30 a Jezebel, d. of the king of Sidon, -, 10 a, 11 a, 15 r Manufactories of arms, 35 c Moabites 4 f, 6 f CEdipus, 7 d
Homer, collection of the poems 6f --— at Thermopylae 31 b Marcellinus, pope, 22 e Moguls, 23 h (Enotria, 5 d
of, 28 a Joal, 6 e Leontium, 11 d Marcellus, 17 a, 39 -in the East Indies, 23 h ffinotrius, 5 d
Homeric poems, 9 d Joash,6 e Leosthenes, 13 b -, theatre of, 37 a Mohammedan era, 1 Oguz Khan, 26 a, 27 a
Hormidas I., 22 a Job in Arabia Petrsea, 26 a Leotychides, 11 a Marcian emperor, 25 b Mohilow, 5 e Olbiopolitae, 5 e
Honorius, Roman emperor, 24 d Joel, 8 f Lepidus, 19 b, 14 m Marcomanni, 19 d, 21 a, e, 23 e Moles Adriani, 37 a Olen, 7 d
Hophra, 9 a Johanan, 12 c Lesbos, 6 g, 11a Marcus Aurelius, 36 c, 31 a, o Molo, 14 a Oligarchy of the Bacchiade, 9 d
Horace, 19 a, 36 b John Hyrcanus, 16 k Lesches of Mitylene, 28 b -Curtius, 13 f Mona, 21b Olives cultivated in Attica, 27 d
Horatii and Curiatii, 9 f, 27 e -the Baptist, 20 f Letters among the Phoenicians, Mardians, 16 b Monarchy of the Huns, 20 c Olybrius, Rom. emp. 24 d
Hormidas (Hurmaz II.), 25 e John's (St.) exile to Patmos, 21a 28 a Mardocempadus, 8 c Monks in Syria and Egypt, 22 d Olympiad of Iphitus, 7 d
-(Hurmaz III.), 25 e Jonah, 26 a -Hindus, 28 a Mariamne, 39 Moschus, 17 b Olympiads, 1, 9 d
Horses, breed of, 31 c Jonathan, high priest, 16 k, 39 Leucas, 11 a Maritime trade of the world, 31 d Moses, legislation of, 27 a, 28 e Olympias, 12 f
Hoshea, 8 g Joram, 6 f Leucippus, 32 c -law of Rhodes, 31 d Morzes, k. of Paphlagonia, 16 g Olmpic games revived, 29 e
Hosheng legislates in Persia, 27 a Jordan, 4 e, f Lex de Provocatinne, lie Marius, 17 g, h, i, 19 b, 34 b Mrich-cha-Kati, (a drama), 36 b Olynthian war, 13 a
•-—7 a Joseph, 5 b, 27, 4 e — Camilla, 11 e Mark, pope, 25 a Mundane era, 1 Olynthus, 12 f
Ilostilian, Roman emperor, 22 d Josephus, 1, 4 h -Jxilia Poppcea, 35 a, 19 b Maroboduus, 21 c Mummies in Egypt, 29 e Omri, 6 f
Houses of Clodius and Cicero, Joshua, 6 —- Thoria, 34 b Marriages, 29 e Mummius, C. 17 g Onias, 14 i, 16 k
37 a Josiah, 9 a, 8 f -Orchia, 37 e -between patricians and Munda, 19 b Onomarchus, 12 f, 13 a
Huns first heard of, 14 1 Jotham, 8 f — Oppia repealed, 33 e plebeians, 30 b Mungalia, 23 h Ophrataeus, 6 a
-, 16 o, 20 c, e, 23 h, 28 d Jovian, emperor, 24 d, 25 e -Lycia, 21a Marsi, 5 d Municipia, 30 b Opici, 5 d
Huran, 4 e Judas, 34 a Libanus, 4 d Marsian, or social war, 19 c Museum at Alexandria, 14 m Oppression of the provinces, 34 c
Husbandry left to slaves, 35 c -Maccabaeus, 16 k, 34 a, Liberation of Argos, 17 a Marsyas, 6 h Music, 29 d, 33 d, 37 d Orators, Roman school of, 36 b
Hushang, 4 b 39 Liberius, pope, 25 a Martial, 21 a, 36 b -of the spheres, 28 c Ordinances for preventing the
Hyblaea, 11 d Judaea, 4 f, 10 d, 12 c, see Is¬ Libo, 29 a Martyrdom of St. Paul, and St. -of the Egyptians, 29 d oppression of the provinces,
Hydaspes, 16 b raelites and Palestine. Library of Lucullus, 19 b Peter, and St. Stephen, 20 f -an essential part of Greek 34 c
Hyginus, pope, 20 g -, subject to Rome, 20 f -at Alexandria, 14 m Maruccini, 5 d education, 29 d Ordo equestris, 34 b
Hyksos, the, 5 b Judges, period of the, 6 e -at Athens, 9 d Massacre of the Gothic hostages, -much cultivated, 32 a Orestes, 6 g, 7 d, 12 f, 39
Hyllus, 7 d Judicia majestatis, 21 a, 34 c - and museum at Perga- 25 b - theatres and concerts Oriental luxury, etc. 22 d, 37 e
Hymns first composed, 7 d Judith, 10 d mus, 36 a Massagetae, 5 e among the Romans, 37 d -court splendour, 29 e
Hyrcania, 14 b Judith and Holofernes, 30 a Libya, 5 a, k 17 Massilia (Marseilles) 27 e Mutine war, 19 b Origen’s Octapla finished, 22 e
Hyrcanus, John, 16 k, 18 e, 39 Jugaeus, 8 c Licinius, 13 f Material origin of the world, 28 c Mycenae, 11 a Orion, 4 b
-II., 39 Jugurtha, k. of Numidia, 37 e -defeats and slays Maxi- Mathematical determination of Mycerinus, 7 b Ormus built, 25 e
Hystaspes (Gushtasp) 10 o Jugurthine war, 17 g min, 24 d tone, 29 d Mygdonia, 11 b Ormuzd, 26 a
Julia, 39 Licinian rogations, 13 f Mattathias’s revolt, 16 k Myro, 33 b Orodes I., 18 a
Iberians, 5 d Julian era and year, 1 Lieu-pang, emp. of China, 16 n Matthias Maccabeus, 34 a, 39 Mysia, 12 g Orodes II., Arsaces XVII., 20 d
Ibycus, 28 b -family, 21 a Ligurians, 5 d Mausoleum of Artemisia, 33 a Mythic period, 5 c, d Orontes, 12 a, 14 a
Ibzan, 6 e -an usurper in Africa, 22 d Lillius, 1 Mavalipuram, 29 a Mythus of Eurydice, 29 d Orpheus, 6 i, 7 d, 29 d
Ichthyophagi, 5 a -the apostate, 24 d, 36 c Lilybzeum, 15 n Mawrennahar, 16 n Osci, 5 d
Ictinus, 33 a Julius Africanus, 1 Linen, 35 d Maximian, Roman emp. 22 d Osiris, 5 b, 26 a
Ida in Britain, 24 a -Agricola’s conquest of Linus, pope, 20 g Maximin, 24 d Naeis, 17 a, b, 15 r Ostia, 9 f
Idealism, 28 c Britain, 21 b Lipara, 15 n Maximus, Q. F. 13 f, 24 b, d Nabonadius, 8 c Ostorius, 21 b
Idistavistus, -Caesar, 1, 19 d, 36 d, 39 LitertE Cophiticas, 22 d Maxyes, or Maxytani, 5 a Nabonassar, I., 6 a, 8 c Ostphali, a Saxon tribe, 23 a
Idumea, 16 k -, C. Maximus, 22 d Literature, increased patronage Mayence founded, 19 d Nabopolasser, 8 c Ostracism in Athens, 26 b
Idyls, 32 b -Nepos, Rom. emp., 24 d of, 17 a Mecca built, 26 a Nabuchodonosor, 8 b, c Ostrogotha, 22 d
Ikshwaku, 4 a -pope, 28 a Lityerses, 6 i Media, 14 a Nadius, 6 f, 8 e Ostrogoths in Pannonia, 25 b
Ilium founded, 6 g Junius Silanus, 17 i Livia, 39 Medical science in Egypt, 28 d Naerius, 32 b Osymandias, 29 b, c, 28 d
llliberis, 15 o Jupiter Olympius, in ivory, 33 b Livius, 21 a, 36 e, 15 o Mediterranean trade almost an¬ Nagari, or Sanscrit, 28 a Othniel, 6 e
Illyria, 12 f -1-Panhellenii, 33 b -Andronicus, 32 a, b nihilated, 35 c Nahor, 4 c Otho, revolt of, 21 a
Illyrian war, 21a -, worship of, 26 a Locri Epizephyrii, 9 g Medon, 7 d Nakula, 7 f Otreus, 6 i
Ilus, 6 g Jurisprudence, Roman schools -Ozol®, 9 g Megabari, 5 a Nanda dynasty, 4 a Ovid, 21 a, 36 b
Images and the cross reverenced, of, 34 c Locrian war, 13 a Megabates, 10 a Naples, 37 c Oxus, 7 a, 16 e
25 a Justin, 36 e Locris, 11 a Megabyzus, 10 a Narcissus, 21 a Ozene or Ougein, 19 f
Imports and exports, 35 a -, the historian, 22 d Lohrasp, 7 a Megasthenes, 8 a Narmada, 20 b
Inachus, 5 c Juvenal, 21 a, 36 b Lokman (or Bidpai), 28 b, 7 a Megara, 11 a, d, 15 r Narses, 22 a
Inarus, 10 a, b Lollius Urbicus in Britain, 21 b Megiddo, or Magdolum, 9 a Naucratis given to the Greeks, Pacorus II., 20 d
Income tax, 9 d London burnt, 21 b Mela, 11 a, 21 a 9 a Pacuvius, 32 b
India, 4 a, 20 b, 10 f, 19 b Kaomonites, 4 e Longinus, 36 c, 17 i Melanipides, 28 b Naumachia of Caesar, 37 a Paeonia, 12 f
Indian campaign, 10 a Kai Kaus, 7 a -- dies, 22 d Melchiades, pope, 25 a Naupactus, 11a Pagan ceremonies imitated by
-chronology, 4 a Kai Khosru, 7 a Longobards, 21 c, 19 d Meleager, 15 s, 36 b Nauzer, 7 a the Christians, 22 e
Indictions, era of, 1 Kai Kobad, 7 a Lot, 4 b, e, f Meles, 6 h Naval power of Crete, 27 c Paganism restored, 24 d
-introduced by Con¬ Kaianians, dynasty of, 7 a Lucan, 21 a, 36 b Melita, 15 n -of Rhodes, 31 b Pagodas of Mavalipuram, 29 a
stantine, 35 a Kaiomers, 7 a Lucani, 5 d Melissus, 28 c -of Rome, 15 o Painting, 29 c, 33 c, 37 c
Indostan, 16 n Kalidasa, 19 f, 36 a Lucian, 21 a, 36 b Melos, 11a -of Sparta, 31b -among the Egyptians,
Indraprastha, 7 f Kamskatcha, 16 n Lucilius, 36 b Memnon, 12 a -expedition of the Thracian 29 c
Inheritances, tax of five per cent, Kaptschak, 20 a Lucius, pope, 22 e Memphis, 5b, 9 a Franks, 23 b -Greek, rise of, 29 c
on, 35 a Karnac, 29 b Lucretia, Brutus, 9 f -, monuments of, 14 m Navigation in Egypt, 27 c Palace of the Ptolemies, 33 a
Innocent I., pope, 25 a Karura in India, 20 b Lucretius, 36 b, c Menahem, 8, b g Navy, Roman, 18 e Palestine, 4 e, 14 i, 16 k, 18 c,
Inscription, Rosettana, 17 k Kausfimbhi, 7 f Lucullus, 17 a, 18 b, 37 a, e, Menander, 14 c, 32 b - formation of, in Egypt, 20 f
Intercourse between three quar¬ Kermogenes, 33 a 35 o Menedemus, 32 c 9 a - a Roman province,
ters of the globe, 32 a Kenites, 4 e Lucumones, 26 b Menelaus, high priest, 16 k Naxian War, 10 a 20 f
 * GENERAL INDEX. 4.J
Palladium, 6 g I Phidon tyrant of Argos, 9 d Proletarii admitted into the le¬ Roman empire divided, 22 d, 24 b Scots and Piets, 24 a Sudraka, 36 b
Pallas, 21 a, 33 b Philffinorum Ar®, 9 b gions, 35 b --—■ legions, highest perfec¬ Scribonia, 39 Sudhodana, 8 a
Panathen®a, 32 e Philemon, 32 b Proscriptions, 19 b tion of discipline of, 35 b Sculpture, 29 b,’33 b, 37 b Sueones, 19 d %
Panathenaic games, 29 e Philet®rus, 14 d Protagoras, 32 c -— extended to the Scylax of Cariaf 10 a Suetonius, 21 b, 36 e
Pantenus, 33 c Philiscus, 14 a Proteus or Ramesses, 7 b Tigris, 22 d Scyllis, 29 b Suevi, 19 d. 24 b
Pandorus, an Egyptian monk, 1 Philip Arid®us, 1 Protogenes, 33 c -emperors hereditary, 21 a Scyros, 11a Sumptuary law, 17 a
Pandu and Kuru, princes, 4 a Philip of Macedon, 9d,12f, 13a Provinces, divided, 19 b -forces, 13 o Scythians, 5 e, 9 b, c, 10 a, Sun, worship of the, 26 a
-sons of, 7 f -- V., of Macedon, 15 s, Provinces, new gov. of, 34 b -government becomes de¬ 15 f Sun, first dial at Rome, 33 e
Pandya, 20 b 17 c Prusias I., 14 e, 16 e. II., 16 e spotic, 21 a Secular games, 21 d, 22 d, 37 e Sunaka dynasty, 4 a
Panem et Circense, 37 e -tetrarch of Galilee, 20 f Prygoteles, 33 b --—treasury supplied by con¬ Senate debased, 21a Susiana, 14 m
Panini, 36 b -Roman emperor, 22 d Prytaneum, 29 e fiscation, 35 a - its highest authority, 30 b Suttees in Hindostan, 29 e
Panium, 16 a -Epiph., 39 Prytanis,'9 d -wall, from the Rhine to -its power checked, 34 b Sutras, 28 e
Pannonia, 14 g, h Philippi, 19 b Psalm-singing among the Jews, the Danube, 21c -its rights restored, 34 b Sybaris, 9 g
Pantheism, 28 c Philippic era, 1 29 d Romans, 9 f, 11 e, 13 f, 15 o, 17 Senatus consulta, 30 c Sybarites in Magna Grscia,
Pantheon, 37 a Philippus, 18 d, 39 Psammenitus, 10 b a, g, h, J8 e, 19 a, b, c, 20 a, Seneca, 21 a, 36 b, c 29 e
Pantshao, 20 a Philistines, 4 f, 6 e Psammetichus, 9 a, 10b,27e,28a 21 a, 22 a, 24 e, f Sennacherib, 8 f, e, 9 a, 27 e Sylla, 18 a, 37 a, e
Pap. Cursor, 13 f Philo Alexandrinus, 36 c Psammis, 9 a Rome, army of, 27 c, 35 b Sepharvaim, 8 g Syloson, 10 a
Paphlagonia, 12 i, 14 f Philolaus, 28 c Ptolemies, 39 -arbitress of nations, 17 a Septuagint, 14 i, 30 a Symmachus, 21 a
Papinian, civilian, 34 c Philolaiis the Corinthian, 9 d Ptolemy Soter, 12 b, 14 m -burnt by the Gauls, 13 f Sept. Severus emp.: 21 a, 22 d, Synagogues, 30 a
Papinianus, 22 d Philomelus, 13 a Ptolemy II., Philadelphus 14 m, -conquers Greece, Mace¬ 24 d, 37 a Syphax, 15 o
Paradise, 4 Philometor, 17, b, k 15 r, 31 a don, Epirus, and Carthage, Seraglios, 29 e, 30 b Syracuse, 11 d, 39
Paratacenians, 8 e Philopoemen, 15 r Ptolemy III., Evergetes, 14 a, m 17 b, c,d 6 Serapis, worship of, 34 a Syria, 4 c, 6 e, 12 n, 18 d
Parental power, 29 e Philosophers of the Ionic school, -IV., Philopater, 14 a, m -declines, 24 d Serapium, 32 a Syrian empire, 14 a, 16 a
Parian marbles, 32 e 28 c -V., 14 m, 17 k, 39 degradation of consum¬ Serica, 14 c Syro-Cappadocians, 4 g
Parmenides, 28 c Philosophy, 28 a, c, 32 c, 36 c -VI., Philometer, 16 a, mated, 24 d Sertorius, 19 c
Parrhasius, 32 a, 33 c Phlius, 13 a 17 k --— dependent on the pro¬ Servile war, 17 i Tacitus, 19 d, 21 a, 36 a
Parthamaspates, 20 d Phoc®a, 6 g, 8 h -VII., Evergetes II., 17 k vinces, 35 c Servius Tullius, 9 f Tahmuras, 7 a
Parthia, or Persia, 22 a Phoc®ans, 10 e -VIII., Soter II., 17 k -embellished, 21 a Sesostris, 7 b, 26 b, 27 b, d, Takht, 7 a
-, 14 b, 16 a, b, 18 a, 20 d Phocis, 5 c, 11 a, 13 a -IX., Dionysius, 18 f -foundation of, 9 f 29 a Talmud composed, 22 e
Parthenis, 9 g Phocion, 13 a, 27 d -12 b, f luxury of, in buildings, Sestos, 11 c Talmuras, 7 a
Parthian empire of the Arsacidae, Phocylides, 28 b -of Alexandria, 22 d, 36 d 37 e Seth, 4 Tanjous, 20 c
30 b Phcebidas, 13 a -Ceraunus, 14 a, 15 t -navy of, 35 b Sethon, 9 a Tarentum, 7 e, 9 d, 15 o
-war, 19 d Phoenicia, 4 d, 6 b, 8 d, 10 c, —-of Pelusium, 21 a -provinces of, oppressed, Seuthes, 11 e Targitaus, 5 e
Parthians, 16 c, 21 a 12 d Public meals at Crete, 29 e 21 a Seven wise men of Greece, 28 c Targum composed, 22 e
Parysates, 10 a Phoenician colonies, 4 d Public ‘affairs preferred to pri¬ - a republic, 26 b Seven against Thebes, 7 d Tarquinius, 9 f
Pasargad®, 7 a, 10 a -worship of Baal, 6 f vate, 33 e -sacked, 25 b Segovian aqueducts, 21 a --II., 9 f, g
Pataliputra or Palibothra, 7 f -confederacy, 4 d Pul, 8 b -the seat of Grecian art Seleucia, 14 a Tartars, 20 e
Patanjala, 28 c -league, 26 b Pulcheria, 25 b and science, 37 a Seleucid®, 1, 4 a, 12 n, 14 a, Tauric Chersonese, 16 f
Paterculus V., 21 a Phoroneus, 5 c Punic war, first and second, 15 o -treasures of the world 16 a, 18 d, 30 b, 39 Tautanes, or Teutamus, 6 a
Patr®, 15 n Photius, 32 b third, 17 a flow to, 37 a Sellaria, 15 r Taxes, 19 b, 35 a
Patriarchal government, 26 b Phraataces, 20 d Pupienus, emp., 22 d -first baker in, 37 e Seim, 7 a Tearless victory, 13 a
Patriarchs, Jewish, of Tiberias Phraates, 16 b, 18 d Puranas, 28 a, 32 b -treasury of, 35 a Sematzin, 19 e Telesilla, 28 b
and Babylon, 20 f Phraortes, 8 e Puranas compiled, 7 f -works of art brought to, Semiramis, 6 a, 29 a Telesphorus, pope, 20 g
•-longevity of, 4 Phrygia, 6 i Purple dyes, 27 e, 35 c 37 a Sempronius, 17 a Temeuus, 7 d, 9 d, e
Patricians, lie -Lycia, Pamphylia, 12 1 Pururavas, 4 a Romulus, 9 f Sempronian law, 34 e Temple of Bel, 29 a
--and plebeians of Rome, -Magna, to Evergetes, 16 f Pydna, Potid®a, 12 f -first laws of, 27 a Senate retires to Capua, 19 b -at Corinth, 29 a
9 b Phrygians, 4 g, h Pylades, 37 e ---Augustulus, 24 d Severus, see Sept. - of Diana at Ephesus,
Patrick, St., 25 a Phryne, the courtesan, 33 b, e Pygmalion, 6 b Roscius, 37 e Sextius, 13 f 29 a
Paul, the first hermit, 22 e Phrynicus, 11 a, 28 b Pylos, 11a Rubicon, 19 b Sextus, 1. pope, 20 g, 22 e, -of Janus shut, 19 a
-St., Epistles, 20 f Phtha, 5 b, 26 a Pythiads, 1 Rufus, procurator of Judsa, 20 f 25 a -closed a second time,
Paulus, lawyer, 34 c Phthius, 5 c Pythian games near Delphos, Rufinus, 25 d Shallum, 8 g 19 a
-Orosius, 36 e Physics, 28 d, 32, 36 Ruins of Palmyra, 22 d Shalmaneser, 8 b -of Jupiter at Agrigen-
Pausanias, 10 a, 11 a, 12 b, 36 Physcon, 17 k Pythagoras, 9 d, 11 a, 28 c Rustem, 7 a Shem, 4 tum, 29 a
e, 39 Picentes, 5 d -;-legislation in Magna Rutuli, 5 d Shendy, 5 a -of Jupiter at Olympia,
Pausias, 33 e Piets first heard of, 24 a Gr»cia, 27 a Shepherd kings, 5 b 29 a
Pausiris, 10 b Pictures, 29 c -system of the uni¬ Sabaco, 9 a Shi-King, 28 b -of Jupiter Panhellenius,
Peace of 196. 17 a Pillar of Trajan, 21 a verse, 28 d Sabelli, 5 d Shinar, 4 b 29 a
-with Greece, 10 a -of Antoninus, 21 a Pythagorean lyre, 29 d Sabian idolatry, 4 b Shishak, k. of Egypt, 6 e -of Jupiter Capitoline at
-between Prusias and Atta- Pilamenesl., of Paphlagon. 16 g Pyramids, period of, 7 b, 29 a Sabines, 5 d Siam, 16 n Rome, 29 a
lus, 11 Pindar of Thebes, 28 b, 32 a Pyrrho of Elis, 32 e Sabinus, the civilian, 25 a, 34 c Sibylline books, 9 f, 26 a -of Jupiter Stator, 37 a
Pegu, 16 n Pirseus, 11 a, 13 a, b, 33 a Pyrrhus II., 13 c Sacred poetry, 28 a, b Sicani, 5 d, 10 e -of Juno, 37 a
Pekah, 8 g Piscennius Niger, 21 a -III., 15 n, o, q, r, s Sacadas of Argos, 29 d Sicels, 11 d -of Solomon burnt, 8 f
Pekaiah, 8 g Pisistratus, 9 d, 11 a Sadales, 17 e Sichew, 6 f -of Vulcan, 29 a
Pelagius, 25 a Piso, conspiracy of, 21 a Quadz, 21 c, 23 f Sadducees, 16 k, 34 a Sicily, 4 d, 13 d, 15 p Temples at Selinus, 29 a
Pelagonia, 11 b Pisuthnes, 10 a Quiestiones perpetua, 34 c Saguntum, 15 n, 28 a Siculi, 5 d Temples and theatres in Magna
Pelasgi, 5 c Pius I., pope, 20 g Quarrels of the oligarchy, 19 b Saha Deva, 4 a, 7 f Sicyon, 5 c, 11 a Gr®cia, 29 a
Pelasgus, 5 c Pittacus of Mitylene, 28 c Quintilian, 21 a, 36 b Sais, 5 c, 9 i Sidon, 4 d, 6 b, 12 a d Tencteri, leagued with the Ale-
Peligni, 5 d Placidia, sister of Honorius, 24 Quintilius Varus defeated, 21 a Saka, 19 f, 20 b Sidonians, 4 d manni, 23 c
Pelopidas, 13 a b, d Quintus Curtius, 36 e Samarcand, 19 e Sienpi, 20 c, 25 d Tenedos, 6 g
Pelops, 7 d • Placentia, colony of, 15 o Samaria, 6 f, 16 k Signia, 9 f Tenta, 15 o
Peloponnesian war, 11 a Plastic of the Etrurians, 29 b Rabbis, school of the, 20 f Samaritans, 10 d, 30 a Sihanu, 19 e Tent®us, 6 a
Pelusium, 9 a •--— art in Greece, 33 b Rachel, 4 c Samnites, 5 d, 13 f, 19 b Sitalces, 11 c Terah, 4 c
Pentapolis, 4 b Plat®a, 10 a, 11 a Radogast’s invasion, 24 d Samos, 11 a, 21 a Silius Italicus, 36 b Terence, 17 a, 36 b, 37 c
Pentateuch, 28 b Plague in Europe and Asia, 21 a Rajput, 19 f Samothraee, 17 c Silk manufactories, 35 c, e Terentius Varro, 35 c
Penthilus, 6 g -of Athens, 11, a Rama, 4 a Samuel, 6 e, 26 a, b Silver mines, 35 c Terentillus, lie
Pentianus, pope, 22 e Plato, 13 a, 28 e, 32 c Ramayana, 32 b Samvat, 19 f Silver first coined, 9 d Terentilus Arsa, 30 c
Per®a, 20 f Plautius in Britain, 21 a Rampsinitus, 7 b Salamis, 10 a, 11 a, 32 b Silvester I., pope, 25 a Terpander 28 b, 29 d
Perdiccas, 9 d, 12 m, 39 Plautus, poet, 17 a, 32 a, b Rampses, 7 b Saints invoked, 25 a Simon the Just, 14 i Tertullian, 21 a
-II., 11 b Play, the first, 32 a Rape of the Sabines, 9 f, 29 e Salian Franks on the Scheldt, Simon the Ethnarch, 16 k Teucri, 6 g
-— III., 12 f Plebeians, 11 e Raphia, 14 a 24 b Simonides, 9 a, 11 d,28 b Teuman, 14 1
Perennis, pr»t. guard, 21a Plebeian consuls, 13 f Rebekah, 4 c Salivahana, 1, 20 b Simplicius, pope, 25 a Teucer, 6 g
Pergamus, 14 e, 15 s, 16 d -high priest, 13 f, 30 b Reformation of Roman jurispru¬ Sallust, 36 e Singara, 25 e Teutones in Illyricum, 21 a
-bequeathed to Rome, -consul, first, in Rome, dence, 34 c Salome, 39 Sinatroces, 18 a Thales’ eclipse, 8 h
17 g 30 b Regibalus, 8 c Si&lsett, 29 a Sinope, 14 f Thales, 9 d, 28 d, e
Periander of Corinth, 28 c -s quite independent, 30 b Regifugium at Rome, 29 e Salvius Julianus, the civilian, Siricus, pope, 25 a Thaletas, 28 b
Pericles, 11 a, 30 e, 32 a -dictator, 13 f Regulus, 15 n, o 34 c Sisunagas, 4 a, 8 a Thasos, 11 a
Perizzites, 4 e -censor, 13 f Reformation of the Calendar, 19 b Sanballat, 10 d Sitalces, lib Theatre, the first of stone, 37 e
Perpenna, 19 c Plebs, 34 b Rehoboam, 6 e Sanconiathon, 28 e Siva, 26 a, 32 b Theatres of Rome, grandeur of,
Perpetua, martyr, 22 e Pleuratus, 15 s Religion, 26 a, 30 a, 34 a Sanctuary of the Jews polluted, Slaves, 70000, revolt, 17 i 37 e
Perpetual dictator, 19 b Pliny, 36 b -of Buddha, 8 a 34 a Smerdis, 10 a -- building of forbidden,
Perpetual edicts, 34 c -the elder, 21 a, 36 d Religious rites prohibited, 34 a; Sandracoptos, 4 a Smyrna, 6 g 37 e
Persecution of the Christians, -governor ofBithynia, 34 a multiplied, 22 e Sandracottus, 12 n So, 9 a Thebais, 5 a
first, second, third, and fourth, Plotinus, the Platonist, 22 d Remains of early Indian archi¬ Sanhedrim, 16 k Socrates, 13 a, 32 a Thebes, 7 d, 10 b
20 g, 21 a Plutarch, 21 a, 36 c tecture, 29 a Sankhya, 28 c Solar year, 28 a Theis, a river, 25 d
Persepolis, 7 a, 29 a -’s treatise, 37 d Remismund, king of the Suevi, Santa Maria ad Martyres, 37 a Solomon, 6 e, 26 a, 29 a Themistocles, 10 a, 11 a, 31 h,
Perseus, 17 a, c, 39 Poetry and rhetoric, 28 b, 32 b, 24 b Saosduehinus, 8 e Solon, 9 a d, 26 b, 27 a, 28 33 a
-k. of Macedonia, 39 36 b Republican constitution given to Sapoei, 11 e * eb Theoclymeus, 6 h
Persia, 7 a, 22 a, 25 e, 26 b, Polybiades, 13 a the Illyrians, 17 a Sapor I., 22 a, 25 e Songaria, 23 h Theocritus, 14 m, 15 r, 32 b
30 b Polybius, 17 b, 36 e -government in Sy¬ Sappho, 9 d, 11 a, 28 b, 39 Sophocles, 11 a, 32 a b Theodoric II., 24 b
Persian fleets, 31 b Polycrates, 10 a, 17 k racuse, 30 b Saracus, 8 b Socranus, 21a Theodosian code, 25 b
-(new) monarchy, 22 a Polycletes, 32 a, 33 a, b -1-of the Jews, 26 b Sarah, 4 c Sosibius, 14 m Theodosius the Great, 25 b,
-empire, 12 a Polemarch, 26 b Republics in Phoenicia, 26 b Sarcophagi, 37 b Sosigenes, 1 37 b
-■ era, 1 Polygamy, 29 e Retreat of the ten thousand, 31b Sardis burnt by the Ionians, 13 a Sosistratus, 13 d, 15 p Theodotus, 14 c
-sculpture, 29 b Polygnotus, 32 a, 33 c Revenue of the Roman empire, Sarmatian slaves revolt, 25 b Sosthenes, 15 s Theognis, 28 b
Persians, father of, 4 a Polymnastus, 28 b 35 a Sarmatians, 16 f Soter, pope, 20 g Theophrastus, 15 p, r, 32, c, d,
Persis, 14, a Polysperchon, 12 f, 13 b -of Egypt, 31a Sassan, 22 a Soter, II., 17 k, 18 f Theopompus, 26 b
Persius, 21 a, 36 b Pompeii, 21 a, 37 c Revolt of the Jews, 20 f Sassanides, dynasty of, 22, a Spain, 4 d, 24 b, 35 e Thera, 11a
Perso-Gr®cian wars, 10 a Pompeius, 37 a -of the ten tribes, 26 b Satrapies, 30 a Spamitres, 10 a Therm® of Caracalla, 37 a
Perinthus, 12 f Pompey, 17 h, 18 b, 19 b, c, 34 -in Jud®a, 21 a Saturnius and Glaucias, 19 b Spanish war, 17 a -of Constantine, painting*
Perusian war, 19, b b, 37 b, e -of Arsites, 10 a Satya Yuga, 4 a - era, 1 of, 37 c
Peshdadian dynasty, 7 a, 29 e Pomponius Mela, 36 e -of the Greeks, 17 c Saul, 6 e, 26 b Spartacus, 19 c -of Titus, 37 a
Petronius, 21 a, 36 b Pontus, 12 k, 14 f, 16 f, 18 e -of Thebes, 18 f Sauniti, 5 d Spartan ascendancy, 9 d -paintings of,
Peucetius, 5 d Porus, 8 c -- of Babylon, 10 a Sauwini, 5 d Spartans, aliance of Rome with 37 c
Ph®do, 32 c Pothinus, eunuch, 18 f -of Pannonia, 21 a Saxons, their origin, etc., 23 a the, 15 s Thermopyl®, 10 a, 16 a
Ph®drus, 21 a, 36 b Potid®a, lib Recovery of Pannonia, 21 a Saxon Octarchy, in Britain, 24 a Sphacteria, 11a Thermusa, 18 a, 20 d
Phaleg, 4 c Popilius, 16 a Revolution, 1 Scapula, 21 b Sphinx, 10 6 Thesmothetes, 26 b
Phar®, 15 r Pope Leo saves Rome, 24 d Revolutionary era, 1 Scaurus, 17 i, 36 a, 37 a Sphodrias, 13 a Thespis, 11a, 28 b
Pharamond, 24 b Poplicola, lie Rezin and Pekah, 8 f Sceptic school, 32 c Splendid buildings, 22 a, 36 a Thessaly, 5 c, 12 f, 17 c
Pharaoh, 9 a Popp®a Sabina, 39 Rezin, 8 d Scerdelaidas, 15 s Spurius Cassius, 10 b Theus, 14 a
-Necho, 8 f, 27 c, 38 Pradyota, 4 a Rezon, 6 c Schism between Cornelius and Srenika, 8 a Thimbron, campaign of, 13 a
Pharaohs, dynasty of, 7 b Pr®fectura Illyrici, etc. 25 b Rhegium, 9 g, 13 d Novatian, 22 e Stabi® destroyed, 21 a Thinsus, 6 a
-era of the, 1 Pr®neste Mosaics, 37 c Rhodogyne, 39 School of law at Constantinople, Standing armies, 27 c, 31 b, Thirty tyrants of Rome, 22 d
Pharisees, 16 h, 34 a Pr®tor in Rome, 30 c Rh®tia reduced, 19 a 35 b Thorismund, king of the Goths,
Pharnabazus, 12 a Prstorian guard, 24 d, 34 b, 35 b Ilhcecus, 29 b Schuking, 10 g Statius, 36 b 24 b
Pharnaces, I., 16 f Pratishthana, 20 b Rhodes, city of, 1 g, 10 a, 13 b, ——-II., 16 n Statues, see Sculpture, Thrace, 5,11, 12 c, 15 t, 17 e
■---II., 18 e Praxiteles, 32 a, 33 b 33 a Scipio, P. C., 15 o Stephen I., pope, 22 e, Thracians in Bithynia, 4 g
Pharsalia, victory of, 19 b Priam, 6 g Rhodius, 32 a -P. N., 15 o Stesichorus, 9 d, 28 b Thrasybulus, lid
Pharus, 32 a Priupatius, 16 b Rice cultivated, 27 d -Africanus, 17 a, 19 b, Stilicho, 24 a, 24 d Thrasymene, 15 n, o
Phasael, a tower, 18 e Priene taken, 8 h Richilan, king of the Suevi, 24 b 31 a Stoics, banishment, 21 a Throne of Apollo, 29 a
Phas®lis built, 18 e Priest-aristocracy of India, 26 b Richiarius, king of the Suevi, -P. ASmilianus, 17 f Strabo, 21 a, 36 e Thuber, 4 c
Phayllus, 13 a Probus, Rom. emp. 22 d, 23 c 24 b Sclavonians, 22 b Strato, 32 c Thucydides, 11 a, 32 a, e
Pherecydes, 28 c Proclus, civilian, 34 c Ricimer, Roman emp., 24 d Scolot®, 5 e Stratonice, 14 g, 39 Thuringii, 23 f
•-of Sycros, 11 a Procopius, 25 b Riphaims, 4 e Scopas, 16 a, 33 b Struchates, 8 e Thynion, 15 p
Phidias, 33 a Prodicus, 32 c Roman citizens, total number of, Scotland, circumnavigation of, Susarion, 28 b Tiberius, 21 a, 25 a, 34 b, 39
Phidon, 9 b, 29 b | Propertius, 36 b 19 a 21 a Sudra, 8 a Tibullus, 36 b
 44 GENERAL INDEX.
Ticinus, 15 n Tribunes in the senate, 17 h Uffa in Britain, 24 a Veii, city of, 11 e, 13 e Vortigern, 24 a Workhouse for imprisoned slaves
Tien, the lord of heaven, 26 a --(first), of the people, Upanishads, 28 c Velleda the prophetess, 21 c V ulcan’s temple, 29 a 29 e
Tigellinus, wife of Nero, 21a 30 b Ulpian, lawyer, 34 c Velleius Paterculus, 36 e Vulgar era, 1
Tiglathpileser, 8 b, d, g -their power limited, 34 b Ulpianus, 22 d Veneti, 5 d Vyasa, 7 f, 32 b Xanthippus, 15 n
Tigranes I., 16 b, 18 a, b Trigonometry, 32 d Veni, vidi, vici, 19 b
Ulpius Marcellus in Britain, 21 b Xanthus, 28 b
Tigranocerta, 18 b Tripolis, city of, 6 b Umbrians, 5 d Venice, foundation of, 30 d Wall of Antoninus, 21 b Xenophanes, 28 c
Timaus, or Coneharis, 5 b Triremes, 9 d, 27 c Universal empire, 30 b Venones I., king of Armenia - of stone across Britain, Xenophon, 31 b, 32 a, c, e
Timasus of Loris, 28 c Tritea, 15 r Ural mountains, 23 h Major, 20 e 22 c Xerxes, 10 a, 11 a
Timocrates, 13 a Triumph in Rome, (first,) 33 e Urban I., pope, 22 e Ventidius, 18 a -of China, 33 a --expedition into Greece.
Timoleon, 13 d, g Triumphal arch of Titus, 37 a Ursinus, 25 a Venus Anadyomene, 33 c - from the Danube to the 31 b
Timotheus, 13 a -of Sept. Severus, Usipii joined with the Aleman- Verus, L. Aur., emperor, 21 a Rhine, 22 d -II., 10 a
Tiridates, 14 b, 18 a 37 a ni, 23 c Vespasian, 21 a, 35 b, 37 a -across n. of England, 21 a Xuthus, 38
— -king of Armenia, 20 e Triumvirate (first) of Crnsar, Utica, 7 c Vesta, temple of, 37 a Wallia, k. of the Visigoths, 24 b
Tissaphernes, 13 a Pompey, and Crassus, 19 b, Uzziah, 6 e, 8 f Vestini, 5 d Walls of Jerusalem, 30 a Yao, 27 d
Titus, 37 a 34 b Vesuvius, eruption of, 21 a War with the Batavians, 21 a Yudhishrhira, 7 f
-F. V., emp., 21 a, 37 a -second, 19 b, 34 b Vatsesiiika, 28 c Via Appia, 13 f -between the Chatti and Her- Yugas, 4 a
Tmolus, 6 h Troglodyte, 5 a Vaivaswata, 4 a — Flaminia, 15 o munduri, 21 c
Tobit, 26 a Trojan era, 1 Valens, emperor, 25 b, c Vicesima hereditatum, 19 b -between the Cherusci and Zabian idolatry, 4 b
Togarmah, 4 h Trojans, 4 g Valentinian, 24 d Victor, pope, 20 g Marcomanni, 21 c Zachariah, 8 g
Tola, 6 e Tros, 6 g -III., 24 d -martyr, 22 e -between the Chinese and Zacynthus, 11 a
Tonghan, 20 a Troy founded, 6 g Valerian, Rom. emp., 22 a, d Victory over the Ammonites, 6 e Huns, 16 o Zacynlhian exiles, 13 a
To-Pa, people of, 23 h -siege of, 6 g Valerius Maximus, 21 a, 36 e -of Himera, 10 e -and marine, 27 c,31 b, 35 a Zaleucus, 9 g, 27 a
Trachonitis, 20 f Trypho, 16 k Val. Flaccus, 36 b Vikramaditya, 19 f, 36 a -with Moab, 6 e Zama, battle of, 15 n, o
Trade and manufacture, 27 e, Tschang Heng, 20 a Valmiki, 32 b -era of, 1 -with the Parthians, 21 a Zamolxis, 11c
31 d, 35 d Tshenkue, 10 g Vandals first make a figure in Villa Adriani at Tivoli, 37 a -between Persia and Rome, Zancle, 7 e
-on the Red sea, 6 e Tschin-ti, 19 e history, 21 c Villas outside of Rome, 37 a 22 a Zaraiadras of Syria, 16 1
-of the isle of Rhodes, 31 d Tshing Wang, 14 k -plunder Rome, 24 d Vindex’s revolt, 21a -with Pharnaces, 19 b Zaueces, 5 a
-of the Romans with India, Tsin, dynasty of, 14 k -empire of the, 25 c Vine brought into France, 27 d --with Philip of Macedon, Zedekiah, 8 f
35 d Tur, 7 a Vangiones joined with the Ale- Vines and olives in Italy, 31 c 17 a Zeno, 28 e, 32 c
-tax upon, 35 a Tullus Hostilius, 9 f manni, 23 c Vipsania, 39 -of the Pirates, 19 c Zenobia of Palmyra, 22 d
-of the Seleucidae, 31 d Turan, 7 a Vararuchi, 19 f, 36 a Virgil, 36 b, 37 c -in Spain, 19 a Zepirinus, pope, 22 e
Trajan, 21 a, 22 d, 34 b, 37 e Turks, 37 b Varanes, or Bahram I., 22 a Viriathus, 17 i -with Sparta, 9 d Zerah the Ethiopian, 6 e
Trajan’s forum, 37 a -in Asia Minor, 23 h - II., 22 a Vishnu, 26 a, 32 b -with Spartacus, 15 p Zerdusht, Zoroaster, 7 a
— -pillar, 37 a Tuta Yuga, 4 a ■-111., 22 a Visigoths, empire of the, founded, -with the Syracusans, 20 e Zeuxis, 32 a, 33 c
- and Adrian, splendid Tyre, 4 d, 6 b, 12 d -IV., 25 e 24 b -between the Vandals and Zielas, 14 e
edifices of, 37 a -new, 10 c -V., 25 e Vitelius, emp., 21 a Suevi, 24 b Zimri, 6 f
-bridge, 37 a Tyrannic government of kings, -VI., 25 e Vitruvius, 19 b, 37 a Wars with the Alemanni, 22 p Zipmtes, 12 h, 14 e
Transmigration of the soul, 28 c 26 b Vardanes, 20 d Volero, lie Water the soul of the world Zoba, city of, or Nisibis, 6 c
Traszen, 15 r Tyrmas, 9 d, e Varro, 1 Vologeses, 20 d, 22 a 28 d Zodiac at Dendera, 28 d
Trsezenians, 9 g Tyrteus, 9 d, 28 b Varus on the Weser, 21c Volsci, or Aurunci, 5 d Wen-Ti, of China, 16 n Zohak, 7 a
Treasury of the Greek states, 31 a Tysca, 17 f Vatican, 37 c Volusian Caesar, 22 d Westphali, a Saxon tribe, 23 a Zosimus, pope, 25 a, 36 e
Trebia, 15 n Vedanta, 28 e Vonones I., 20 d Wine invented by Noah, 27 d Zu, or Zav, 7 a
Tribonis, 9 b Ubit, 19 d Vedas, 7 f, 26 a - II., 20 d Word of Truth, 34 a Zurich, 24 c

ERRATA.

page 5 col. b for successor read successors. page 11 col. a for 400 Expulsion of the tyrants read 403.
— 5 — d for Pucetus read Pucetius. — 11 — c for Candia reud Cardia.
— 6 — e in some copies for Abijah read Abijam. — 11 — d for 417 The Athenians read 427.
— 9 — a for Dodecarchy 685-—660 read 670—655. — 11 — e line 22 from top add only.
— 9 — a for Psammetichus 660—617 read 670—617. — 12 — a for Artaxerxes III. 349 read 359.
— 9 — e for Persians read Pierians. — 12 — m for Ariarathes II. read Ariarathes I.
— 9 — f Sibylline books should be under Tarquinius II. — 12 •— m for Ariarathes III. read Ariarathes II.
— 9 — f for Apries 595 read 594. — 12 — n for Zip/etes read Zipcetes.
— 10 — a for Xerxes 464 read 465. — 14 — a for Antiochus 250—248. read 261—246.
— 10 — a for five millions of men read five millions of souls. — 14 — m for 283 read 285.
— 10 — a for Longomanus read Longimanus. — 15 — n for 201 Battle of Zama read 202.
— 10 — a for Parysates read Parysatis. — 15 — o for 210 P. N. Scipio read P. C. Scipio.
— 10 — f dele from about to kingdom. — 15 — p The death of Archimedes should be placed at 212.
— 11 — a for Anactonum read Anactorium. — 16 — a for 129 Antiochus slain read 126.

f''
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

OF MODERN HISTORY

FROM THE OVERTHROW OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST

TO THE PRESENT TIME.

CONTAINING

ALL THE GREAT EVENTS OF THE CIVIL, RELIGIOUS, AND LITERARY HISTORY OF THE
EUROPEAN NATIONS, AND OF SUCH OTHERS AS ARE CONNECTED WITH THEM,
IN A SERIES OF PARALLEL COLUMNS, SO AS TO PRESENT TO THE
READER, AT ONE VIEW, THE TRANSACTIONS AND CONDITION
OF THE VARIOUS STATES OF THE CIVILISED WORLD.

TOGETHER WITH

SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES
OF

MODERN CIVILIZATION, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE, GENEALOGICAL TABLES OF THE

REIGNING HOUSES IN EUROPE, AND A COMPLETE INDEX.

OXFORD:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY D. A. TALBOYS.
AND 113, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

M DCCCXL.
 CONTENTS
PAGE
I. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES.2

II. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF MODERN HISTORY.126

III. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF MODERN CIVILISATION, SCIENCE, AND LITE¬

RATURE ...59
1. Government. 58 a, 62 a, 66 a
2. Politics and Foreign Relations ... . . . . 56 b, 58 b, 62 b, 66 b
3. Legislation and Jurisprudence ... 58 c, 62 c. 66 c
4. Finance . 58 d, 62 d, 66 d
5. War and Marine.. . . . . 57 b, 59 a, 63 a, 67 a
6. Agriculture, Peasantry, etc. . ... 51 c, 59 b, 63 b, 67 b
7. Trade and Manufactures. . ... 24<d, 59 c, 63 c, 67 c
8. Political Science and Oratory . . . 63 d, 67 d
9. Civilisation in general. 63 e, 67 e
10. Luxuries, Manners, etc. 64 a
11. Philosophy. 60 b, 64 b, 70 a
12. Physics. 64 c, 70 b
13. History, etc. . ... GO d, 64 d, 70 c
14. Architecture and Sculpture .... . ... 57 d, 60 e, 64 e
15. Music. 60 f, 65 d
16. Poetry and Works of Imagination . . . . . . 24 b, 61 a, b, c, 65 a, b,
17. Education. . . . . 61 d

IV. SYNOPTICAL VIEW OF MODERN PAINTERS .68

V. GENEALOGICAL TABLES OF MODERN HISTORY .71

1. Kings of England .71

2. House of Brunswick. 71
3. House of Wettin in Saxony, Belgium, Coburg, etc.71
4. Mayors of the Palace, Dukes and Princes of the Franks under the later Mero¬
vingians .12
5. Kings of France — House of Bourbon-Anjou in Spain, Naples, Parma, Lucca—
House of Braganza in Portugal and Brazil.12
6. German Emperors—House of Hapsburg in Germany and Spain—House of Lorraine
in Austria, Tuscany, Modena, and Parma.73
7. Electors, Kings, and Dukes of Prussia of the House of Hohenzollern.73
8. The Emperors of Russia—the Kings of Denmark and Sweden—the House of
Oldenburg.73

VI. GENERAL INDEX . . . ..74

 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

OF THE HISTORY OF

THE MIDDLE AGES

CONTAINING

ALL THE GREAT EVENTS OF THE CIVIL, RELIGIOUS, AND LITERARY HISTORY OF THE
EUROPEAN NATIONS, AND OF SUCH OTHERS AS ARE CONNECTED WITH THEM,
IN A SERIES OF PARALLEL COLUMNS, SO AS TO PRESENT TO THE
READER, AT ONE VIEW, THE TRANSACTIONS AND CONDITION
OF THE VARIOUS STATES OF THE CIVILISED WORLD.

OXFORD:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY D. A. TALBOYS,
AND 113, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

M DCCC XXXVIII.
 Table i. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF Fifth and

FORMATION OF NEW STATES UPON THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

Britain. Spain. France.
400 The present France was inhabited in remote ages by]
Britain is derived from Bruit-tan, i. e. Tin-land.—O Brien. The earliest inhabitants of Spain were Iberians,
Celtic tribes—to these succeeded the Gauls—the origin of 1
During the abode of the Romans in Britain, its inhabitants gradually adopted and then Celts, whose origin is wrapped in in-
both being lost in the darkness of antiquity.
the civilisation and manners, the dress, language, and literature of their con¬ penetrable darkness. Before the times of history
querors; and when the Roman legions no longer remained to protect them, it beccame the seat of commerce—the Phaniciuns, The Gauls long and bravely struggled against the le¬
they armed themselves, declared themselves independent, and drove from their Greeks, and Fhocians had settlements here, and gions of Rome: C.esar, however, finally subdued them;
coasts the barbarians who had been excited by Gerontius to invade them. In¬ the Carthaginians almost entirely subjugated the and after that event they soon lost their nationality and be¬
dependent Britain, from the year 410, contained many independent republics country-—it next became the theatre of war be¬ came confounded by the ties of blood with their van-i
or civilates, each governed by magistrates, a senate, with other necessary officers. tween this nation and the Romans—it was re¬ quishers, sharing their honours and glory, their dangers '
There was generally a bishop in each, whose power frequently extended to lay duced to a Roman province 205 B. C., and be¬ and miseries. Druids and Bards.
matters—These civitates were relics of the Roman government. came one of the most flourishing of the empire.
The Franks, from whom the present French nation
From this time to the settlement of the Saxons, the country was torn by the 395-402 Spain was agitated by the invasions of claims descent, were of German origin, and dwelt in the
domestic quarrels of numerous petty chieftains, and harassed by the continual the fierce hordes of barbarians who poured into districts which now form the provinces of Franconia, I
inroads of the Scots and Piets, and the Ghetes or Jules. Europe from the north. The Suevi, under Her- Westphalia, and Thuringia. They united with the Ale-
meric, the Alans, under Atace, and the Van¬ manni, and overran Gaul in the time of Valerian and >
Vortigern, 445-484, is said to have been chosen chief monarch of the Britons, dals or Silingi, under Gun deric, broke through Gratian, 253-268, and took possession of some of the I
who, 456, complain in vain to /Etius, the Roman governor of Gaul, of the in¬ the Pyreenean barrier, and poured the tide of finest provinces of the empire. They were soon, however, ]
vasions of the Scots and Piets. destruction over the Peninsula. taken into the pay of the Romans, and faithfully and va- |
liantly protected their frontiers, particularly upon the in- j
ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD, 449-1066. The Visigoths.
vasion of Radagaisus, 406.
Ataulphus, who had married Placidia, the
449 FIengist and Horsa, visiting the isle of Thanet with three ships, are en sister of Honorius, in 411, makes a triumphal The Frankish chiefs were now trusted with the highest I
gaged, with 5000 men, by Vortigern, to expel the Scots and Piets. After entry into Barcelona—is assassinated, 415. military posts and honours—on several were conferred the
ridding the country of these marauders, they quarrel with the Britons; and being 415 Sigeric succeeds him, a cruel monster. consular dignity. They worshipped the sun, moon, fire,’
strongly reinforced by fresh bands of their countrymen, they gradually settle in Wallia, 415-419, elected—he obtains an ad¬ and other material objects; sacrificed human victims, wolves, i
the country, the ancient inhabitants being either murdered, reduced to slavery, vantageous peace from Rome, 417—by succes¬ sheep, etc.: their chiefis were elective, power limited) tri- ,
or driveu into the mountainous districts of Wales. In the struggle which sive victories he exterminates the Silingi, and bute voluntary—their historians, bards or scalds.
takes place Horsa is killed, but Hengist founds the forces the Suevi, the Alans, and Vandals to take
refuge in the mountains of Gallicia. First Dynasty—Merovingians. I
Kingdom of Kent, 454-823. Theodoric I., 419-451,—he strengthens the 1.) Pharamond, ab. 420-428.
comprising Kent, Middlesex,, Essex, and part of Surrey: capital, Canterbury. power of the Visigoths in the south of France
This prince, whose existence has been doubted, is said to have led
Hengist, descended from Woden, 454-488. and Spain. the Franks across the Rhine, and to have taken up his quarters in
429 The Vandals, under Genseric, cross over Flanders. This honour is now generally attributed to Clovis.
iEsc, 488-512, succeeds Hengist. into Africa.
2. ) Clodion, 428-448, defeated at Soissons by JEtius.
The success of the freebooters encouraged fresh attempts, and seven or eight The history of the Suevi in Gallicia and part of Lusita¬
Saxon kingdoms were successively founded; the king of one of these however nia, is merely an account of their wars with the Visigoths. 3. ) Merovius, 448-456,—he powerfully assists in the
They became first Arians, but afterwards embraced the
was generally acknowledged as chief by the others, and had the title of Bretwalda Catholic faith. In 573 they were united to the Spanish defeat of Attila, and thus earns the privilege of giving his I
(weilder or sovereign of Britain). The first of these was Ella, who landed monarchy. name to the first race of French kings.
47T, and founded the
Theodoric falls in the battle of Chalons-sur-Marne, in which Attila is defeated, 451.
Kingdom of Sussex, (south Saxons), 490-721,
containing Sussex and part of Sur?-ey. Of this insignificant kingdom no records Tiiorismond, 451-453, assassinated by his bro¬ 4. ) Childeric, 456-481, exiled 457—restored 465—
remain after the time of Scissa. ther, extends the dominions of the Franks to the Loire
Theodoric II., 453-466, who is murdered by
Ella, 490-514, Bretwalda X. his brother, 5. ) Clovis, 481-511, the true founder Clovis not thol
Euric, 466-484.—he and his brother Theodoric of the French monarchy: capital Paris.
king of Gaul, bull
486 Defeats Syagrius at Soissons—End of k. of tiie FranhiI
These kings were merely military leaders, who could do nothing without the are regarded as the two best and greatest mon- —sovereign cap-1
consent of their brother warriors. It was only by degrees that their powers in the Roman dominion. tain of the armyl
archs of the Visigoths. Fratricide, in those
—grants of lan<i|
creased, and they became intrusted with the execution of the decrees passed in days, was thought so little of as scarcely to de¬ 496 Gains a victory over the Alemanni, at to his soldiers,
the Witena-gemot, or assembly of the elders of the people. The king was the tract from this character. Tolbiac—they submit to him, and are go¬ Rise of the|
creation of his people; for though generally some one of the royal family was Euric becomes entirely independent of Rome, verned by their own dukes till the time of Feudal
500 chosen, the throne was rather elective than hereditary—hence the power of these and is regarded as the real founder of the Pepin—embraces Christianity, and is bap¬ System.
kings was more limited than that of almost any others in Europe. Gothic monarchy of Spain. tized at Rheims. General assem-l
Legislation of tiie Visigoths. blies in the I
500 Defeats Gondcbald and ravages Bur¬ Champ de Mart I
Octa, 512-542, in Kent. Alaric II., 484-507. gundy. and elsewhere on I
all public affairs I
Cerdic, after twenty-four years of arduous warfare with the Britons, (who —the towns still I
governed by 7?o-j
bravely defend themselves under Ambrosius (d. 508), and King Arthur, 507 Defeated and slain by Clovis, aided by the Burgundians, at Vougle, man laws under I
who is said to have defeated the Saxons in several battles, particularly Cerdic, municipalities— [
near Poitiers. a Frankish graf 1
at the battle of Mount Baden (Bath), 511), founds the or count, gene¬
rally added.
Toulouse and Aquitaine conquered by the Franks.
Kingdom of Wessex, ( West Saxons), 519,
which ultimately unites to itself the whole English monarchy. It included These pretended kings of France and Spain, were nothing more than military chiefs, elected by their The rural pco ;
soldiers; and must not be regarded as monarchs born to inherit a fixed territory, but as semi-barbarous pie slaves.
Hants, Dorset, Wilts, Berks, Isle of Wight, Devon, Cornwall, etc.
conquerors, encamped in the midst of a country which they had subdued. Their courts, or head-quar¬
ters, were continually changed—the habits of a wandering life could not be broken through at once.
Cerdic, 519-534, gains little more than Hants. An odd mixture of religions, laws, and government prevailed—the refined paganism of Greece and
Bomc_ the savage creeds of the Celtic, German, and Scandinavian races, with the purer faith of Chris¬
Cynric, 534-560, a warlike prince—gains Wilts, Oxfordshire, and Bucks. tianity, dwelt side by side. In laws and government, the power of the church, the Roman laws and
the rude customs of the barbarians, were mingled in the same manner.
Kingdom of Essex, (East Saxons), 530-823,
Gesalic, 507-509. 510 Causes the other Frankish kings to be massacred.
is founded by Eswyn, 537—584,—it makes but little figure in history—com¬
prised Middlesex and London. Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths,
New compilation of the Salic law, 511. U
508-522, rules the affairs of Spain—he pre¬
Eormenric, 542-560, succeeds in Kent. Arthur’s death, 542. serves Narbonne, wrested from the Visigoths by First council at Orleans.
Clovis, to this empire, but joins Arles and
Clovis dies, 511, and his dominions are di¬
The Kingdom of Bernicia was founded by Ida, 547-559, a descend¬ Provence to his own.
vided between his four sons:
ant of Wodin—it comprised Northumberland, Durham, and part of Scotland. Amalaric, 522-531,—the first Gothic king who
About the same time establishes his court in Spain: capital, Seville. 1. ) Childebert, k. of Paris, left an only daughter, who
Marries Clotilda, daughter of Clovis; but perse¬ did not succeed—First example of the Salic law.
The Kingdom of Beira was founded by Ella, 560, upon the conquest cuting her on account of her religion, she ap¬
of Lancashire and Yorkshire—these two kingdoms were united by the marriage plies to her brother, Childebert—a war ensues, 2. ) Clodomir, king of Neustria, slain 524, in the Bur¬
of Ethelfritii, grandson of Ida, with Acca, daughter of Ella, and formed in which Amalaric is slain. gundian war—his children were murdered by Childebert
together and Clotaire, who divided his possessions between them.
Tiieudis, 531-548, elected king.
Northumbria. 3. ) Clotaire, at Soissons, 511-561. Thuringia
Loses Gothic Gaul.
4. ) Thierry, at Metz, 511-534. conquered.
The progress of the Angles in The north was slow—the Britons appear to have Tolerates the Catholics.
Theodebert, 534-539, succeeds Thierry at Metz—ex¬
fought more bravely here than in any other part. Theodisel, 548, (Licentious).
pedition into Italy for the purpose of making conquests—
Agila, 549-554.
Provence and Rhatia wrested from the Ostrogoths, 536.
Ethelberht, 560-616, king of Kent, a warlike prince, subdues most of the Civil commotions, in which the king is slain.
other Saxon kings. Atiianacild, 554-567. Clotaire, 558-561, sole monarch—collates to benefices.
About this time the Greeks from Africa ob¬ Upon his death the kingdom is again divided (still with
Ceawlin, 560-591, k. of Wessex, defeats the Britons in several battles—gains the consent of the Franks) between his four sons—the
Gloucestershire and part of Somersetshire, and reigns as tain possession of the southern coast,- from the
straits to Vulentia. states were federative and had a general assembly, in
Bretwalda XX., 571: his brother defeats the Britons at Bedford. Liuva, 567-572. which were debated the affairs common to them all.
1. ) Caribert, reigns at Paris, 561-567.
East-Anglia, ab. 575, Interregnum.
2. ) Gontran, king of Orleans and Burgundy, 561-593.
is formed into a kingdom by Uffa. Leovigild, 572-586,—victorious against the 3. ) Sigebert, king of Austrasia, (at Metz), 561-575,—
The name of Angle-land was at first given only to a small part of the eastern Greeks and numerous rebellions—also over his wife Brunehilda.
coast, East-Engla-land. son Frmenigila.
4.) Chilperic I. (the French Nero), king of Neustria,
(at Soissons), 561-584—married the beautiful Fredegonda.
The Kingdom of Mercia, 586, Persecutes the Catholics.
561—613 Continual changes in the possessions of the Merovingian
was the last founded by the Angles, and seems at first to have been considered princes, accompanied by scenes of tumult and bloodshed — Brune-
as part of Deira. Makes an entire conquest of the kingdom of the hilda and Fredegonda are celebrated for their (rimes, and the power
Suevi, which is entirely overthrown 587. they exercise over these princes, whom they instigate to the most
Crida, 586, is named as its first sovereign, but his grandson Penda first sepa¬ horrid deeds.
rated it from the dominion of the Northern Angles. Improves the laivs. 567 Caribert dies—his kingdom occasions much strife, as
each of his brothers wish to possess it—they finally come
Ceawlin adds Sussex to his dominions—upon his death, 591, Ethelberht, k.
Recared, 586-601, good and prosperous reign to an agreement, and live together at Paris.
of Kent, gains the preponderance and becomes
—establishes the Catholic faith throughout Childebert II., king of Austrasia, 575-596.
Bretwalda XEX. Spain—the clergy obtain great authority. The aristocracy acquire great power, feebly controlled by the mayors
of the palace, who are chiefs of the army, of the treasury, and of the
Ethelberht is converted to Christianity by St. Augustine and forty monks, government.
who are sent to England as missionaries by Pope Gregory, 596. The Latin language supersedes the Gothic.
Clotaire II., 584-628, succeeds Chilperic in Neustria,
Nearly the whole of the western coast, from the mouth of the Clyde to the and reigns under his mother Fredegonda.
Land’s-end, still belonged to the Britons.
The conquests of the Saxons replunged Britain into that state of barbarism from The Visigoths were the most civilised of the Thierry II., 596-613, king of Burgundy, and
which it had been raised by the Homans. ’ On many occasions towns and vil- German tribes: the royal authority was better Theodebert II., 596-612, king of Austrasia, succeed
lages, with their inhabitants, were involved in the same ruin—the captives, with- established among them, and exercised a whole¬ their father Childebert, under the tutelage of their grand¬
out distinction of rank, sex, or age, were divided with the lands among the con¬ some sway even in times of peace. mother Brunehilda.
querors—many found an asylum in the mountains—a large body, altogether
600 abandoning the country, settled in Armorica, and gave their name to the present Rising power of the mayors of the palace.
Bretagne.
 Sixth Centuries.
THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
BARBARIAN PERIOD.
German Nations. Italy. Church History Greek Empire at Constantinople. New Persia,
The Burgun¬ and Bishops of Rome.
The division of the Roman world between Ar-
Em¬ 400
or Parthian
dians^ numerous Eastern Ger¬ pire.
md warlike peo¬ many, beyond In 476 the tottering empire of the The Christian church at the begin¬ cadius and Honorius, marks the final establishment
ple of the Vandal the Saale, is oc- west was finally overthrown by Odo- ning of the fifth century was no longer of the empire of the east, which endured 1058
race, early occu¬ cupied by the acer's sack of Rome—the great event what it had been at its rise—a simple years (395-1453) in a state of gradual decay. Sassanides.
pied part of the Slavi, or Sclavo- which divides ancient and modern his- association of believers in one common It was bounded by the Adriatic and the Tigris—
Roman empire, nians, a people tory faith, meeting together to express their the populous countries included within it were the Baiiram Gor(Va-
ind were soon differing from Still the imperial government of Italy common opinions and convictions, and seat of art and learning, of luxuiy and wealth; and ranes V.) 420,—
aken into its pay the Germans in seems to have been but little changed to enjoy their common emotions and its inhabitants, who had assumed the language and —persecutes the
—in the middle language and by it—the senate still assembled — feelings. The apostolic purity and manners of Greece, styled themselves the most en¬ Christians—war
)f the fourth cen- manners. the consuls were yearly appointed— simplicity in which it had been found¬ lightened and civilised portion of the human race. with the Greeks—
ury they were and the imperial laws were duly ad¬ ed, had been corrupted by human in¬ The government was an absolute monarchy—the a truce 422.
ieated on the Vibe; ministered—and none of the municipal ventions—various superstitious rites emperors imitating, in the luxury and magnificence
and ceremonies had been introduced- of their court, and the obedience they exacted from Invasion of the
)ut about 413, the or provincial authorities were changed.
ands, which form The Alemanni, But Italy was nearly a desert—its heresies and controversies were daily their servile subjects, the parade and despotism of Huns, 430-440,
increasing—the simple truths of the eastern rulers. who are repelled.
lie present pro- the Thuringians, population had been swept away by
•ince of Burgun- and the Saxons every scourge under heaven—war, gospel were adulterated by philosophi¬
cal speculations and mysticisms—the 438 Theodosian code of laws published. Yezdejerd {Isde-
ly, were ceded to are at times plague, famine, public tyranny, and
bishops began to seek for worldly au¬ gerdcs II.) 438.
hem by IIono- enemies, allies, domestic slavery.
or tributaries of thority. Five emperors, Marcian, 450-457, Leo, 457- Hurmaz, 456.
iius, and the
474, Leo II., 474, Zeno, 474—491, Anastasius, Firoz, his elder bro¬
Kingdom the Franks
ther, aided by the
of the always carrying 476 Odoacer, king- of Italy— Oligarchy of the Bishops of Rome, 491-518, were old men, feeble in mind and body,
he also subjugates Noricum and the Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and raised to the throne by women, who governed in Hans, invades Per¬
urgundians on petty wars
Rugians—of the latter he brings nu¬ and Jerusalem—all striving for su their name. sia, and defeats
as ^founded by among them
merous bodies into Italy to cultivate premacy. and puts to death
Jon dicar, 413. selves.
its lands, which had become depopu¬ Ab. 475 Theodoric (educated as an Yezdejerd.
lated. The favour of princes had given a hostage at Constantinople), succeeds
mbraces Christi-
new character to the church, and makes his father as king of the Ostrogoths, Firoz, 457 or 458,
nity about 417—
The Ostrogoths, under Theodoric, in¬ it necessary that we should hencefor¬ inhabiting Pannonia—he invaded! killed 484 (Mal¬
'at holies.
vade Italy—Odoacer defends it brave¬ ward consider it under a more political the eastern empire and terrified Zeno colm), or 488 (Gib¬
ly—after losing three battles and en¬ bon)—one of the
■ b!-. J aspect than it had hitherto assumed. into a purchase of his friendship—
Wtr.1 during a three years’ siege in Ra¬ but a quarrel arising between them, most celebrated
II. ] venna, he obtains an honourable ca¬ Theodoric ravages Thrace with great princes of Persia.
loNDERIC, 436. Simplicius, 468-483.
pitulation, but is murdered soon after. cruelty.
ifj
Dangerous
'hey obtain tlie Theodoric completes the conquest of Felix II. or III., 483-492—he was
1 ' inds between the Italy and Sicily, and founds excommunicated by Acacius, bishop Sixth great migration of
yoirc and Alps, of Constantinople. ~ the German tribes.
The Empire of the Thodoric’s expedition from Thrace wars
nd Switzerland as
tr as the Aar: Ostrogoths. etc. into Italy, 489-493—the army
Litanies and bells first used.
151 'ipital, Lyons. Theodoric the Great, 493-526. and entire nation of the Ostrogoths
leave Thrace; and, joined by Bul¬ with
<i Itij Gelasius I., 492-496.
HILPERIC,466,is
This empire included, besides Italy garians, Gepida, and Sarmutiuns, in¬
Anastasius II., 496-497.
issociated with his and Sicily, the provinces between the vade and conquer Italy.
II w u Laurentius, 498,—schism between the
’ather, and after¬ Danube and the Adriatic sea, Rhcetia,
'f G tjiii y him and
Noricum {Bavaria), Pannonia, West¬
fo/rJ wards succeeds Symmachus I., 498-514. Pallas {Balasch),
Tcip d lim. ern Illyria, and the Upper Meesia:
f lie iim capitals, Ravenna and Verona. 484-488.
its of ri iondebald, his 499 First invasion of the Bulgarians.
Theodoric followed the example of Publication of the Gemara, or Talmud
«fcl brother, ab. 477, of Babylon.
Odoacer in granting his troops, half a White
otil,; ‘evolts against
rim, and in the million men (Arians), one-third of the
Hormisdas, 514-523. Cobad {Cubades),
:nd puts him and lands as military fiefs—he established 500
many wise institutions—consolidated 488-531.
he rest of his During this century genuine sim¬
amily to death, the liberties of the Goths, their popu¬
lar judicial proceedings, public deli¬ plicity declines, and luxury, ambition, Buns.
md seizes the and avarice, especially among eccle¬ 502-5 War with Persia.
:rown. berations, etc.—toleration of religion—
liberties and municipalities of the Ro¬ siastics, increase—the episcopal power
mans preserved. waxes stronger. 507 Long walls built to protect Constantinople
The bishops of Rome and Constan¬ from the Bulgarians.
ONDEBALD, 491- 500 Edict of Theodoric. tinople struggle for supremacy.
ikiit f Noushirvan
>16. The bishops of Rome are still elect¬ 512 Tumult at Constantinople—10,000 killed.
Ml, ; | 503 Conquest of Arles and Provence. {Chosroes), 531-
ed by the clergy and Roman people, 579, the just—he
|D2 Gondebald Italy flourishes. and confirmed by the kings of Italy— Justin, 518-527.—Proclus his minister. establishes four vi¬
nmlpublishes a col-
ection of the Boethius and Symmachus condemned the cardinals as yet are only presby¬ ziers over his four
by Theodoric. ters, curates, or curiones, over the provinces of As¬
rights and cus- great churches at Rome, Ravenna, and syria, Media, Per¬
:oms of the Bur¬ 526 Theodoric d.—buried at Ravenna. Milan. Justinian, 527-565. Theodora. sia, and Bactriana.
gundians ; and Athalaric (5 yrs. old), 526-534, un¬ Belisarius.
his valuable do¬ der Amalasontha. John I., 523-526. Persian war, 529-531. The fables of Pil-
cument forms the Theodatus, 534—slain 536. Felix III. or IV., 526-530. Procopius. pay translated into
md. Gombelte law— Unsuccessful war with Justinian, 535- The schools of Athens suppressed. Persian, and the
Hendtnos,legisla- 553—the troops revolt and elect Extreme unction introduced. 532 Sedition occasioned by the dis¬ game of chess intro¬
:or. Many Ger¬ Vitiges, 536-541. putes of the greens and blues. duced from India.
manic tribes, 529 Foundation of the monastery of 533 Justinian's pandects and code Brilliant
particularly the Belisarius takes Rome 536 ; but
Bavarians and 537 it endures a long and disastrous Benedictines, at Monte Cassino, near of laws—Tribonian. War with Justinian
siege from Vitiges. Naples, the first monastery of the —invasion of Sy¬
16 Tributary to Saxons join the
’ e Franks. Lombards and 538-539 The Franks, whom Vitiges west—this order spreads rapidly—its period ria and capture of
Avars in their calls to his succour, ravage Italy, sack original characteristics were not wealth 533-534 Belisarius overthrows the Antioch—Belisa¬
16 Sigismond. invasion of Italy. Milan and Genoa, and cut to pieces and idleness, but austerity, poverty, empire of the Vandals in Africa. rius in Syria.
and labour. of
on the same day the armies of the St. Sophia and other churches
The Lombards, Goths and of the Greeks, which had and palaces founded.
{Langobardi), both reckoned on their assistance— Boniface, 530-532.
John II., 532-535. War with Persia, 540—Syria, Ar¬ the Siege of Petra,
Iodomar, 523. under Alboin, they finally almost all perish by famine.
Agapetus, 535-536. menia, and Colchis completely de¬ 549-551.
having, with the 539 Vitiges raises the siege of Rome,
Silverius, 536-538. vastated.
aid of the Avars, and surrenders Ravenna, and himself
as prisoner to Belisarius. 536 Separation of the Armenian Chris¬ 541 Roman consulship abolished. Byzantine
14 Subdued by etc., destroyed tians from the Greek church.
Totila, 541-552, re-establishes the Plague at Constantinople, 542-
jj 535. he Franks—they the Gepidce, 566,
s 'etain their own abandon Pan¬ powers of the Ostrogoths—takes Rome, Vicilius, 538-555,—he gains the pa¬ 594—during three months from Persarmcnia, op¬
aws and institu- nonia to the A- 546, rases the walls, and expels the in¬ pal chair by hypocrisy and violence. 5 to 10,000 died daily. Empire, pressed by the
habitants. 553 Fifth general council of Constan¬ 548 Lombards settle in Pannonia. Magi, submits to
stil »«1 lions, and pay a vars, and invade
ms—it ax to the con- Italy, 568. 552 Norses, the general of Justinian, tinople, convoked by order of Justi¬ 550 Greeks settle on the Spanish the Greeks.

mbly, i querors. invades Italy with 30,000 men—de¬ nian, and over which the patriarch of coast. 518-565.
feats the Goths near Rome {Totila Constantinople presided, although the 553 Narses overthrows the empire
Seventh
Ab. 550 The slain) and at Naples, 553, Teias slain. bishop of Rome was in the city. of the Ostrogoths, and settles the
migration affairs of Italy.
Duchy of OVERTHROWS THE GOTHIC MONARCHY. Pelagius I., 555-559.
Kl-SMl Poland is
of the Trade with China. Turkish Monarchy-
John III., 559-572. founded in Asia,
1-575.1 said to have German 554 Italy under Greek Exarchs, Silkworms introduced from China.
Benedict I., 573-577. ab. 545-550. Conquest of
been found¬ nations. who exercise civil, military, and even
559 The Bulgarians advance to the Arabia Felix.
ed by Lech ecclesiastical power. 557 The Avars, driven
Miracles greatly increase. gates of Constantinople—repulsed
I., chief of Alboin's expedition from Pannonia into forward by the Turks,
Exarchs by Belisarius—he is disgraced, Wars with the.
the Sclavo- Italy, 568-^-and conquest of the coun¬ send an embassy to
at Ravenna. Pelagius II., 578-590. 561—dies 565.
Constantinople; and,
Greeks.
nians—after try, 572.
his death the Narses,554— Gregory I., the Great, 590-604. about 568, settle in
Kingdom of tbe Lombards. recalled 567. Justin II., 565-578. Hurmaz III.
country was Canon of the mass established. Pannonia, vacated by
{Hormisdas),
governed by Alboin, 568-574—capital Pavia. Wars with Persia, 571-591.
the Lombards.
579-590.
strife, ss A military feudal system, but the Roman Longinus, St. Augustine and forty monks go as
UjCOJll
twelve pala- missionaries into England—convert 574 Tiberius associated in 569-582 The Turks
municipal government continues—the Lom¬ 568.
tins, or vai- bards Arians. the Anglo-Saxons—St. Augustine the the government. send embassies to 590 Rebellion
vodes. first archbishop of Canterbury, 598. the Greek emperor— of Bahram,
Clef, 573 {elected)—murdered 575. Smaragdus,
575—584 General assemblies govern in the Christianity had been professed in treaty between them. in which
in»r_ Ab. the same various provinces—they elect dukes as presi¬ 584-590.
udofiK | this island by the British, more than Hurmaz is
time Zeck, dents, of which there are from 30 to 36. 400 years before the arrival of St. 570-600 The Avars flourish under Baian slain—Chos¬
Romanus,
brother of Autiiaris (elected) 584-591. Augustine—about sixteen bishops of —invade the eastern empire, and spread roes, his son,
Leek, was 590-597.
Successful against the Greeks and British Christians are recorded—the over Hungary, Poland, and Prussia. flees to the
the first duke bishopric of London, founded by king Greeks, by
Franks. Callinicus,
of Bohemia. Lucius, 176, was the first. Tiberius II., 578-582. whose aid he
Many troubles follow, but the monarchy by 597-602.
degrees becomes partly hereditary—population recovers the
Ijri't.- and agriculture increase—towns are rebuilt—
civilisation advances. Rites and superstitions increase—relics Maurice, 582-602. throne.
of martyrs sought for and worshipped
Agiltjlf, 591-615. Chosroes II.
—litanies addressed to the Virgin come The empire extended to the Araxes,
I Far with the Exarchs. into use, as well as fanciful priestly and almost to the Caspian. {Purveez),
garments, lights in the day, exorcisms, 591-628. 600
Falconry introduced. etc. 592 War with the Avars.

a
4 Table ii. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF The Seventi

ROMAN CIVILISATION DISAPPEARS—BRUTE FORCE AND BARBARISM PREDOMINATE.

Britain. Spain. France. Germany. Italy.
Ceolwulf, k. of Wessex, Kingdom of the Greee
600 Kingdom of the Tranks. Lombards. Exarchs at
597-611, makes Wessex 603 ETHELFRITH,k. Kingdom of tbe Visigotbs.
to be feared by all his of Northumbria, Merovingians : Ravenna.
neighbours, Saxon and successful against Liuva II., 601—assassinated by Agilulf—615.
Thierry, k. Theodebert Clotaire II.
British—his sons, Cy- the Britons—routs Vitteric, 603—assassinated. Smaragdus, 602-
of Orleans and II. k. of Aus- k. of Soissons.
negils and Cuichelm, the Scots at Deg- 602 He embraces 611, (the se-
Burgundy. trasia.
611-642, (the first Chris¬ sastan—he destroys the Catholic faith. cond time.)
the monastery of A succession of civil wars is carried on be¬
tian sovereigns of the
Bangor, with its li¬ Gondemar, 610. tween these monarchs with varied success; Successful wars against the Greeks.
state), resist Penda, and
brary, rich in his¬ but
maintain the superiority
of their country. toric monuments, Sisebert, 612-621,—successful 613 The Burgundians and Austrasians under Lemigius, 611-
ab. 612—killed 617. against the Basques and Greeks. Brunehilda desert to Clotaire, who, having 616.
put Brunehilda to death, and having all the
St. Paul's and St. Peter's (now Westminster descendants of Clovis in his power, becomes
Abbey) founded about this time by Sabert, sole monarch. Adalvald, 615.
(nephew of Ethelbert, k. of Kent), who intro¬
Clotaire XX., sole monarch, 613-628,
duces Christianity into the kingdom of Essex. Persecution of the Jews—80,000 grandson of Clovis,—his power extends over Civil broils Eleutherius,
Ethelbert publishes the first code of laws in are baptized, and many escape all the Gauls to the1 Pyrenees—the Saxons 616-619.
Britain. into France. and Lombards tributary: capital, Paris. and wars
615 Council at Paris—a national assembly 619 Eleutherius
Eadbald, k. of Kent, 616-640. attended by lay lords as well as bishops. against the is killed in an
Redwald, k. of East-Anglia,617,— attempt to as¬
Bretwalda IV.—he defeats and kills Ethel- During the fifteen years' tranquil
Greeks sume the pur¬
Jrith, king of Northumbria, at Retford, and Recared II., 621,—three months. reign of Clotaire, commerce and
ple.
places Edwin, son of Ella, on the throne, 617- Swintlla, 621,—deposed 631— the arts of peace improve. Isaac, 619-638.
prevail during
633, who becomes defeats the Basques. 622 Dagobert, son of Clotaire, made k. of
Bretwalda V.— he embraces Christianity Neustria and Austrasia. this century.
and becomes powerful, but falls in the bat¬ 623 The Greeks expelled Spain. The maritime
625 War with the Saxons.
tle of Hatfield, against Penda, king of Mercia,
and Cadwallon, k. of North Wales, 633, who The power of the mayors of the palaces in¬ cities of
625 ravage his kingdom—Eanfrith succeeds. creases by their being appointed regents over Arivald, 625-
the countries conquered by Clotaire. 636. Italy,
Penda, 627-655, a brave and restless warrior,
gives to Mercia a formidable preponderance. Dagobert, 628-638, Charibert, his bro-
succeeds Clotaire. ther, is appointed k. Plato, 638-649.
Oswald, k. of Northum- 634 Cadwallon, k. Pepin, the elder, is of Aquitaine, and
bria, 634-642, of N. Wales, falls in Sisenand, 631-636. made mayor of the makes Toulouse his nominally
Bretwalda VI., battle against Os- palace and duke of capital — from him Samo, a mer¬
a virtuous monarch—pro- wald, the successor 633 Fourth council of Toledo. Neustria. are descended the chant of France subject
pagates Christianity—falls of Eanfrith, after dukes of Aquitaine trading with
in battle against Penda, havingbeenengaged The authority of the church and —dies 631. the Slavi, or to the
642. in fourteen great bishops increases. 631 Dagobert sole monarch. Venidi, in Bo¬
battles and sixty Dagobert gives himself up to all manner hemia, stimu¬ Greek
skirmishes. of luxury and debauchery—“This king had lates them to
Chintilla, 636-640.
Cadwaladyr, his three queens, and so many concubines that I shake off the empire,
son, emigrates dur¬ 638 Sixth council—edict against shrink from the task of inserting them in this yoke of the A-
ing a pestilence to the Jews. chronicle.’’—Fredigaire, quoted by Sismondi. vars-under begin to
Oswy succeeds and be- Brituny—dies at 631 9000 Bulgarian families, to whom Dago¬ him they are
Rome. Tulga, 640,—civil broils. bert had exercised hospitality, are massacred victorious and Rotharis,636-652. form into
Bretwalda VII., 642-670,—he subdues in one night, by his orders, lest his sheltering make him their
Mercia and East-Anglia, and introduces Chris¬ Ciiindaswind, 642-653,—he re¬ them should offend the Avars. king. Theodorus Cal-
tianity into the former; but in the end North¬ establishes peace in his domi¬ War with the Slavi. lopas, 648, 649.
umbria decreases in power—he loses his con¬ nions, strengthens the throne, After the death of Dagobert the kings of
quests, and, though his successor, Ecgfrid, 670, and punishes the nobles who had France become mere ciphers in the hands of Legislation of Ro¬ free
for some time maintains a superiority, the king¬ taken part in the revolutions and the mayors of the palace, who hold not their tharis and gra¬
dom falls a prey to civil broils—a rapid suc¬ conspiracies which for forty years authority of the king, but are elected by the dual formation of republics,
cession of princes, and the invasion of the had distracted Spain—he reforms nobles of the countries they govern. the Italian lan¬
Danes. the law of the Visigoths, and guage. t n which
Penda, k. of Mercia, destroys three kings of causes all his subjects to be 638 Tbe Kingdom again divided:
East-Anglia, 643, but falls in battle against amenable to the same code and Clovis II. (five years Sigebert (eight years Invasion of the was
Oswy, 655, at Winwidfield near Leeds. the same magistrates. old) k. of Neustria old) k. of Austrasia, Slavi, who are re¬
Cenwalch, k. of Wessex, 643-672, is driven 649 Associates his son. and Burgundy, 638- 638-656. pulsed. preserved
65 0 from his throne by Penda, 645, who keeps pos¬ 656. Pepin, d. 639.
session of Wessex for three years, and though Receswind, 653-672,—he re¬ Ega mayor of the Grimoald succeeds the
Cenwalch is restored, he loses ground against laxes the authority of the so¬ palace. him as mayor of the Radulf, duke
Wulfhere, Penda's son. vereign, who henceforward is palace. of Thuringia. Olympius, 649-
simply the first magistrate in¬ Clotaire III., 656- Dagobert, 656-679, 652.
Mercia embraces Christianity. trusted with the execution of the 670,—after the death —Grimoald'gets him Radoald, 652. Theodorus re-
laws—all is regulated by the na¬ of Sigebert, sole king kidnapped into Scot¬ Aribert, 653-661. stored, 652-666.
656-675 Wulfhere, k. of Mercia, shakes off tional assemblies, in which till 660. land and places his
the yoke of Northumbria. own son on the spirit of
The clergy have great power. throne, who reigns Perth.aris at Mi¬
Northumbria declines, and Wessex and Mercia seven months. lan, and Gon DE- liberty
increase in power. BERT at Pavia, 661.
Childeric II., 660. Grimoald, 662, that,
Tbe duke of Benevento,
Divisions between the aristocracy and the comes to aid Gon- afterwards,
Abbey of Whitby, and monastery freemen, or small landholders—the former suc¬ debert, but kills him
■ of Gilling, founded. cessful in Austrasia under the Carlovingian and seizes the
Defeats the Basques. family—but in Neustria the freemen main¬ crown. Petiiaris flees into Pan-
Anglo-Saxons tain their independence, attend the national nonia—Grimoald makes conquests in
assemblies, and elect Ebroin mayor of the Lower Italy.
Ecgfrid, 670-685, succeeds,Oswy in Northum¬ palace to Clotaire. Gregory, 666.
bria—he defeats the Piets, and, 679, invades
Mercia. Thierry III., 670, is placed on the throne by
Improve Ebroin; but the nobles, in hatred of Ebroin, Pertharis restored, became
depose him, and 671-686,—pro¬
in Wamba (elected), 672-680. tects Wilfred, diffused
Childeric II., 670-673, becomes sole mon¬
673 Rebellion of Paul. archbishop of
arch.
Ethelred, k. of Mercia, 675-704, defeats the 675 Naval victory over the Arabs, York. over
Cantuarians and ruins their cities, 677. who attempt to invade Spain— Thierry is restored 673.
turns monk, and abdicates—dies Dagobert, who re¬ western
675 civilisation 683. turns from Scotland,
Erwig, 680-687. 674-679. Cunibert, 677, as¬ Europe.
684 Ecgfrid sends an army into Ireland.
sociated with his
and After six years of war, massacre, and pil¬ father.
Literature flourishes in some of the Irish lage, between the Neustrians and Austrasians, Theodorus II.,
monasteries. Pepin d’IIeristal gains, 678-687.
power 687, The battle of Testry, 686 Cunibert alone.
and becomes, as hereditary duke, the ruler of The Aleman-
Ecgfrid makes an expedition against the Piets,
France, under the cipher-king Thierry. ni, Bavarians, John Plato,687-
in which he is slain.
Frisons, Thu- 702.
Alfred, the Wise, 685-728, succeeds him—an
This victory was the triumph ringians, and
amiable monarch, and grea t encourager of lite¬
of the aristocracy over the Saxons, while
rature. by the
monarch and the people— France is oc¬
Caedwalla, 685, the first Christian king of it caused the Teutonic lan¬ cupied with
Wessex, subjugates Kent and Sussex—dies at Egica, 687-701. guage to supersede the La- the dissensions
Rome, 688. tin—national assemblies to of the mayors
Ina, 688-728, succeeds him—a valiant king— be re-established, held more of the palace,
legislator, and encourager of learning—dies at Clovis III., regularly, and to obtain su¬ shake off the
Rome, 728, where he founds a Saxon school, to 691-695, preme authority—unfortu- Frankish yoke.
maintain which he grants Peter’s pence—he an¬ Rigid persecution of the Jews. ChildebertIII. nately they were only as-
nexed Essex to his dominions. 695-711,— semblies of the nobles.
Introduction kings only in
name.
of
The nations beyond the Rhine regain their
Wessex declines to the time of Egbert.
696 Witiza associated in the go¬ independence. 697 Venice begins to have its Doges
Cbristianity.
vernment. —Luc Anafetto the first.
Aquitaine, Burgundy, and Provence become separate states
under their own dukes.
700

a
l\'l} Century.
THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
RISING POWER OF THE POPES. RISE OF MOHAMMEDANISM.
Church History and Literature, Ce¬ Greek Empiri Arabs, or Mussulmans.
POPES. lebrated Men, etc. Persia,
602 Revolt of the army, which elects The Arabs profess to be descended from Abraham, through Dynasty of the
*4, Sabinian, 604-606. GOO
’hocas, 602-610, a brutal, lustful tyrant Ishmael and Hagar; and the affinity of their language proves Sassanibes.
Boniface III., 606. —murder of Maurice and his five sons. the Jeius and Arabs a kindred race.
'.60! Chosroes II., at
The power of the popes increases by the Madain.
* se. concessions of Phocas—the title of uni¬ Their valour, and the nature of the land they inhabit, pre¬ 603 Invades
versal bishop is now first usurped—the
War with Persia, 603-628. the
churches of the east, of Wales and Scot¬ served it from becoming a province of the Roman empire. Greek empire—con¬
land, do not submit to this usurpation. quers Syria, 611 —
fttk, The Waldenses still preserve the sim¬
plicity of the Gospel, and acknowledge Phocas is put to death by At the beginning of this century Arabia became the theatre Palestine and Je¬
Gil.
no dependence upon Rome—Spanheim ;
but Koch, who quotes Bede, lib. I. c.
Heraclius, 610-641. of events which wrought an entire change in the condition of rusalem, 614 — E-
29. and II. 17, states that the supremacy gypt, 616, and Asia
the nations of the east, and threatened to do the same for those
of Rome was acknowledged in England Minor except the
in 601 and 607, when the archbishops of of the west. coasts—overrun A-
('anterbury and York received the pal¬
lium from the popes. Secundus, historian of 610-22 Twelve years of distress—the frica.
the Lombards, d. 615. Persians conquer the eastern provinces, 609 Mohammed, a native of Mecca, (born 569), assumes the Splendid court of
Boniface IV., 607-614.
and the Avars ravage the west—the em¬ character of a prophet, and endeavours to convert his country¬ Persia — 960 ele¬
lies The Anglo-Saxons embrace Saxon code of laws pub¬ pire reduced to little more than Constan¬ men from idolatry to a belief in one God—his flight from phants—the tent &
19. Christianity—as do also, dur¬ lished in Britain. tinople and part of Greece. Mecca, where he is opposed by Abu Stifian, which takes baggage of Chos¬
ing this century, the Fries- roes were borne by
krjii place July 16, 622, forms the era of the Mohammedans, and 12,000 large, and
landers, Westphalians, Thu-
»an Isidorus of Spain— is called 8000 lesser camels
ringians, Danes, Swedes, Ger¬
® as- grammarian, philoso¬
mans, and Franks. 617 Ambassadors sent to Chosroes to re¬ —his celebrated pa¬
pher, and historian of
lace had 40,000 co¬
the Goths and Vandals, quest peace, which he refuses unless the
614 Jerusalem taken by the Greeks will forsake Christianity and wor¬ lumns of silver, and
d. 636.
- 638. Persians, who kill 90,000 ship the sun. The Hijra, or Flight, of EXohammed, 622. contained 1000
persons and carry off the Theophylactus, Simo- globes of gold, re¬
catta, historian. He enters Medina, and is acknowledged as prophet and mili¬ presenting the zo¬
cross of Christ. 622-625 Successful expeditions of Hera¬ tary sovereign.
!#>( Deodatcs, 614 or 615-617 or 618. John of Alexandria, sur- clius against the Persians, after which diac and planets.
named Philoponus, he maintains a superiority over them. 623-632 Conquers all Arabia—in his last pilgrimage to the 622 Invasion of He¬
Boniface V., 617-625. grammarian, and com¬ raclius.
Kaaba, 114,000 Mussulmen march under his banner.
Monks and Monasteries
mentator on Aristotle. 626 Vain attempt, of the Persians and 0,9.5
Paul Eginetus, Greek Avars combined, upon Constantinople Mohammed taught a future state of rewards and punish¬
greatly Increase.
physician. ments ; and made it incumbent on all his disciples to spread 627 Victory of Ni¬
Decay of his doctrines by the sword. neveh.
■649. IIonorius I., 625-638—he
Code of the Franks pub¬ Heraclius forms an alliance 628 Conquest of
had a taste for splendid ca¬ Arts,
lished. with the Turks, and, 627, Madain—Chosroes
thedrals and processions— Khalifs at Medina:
much money spent in build¬ George Pisides, his¬ makes another successful ,fl,§’riculture» flees—revolution—
torian and poet—d.ab. campaign against Persia. and 1.) Abu Bf.kr 632-634, Mohammed's father-in-law, suc¬ he is deposed and
ing churches.
641 628 Peace with Persia. Population. ceeds as Khalif, and reigns from the Euphrates and Tigris murdered by his
Some few monasteries still to the Mediterranean. son
continued to be nurseries of literature, which the Siroes, 628, eight
633 The Greeks defeated months.
the arts, repositories of learn¬ continual wars of the in Syria by the Arabs, 2.) Omar, 634-644.
ing, and, at least in appear¬ barbarians almost en¬ under Khaled, who cap¬
Peace with Con¬
ance, the abodes of frugality, tirely extinguished in tures Damascus, stantinople.
Europe, begins to be Egypt and part of Syria subdued.
chastity, and concord. 636 gains a victory over Twelve
cultivated towards the Heraclius on the Yermuk, In four years, eight
The Horan published.
Africa and Asia, with the end of this century in and drives the Greeks out monarchs contest
churches of Jerusalem, Alex¬ Arabia, under the Kha- of Syria. the throne, years
andria, and Antioch, lost to Ifs— the publication
637 Captures Jerusalem. Yezdejird, 632-
Cu the Christian world by the of the Koran fixes the 651, the last king.
The Christians allowed the exercise of their religion—paying tribute. Omar
progress of Mohammedanism. classic language of that of
country—poetry begins founds a mosque at Jerusalem, which Moslems consider nearly as sacred
as Mecca. The Arabs attack
Severinus, 640. to flourish—medical, Persia, and, under
astronomical, and other Othman, completely
John IV., 640-642. The Slavi found the Alexandria captured by Amru, and its library burnt, 640.
writers are translated subdue it.
kingdom of
Theodorus I. 642-649—the first from the Greek. Servia and Croatia,
One sect of Mohammedans, the anareby.
pope who assumes the title of 640. Shiahs, regard the first three Khalifs
SOVEREIGN PONTIFF. 643 Lombard code of 3.) Othman, 644- as usurpers ; while another, the Sunis,
laius published by Ro- Constantine III., (Heracleonas), 641. 655,—builds a fleet. consider them legitimate—this schism
Martin I., 649-655—he THARIS. Constans II., 641-668. still exists—the Persians generally are
commands the vow of celi¬ Shiahs, the Turks and Arabs, Sunis.
bacy to be kept by the clergy. 647 Amru captures Mauritania and nearly all northern Africa.
652 Maximus, of Con¬ 648 Cyprus captured, and 650
Rise of the schism between the stantinople, theologian. 653 Rhodes—complete destruction of the celebrated colossus.
Greek and Roman churches.
4. ) Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Mohammed, 656-660.
Eugenios, 654-657 THE EMPIRE DECLINES Moawiyah and Amru, governors of Syria and Egypt, rebel— From Ali are de-
the hostile armies meet at Kufa, where they wage a desultory scended the twelve
TO 668. war of 110 days, when Ali is assassinated by a fanatic. Imams of the Per¬
Vitalian, 657-672. 5. ) Hasen, reigns six months and abdicates. sian creed.

He commanded the universal A Saracen army advances to Constan¬ Ommeiyades, 656-750,—thirteen Khalifs.
use of the Latin language in di¬ tinople—Constans purchases their retreat.
1.) Moawiah, 661-680,—makes Damascus his capital, and
vine service. the khalifat hereditary—forms a navy—invades Sicily—be¬
667 Ildefonse, of To¬
Constantine IV. (Pogonatus), 668-685. sieges Constantinople.
ledo, historian and mo¬
ralist.
668-675 First siege of Constantinople by Alexandria shares with Constantinople
the Arabs—the Greek fire saves the city, the commerce of the Indies.
Calljnicus, of Heliopolis,
and obliges the Khalif to purchase, 678,
Grand Cairo founded, 670.
invents and brings to Con- a peace of thirty years, by a yearly
nests:
stantirtople The Greek tribute.
Fire, a composition of The rapid extension of the religion of Mohammed was mainly owing to the character and circumstances
of the people to whom it was first addressed, or on whom it was first imposed. It summoned the brave,
naphtha, pitch, and sulphur, hardy, ana predatory tribes of Arabia to battle, plunder, and pleasure, and divested death of its terrors
which, once ignited, could by the assurance that when incurred in religious warfare it was an incontrovertible title to an eternity
of enjoyment. The courage thus animated was confirmed by the success which attended the attacks of
not be extinguished by water the Arabs upon the efteminate and ill-protected people of Palestine and Syria; and the confidence of
Adeodatus, 672-676. —it adhered to wood, and conquest combined with the enthusiasm of religion to render the soldiers of Islam invincible before they
encountered the numerous but not over-valiant hosts of Persia and the Greek empire. To the fire
consumed with equal facility worshippers of Persia, as to the idolaters of Arabia, Mohammedanism offered a more rational creed, and
a single ship or a fleet— the impression which the sword first made was extended and established by conviction. To the
Christians and Jew’s of Asia and Egypt, the exercise of their religion was permitted upon payment of a
when thrown on the com¬ slight tribute, and their political connection with Constantinople was not of a nature to inspire loyalty
batants it insinuated itself or patriotism. The administration of the Government in both the Greek empire and Persian kingdom
between the joints of their was singularly defective, and the functionaries, both civil and military, corrupt, luxurious, and imbecile :
Domnus, 676-678. whilst the rule of the Khalifs was simple and vigorous, and the leaders of their armies distinguished for G75
armour, and destroyed them disinterested zeal, judicious energy, and intrepid valour.
by a death of torture—from
The popes become independent the prows of vessels and the
of the Greek emperors. walls of towns it was pro¬ The Magian
jected by pistons and tubes 2. ) Yezid, 680-683.
JJ Hi
with amazing velocity into religion
Agatho, 678 or 9-682. 680 Death of Hossein, son of Ali, who endeavours to obtain
the air, where it immediate¬ 680 Kingdom of tbe
ly caught fire—it approach¬ Bulgarians the khalifate.
gives way
680 Sixth general council at Con¬ ed its victims in the form
founded between the Danube
# stantinople, called by the empe¬ of fiery dragons, and at la3t and the Balkan, lasts till 1018, 3. ) Moawiah II., 683, reigns six weeks.
ror Constantine, who presided. to the
fell in a burning shower when it is again reduced to a
upon vessels and men—an Greek province. 4. ) Abdalla, 684,—he is opposed by Merwan I. in Syria.
Leo II., 682, 683—usurps the Mohammedan
hour’s fight would cover the
right of investiture. sea with this flaming oil, and 5. ) Abdulmelek, 685-705,—he discontinues the tribute to
Justinian II., 685,—he breaks the truce but a few
give it the appearance of a
3enedict II., 684, 685. with the Saracens, is defeated, and com¬ the Greeks.
sheet of fire.
pelled to relinquish Armenia. Ghebers
Tohn V., 685, 686.
"Ionon, 686, 687.
still
Iergius, 687-701.
691 Julian, of Toledo, The emperor is deposed and his nose
historian and moralist. cut off by maintain

Leontius, 695-698, dethroned, and his 695 A national mint, and silver and gold coins struck. the ancient
own nose cut off by Absimarus, who suc¬ 696 Armenia subdued, and, 697-725, the provinces between
697 Bede, the vener¬
ceeds under the name of the Black and Caspian sea. faith in
able, —b. 673,—d. 735.
Tiberius, 698,—dethroned 705. 698 Carthage rased, and the north coast of Africa completely remote
jD# subjugated.
Syria recovered, and 200,000 Saracens provinces.
slain. 700

j-
6 Table in. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF The Eighth

PREDOMINANCE OF THE FRANKS. CHARLEMAGNE.

Britain. Spain. France. Germany. Italy

Scotland. Kingdom of Greek Ex¬

700 Anglo-Saxon Octarchy.

Kingdom of the Visigoths. Kingdom of the Pranks. Numerous the archs AT
Sclavonian re¬ Lombards. Ravenna.
Saxon kings at this time : As far back as Witjzia, 700,—he is driven from the throne publics exist
Ai.pr r.n the Wise,Northumbria, the time of Con¬ for his bad government and cruelty, by 700 Luit-
in Bohemia,
71)5.—In A, Wessex and Sussex, ab¬ stantine, Scot¬ Roderic, ab. 710, who is bert, eight
dicates, 728— Ethelbed, in Mer¬ Much the most con¬
cia,7M.—WiHTBED.in A'ent,725. land was inha¬ elected in his stead. months, then
Childibert III.,—711. siderable of
— Aifwoid, East-Anglia.—Of¬ bited by two Ragimbert.
The two sons of Witizia which was in
fa, in Essex. powerful and conspire with count Julian obscurity in ArimbertII. Theophylact,
the province of
distinct tribes to replace their father on 701-712. 702-710.
the history of Australia. Prague. This,
Geraint, k. of the Bri¬ —the Scots, or XTeustrla.
the throne—they call in the by war, mar¬
tons, in Cornwall, de¬ men of the hills, DagobertIII.,71 1-715. Pepin d’Heris- riage, and al¬
aid of the Arabs from Africa this period.
feated by Ina, 710. dwelling in the — Tarik lands at Gibraltar, tal mayor of liance, unites (709 Paulupius Anabestus,
west, of Irish April 30, 711, gains a de¬ the palace—the the others to doge of Venice.)
origin—and the cisive victory at Xeres, Nov. 11, 712, in which true founder of itself.
Piets, or men of Roderic, the last of the Goths, the Carlovin- John Rizo-
Ethelbald, 716-755, k. of the plain, dwell¬ is killed, with whom ends the gian dynasty.
Ansbrand,
Mercia, succeeds Ceolred— ing in the east
Eutychius,
Gothic monarchy of Spain.
and midland 712, three 711,—recall¬
establishes his superiority
months. ed 713.
over all the kingdoms from provinces. 713,714 Tarik and Musa complete the con¬ Charles Martel, 715-741, establishes him¬
They began quest of Spain, which is ruled by governors self as mayor of the palace, and is chosen Luitbrand, SCHOLASTICUS,
the Humber to the Isle of
their inroads in¬ appointed by the khalifs. duke of Austrasia—he is complete master 712-744—a 713-726.
Wigh t — founds Croyland
to Britain as of the French monarchy. great and vir¬
Abbey. Christians. Mohammedans. 716Radbold,
early as the fourth 711-1492. Chilperic II., 715-720. tuous prince.
718 Inigils, the brother of The Christians duke of the
Ina, dies: from him are de¬ century. The Visigoths preserve
maintain them¬ Frisons, de¬
scended Egbert, Alfred, their freedom—their pro feats Charles.
Palladius, selves in the Astu¬ perty, heavily taxed, their
etc. rias and Navarre.
Ina rebuilds Glaston¬ the successor of religion, and language.
bury Abbey, 718. St. Patrick, the
apostle of Ire¬ The Asturias. Luitbrand takes advantage of
land, is said to Pelayo, 718-737, 718 Zama, governor — the civil broils in Italy, cap¬
725 have converted defeats the Arabs, is killed in a great bat¬ tures Ravenna and several
the Scots to 719, and strength¬ tle at Toulouse, with the Thierry IV., 720-737,—Charles still go¬ cities from the pope.
verns all. 722 Primis-
Christianity ab. ens his kingdom. Franks, under Eudes,
720-729 The Arabs invade France, but are lau marries
Ethelheard, k. of Wessex, 460. duke of Aquitaine, in Li buss a and Paul, 727,—
several times defeated and driven back by he is ordered
728-741,—he invades De¬ which 360,000 Saracens becomes duke
Upon the Sax¬ Eudes, duke of Aquitaine. by Leo the
vonshire and Cornwall, but are said to have been of Bohemia—
is defeated in several battles on invasion Ida slain, 721. his family Isaurian, to
by the Britons, under Rodri subdued the
rules till 1306. procure the
March, Teviot- The Arabs take Narbonne, 721. assassination
Malwynawe.
dale as high as of Gregory
725-728
EADBERT,k.of Northumbria Melrose, and 731 The Arabs, under Abderrahman, invade France, and Charles sub¬ II., for his
738-757,—after his death the three Lo- penetrate as far as Sens, but dues the Ba¬ zealous at¬
this kingdom falls a prey to ihians; and of 732 Charles Martel gains tbe decisive victory varians, Sua- tachment to
civil broils to the time of these five pro¬ Favila, his son, of Tours, wblcb saves tbe liberties and reli¬ bians, Saxons,
image-wor¬
vinces the Sax¬ 737-739. gion of Europe. ship; but the
Egbert. and Frisons.
ons maintained Romans fly to
737 Ethelbald, k. of Mercia the possession, Alfonso, the Ca¬ 737 Lose Narbonne. 732-752 Conquest of Septimania—the in¬ arms in de¬
conquers Northumbria — though notwith- tholic, 739-757, habitants preserve their liberties by treaty, fence of their
738 invades Wales, but is out some severe {elected). whence the privileges of Languedoc. pastor. Paul
driven back with great loss contests with the Feuds among the 735 On the death of Eudes, Charles adds goes to Ra¬
by the Britons—he repeats Piets, the most Aquitaine to his dominions, and, 736, venna, where
the invasion with more suc¬ numerous and Mohammedan chiefs; grants it as a fief to Hunald, son of Eudes, he is as badly
powerful peo¬ who does homage for it to him and his two received, and
cess in 743.
ple of Scotland. 743 Theodomir in and Spain subjected to sons without mention of Thierry. killed in a tu¬
Cuthred, 741-754,—sue Murcia is succeed¬ 737 Narbonne wrested from the Arabs. mult, 728.
ceeds Ethelheard in Wessex Edwin,between ed byATHANAGILD the most horrid ca¬ 741 Two Nuncios, the first that visit Trance,
743-745 Eutychius,
617-633, found¬ —this kingdom ends bring the keys of St. Peter's sepulchre, the second
ed the castle ab. 755. Carloman
lamities—many cities, and various presents, to Charles, from time, 728.
called after him makes a suc¬
Pope Gregory III., who requests his aid cessful cam¬
Struggle between Wessex Edwin's-burgh, Alfonso extends his besides towns and vil- against the Lombards.
paign against
He again invades the exar¬
and Mercia—Cuthred, by now Edinburgh. kingdom by the con¬ Carloman and Pepin the Short, 741;
the Germans
chate—takes several cities
750 the victory of Burford, 752 quest of Galicia, lages, disappear for Carloman takes the cowl 746, when
—defeats The-
and threatens Rome—but
saves his country from de¬ In 685 a check Leon, and Castile, Pepin becomes sole monarch. cedes them to Zachary.
odoric, duke
pendence, and lays the found¬ was given to the and is regarded as ever from the face of 752 Childeric III. who had been crowned
of the Saxons.
Hildebrand, 744, deposed
ation of that predominance encroachment the founder of the 742, is compelled by Pepin to retire to a by the nation, who elect
which ends in the subjection of the Saxons by Kingdom of the peninsula. cloister, and this is
748, 749,
Rachis, 744, duke of Friuli
of the whole island. the defeat of Leon. Tbe end of tbe Merovingian dynasty. —abdicates 749.
Fcgfrid at the Pepin defeats
Astolphe, 749-756.
the Saxons and
Cynewulf, 755-784, k. of battle of Drum- Carlovingian Dynasty.
Bavarians,
752 He defeats the Greek ex¬
Wessex. nechtan, in lyat archs, and demands a tri¬
755-10 31, at Cordova, 1.) Pepin the Short, 752-768, conse¬ and, 752,
which himself crated king in a general assembly of the bute from Rome—Eutychius
Kings at Oviedo. obliges the
Offa, k. of Mercia, 755- and most of his 1.) Abderrahman,755
nation, at Soissons—he greatly enriched the former to pay
flees.
Fruela I.,his son, -787 or 8, wrests Spain
794, overthrows the armies troops were slain. clergy—was the first who took the title him a yearly End of tbe Greek Exar¬
of Sussex, Kent, Wessex, and 757-768. from the khalifat of the “ by the grace of God,” and called bishops chate.
Nectan, or 7 60 Defeats the Mo¬ Abbassides—establishes a to the national assemblies. tribute of 300
the British state of Powis— horses.
hammedan general, military government un¬
gains a victory at Otford, NAiTON,is men¬
Omar, and makes der 6 Walis, or deputies: 754 756 Pepin makes two expeditions into Italy at the request of Stephen—defeats As¬
77A, which brings Kent un¬ tioned as king
der his authority—he founds of the Piets ab. him prisoner, in Toledo, Merida, Sara¬ tolphe, and bestows the exarchate, Pentapolis, and Commachis, upon the pope—Pepin
memory of which gossa, Valencia, Grana¬ protector of Rome.
the Abbey of Bath and of St. 709.
Albans—corresponds with he builds Oviedo. da, Murcia. Besides these
Didier, 756, the last king,
[A long list
Charlemagne. Most of these, kings there were six Walis over Charlemagne, 768-814, and Carloman, quarrels with Pope Adrian.
of kings of Scot¬
are elected, but al¬ the chief cities. These —the former one of the greatest monarchs 772-803, 772, at whose request Char¬
land, beginning Walis with their viziers, that ever lived, becomes sole ruler upon the
ways out of the lemagne crosses the Great
before the birth the Kadis (judges), and death of Carloman, 771. Thirty
royal family. St. Bernard from Geneva
of Christ, has the Mexewars (council¬
years’ takes Pavia, dethrones Di¬
been compiled, Aurelio, 768-774. lors), formed a kind of
dier, and thus, 774,
but with no au¬ Silo, 774-783. parliament. struggle Ends tbe kingdom of
thority beyond the lombards,
Mauregato, 783- The first palm tree
that of uncer¬ with tbe
788, usurps the planted in Spain. which had lasted 206 years
775 OJfa's dyke, founded to pre¬ tain legends, and throne, which Al- Charlemagne founds the second empire of the West.
the traditions of Several revolts.
vent the marauding incur¬ phonso, the right¬
the Scottish ful heir, does not Abderrahman encourages life- 777 Expedition against the Saxons—Champ de Mai at Paderbom—he subdues the Saxons, and
sions of the Welch.
bards.] rature, 4 founds many schools.
causes 4500 of them to be be¬
contend for. Saxons,
headed in one day, and trans
Yearly tribute of 100 beautiful mai¬ Bohemians, plants 10,000 into various
dens to the Arabs. parts of France and Italy.
778 Expedition against the Arabs,—and and Huns,
Bermudo I., 788-
The Piets Roland's retreat and death In the
791, {elected). valley of Roncesvalles. whom
maintain a 791 Victory over Conquest of the Spanish Marche. Witikind, who had repeatedly induced the
Hashem—in which 2.) Hashem, the Just, In this campaign the Franks suffered
787 First recorded inroad of Saxons to revolt, compelled to embrace Chris¬
the Danes—they plunder continual 60,000 Moors are 787 or 8-796. severely from the Arab light horse; and tianity.
slain. this led them almost immediately to
Lindesfeme and Weremouth. He proclaimed the Aljihed,
struggle or holy war, against the Chris- adopt the method of fighting on horse¬ Charlemagne
Abdicates in favour tians, but was unsuccessful, back—rise of chivalry.
of 786 Arrigis, duke of Be-
with the Charlemagne's love of letters and nevento, submits to Charle¬
learned men, and the ambition of found¬ subdues and
Alphonso II., the magne and holds his duchy
Saxons Chaste, 791-842. ing learned institutions, were partly as a fief.
caught from the Arabs—the system of compels
792 Offa, k. of Mercia, in¬ He defeats and ex¬
on one side, propagating Christianity by the sword
humanly murders his son- pels the Arabs, more decidedly so.
in-law, Ethelbert, on the who invade his do-
to embrace
and with the
day of his nuptials, and an minions, and from
nexes East-Anglia to his 791-3 Campaign against the Avars or Huns, from Ravensburg—Charlemaene at-
Scoto-Irish this time may be tempts to unite the Rhine and Danube by a canal.
dominions—as an atone¬ dated the real
ment for this crime, he im
poses a tax of one penny on on the independence of 3.) Alhakem, 796-821. 794 Synod at Frankfort: the clergy of the empire convoked by Charlemagne.
each family, to be paid an¬ the Christians. Rebellion of his uncles sup¬
nually to the Roman see— other. pressed. Christianity.
800 798 Embassy of Harun al Rachid.
origin of Peter-pence.

Charlemagne restores Beo. &■ Is crowned by him. emperor of tbe West at Rome.

a
 Century. THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
BRILLIANT PERIOD OF THE ARABIAN EMPIRE.—HARUN AL RASHID.
Church History and Literature, Celebrated Scandinavia. Greek Em- Khalifat.
POPES. Men, etc.
This region was remark¬ Ommlyade Khalifs at Damascus. 700
rOHN VI., 701-705. The west had never been so abso¬ able in the eighth cen¬
'04 The first province given to the lutely without an historian as during tury for its numerous petty 6.) Walid I., 705-715.
pope. the first half of this century—barbar¬ kings who ruled on land, Justinian II.,—
Iohn VII., 705-707. ism every where reigned, and mon- and its sea kings who restored 705-711. 705-707 Musa reduces the Berbers
archs, nobles, and people seemed ut¬ swarmed on the ocean. in Africa, and subdues Mauritania
•act. Sisinnius, 708, twenty days. terly regardless of transmitting any and the whole northern coast.
“onstantine, 708-715. knowledge of their existence to pos¬
The house of Ommiyuh
terity. Philippicus, 707 Victory of Catibah over the
Christianity greatly extended 711-713. Turks beyond the Jihon—conquest is held in abhorrence
among the German and north¬ Aldhelme, or Adelmus, Latin poet, Norway of Bokhara and Samarcand. by the Mohammedans
ern nations; but almost exter¬ -d. 709. in the eighth century con¬ 707 Expedition into India. of the Shiah sect, who
minated in Africa and the east tained a hardy population, Anastasius II., consider the descen¬
by the progress of Mohamme¬ divided into numerous so¬ 713,—dethroned 711-714 Conquest of Spain.
Art of making paper brought from dants of the prophet,
danism. vereignties, called Fylki. 716.
Increasing Samarcand by the Arabs. Harold Harfragre, af¬ as better entitled to
ril Custom of kissing the pope’s ter a long struggle, unites Theodosius III., his throne and pul¬
foot introduced. these into one monarchy. 716. 7.) Soliman, 715-717. pit. The Fatimites,
■tecs.
power, Leo III., the I- who have the prior
Gregory II., 715-731. saurian, 718- claim, lack the talents
741. 8.) Omar II., 717-720. and courage to enforce
Sweden it; but the Abbassides,
both The A rahs invest Con¬
in the eighth century con¬ stantinople by land descended from the
George Syncellus, a Greek chrono- tained a numerous, war¬ with 120,000 men, and 9.) Yezid II., 720-724.
by sea with 1800 ships prophet’s uncle, Abbas,
logist. like, and hospitable popu¬ the city is saved by were prudent, united,
lation, divided into many the Greek fire — the
spiritual Arab fleet totally de¬ 10.) Hashem, 724-743. and possessed nume¬
Dark puny kingdoms, of which stroyed, and the army
Upsal was the chief, and nearly bo. rous and powerful par¬
726 The 120 years strife respecting to which the rest were tri¬ Armenia and the Khozens of the Cau¬ tisans, particularly in
image worship begins through the butary. Ivar Vidfame, 726 Edict forbid casus, subdued 722-729. 725
edict of Leo—it ends 842, by the Persia.
the little potentate of Sca¬ ding image wor¬
n,- legal permission of this idolatry. Bede, the Venerable, 673-735,—gram¬
nia, conquers this king¬ ship, which leads
marian, philosopher, historian, and dom, which continues to to the loss of
theologian. increase in its power and nearly all the This country becomes
preponderance. Greek posses¬
Gregory III., 731-741.
sions in Italy. the theatre of a strug¬
and 732 Charles Martel checks the con¬
period
gle between the Greens,
quests of the Arabs in the west. or Ommiyades, and the
)t his Images destroyed, Blacks, or Abbassides.
sl¬ Denmark 736.
Wilibrod, an Anglo-Saxon, Winifred, of Essex, a Saxon monk, The latter make head
at is was anciently possessed by
wor- preaches the Gospel to the afterwards Boniface, the great apostle in Khorasan under the
Frisons—d. 739. of Germany—Letters and Sermons— many contemporary kings,
tutthe temporal. called Fylk Kongr, or pro¬
the first archbishop of Mentz—killed brothers Ibrahim and
s fly to by the Frisons, 755. vincial kings; but ambi¬ 11. ) Walid II., 743, 744,—his Abul-Abbas, and refuse
ia it- tion, previous to the eighth Constantine V. debaucheries cause a revolt, in which to acknowledge Mer¬
)f their century, had reduced these Copronymus, 741 he is slain by
Zachary, 741-752. Egbert, archbishop of York. van. The latter, after
Punt to five. This number was -775.
a further decreased; and on 12. ) Yezid III., 744,six months.
being defeated on the
He dethrones Childeric, king of
where their first invasion of Eng¬ 746 Defeats the banks of the Zab, flees
France, by a papal decree. of
sbadlr land there was only one Arabs— Rhodes, 13. ) Ibrahim, 744,—abdicates into Egypt, whither he
a, of the king over Jutland, and an¬ Cyprus, and An¬ after reigning three months in fa¬ is followed by Abdal¬
nattt- 748 Virgilius, a priest, is condemned other over the isles. tioch captured. vour of
128. 744 Abbey of Fulda founded. as a heretic for believing in the ex¬ lah, and, in another bat¬
tits, istence of antipodes. 14. ) Mervan II., 744-750. tle on the banks of the
Nile, is defeated and
Letters of exchange invented by the slain.
Lombards.
sent- Tbe Sea kings and
Popes, Viklngr.
cities,
Dynasty of the Abbassides, 750-1258,
e—but Stephen II., 752, four days. These were sovereigns 750
thirty seven Khalifs:—
n. j Stephen III., 752-757. 754 He European who, with no wealth but
lepos-t' journeys to Pepin to implore his their ships, no subjects All the Ommiyades
1. ) Abul-Abbas, 750-754, — the
ect f protection. but their crews, and no are now put to death,
fourth in descent from Abbas, the
1 hope but their swords, uncle of Mohammed. except Abdarrahman,
756 Donation of St. Peter’s patri¬ 757 The first organ in France. swarmed upon the ocean, 754 Council of who escapes and founds
mony to the popes by Pepin, and plundered every district Constantinople. 2. ) Abuzafer-Almansur, or the the
wtes-| afterwards by Charlemagne — the John of Damascus, a founder of the they could approach, and Victorious, 754-775.
; a Hi origin of their temporal sovereignty. scholastic philosophy, 760. for above two hundred dynasty of the
rfytiia Paul 1., 757-767. years spread blood and
who Ommiyades in
literature. misery over all the na¬
tions of Europe. Never to Sp a i n,
liar-
Fredegaire, who continued the his¬ sleep under a smoky roof,
which is lost to the
tory of Gregory of Tours. nor to drink a cheerful
Constantine, 767, deposed. cup over a hearth, were the Khalifat 755.
Tbe Abbassides encourage litera¬ boasts of these pirates.
eats Ar Stephen IV., 768-772. ture and science—schools of Bag¬ 762 Destroys the cities of Ctesiphon and Seleucis, and founds
-Pf lay- All their habits, all their Bagdad, which becomes the seat of the Khalifs, the centre
dad, Cufa, Alexandria, of Fez and feelings and associations,
769 Council of Lateran. Cordova—the works of the Greek phi¬ of commerce, and rises to great opulence and splendour.
were ferocious; they re¬
stlii? losophers, physicians, and mathema¬ Almansur left behind him, after his wars and buildings, about
Jins,
garded piracy and plunder
ticians, translated into Arabic—rise thirty millions sterling.
as the most honourable
st Ck Adrian I., 772-795. of chemistry—geography and other 774 Great victory
tCrd method of acquiring riches, Flourishing period of
sciences advanced. over the Bulga¬
raw flesh and blood as a 3.) Mohammed Mehdi, 775-785.
Gtiet rians.
delicacy, tears and mourn¬
A private doctor refused the invitation of Leo IV., 775 Such was the magnificence of the khalifs at this epoch, that
tbe sultan of Bokhara, because the carriage of ing as unmanly, and to
780. this prince expended 666 millions of gold crowns in a pil¬
claim his books would have required 400 camels— wrench the infant from
the royal library of the Fatimf.tes consisted of
its mother’s breast, and to Conspiracy of grimage to Mecca.
100,000 Mss.—that at Cordova is said to have Arabian Astronomy,
contained 600,000 volumes. This capital, with toss it from one to another Nicephorus and
the neighbouring towns of Malaga, Almeira, on their lances was with his brothers. 775
779 Imposition cf Tithes en¬ and Murcia, gave birth to 300 writers; and
seventy public libraries were opened in Spain. them a sport or exercise.
forced by Charlemagne for the sup¬ They only valued peace¬
port of bishops, the clergy, churches Poetry, Philosophy,
tobebe- ful society as a rich har¬ Constan¬
The age of Arabian learning lasted 500 years
and schools, and the poor. —it was coeval with the darkest period of
vest easy to be pillaged; tine VI., 780 Harun al Rashid presses as far as Nicomedia, on the sea
Europe; but as the sun of science arose in
knew no glory but in the
the western hemisphere, it declined in the 780-797, of Marmora, and compels the empress Irene to pay him a yearly
to tribute of 70,000 dinars of gold.
east. destruction of their fellow- with his
Itilj- mother, the
785 Forcible conversion of the Sax¬ Schools of grammar, arithmetic, and all creatures; and when they Architecture, and
invaded a country it wa3 empress
ons by Charlemagne. the known sciences, founded in reli¬ not merely to plunder, but Irene, as 4. ) Musa al Hadi, 785-786.
gious houses by Charlemagne. to desolate its agriculture, guardian. 5. ) Harun al Rashid, (^4aron the Sage), 786 809,—
787 Seventh general council, or se¬ he was the great friend and patron of learning—was always
cond of Nice. and to murder or make
ceChr> The first elephant seen in France, sent slaves of its inhabitants. 787 Irene re¬ surrounded by learned men, and never built a mosque with¬
as a present to Charlemagne by Ha- In 787 they begin their stores the worship out attaching a school to it.
universal run al Rashid. attacks on England—and of images. general literature.
about 800 begin to molest
. of Charlemagne the restorer of letters— the Franks. 790 The emperor
iM 793 Foundation of schools in mon¬ he established a school in his palace,
reigns alone.
lis M asteries and cathedrals by Charle¬ gathered about him the learned of Decline of the K h a l if a t.
magne—the Gregorian chant, and every country, and thus laid the found¬
The luxury of the khalifs begins to relax
organs brought into use in France. ation of the University of Paris, The exarchate of the forces of the empire—the revenue, instead
of being devoted to the extension^ of the domi¬
the mother of all the academies of the Ravenna lost. nion and religion of Mohammed, is squandered
Leo III., 795-816. west—he founded also, about 800, in the vices and extravagances of the court.
universities at Pavia and Bologna. The martial spirit and stern enthusiasm of the
Moslem soldier is softened by ease and pros¬
perity—the passion for war, and the heavenly
dominion. Alcuin, of York, a scholar of Bede’s, Irene alone, after paradise to which it opened the gates, cools in
killing her son,
799 Harun sends an the enjoyment of domestic life, and the pomps
resides at Tours—forms schools—his
embassy to Charle¬ and pleasures of the palace. The empire in
800 The pope finally separates from Opera—d. 804—he was patronised by 797-802. the next century is torn and weakened by
magne— among the numerous divisions; but its fatal disease is the
the eastern empire, and becomes Charlemagne, and was considered the
The Saracens ra¬ presents is a hydrau¬ decline of the free-born and martial virtues of
supreme bishop of the western— most learned man of his times. the desert—it receives its death-blow by the em¬
vage T hrace. lic clock. 800
Charlemagne protector of western Paul Warefredus, Diaconus, the his¬ ployment of the hardy but hireling Turk.
Christendom. torian,—d. 801.

a
8 Table iv. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF The Ninth

ALFRED THE GREAT. EUROPE BROKEN INTO NUMEROUS STATES, 841—1073.

Britain. Spain. Empire of Charlemagne.
800 Scotland.
800 Charlemagne king of the Franks In Charlemagne was united the
Anglo-Saxon Octarchy. Mohammedans. Christians. talents of the warrior, the genius of
and emperor of the west— the legislator, and the largeness of
Anglo-Saxon kings at this time: Continual Alfonso the his empire extended from the Ebro and Tiber in the mind necessary to form a great po¬
Aliiakem,—822. litician—born in the midst of bar¬
Eadbert, in Kent.—Eardwdlf, in Northumbria. Chaste,—842. south, to the Elbe and Eyder in the north—it included all barism and ignorance, he poured
—Kenwdlf, in Mercia.—Sigered, in Essex —
struggles be¬
The tyranny France, Germany, Spain to the Ebro, Italy to Benevcnto, around him a stream of light and of
Egbert, in Wessex, etc.; but the powers of glory. His Jaws (capitularies') cor¬
tween the several isles of the Mediterranean, and the greater portion
of Yussuf occa¬ rected a vast number of abuses, and
Wessex, Northumbria, and Mercia of Pannonia. gave new ideas of justice ; but the
Piets and sions insurrec¬
greatly predominate. judgments of God, the valuation of
tions in Toledo. 806 Charlemagne divides the empire between his three, crimes at sums of money, and other
Scots till the barbarities, were unfortunately still
Egbert, k. of Wessex, 800-836, the last sons, two of whom die, 810, 811.
suffered to remain. He created new
marriage Insurrections 808 First descent of the Normans upon France—prepara¬ officers, called, missi dominici, who
scion of the house of Cerdic, and true
in Cordova, 807 were charged to visit every country
founder of the English monarchy—edu¬ of Ungaria, tions against them,' 809-811. Hamburgh founded. once in three months, to examine
—numerous in¬
cated in the court of Charlemagne. into the state of religion, and to see
sister of surgents are ex¬ 813 National assembly at Aix—Louis co-ruler—Charle¬ that ecclesiastics performed faith¬
iled, a body of magne dies there, Jan. 28, 814.
fully their duties; to superintend
813 He defeats the Britons in the west. Uncus, king
■whom capture the execution of the laws, and to
Louis, the Pious, 814-840—crowned emperor at Rheims see that equal justice was adminis-
of the Piets, Crete, 823, and i ci. i t tt tered to all without distinction
distinction. His
found Candia. 81C, by Pope Stephen 1 V. heerban and perpetual wars almost
Kenwulf, the able and powerful king of with entirely destroyed the middle class
817 Louis divides the empire between his three sons, and, of freemen; so that society now
Mercia, d. 819, and the distractions which
Aycha IV., 823, a fourth, Lothaire, is associated in the empire. consisted of a few great proprietors,
follow, leave this kingdom a prey to Eg¬ and an immense mass of slaves.—In
Bernhard, king of Italy, is offended—assembles troops—sub¬ the grants of Charlemagne he in¬
bert. king of the mits to Louis, and is shamefully put to death.
Abdf.rrahman variably bestows lands “with all the
Scots. II.,822-852— inhabitants, houses, slaves, meadows,
823 Beornwulf, k.of Mercia, makes war 820 Invasion of the Normans. moveables and immoveables.”
he crushes the
on Egbert, who defeats him at Wilton—
rebellion of his
subdues Kent and Essex—incites the East- THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE may be attributed, 1st. To the incapacity of its
great-uncle, A b- rulers: the descendants of Charlemagne were imbecile wretches, who neither excited in¬
Anglians to revolt against Mercia, and terest nor affection. 2dly. To the extinction, under Louis and Charles, of the race of free¬
dallah.
when he finds the military prowess of that men, already exhausted by Charlemagne*s wars. 3dly. To the intolerable oppressions of
country destroyed, he invades it, 825, and the nobles, which depopulated the provinces.—The most dreadful disorders ensue—the
interior is torn by continual civil wars—Saracens, Bulgarians, and North¬
defeats Wiglaf, its new king, who sub¬ men cruelly ravage the frontiers—a frightful traffic in slaves is secretly
Science
825 mits, 827, to become his vassal and tri¬ carried on : the nobles, both ecclesiastical and secular, making no scruple, when pressed
for money, to sell the children of their serfs to the Mohammedans, knowing that these
butary. and purchase them to convert them to Moslemism.

827 He invades Northumbria, whose king, 829 The Saracens settle in

literature Calabria—chief seat Bari.
Eanred, submits to him, and
encouraged 830 Rebellion of Louis's three sons, and succession of quarrels between them till Louis's
827 Egbert becomes king of all
death—Field of lies at Alsace, 833—Louis is deposed, but soon restored.
England.
by the The Normans pillage Marseilles,838; Rouen,SAX', Paris, 845; Bourdeaux,848. Two hundred
Egbert increased the
and fifty Danish vessels arrive, 851, and ascend the Rhine, the Meuse, and the Seine—they every where
828 Subjugates power of the monarch, commit the greatest havoc—the nobles, engaged in private warfare and the extension of their own
Wales as far as and made all the Anglo- Alpine, 833- power, disregard the affairs of the empire, and leave it and the people a prey to these and other barba¬
rians; the cities are left without defence; the rural population hunted like beast9 by the Saracens
Anglesea. Saxon kingdoms subor¬ 836, their son, and Normans, and have no heart to till and sow lands they have no hopes of reaping; while almost
dinate to his own ; but succeeds as k. every year brings with it a pestilence or famine.
he assumed no higher
of Scots. Upon Revolts in Me¬ Many fiefs hereditary, and several dukedoms established.
title than king of the his death the rida and Tole¬
west Saxons. Pictish throne do. Louis dies, 840—his sons quarrel respecting the division of the empire.
is claimed by Ramiro I.,842
The Danes or Northmen ravage the Isle of
Sheppey, 832—defeat Egbert in Dorset, 833—but -850, (elected) 841 Battle of Fontenai between Lothaire, Charles, and Louis—Louis is defeated.
Kenneth, 836
he gains a great victory over them, 835, and —he suppresses
-859, the son
compels them to retreat to their ships.
several rebel¬ Partition of the Carlovingian empire at Verdun, 843, when
and successor
lions —-defeats properly begins the history of France, Germany, and Italy as separate states.
Ethelwulf, 836-856, famed for his bounty of Alpine. the sea kings;
to the church, whose possessions he ex¬ France.
as he is also Italy. Germany.
empts from the service of the state. 842 Wrad,
said to have Lothaire,emperor, 843-855 Charles the Bald, 843-877 Louis the German, 843-876
Alston, his intelligent, powerful, and the last king
done the Sara¬ —obtains Italy and Lotha- —obtains France ; bound¬ —obtains Germany to the
warlike minister. of the Piets,
cens. ringia, or Lorraine. aries : the Meuse, Saone, Rhine, with Mayence, Spires,
is slain, and
the nation 844 Irruption of tbe Rhone, Scheldt, and Ebro. and Worms.
subdued by sea kings. Powerful dukes establish Charles was supported against his two brothers by the people of
Alfred the Great born, 849. Kenneth. Ordono I., 850 vast and wealthy govern¬ Gaulish and Roman descent, who hated the Germans, or barba¬
rians. The German language here gave place to the corrupted
Persecution of -866—he for¬ ments, which they render al¬ Latin or Romance, which has been rincc purified into the mo¬
850 tifies the fron¬ most hereditary. dern French—the manners and language of the people became
Kenneth is said the Christians.
851 The Danes winter in the Isle ofThanel, to have extir¬ that of the court—they were no longer Frankish, but French.
tier cities a- 848 The Venetian fleet totally
but, 852, are defeated with great slaughter pated the whole 843 The king is compelled to pro¬
race of Piets: Mohammed I., gainst the Sa■ destroyed by the Saracens, mise that he will deprive no one
by Ethelwulf. this may be an 852-886. racens, whom at Crotona. of his office except according to
856 Revolt of Wessex, Alstan and Ethel- exaggeration; but
it is certain that he repeatedly
bald at the head—Ethelwulf is deposed. The power of the monarcHs declines, and tbe nobles become independent.
after his victory Unsuccessful defeats.
Ethelbald, 856-860. over Wrad, no At his death
more is said in
against the The empire, by the almost universal system of division and subdivision, is broken
Ethelbert, 860-866. Scottish history Christians. the whole coun¬ up into an immense number of petty states.
of Pictish kings try, from the
865 Ragnor Laibrog, the Danish sea king, is or people. Even 855 Kingdom divided. law and justice, and to continue Ab. 850 Dukes of Saxony
made prisoner and put to death by Ella, to re¬ their very lan¬ Bay of Biscay to every order it3 privileges—851
venge which, guage is lost, and to Salamanca, Louis II., emperor—obtains to transact no state affairs without and Thuringia.
866 A. dreadful invasion of the what dialect they tranquilly sub¬ Italy and Rhatia till 875. the consent of the nobles—854 to
Danes— spoke remains a declare for himself and successors,
20,000 warriors, led by the sons of Ladbrog, de¬ subject of doubt. mitted to his Charles, Provence, till 863, that the nobles had the right,
feat the Northumbrians and subdue that king¬ authority. when it is divided. whenever their demands and de¬
dom, 867—they ravage Nottingham and Lincoln¬
shire, burn the churches and monasteries, putting Donald III., Lothaire II.—899 Lorraine. crees should be unjust, to make
common cause against them.
the inmates to the sword with- 859, who is Kingdom
EtHELRED 866— out distinction of age or sex, Rebellion of of Navarre Aristocratical feudal system:—The nobility, under the weak successors of Charlemagne,
Q ’ —language cannot describe succeeded by
1* their devastations: it can only Constantine Omar, 860- founded by make their lands, and, what is of more importance, their offices and titles, their dukedoms and earl¬
doms, hereditary. The ancient republican governments, with their fiefs and benefices, are supplanted
repeat the words plunder, Garcia Xime-
killed in re¬ 881. by the new feudal system, of which, inheritance and an hereditary nobility are essential features.
murder, rape, famine, and distress
pelling an in¬ nes, ab. 858. The nobility and clergy become now the predominating powers in the state—the royal authority sinks
-—870 they overrun Mercia and East-Anglia, and to nothing, and the great body of free yeomanry are compelled to give up their lands to the great
invade Wessex—various battles are fought between vasion of the barons, and hold them as dependent fiefs. National assemblies are changt-d for baronial courts. In
them and the iSaxons—they are routed near Wal¬
lingford by Ethelred and Alfred, but the former
Danes, ab. Alfonso III., this period the king and the people are nothing—t he nobles all.
is ?oon after mortally wounded at Merton, 871. 873. 866-910—sup¬
Lorraine divided bcliveen Germany and France.
presses several
Alfred the Great, 871-900 or 901. rebellions. 861 Robert, great grandfather of Hugo Capet, duke of Neustria.
First seven years imprudent. 876 Kingdom divided.
875 Charles the Bald becomes emperor and k. of Italy.
Charles the Fat obtains
The Northmen no longer fight for plunder and Aodh, Eocha 877 Carloman k.'of Italy. 877 Edict of Xiersi: that Suabia and Alsace till 887.
fame, but for the lasting possession of the coun¬ and Grig, Increases
try.
879 Charles the Fat, king duchies, earldoms, and all Louis the Younger, Saxony
A If red’8 troops are defeated in the ninth pitched
succeed him, of Italy—881 emperor. fiefs shall be hereditary. and Thuringia till 882.
battle, fought in the year of his accession, and he reigning con¬ Louis II., the Stammerer, Carloman, Bavaria, etc.,
makes peace with them. jointly ; his Boson founds the 877-879.
874 The Danes conquer Mercia, and possess all kingdom of Bur¬ till 879—becomes king of
Louis III., 879-882, and Italy, 877.
875 the island except Wessex. gundy, Cis-jurane,
and about Carloman, 884.
876 They again attack Alfred—he gains a naval
dominions 879. All Lorraine ceded to
victory, and buys a second peace. Charles the Fat, 884-887.
Germany.
877 He builds large vessels and defeats the Danes
at sea—new swarms arrive, and Alfred is com¬ 884 Charles the Fat re-unites the monarchy of the Franks.
pelled to become a fugitive, and conceals himself
in the Isle of Ethclney, 878. He fortifies his re¬ Calib succeeds by a
treat, gathers together his friends, attacks the his father, O- Bf.renger I., duke of TViw/i, 885 Paris for two years 887 Charles is deposed by a
Danes, and gains the decisive
mar—continues 888. besieged by the Normans German diet.
Battle of E t han dune, 873.
the rebellion succession of — Eudes, son of Robert, Arnulf (a bastard son of
The Danes surrender, give hostages, are bap¬ —occupies To¬ Anarchy and civil war, duke of Neustria, count of Carloman), elected, 888-
tized with Guthrun their chief, and allowed to ledo. He attacks Alfonso with Paris, saves the city— Charles 899.
settle in East-Anglia.
60,000 men, but is defeated with 889 Guido, duke of Spoletto, raises the siege by a dis¬
The reign of Alfred, from his restoration, great slaughter. —891 becomes emperor, d. graceful treaty. From this time Germany
victories 894. Eudes becomes k., 888-898. forms a distinct empire—the
is wise and prosperous.
Almondhir, crown elective.
caused by contentions for
During fifteen years of tranquillity Alfred 886-889. Xludolf founds the
over Lambert, son of Guido, 892- kingdom of Bur¬
improves the army and navy, creates a mi¬
litia and builds fortresses, reforms and pu¬ Abdalla, 889- 898. gundy, Trans-ju-
912—a mild, 890 Swentfbold
rifies the courts of justice, and encourages the croivn. rane, 888.
founds the
learning and the arts. 892 Donald just, and en¬ the
Kingdom of Bohemia
IV. lightened ruler. 896 Arnulf—besieges and Charles the Simple, crown¬ —his unsuccessful attempt
893 The Danes, under Hastings, invade England, takes Rome. ed 898-923. to become independent.
but after a three years’ contest are driven from Mohammedans.
the island. 899 Invasion of the Huns
891 Arnulf gains a great
and Saracens.
? Division of England into shires, hundreds, victory over 90,000 Nor¬
Rise of municipal corpora¬
and tithings. mans.
tions, which become the
896 Captures Rome.
900 foundation of the Italian re-
t Trial by Jury. Louis the Child, 899-911.
publi cs.

g
 Century. THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
DECLINE OF THE "KHALIFAT. DIVISIONS AMONG THE MOHAMMEDANS.
Church History and Literature, Cele¬ Scandinavia, Slavo¬ Greek Empire. Khalifat and Eastern Mussulmans.
POPES. brated Men, etc. nic Nations, etc.
Irene,—802. Ahbasslde Khalits.
800
Charlemagne reforms the church. Harun al Rashid at Bagdad,—808.
SCANDINAVIA. 801 Negotiations with Charlemagne
respecting a marriage with him,
Many bishoprics founded The Norman sea kings Dynasty of the Aglabltes,
and a union of the two empires. founded at Cairoan and Tu¬
during this century—the num¬ continue, during this cen¬
802 Irene is deposed by Nicephorus, nis, 800-941.
ber of monasteries throughout Hurun al Rashid sent Char¬ tury, to ravage almost every
and banished to Lesbos—d. 803.
Europe becomes immense, and lemagne as a present, a coast of Europe.
Nicephorus, 802-811. Sdrlsltes at Fez,
swallows up much of the riches clock with automaton figures
808 till 908.
of the inhabitants. which moved and played on
various musical instruments. Denmark.
Tb« Popes 803-806 The Saracens defeat the Greeks, ravage. Asia Minor, capture Cyprus, and
826 The Danish prince, Ha-
rald, is baptized at Ingel- compel Nicephorus to pay a tribute.
IIStephen V., 816, 817.
heim.
Nicephorus is defeated and killed by
Paschal I., 817-824. Crunnus, king of the Bulgarians,
Christianity first preached 6.) Amin, 809-813.
The Augustan age of Ara¬ July 6, 811.
go on Increasing in Denmark ab. 826, and in Stauracius, 811, a few months.
bian literature.
Sweden ab. 830. Michael I., 811-813—he is de¬
feated by Crunnus in May, and re¬
In anti-Christian tires to a monastery, July 11, 813.
tan, Ragnor Ladbrog, one of Leo, the Arminian, 813-820. 7.) Mamun, 813-833.
the most celebrated sea
kings, attacks France, 845, The reign of this prince may be regarded as the
ol and soon after England, Augustan period of Arabian literature.
prldo Eginhard, historian, secre¬
slit. where he is taken and put
tary to Charlemagne, A. 842.
to death—cause of the Da¬ 820 First dismemberment of the Arabian monarchy
Eugenius II., 824-827. nish invasion of England. in the east
rth.
wlj Michael II., the Stammerer, 820- The dynasty of the Taherltes
and Turpin, archbishop, to whom 829. | founded at Khorassan, 820-872.
4a Gorm the Elder, (descend
is attributed the famous De
The Danes converted 826, ed from Oden), unites Jut¬
Vita Caroli Magni et Ro- Crete lost to the Arabs, 823, and 823 A band of Arabs from Spain takes Crete, and
and the Swedes 830, by Ansgar, landi. land and the Danish isles,
Sicily to the African Aglabites. builds the city of Candia, which becomes the name 825
w and becomes king of Den¬
the apostle of the north.
mark, 863—his descendants of the island.
Mli usurpation. reign till 1043.
Euphemius invites the Saracens of Africa into Sicily
Valentine, 827, forty days.
Theophilus, 829-842. —they take Palermo.
nisi
foundation of tbe Re¬
Gregory IV., 828-844. Aimoin, historian, d. 836. public of Zeeland, 8.) Motassem, 833-841. He builds Saumara,
by the Normans, 874. which he makes the seat of government.
The Normans discovered this is
land 861—.the government aristo.
Paschasius Radbertus, a monk of cratic. The national assemblies in 838 The Amorium war between Theophilus and Motassem—the latter successful. Soso-
Corbey, the parent of the doc¬ these northern kingdoms were called
Althings. petra, the native place of Motassem, having been rased by Theophilus, and its inha¬
trine of Transubstantiation,
bitants treated with the greatest cruelty, Motassem, in revenge, attacks Amorium, the
ab. 831. This doctrine was dis¬ birthplace of Theophilus, and destroys it. These wars, between the Christians and
owned by the English church Arabs, were conducted with the most savage spirit: quarter was seldom given in the
Norway.
Ratramus and the celebrated field ; those who escaped were doomed to hopeless servitude, or exquisite torture—the
let Scotus Erigena both held much Harald Harfragre, 875 Saracens of Crete were flayed alive, or plunged into caldrons of boiling oil.
the same opinions on this subject of the race of the Ynglings,
as Luther. supreme king of Norway About this time Turkish captives or slaves are
This dynasty lasts till 1319 formed into the body-guards of the Khalifs, and,
like the Roman praetorians, soon obtain the chief
Michael III., 842-867. power.
Sergius II., 844-847,—with him
originates the custom of assuming a Sweden. 9. ) WathekBillah,841- From this time the au¬
thority of the Khalifs
new name upon being elected to Eric Edmundson, supreme 847. declines—they arc ve*
the papal chair—his former name king of Sweden—he dies 10. ) Motawakel, 847-861 nerated as heads of the
was “ Bucca Porci” (Pig’s Cheek) Moslem religion, but
883. —a persecutor of the Jews and have little temporal
Christians,whom he compels power beyond Bagdad
| Leo IV., 847-855. to wear broad belts of leather and its vicinity.
Rabanus Maurus, d. 856. to distinguish them from Motawahel was a jealous
Controversy respecting pre¬ Mussulmans. and cruel tyrant: odious
destination and grace fomented to his subjects he trust¬ 850
Ado, historian, d. 856. SLAVONIC NATIONS. ed to his Turkish guard,
by Godeschaleus. Frequent wars between the Greeks and who, tempted by the
lent. rich promise of a revo¬
The Slavi, a warlike, bar¬ Saracens, with various success. lution, murdered him,
barous, idolatrous, and pecu and placed his son on
. ’ Pope Joan. liar race, occupied, under the throne. After this
act of treason
different names, the coun¬
Swj tries from the Don to the THE
Benedict III., 855-858. Elbe, and in part to the Da¬ TURKISH
nube. Besides Poland and
GUARDS
Nicholas I., 858-867. Russia, the population of 11. ) Muntesser,861,862.
Macedonian Dynasty, 867-1056. DISPOSE
Courland, Prussia, Bohemia.
and Moravia, was Slavonic. 12. ) Mustayin, 862-866. OF THE
Basil, 867-886. This prince rose
164 Christianity preached in Bohe- from the stable to the throne, yet THRONE
mia, Bulgaria, Riussia, etc. Poland. his reign showed much vigour of AT THEIR
ippluttt judgment. He reformed the admi¬ 13. ) Muattez, 866-868. PLEASURE.
ll itlW
Cyrillus and Methodus, apostles Dynasty of the Piasts, nistration of finances, the army, the
unit'ii
o the ^ ofthe Slavi. 840-1370. laws, and government in general.
roortt.
Dukes at Kruswiez:— 14. ) Mahtedi, 869, 870.
The Bible translated into Sla¬ Crete and the Sicilies recovered
Piast, 840-861.
vonian. from the Arabs. 15. ) Muattemed, 870-892,—re-establishes the
Ziemowit, 861-892. capital at Bagdad, and reduces the strength and
\drian II., 867-872. Lesko IV., 892-921. power of the Turkish guards.
Iriaei
The Poles were originally divided Publication of the Basilica.
obts® into many small republics, under 872 The Taherites overthrown, and
John Scotus Erigena, d. Palatins or Vaivodes—some date
ill Ilf. ohn VIII., 872-882. the foundation of this kingdom
883. Safarlan dynasty
fitmt with Miecelas I., 062.
founded by
f!. The clergy are no longer Photius, patriarch of Con¬ Yakub ben Leis,
875
m, & amenable to the ordinary courts stantinople, deposed 886. in Persia, 872.
ling” Russia.
of justice, but obly to spiritual
courts. Anastasius, the librarian, d. Foundation of the ILus-
886 . slan monarchy
by the Normans or Varan¬
epi gians, under Ruric, about
,nU* and Katin churches. 850-862. Ruric is suc¬
ceeded by
Martin II., or Marin, 882-884. Oleg, 879-913,—capital,
Adrian III Novgorod and Kiev. Leo VI., the Philosopher, 886-911.
SOB
884, 885. Investiture by the John Asser, historian, d. This dynasty lasts till 1598.
i Stephen VI., emperors no longer 909. CarmathlanBi
necessary; nor their or Karamltes,
‘ 885-891.
confirmation of the in Eastern Arabia
Ctrl’1''' election of the popes. 890-951.
890 Southern Italy subject to the A set of fanatics who
Hungarians, 16.) Motadhed Billah, declare eternal war to
Profligacy of the Greek empire. the pomp of the court
or Mugiars, advance from 892-902. of Bagdad. At a later
Formosus, 891 Roman church and
the foot of the Ural Moun¬ period they w ere called
-896—Sergius, pontiffs-from Mar- Hussaneest after their
891. tin to Theodorus :
f University of Oxford tains, across the Volga, leader Hussan Subah ;
they obtain the see Dneiper, etc., in seven tribes and hence our word
founded about this time by “Assassins/*
by tumult, bribery, Alfred. to the modern Hungary,
Boniface VI., or perjury ; or dis- which they conquer.
896, twenty- grace it by their Arpad, 889-907, chief of the
892 Turkestan independent
five days. actions. seven hordes, lays the found¬ under Ismail Samani, who as¬
ation of the present king¬ sumes the title of Sultan of
iTephen VII., 896, 897—Roma- dom. His descendants reign Mawerhal Nahr, including Sa-
nus, 897, 898—Theodorus II., till 1301. marcand and Bokhara; he con¬
898-900—John IX., 898-900— 900 They invade and ravage quers Persia, 902.
schism between these four. Bavaria, France, Spain, and 900
Italy.

a b c d e
10 Table v. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF The Tenth

FLOURISHING PERIOD OF MOHAMMEDAN SPAIN. THE OTHOS IN GERMANY.

Britain. Spain. France. Germany. Italy.
Scotland. Mohammed¬ Christians. Carlo? Indians. Carlovingians Berenger, Sicily, Sardinia,
ENGLAND. —924.
900 ans. Malta, and part
Kings of Leon Charles the Simple, deposed 922. Louis of
The Northmen colonists still possess North■ Louis IV , —911. of Naples, are oc¬
Khalifs of Cor¬ and the As¬
umbria and East-Anglia.
Constan¬ dova.
Capital, Laon. Burgundy, cupied by Sara¬
turias. 900-905, cens (the Agla•
Edward the Elder, 901-924, {elected), tine III.
Alfonso III.,— France is now divided among —becomes
bites of Africa).
the first prince who takes the title of Hex Abdalla —912.
910. the powerful barons, who exercise emp. 901.
Anglorum—he incorporates Mercia with sovereign power in their respective 900-933 The Huns pour into Germany and Italy,
his dominions—builds many fortresses, He joins Rebellion of the
barons, headed domains. The Carlovingians 'be¬ and commit the greatest excesses: cities and towns
which in the Norman period became towns come mere cipher kings under the laid in ashes, and heaps of dead bodies mark their
and municipal corporations compels the the by his son Gar¬
cia, in whose fa¬ Capetians. progress.
Danes to do him homage and pay tri¬
sea king, vour he abdi¬ Continued broils.
bute. Rollo, the Dane, forces Charles
cates. The Germans are at
Abderrahman to confer on him the province of this time divided into five Aristocracy of the nobles
Anlaf, Garcia, 910, —
III.,—912-961 he transfers the Normandy, and becomes, by bap¬ nations,each under its own in Rome.
his seat of govern¬ tism,
duke, and distinguished by
THE GREATEST ment to Leon, 912 Robert, duke of Nor¬ difference of laws and ori¬ Theodora and Marozia
invasion of hence the mandy—capital Rotten. gin ; viz. the Franks, Sua- rule in Rome, 912.
Arab prince
Kingdom of bians, Bavqrians, Saxons,
England ; of Spain— Leon. and Lorrainers—upon the Berenger emperor, 915,
DUKES OF NORMANDY.
SPLENDID EDI¬
Ordono II., 914 death of Louis they elect
Rollo, died .... 917
shares the -923—success¬ William, his son . 943
FICES BUILT- ful against the Richard /..... 1002 Conrad, duke of Franco¬
defeat Mohammedans. Richard II. . . . 1026
LEARNING EN Robert.1035
nia, 911-918,—success¬
William the Conqueror. ful against his vassals,
of the couraged— Commence¬ but killed in an encounter
COMMERCE ment of the with the Huns.
Athelstan, 924-940. He wrests North¬ Northmen CONTINUED
heroic age
umbria from the Danes, and is the first FLOURISHES. House of Saxony. 924 The Huns burn Pavia.
Saxon prince who extends his authority of Spain.
by Robert, the brother of Eudes, I., the Fowler, Rudolf, king of Burgun¬
Henry
over Cumberland—the other princes of the
Abderrahman defeats Ordono and the king, 922. 919-936,—a great prince dy, elected king of Italy
island, British and Scottish, meet him at Athelstan,
925 king of Navarre in the battle of Rudolf of Burgundy, 923-936. —he consolidates the em¬
in opposition to Berenger,
Eudmote, take the oath of fealty, and pay
Val de Junquera, 921. pire; humbles the Hun¬ 922—is driven from the
him tribute. at Bru-
garians; improves the mi¬ throne 926.
Invasion of Anlaf the Dane, who,, aided hy Fruela II.,923, CIVIL WARS
litary system; and builds
several Scottish, Irish, and Scandinavian kings, nanburgh, thirteen months.
endeavours to recover Northumbria.- Athelstan, and fortifies several towns. Hugo, count of Provence,
Alfonso IV., 929 Charles dies a prisoner at Pe-
by the decisive victory of B run an¬ 929 Founds the margra- 926-946,--he obtains great
bury h, 934, earns the title of conqueror- he in which 924,—he resigns rortne.
vate of Misnia, and
takes the title of king of all Britain. the crown to power—oppresses the aris¬
930 that of North Saxony
his son Ramiro II.,927. AMONG tocracy—932 marries Ma¬
{Brandenburgh).
The Anglo-Saxon monarch becomes of rozia— the nobility cast
931 Subdues Sleswig. their eyes on Berenger,
importance in the eyes of Europe he forms is slain. 932 Invades the Louis IV., d'outre Mer, 936-954,
son of Charles the Simple, is elect¬ 933 Decisive victory over who, aided by Otho, en¬
relations with Bretagne, Norway, the Ger¬ Mohammedan states and captures
the Huns.
man empire, etc. Madrid. ed by the nobles—he had been ters Italy, convokes the
He sSplendid court of A bderrahman protected by Athelstan, with whom Otho the Great, 936- states of Lombardy at Mi¬
First political connection between he afterwards makes a treaty. lan, who invest him with
England and France. —city, palace, and gardens of 973.
Zehra, three miles from Cor¬ the administration, but
retires dova—they take 25 years in
939 An English fleet sails to aid Louis of 940 Otho the Great comes out of Boliemia, elect
building, and cost three mil¬
France, St. Weneslas, mur¬
into a lions sterling—the most expert Germany to protect the king Lothaire king, 945-949.
artists from Constantinople arc dered by his son
employed upon them—they
against his overbearing vassals.
Edmund I., 941-946. Boleslas, 936-967.
cloister, were supported by 1200 co¬
Anlaf again invades England, and gains by lumns of marble, and the roof Ilugo the Great, son of Robert, is Bohemia renounces Chris¬
treaty the whole ol the country north of Watling- of the hall of audience was en¬ duke of Neustria, Burgundy, and tianity, maintains a fourteen
street.
952. crusted with gold and pearls. France; count of Paris. years’ war against the em¬
The seraglio of the monarch pire, but at last submits.
amounted to 6300 persons—his
Edred, 946-955. guard to 12,000 horse, whose THE NOBLES 940 Burgundy a fief of the
belts and cimeters were studded
with gold.
empire.
No? •thurubria incorporated with the Saxon 949 Louis possesses no more than
monarchy. Malcolm I. Ramiro defeats the Arabs under Ab¬ Ab. 950 Saxony is bestow¬
I.uon. ed on Herman Billung. II., 950-961.
—he receives derrahman, in the battle of Simancas Berenger
Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, d. 958. the kingdom
St. Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury, attempts 951 Otho, invited by the nobles, invades Italy to re¬
of Reged, Ordono III.,
950 to reform the church and clergy by establishing Lothaire, 954-986,—he owes the lease them from the tyranny of Berenger—marries
the rule of St. Benedict in the English monas¬ consisting of 950-955. crown to Hugh or Hugo the Great. Adelaide, the widow of Lothaire—Berenger cedes to
teries, by enforcing clerical celibacy, and by ex¬ Cumberland
pelling all the married clergy from canonries and Numerous re¬ him the march of Treviso, and does homage to him
and West¬
prebendaries, that they might be succeeded by
bellions, which as his vassal, 952.
Benedictines. moreland as
Violent
a fief from he overcomes. 955 Decisive victory over the Huns, which leads to
Edwin, 955—959. Edmund I. the consolidation of the margravate of Austria.
Sancho I , the
St. Dunstan insults the queen Elgiva—she is DURING (936 to) 960 The Slavi sub¬
treated cruelly, and finally put to death.
Eat, 955-967.
Indulf. dued to the Oder by Gero,
He is driven and the German dominion
q uarrels
from his throne extended to the Wart he.
Edgar, 959-975.
by Ordono, son
Edgar embraces the cause of the monks, re¬ 961-965 Otho’s second expedition into Italy—he de¬
of Alfonso 1 V., The six great barons who afterwards
calls ' Dunstan, makes him bin minister, and thrones Berenger—is crowned king, and afterwards
raises him to the see of Canterbury (960). but recovers it obtained the exclusive title of Peers of
France, were emperor, Feb. 2, 962—makes Rome his capital—de¬
between by the aid of the
poses John XII., and elects Leo VIII.
k. of Cordova. 1. Count of Flanders.
2. Count of Champaigne.
The Saxon fleet consists of 360 sail, in 966-972 Otho’s third expedition into Italy—acquires
Alhakem,961- 3. Duke of Normandy.
three squadrons, and makes the circuit of 4. Duke of Burgundy. additional importance, with the dignity of Defender
Duff. 976. Ramiro III.
the island under the command of the king. 5. Duke of Aquitaine. of Western Christendom—defeats the Saracens
967-982. 6. Duke of Toulouse.
the clergy — conquers Apulia and Calabria—attacks Lower
Culen.
968-970 The The French government at this time is {Greek) Italy—war with the Greeks till 970.
Edgar makes many reforms m church and an aristocracy of above forty great barons,
state—receives homage from eight princes at Golden age Northmen de¬ of which Hugh Capet, by his accession, 967 Otho II. crowned emperor.
Chester, who row him across the Dee: among
these were Kenneth of Scotland, and Malcolm of Kenneth vastate Galicia, becomes nothing more than the chief.
972 Marriage of Otho II. with Theophania, step¬
Cumberland. III. strength¬ but are defeat¬ daughter of Nicephorus Phocas—Greek manners in¬
and monks. Arabian ed, and almost
ens his king¬ troduced at the German court.
dom, and exterminated, THIS
970 The king marries Elfrida. literature in Otho II., 973-983.
gains the de¬ with their leader
cisive victory Spain. G undered.
The disputes between the monks and clergy 977-980 War with Otho respecting Lorraine—he advances to
rage with great violence. of Loncarty
Paris, but is compelled to retire. Otho holds Lorraine as a
over the
fief of the French crown.
975 Danes. 976, un¬
Hixem, The barons of
Edward the Martyr, 975—978. der the regency Galicia rebel— 980-983 Otho in Italy—981 he endeavours to expel
of Almansor ; a bloody but in¬ the Greeks, but they unite with the Saracens, and the
Ethelred the Unready, 978-1016. He is
CENTURY. emperor suffers a decisive defeat, 982, at Basientello.
treacherously who was in fact decisive battle
Dunstan still minister. The people become murdered by kins. between them & Revolt of the Slavi, and irruption of the Danes, 983.
discontented—the nobles factions and disloyal.
Fenella. the king. Otho III., 983-1002, (aged three years).
Louis V., 986, 987,—the army and Under wise councillors he triumphs over the Slavi,
Almansor was Bermudo II., the church reject Charles, duke of and forces duke Miscilas of Poland to do him homage.
New invasion of the Danes. 982-999,—an
a enlightened Lorraine, the last of the Carlo¬ Crescentius, son of Theo¬
Under this weak and despicable king, unfortunate vingians, and raise Hugh, count of
statesman, fa- reign, from nu¬ dora, rules in Rome, 990-
the Danes renew their attacks with more Paris, to the throne, whose de¬ 998.
vigour—the king buys them off, which merous rebel¬ scendants, except during the time
mous for his PROGRESS OF FREE CITIES.
only excites new adventurers. lions, and the of Buonaparte, have reigned to this
successive vic- successful in¬ The cities of Italy, left exposed by the frequent absence of
time. the emperors, and the retirement of the nobles to their own
Constan¬ vasions of the castles and fortresses, naturally seek the means of defending
tories over the
tine IV., Arabs. House of Capet. themselves. Their walls gradually become fortified, and their
constitutions improved ; and this most likely under the sanc¬
994,—slain Christians, but
994 Sveyn of Denmark, and Olaf of Nor¬ Hugh Capet, (son of Hugh the tion of the emperors, who were glad to protect their subjects
by from the yoke of the aristocracy, and to foster a power by
way, arrive with a hundred vessels, and is defeated by their joint forces at
Great), 987-996,—he enters into which they might hope to humble it.
ravage the southern counties—the king a sworn and written obligation to Their Government.—In each city were generally
Kenneth Calat Anosor, 998 (? 1001), and 1. Two Consuls annually elected by the inhabitants, judges
purchases their retreat. preserve to the nation its laws and
IV., called dies soon after.
in peace and generals in war.
government. 2. A Council of Credenza, composed of a few members,
the Grim, whose duty it was to advise, control, and assist the two con¬
The following is part of a catalogue of Eng¬
land's miseries at this time, as given by Lupus, 995, who, Hugh causes his son Robert to be elect¬ suls, whose duties were purely executive.
a contemporary Anglo-Saxon bishop : “We per¬ after eight ed a9 his associate, and crowned as his 3. 7'he Senate, a more numerous body, in which laws
petually pay them tribute, and they ravage os successor. This custom continues till the were prepared before being submitted to the
daily : one of them will put ten of our men to
years of 4. General Assemblies, consisting of all the male citizens,
time of Philip, Aug. 1180.
flight. Very often they seize the wrives and broils and only convoked on extraordinary occasions.
daughters of our thanes, and cruelly violate them Each community was divided into four wards, each having
bloodshed its own companies of horse and foot.
before the chieftain’s face. Soldiers, famine, Robert (son), 996-1031.
flames, and etfusion of blood, abound on every is slain by By commerce and industry the cities of Italy rapidly ih-
side. Theft and murder, pestilence, diseases, Alfonso V.999. crease in power. 900—1200 is the period in which their
calumny, hatred, and rapine, dreadfully afflict greatest works were performed—fortifications, quays, docks,
1000 us.”—Turner’s Anglo-Saxons„ ii. 325.
Malcolm palaces, etc., which to this day fill us with admiration by their
II., 1003. grandeur and magnificence.

a e
 Century.
THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. u

SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY AND CIVILISATION IN THE NORTH OF EUROPE.

Church History and Literature, Cele¬ Scandinavia, Slavonic Na¬ Greek Empire. Khalifat and Eastern Mohammedans.
POPES. brated Men, etc. tions, etc.
Xhalifs at Bagdad—Abbassides.
Hit Leo VI , the Philoso¬ 900
Benedict IV., The state of the A sterility of genius and SCANDINAVIA. pher, and Alexander. The Karamltes
900. church (luring this literature prevailed during flourish in the east of Arabia to
century is deplorable Denmark.
Leo V., 903- this century—the minds as 904 Russian expedition the end of this century.
--men of the basest
905. w’ell as actions of men seem
Gorm the Aged, is succeeded by his son against Constantinople,
life and debauched
Christopher, under an evil spell. The
IIarald II., Blue Tooth, 936-985. with 2000 ships, or 17.) Muktefi, 902.
manners force them¬
U 903, 904. public schools of theology,
Otho invades Jutland, ab. 948. rather canoes, under
selves into the Ro¬
Sergius III., laws, philosophy, and lan¬ Oleg. 903 The caravan to Mecca plundered by the Kara-
man see—thi3 depra¬ Harald embraces Christianity.
905.
vity extends through
guages are gradually closed mites, and 20,000 pilgrims slain.
Anastasius Svein rebels, and drives his father Ha¬
—instruction in the monas¬
all ranks of the
III., 911. rald from the throne; but he soon re¬
teries goes little beyond
clergy. The most Turkestan and Persia.
covers it by the aid of
chanting, singing, and a su¬
The Normans vile harlots, mis¬ Ismael Samani, conquers Persia,
tresses of the popes, Richard of Normandy—he builds the city
perstitious and blind reve¬ 902.
in France em¬
domineer in the rence to the popes. of Jomsberg, the largest city of the north,
brace Chris¬ 917 The Bulgarianshe-
church. famous for its piracy, opulence, and pa¬ 18.) Muktader, 908,— Fatlmites in Egypt.
tianity, 912. ganism. siege Constantinople,
a dissolute prince, who 908 Mohammed al
The Benedictine under Simeon, their
Laudo, 913. Svein-CMo succeeds, 985. leaves the government to Mehdi, descended
order greatly in¬ king.
John X., 914. University of Cambridge his ministers.
creases—Berno in¬ founded, 91S. Eric, king of Sweden, invades and re¬ from Hossein, the
Sli, troduces it at Clug- mains master of Denmark till his death, Constantine VII., son of A l i and
The
ny 910,0do at Fleu- when Svein returns. Porphyrogenitus, 911- Fatima, whence the
Bohemians race is called Fati-
ry, Dunstan in 919,—under his mo¬
embrace mite, claims the kha¬
England 960, eto. Norway. ther Zoe.
Christianity, lifat in western A*
921. Harald Harfragre, {Fair Hair,) subr frica, and subverts
dued all the little kings of Norway, and the Aglibite and E-
Cordova, in Spain, becomes the formed it into one monarchy. He as¬ Romanus I., Lecape-
nus, 919-945, with his drisite dynasties.
The grossest superstitions prevail—it pired to legislate and to civilise, as well three sons, Christopher,
is everywhere believed that the end of seat of Arab learning, science,
the world is near; and an army march¬ as to conquer, the countries he subdued. Stephen, and Constan¬
ing under Otho is so terrified by an industry, and commerce. 925
eclipse, which it takes for a token of
He suppressed piracy. tine VIII.
Its celebrated schools of geome¬
this event, that it hastily disperses. Ap¬ try, astronomy, chemistry and me¬ Conquest of the Shetland, Orkneys, and
peals to heaven in judicial controversies dicine, together with its equally 930 The Karamties, under Taher, storm and plunder
are in general use—miracles abound. Hebrides.
celebrated' poets and philosophers, Mecca.
render it famous throughout the He sends his son, Haco, to be edu¬
world. The princesof Christendom
send their sons here to be edu¬ cated at the court of Athelstan. 19.) Kaher, 932-934,—blinded and depesed.
Leo VI., 928. cated. Eric, 933-936,—he puts all his brothers
war to death—his people invite Haco to de¬ Insurrections in Persia end in
"Spit
Stephen VIII.. 929
Eudes, monk of Cluni. liver them from his cruel yoke. the elevation of I mad al Dau-
ieara lah, who founds
iesl John XI., 931. Eric expelled, becomes king of North¬
Azophi, an Arabian astro¬ umbria. 933 The Buyide, or Dey-
ijs nomer. 20.) Razi, 934- limite Bynasty,
Many bishops and abbots, under the Haco the Good, 936-961.
Saxon emperors, become counts and 940. which lasts till 1056. Under
princes over cities and provinces, both
933 Printing invented among Agriculture and trade prosper. their sway the language and
in Germany and Italy— hence bad men, An annual tribute
and even mere children, obtain the most the Chinese. Greenland discovered, ab. 982. of 50,000 dinars genius of Persia revive.
elevated situations in the church ; an
archbishop of Rheims only five years Troubles till 994. paid to the Kara-
old; John XII. is only twelve when Olaf I., 995-1000, succeeds, and mites.
n, ti raised to the papal throne.
Luitprand, the historian, d. Christianity is introduced.
941 Russian expedition 21. ) Motaki, 940-944.
5-949 970. Drontheim founded, 997.
Leo VII., 936. against Constantinople, 22. ) Mustekfi, 944.
under Igor •— 10,000 945 Ahmed, the Buyide, establishes himself as the vizier
Alfaragius, Arabian astro¬ Sweden
Stephen IX., 939. small vessels enter the of the khalif at Bagdad, and he and his descendants,
nomer.
is an obscure but advancing kingdom— Black sea, but are under the title of Amir al Amra, engross all poli¬
Martin III., 943. piracy ceases, and trade and commerce driven back by the tical power.
flourish—gross idolatry prevails—temple Greek fire.
Literature and science flou¬ 23. ) Mcteia, 945-974.
Agapetus II., 946. at Upsal—human sacrifices.
rish among the Moors and Constantine VII., re¬
stored 945-959.
Arabs, and i9 protected in
The council, or parliament, of Avg&-
0-961 burgh, convoked by Otho, forbids all the
clergy, from the bishop to the deacon,
eastern Europe by Constan¬ SLAVONIC NATIONS.
jtoif to marry, or have any connection with
950
tine and others. Poland.
■mairia their wives, upon pain of deposition.

Dukes (Piasts) at Krusweiz.

d lita 958-972 Malz adDin,
955 Baptism of Ogla, and con¬ Rhazes, Arabian physician, ? Lesko IV.,—921—an amiable prince. fourth Fatimite khalif,
version of Russia to Christianity. d. 1010, aged ab. 90. ? Zemomysl, 921-962. subdues the whole of
Miecislas, 962-999,—marries a Hun¬ Africa and Egypt,
John XII., 956,—quarrel with Manufactories of linens garian princess, and establishes Chris¬ 956 Armenia and the provinces between the Black where he builds Ka-
the emperors respecting investi¬ and woollens in Flanders, tianity in Poland. and the Caspian sea, recovered from the Saracens.
hera, or Cairo, and
tures. which becomes the seat of 968 Victory over the Saxons—submits to (968) makes it his ca¬
commerce in the west. the Othos—opposes the Russians—de¬ pital.
John is deposed by the Roman feats the Bohemians.
-M citizens, who elect Silk manufactories in Spain. Boleslas I., the Lion-hearted, 999-1025. Romanus II., 959-963.
961 Principality of Ghlznl
established as an independent
,Leo VIII., 963, whilst Benedict Geber, Arabian astronomer. 962 Crete and the north of Syria captured
Russia. state, by Alp Tegin, a slave
V., 964, 965, from the Saracens.
Expeditions against and officer of Abdelmelek. sul¬
is elected by 964 No election of a St. Dunstan, archbishop of Oleg.
pope perfect with¬ Igor, 912-945.
Constantinople; (see tan of Turkestan.
v a council. out the confirma¬ Canterbury. Greek Empire). Nicephorus II., (Pho-
tion of the empe¬ Swatoslav, 945-972.
cas), 963-969.
Sun* rors. 1 Decree of
John XIII Silver mines in the Hartz
Olga, widow of Igor, and her retinue,
lit Leo's, granting them
965. also the right of no¬ mountains. baptized at Constantinople. 963-975 TWELVE
mination to the pa¬
pal see. Christianity introduced.
Suidas, grammarian and 964-975 et seq. Cyprus, Cilicia, and An¬
lexicographer. Swatoslav overruns Bulgaria. tioch are captured by Nicephorus—Syria
■ Poland embraces Christianity, Jaropalk, 972-980. is overrun, and, under Zimisces, the Greeks
MS
under Micislas. Roswitha, a nun and cele¬ Wladimir I.,980-1015,—marries Anna, penetrate to the Tigris and threaten Bag¬
brated authoress. sister of the emperor Basil II. dad.
Benedict VI., 972-974,—Boni¬ Paganism abolished, and Christianity TEARS OF
face VII., 973, deposed and Grand Cairo (Alkcihera) established. 969 John Zimisces, d.
banished for his crimes. founded.
976. Basil II., and 975
Domnus II., 974. Constantine IX. 24.) Taia, 974,
Benedict VII., 975. 978 Abbo, monk and astro¬ Prussia, Bohemia, etc., still remain in 971-976 Bulgaria sub¬ deposed.
nomer, d. 1003. 975 Isaac, his son, sucoeeds.
savage and mostly independent idolatry. dued by Basil.
976 Sabaktegin, a slave of
981 Albirunius, Arabian MILITARY Alp Tegin, succeeds, and ex
geographer. 972 Theophania, daugh¬ tends the sovereignty.
John XIV., 984. ter of Romanus, mar¬
Hung-ary.
982 Greenland discovered by ries Otho II.—her sis¬
the Norwegians. Arpad, Chief of the Seven Hordes. ter' marries Wladimir,
John XV., 986.
900 The Hungarians invade Germany; grand duke of Russia
924 France; 933 defeated at Meers- 988.
989 Christianity propagated in Aimoin, historian, d. 1008.
burg. ACHIEVEMENT.
Russia by Wladimir—they hold
Dublin much frequented for 948 Two Hungarian princes baptized at
to the Greek church. 976 Basil JL, —1025,
trade, as also many places in Constantinople.
iHn"1 the Baltic. 958 Defeated at Augsburg. andCONSTANTINE IX.,
tbtir
963 Ravage the east as far as Thcssalo- —1028.
| I ': 993 First canonisation of saints. 997 Ismael succeeds—is de¬
uJ 991 The present characters nica and Constantinople. 25.) Kader, 991
tlKS** Geisa, 972-997, great-grandson of Ar¬ -1031,—a just and posed by his brother
iiriitjijj Gregory V., 996,—schism be¬ used in arithmetic brought
into Europe. pad. pious prince. Mahmud sultan, 997-1028,'—
tween him and
973 Embraces Christianity—civilisation the most celebrated of the
increases,and the people become settled. Ghiznivide kings—he adds
John XVI. 997. Transoxiana, Cabul, and part
Stephen (Saint), 997-1038,—the first
Venice and Genoa begin to hereditary king—propagates Christianity of India to his dominions;
drive a flourishing trade be¬ —extends his kingdom towards the east and in twelve different expe¬
Stephen, duke of Hungary, pro¬
,|)i<b tween Asia and western Eu¬ —gives it a constitution and written ditions into Hindustan, cap¬
pagates Christianity among his
rope. laws. tures and plunders many ci¬
subjects, 997. ties, destroys and pillages
mb11”1 The promulgation of Christianity in the north, and the admission of the Russians, Hungarians, and many temples and idols, and
the Scandinavian and other nations into the pale of civil and ecclesiastical society, delivers Europe from enriches Ghizni with the spoil.
Sylvester II., 999. the depredations of these barbarians, and spreads among them the blessings of civilisation. Invasions
cease; piracy is suppressed; industry and commerce begin to flourish; and though valour is still the He patronises literature. 1000
iib. j pride of these rude people, the sweets of landed property and domestic life uegin to be felt.
n»!n

a
12 Table vi. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF The Eleventh

THE NORMAN CONQUEST. PREDOMINANCE OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM.

Spain. Britain. France. Germany. Italy.
Scotland. ENGLAND. Capetians. Emperors of Germany and Kings of Italy.
Mohammeijan Christians,
1000 Khalifs at Ethelred, —1016 ; marries, 1002, Emma, daugh¬ Robert,—1031.
Alfonso V. in Bohemia tributary. Ardoin,margrave of Ivrea,
Cordova. Malcolm ter of Richard, duke of Normandy.
the Asturias and Henry, duke of Bavaria, elected k., 1002—a Ger¬
II., 1003- 1002 Dreadful massacre of all the Danes— 1001 He succeeds to Bur¬
Leon till 1027.
1033,—an 1002-1024,—a just and man party invites Henry
Hixem II.,—de¬ Sveyn, whose sister is one of the victims, lands with gundy.
SANCHoII.lAe
able and re¬ a large armament—after inflicting much misery upon pious king, living in trou¬ —Ardoin loses most of
throned to make Great,in Na- Italy, and after a short
nowned blesome times.
way for Moham¬ varreand Cas¬ the kingdom, he receives 30,000/. to depart. France, for a long period be¬
fore and after the accession of time resigns the crown.
med, but restored prince—de¬
tile. feats the
the Capets, has no national his¬
1010—finally de¬ 1010 Edward surrenders sixteen counties, and pays tory—the royal authority is now 1004 Henry goes into Italy—Pavia is burnt
posed 1012. Danes, 1010, 48,000/. to the Danes. restricted to' the city in whioh in a quarrel between his troops and the peo¬
the court resides—the kingdom
and again is not only split into a great ple, which causes mutual hatred.
Alfonso endea¬
under Sveyn. 1013 Sveyn lands, and is joined by several Saxon number of fiefs, but each of
vours to repair these contains many barons, pos¬
the disasters earls—Ethelred flees to Normandy. sessing exclusive immunities,
waging war at their pleasure, Continual wars with the
caused by the Sveyn king of England—dies, and appoints Canute administering justice, and free Dreadful
Suleiman, 1012 inroads of Al- Poles.
his heir. from all control beyond the
—from Africa. terms of the feudal compact.
mansor. civil broils
Ethelred recalled, but his death, 1016, leaves Ed The people are everywhere
mund Ironside, and Canute, to contend for the serfs or slaves—society consists
ALr, 1015. but of two classes, the oppres¬
throne—after a severe struggle, they divide the king¬ sors and the oppressed.
till 1039,
Abderraiiman dom ; a month after which, Edmund is murdered.
Establishment of respecting
IV., 1017. free communi¬
Alcassim, 1018. Rise of Earl Godwin, a herdsman's son. The power
ties (cities) for feudal tenures.
the protection of
- Danish Kings. Persecution of the Albi-
the country —
their territory Canute the Great, 1016-1035, king of Denmark, genses (Manicheans) in
1020 He ac¬ marries Emma, the widow of Ethelred, 1018—mur¬ Languedoc. Tbe free cities,
AbderrahmaN
extensive, and quires Lo¬ House of Franconia. Venice, Genoa, and
V., 1023. institutions very ders, or gets rid of Ethelred’s relations—slays and
thian, for banishes several of the English nobility, and divides OF THE Conrad II., (the Salic,) Pisa, rise in power,
liberal. which he opulence, and civilisa¬
their estates among his Danish friends. He be¬ 1024-1039, elected in a
does homage comes humanised by Christianity, administers even- MONARCH full diet, attended by the tion.
1025 Hixem III., handed justice to his subjects, and great feudatories of the
1026,—a virtu¬ CONTINUES German nation.
ous monarch— Bermudo III., patronises literature and the church. 1025-1027 Expedition into
the last of the 1027, in the^4s- TO DECLINE, Italy.
Ommiyade kha¬ turia6and Leon.
lifs, and with WHILE THE 1029-1032 War with the 1029 Settlement of
him ends the Poles. tbe Normaiu in
Khalifat of the FEUDAL SYSTEM South Italy.
West, 1030. 1032-1034 Burgundy an¬ 1041 They conquer A-
Henry I., 1031-1060. nexed to the empire. pulia from the Greeks
1031 Canute penetrates into Scotland—subdues Mal¬ —-1060 Calabria —
colm and two other kings. 1060-1090 Sicily,
Mohammedan GAINS STRENGTH, 1035-1038 Second expe¬
Garcia III., dition into Italy.
He reigns over six kingdoms.
1035, in Na¬
Spain, varre ; Ra¬
Duncan, AND GIVES RISE TO The Pisans and Ge¬ Ic
miro I., in
1033,—who 1032 Performs a pilgrimage to Rome.
is defeated 1035 Henry grants his bro¬ Henry III., 1039-1056,
noese take Sardinia
and Cprsiea fifom the
1P
1 |i
Aragon. —elected and crowned
and slain by 1035 Harold,—1040, and Hardicanute,—1042. ther Robert the duchy of Saracens, 1050. |L
divided into Fernando I., Burgundy in fief. during his father’s life—
Violent death of Alfred and his companions. he defeats the Bohemians h
king of Cas¬ Macbeth, 1053 Leo IX. marches
tile, succeeds 1039. CONTINUAL and Hungarians, and
Mohammed, Hardicanute sole monarch,—1042. His oppressive against the Normans—is
to Leon, 1037, makes both tributary.
1044. reign breeds many insurrections, and makes the Da¬ TRUCE OF GOD introduced as defeated and taken pri¬
in right of his Macduff, an This prince renders him¬ soner, and confers Apu¬
wife—after set¬ offended no¬ nish government hateful. a check to private war¬
self very powerful, and lia and Calabria on the
tling the affairs ble, with the fare, which it forbade
numerous one of the most despotic Normans as a fief of the
of his domi¬ aid of Si- 1042 The Saxon line restored. from every Wednesday sovereigns of Germany— holy see.
nions, he car¬ ward, defeats Edward the Confessor, 1042-1066,—prosperity re¬ evening till Monday
he disposes of duchies Robert Guiscard, first duke,
ries on a suc¬ him at Dun- turns under his mild sway, but his partiality for the morning. without consulting the diet, 1060.
independent cessful war a- sinane, 1056, French Normans becomes a new source of trouble. PRIVATE WARS and puts an end to the School of Salerno (medi¬
gainst the Mo¬ and he is form of popular concur¬ cine).
hammedans till slain soon 1051 Rebellion of Godwin and his sons—they flee. 1046 Dispute between
petty states, rence in conferring them; Flourishing commercial city
his death, 1065. after. William, duke of Normandy, visits Edward. William the Conqueror
he also claimed and main¬ of Amalf.
1050 1052 Landing of Godwin and his sons—terror and and William of Arques, tained the right of nomi¬ Sicily conquered by count
flight of the Normans: they are proscribed. for the duchy of Nor¬ nating to the papal chair.
rapidly declines. Roger, brother of Robert,
mandy.
1060-1090.
Dane-gelt abolished. Godwin dies, 1053. AMONG THE Henry IV., 1056-1106, Robert invades the Greek
Malcolm aged six years—under empire, and gains the bat¬
From 1030 III., 1056. The Welch and Irish several times invade GREAT BARONS. the tutelage of his mother. tle of Durazzo.
England, but are repressed by Harold, son of
Sancho I., of He marries, Godwin. Quarrels between tbe Popes and German em-
there is
Aragon (af¬ 1067, Mar¬
Philip I., 1060-1108.
S
erors respecting investitures and nomination to the
terwards San¬ garet, the oly see, 1059- It appears certain that while Rome was regarded
as a dependency of the eastern empire, the popes, though still
cho IV. of sister of Ed¬ elected by the clergy, senate, and people, could not be conse¬
Harold, 1066, elected king.
no sirpreme gar Atheling, crated to the papal chair until the election had been sanctioned
Navarre) Tostig, Harold Hardrada, king of Norway, and by the emperor at Constantinople. When they became inde¬
1063. who, with
pendent of Greece, though acknowledged as heads of the church
many Eng¬ William, duke of Normandy, are competitors for the universal, they were still not consecrated without the approba¬
1065 Alfonso
chief lish, take re¬ crown. The two former are defeated and slain, in a tion of the western emperors. Hence arose the claim of the em¬
VI., at Leon, perors to nominate,or at least to ratify the election of the popes;
fuge in Scot¬ decisive battle near York. Three days after, Wil¬ 1066 William, duko of a power which the popes, so soon as they could do without their
and Sancho II.
land upon liam lands, Harold flies to meet him, but is defeated Normandy, invades protection, declared unholy and degrading. The popes, ou the
in Castile. England,
till the the conquest and slain in the battle of Hastings, which gives Eng¬ other hand,asserted the necessity of their crowning the emperors Tk
of which Pope Gregory before they could be lawfully acknowledged as such; and la¬
of England. land to William. I Ilk
grants him the investiture. boured to prove that the right of disposing of the empire was in¬
Norman Kings. volved in this prerogative, and that Germany was in fact a fief |
1072 Siegeof2ri- K
establishment This conquest threatens of the Holy see. Thus the emperors insisted that no papal elec¬
mora, in which 1070 Mal¬ William the Conqueror, 1066-1087. tion could be valid without their sanction as lords paramount I (if
to give an alarming power over Italy; while the popes contended that instead of being
Sancho I. is as¬ colm ravages
Durham. He completes the conquest of England—Edgar to these dukes, who, be¬ vassals they were the superiors of the empire. The quarrel lasts
sassinated. till the diet of Worms, 1122, and occasions much civil war and
of the Atheling flees to Scotland. sides Normandy, possess bloodshed.
1072 Alfonso
England is divided and cantoned Bretagne, Anjou, and
VI. becomes k. Peace between the Normans and out among the Norman chieftains, Touraine, as vassals of
of Castile, and Scots, 1072—Malcolm does ho¬ fortified with their castles, and gar¬
kingdom of risoned by their soldiers. The Eng- France; but it excites the
enlarges his do¬ mage for Lothian. llah oppressed, rebel, are again French kings to a cau¬ 1073 Saxon war.
minions by a se¬ subdued and the oppressions re¬ tious, but progressive sys¬
ries of conquests Malcolm is Peterpence re¬ doubled. All places of trust, spi¬
Granada, stored. ritual and temporal, are taken from tem of aggrandisement,
1075 from the Mo¬ slain in an
them, and given to Normans; no which proves a counter¬
hammedans. incursion Exploits of Hereward and English are raised to any dignity
in church or state for above a hun¬
balance.
which he Ivo Tailbois.
1238. 1076 Sancho makes into
dred years.
The country is depopulated—in 1076 Henry excommunicated—goes to Rome
I. of Aragon England, 1077 Robert rebels, Yorkshire for nine years there is submits to the most humiliating penance.
succeeds as near Alnwick and demands Nor- not one inhabited village, and
scarcely an inhabitant. Oxford,
Sancho IV.
castle, by mandy. which had contained 721 houses, 1078 Rudolf of Bavaria (dies 1080), is set up as anti-
to Navarre. Roger de
is reduced to 243, and so of other
emperor and supported by the pope—Hemy triumphs,
cities.
The Cld. Mowbray, Doomsday book. and, 1080-1083 makes an expedition into Italy cap¬
1093. tures Rome, and sets up an anti-pope.
William II., Rufus, Tbe feudal system esta¬ 1087 War with England
Toledo is taken by Alfonso VI. af¬ Donald blished In England,
1087. —Mantes burned.
ter a three years’ siege, 1085—the Bane, 1094, but the royal auihority not relaxed.
Revolt of the Norman Robert, duke of
Mohammedans invite the Almora- banishes the William, 1085, receives the fealty
nobles. of all landholders in England, both Normandy, 1087.
vides from Africa to their aid— English and of those who field in chief, and of
Yussef lands, and Alfonso and Norman no¬ tenants.
1090 Fortress of New- A rigid police is established—
Sancho are defeated in bles.
castle, and, 1092, of * be curfew— domestic peace
The battle of Zalaca, 1086. Duncan
Carlisle built. ^Noman French is taught in all Bickerings with the Pope,
usurps, but schools, and made use of in all
is slain. and quarrels with William
Yussef, by vio¬ William invades his lesal proceedings. 1093 Conrad, son of the
t,t In short, by the Norman con- Rif us.
lence and per¬ Alfonso strength¬ Donald is brothers Norman quest, the- English
- - become the poor, emperor, rebels, is defeat¬
fidy, founds the ens himself by blinded and states, who mortgages the miserable, and oppressed, the 1095 Council of Clermont ed, and,
relations with deposed by them to him in order ~~~r" ~~A ™"
serfs and villains of past ages, and
..
the middle and lower classes of the —Hugh, the king’s bro¬
Dynasty of the Edgar, 1098,
French princes. to join the crusades, present—the Normans become the ther, joins 1097 cut off from the suc¬
iUmoravides,
third son of 1095. rich, the noble, and the oppressors.
1094. cession.
Pedro I., k. Malcolm and
THE F1R6T CRUSADE.
of Navarre Margaret. 1097 Quarrel with An¬
and Aragon, His sister is selm, archbishop of
1100 1091-1104, married to Canterbury.
Henry I Investitures.

a b c d e
Century. THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 13

RISE OF THE CRUSADES : PETER THE HERMIT, GODFREY OF BOUILLON.

Church History and Popes. Literature, Cele¬ Scandinavia, Slavonic Na¬ Greek Empire. Khalifat and Eastern Mo¬
brated Men, etc. tions, ETC. hammedans.
Silvester II. —1003. Basil II. —1025 ; 1000
Hungary a fief if the Romish church. Spain the seat of Arabian and SCANDINAVIA. and Constantine Xbalifs. Gbiznivides.
Jewish learning. IX. 1028. 25.) Kader,— Mamhud, —1028.
John XVIII., 1003-9, abdicates. Denmark. 1031.
Foundation of the house of TUs- Sveyn invades England, which he con¬
Most of the popes of this century ob¬
dom at Cairo—an academy of quers, 1013. 1004 Samafiians ex¬
tained the papal crown by violence or cor¬
learning. tinct in Abu Ibra¬
ruption ; and most of their lives were 1014 Harald III.
him, tenth sultan ;
profligate and wicked. Silvester II., 1016 Knut, or Canute tiie Great, k.
The Trench language first begins his territories are
Benedict IX., and Gregory VI., are of England.
to be written. divided between
termed “monsters of men, infamous anti¬ 1019 Conquers Norway.
Mahmud of Ghiz-
christs, flagitious in their lives, tyrants in 1036 Hard Canute III.,—king of Eng¬
The churches of the west built in ni, and Ilek, khan
their rule, and diabolical in their arts.” land 1039.
a new style of architecture (Go¬ of Kashgar.
1042 Magnus the Good, of Norway,
Sergius, 1009-12. thic).
succeeds.
Benedict VIII., 1012-24. Bouchard, bishop of Worms. 1047 Sveyn Estritson founder of a dy¬ 1018 Bulgaria again Literature, the arts and sciences,
Leo, the grammarian. nasty which lasts 300 years ; but for reduced to a Grecian
John XIX., 1024-1033, gained his election province. and commerce flourish at
some time
by bribery, before which he was consul, Ghizni.
duke, and senator of Rome; so that the The arts faintly revive in Italy : The country is desolated by civil war.
Ferdusi, ab. 1020, the Persian Homer—Shah-
same day saw him a layman and pope. paintings in distemper, fresco, nameh of 60,000 distichs.
1064 Peace with Nonvay, which secures
and mosaic.
Benedict IX., 1033, only ten years of age the possession of the throne.
when raised to the Holy see by the money
Avicenna,famous Arabian chem¬ 1076 Harold IV.
of his father—1038 is driven from the
ist and physician, d. 1050, aged Troublesome times for
throne by the Romans for his scandalous
manners, but is re-established by the em¬
80. Canute IV., nearly a century. Of Romanus III., 1028, The kingdom of
peror Conrad. Becoming more and more 1080. nine kings, five are as¬ is raised to the throne
hateful by his infamous life, his rapes and
1024 Musical scale, consisting of sassinated. The poiver by marrying Zoe, Ghizni declines,
six notes, invented by Guido Olaf IV., of the clergy and nobles daughter of Constan¬
murders, he is again driven from the throne, Aretino. 1025
1044. i086. increases, that of the tine ; as is also after 1032, and is
Silvester III., three months, when Bene¬ Eric, 1095. monarch diminishes.
Fulbert of Chartres, d. 1029. Michael IV., 1034; confined to India ;
dict, by the aid of the counts of Tusculam, and again
his relations, is again restored. His mon- Glaber-Rad, historian, died ab. Norway,
strous life again compels him to retire, and fulls, 1183.
1048. after the death of Olaf, is mostly subject Michael V., 1041.
he sells the papal chair to
to the Danes.
Gregory VI., 1044-46. Campanes of Novaro, astronomer.
1015 Olaf II. Seljukian Turks.
Rome is at this time so infested with Zoe, and Theodora,
1037 Magnus I., the Good. 26.) Kaim,1031.
murderers and robbers that pilgrims, ex¬ Hermannus-Contractus, monk her sister, 1042,reign Seljuk, a Turk of¬
1047 Harald III.
cept in large companies, dare not visit it. and mathematician, d. 1054. together; but Zoe ficer of the khan
1066 Magnus II.
The pope is deposed for simony by a marries of Tartary, be¬
1068 Olaf III.
council called by Henry III. Franco, mathematician. Constantine X., comes a Moham¬
Ab. 1070 Bergen built.
Monomachus, 1042. medan, and set¬
Clement II., 1046. The German em¬ George Cedrenus, historian. The king endeavours to refine the life tles in Samarcand,
Damascus II., 1048, peror obtains from and manners of the people. First invasion of the 980.
twenty three days. the council of Su- Michael Cerularius, d. 1058. Seljuk Turks.
1087 Haco II. and Magnus III.
Leo IX., 1048-54. try the power of 1.) Togiirel Beg
nominating to the Michael Psellus, celebrated Attempt upon Ireland. 1043 The Russians his grandson, passes
THE HOLT SEE VACANT
papal see, without Greek philosopher and histo¬ invade Thrace with the Jihon, defeats
ONE YEAR.
the intervention rian, d. ab. 1079. Sweden. 100,000 men — are Masaud, second
Excommunication of repeatedly defeated sultan of Ghizni
of clergy or peo¬
the patriarch of Con¬ ple. A law made in England forbid¬ Olaf, king, introduces Christianity. by the Greeks. 1032, and takes
stantinople and the ding parents to sell their chil¬ The race of Widfudmi ends 1061, and the title of sultan
Greeks. dren. Theodora, 1054, the at Mishapur, 1037
The popes whom Stenril founds a new dynasty.
Actor II., 1055-57. Henry III. ap¬ last of the Macedo¬
Stephen IX., 1057-58. pointed, were ? First age of scholastic philo¬ The blind zeal of the Christians drives nian dynasty.
Benedict X., 1058, an- good, pious men, sophy. the pagans into rebellion, and they Michael VI., Stra- Invades and con¬
tipope. who aimed at choose tiotichus, 1056. quers Persia,
Nicolas II., 1058-61. reforming the Peter Damiani, d. 1072. 1080 Blotswen for their king, whose Isaac, Comnenus, 1042.
Roger, duke of Apu¬ church, and re¬ descendants, under the name of Swei’k- 1057—resigns, 1059.
lia, becomes a vassal of storing its disci¬ 1073 Knight errants in Spain. ers, reign in Gothland, at the same time Constantine XI., Seljuks in Kerman,
the pope. pline. with the Stenldls. Ducas, 1059. 1042-1187. 1050
Ingulpiius, 1030-1109 (secretary
Decree which transfers the election of pope to William the Conqueror) histo¬ Tbe Comnenl
to a conclave of cardinals. rian.
uphold,
Alexander II., 1061- Hildebrand, from SLAVONIC NATIONS. 1056 Abu Alt, the
1073. the time of Leo William of Spires, mathemati¬ Poland. for a time, last prince of tbe
IX., is the real cian.
He forbids the mas¬ Boleslas till 1025. house of Deylem,
leader of the Eudocia, 1067, who Takes Bagdad, and
sacre of the Jews. in Persia.
church in its Marianus Scotus, d. 1086. Poland raised to a kingdom, 1001. marries marries the daugh
He deposes Harold, struggle for inde¬ Romanus III., Dio¬ ter of the khalif,
Wars successfully with Bohemia, the
and gives England to Berengarius writes against tran-
pendence and the genes,—he valiantly Kaim, 1061—be
substantiation—d. 1088. German empire, and Russia; and la¬
William the Conqueror. restoration of dis¬ but vainly opposes comes Emir al
bours for the good of the people.
cipline. He be¬ the Turks—is de¬ Omrah—d. 1063
comes— Lanfranc, archbishop of Canter¬ Miescilas II., 1025-34,-inglorious feated and taken pri¬
Gregory VII., 1073-85. bury, d. 1089. wars—licentiousness — madness and soner. 2. ) Alp Arslan
death. 1063-1073.
tbe fate
The usurpations of the Holy see carried to Rascei.inus of Compeigne, head Interregnum, 1034-1041.
the highest pitch—it claims supreme domi¬ of the nominalists. Great misery and anarchy. Michael VII., Pa- 1071 Alp Arslan
rapinaces ; defeats and takes
nion, both spiritual and temporal, over all Casimir, 1041, the Restorer,—war, and Romanus Diog.
Theodorus Prodromus. Andronicus I.; and
the states of Christendom. defeat of the rebel Masos—wise govern¬
Constantine XII.,
ment—promotes civilisation. 1073 He is assas¬
1074 Simony and celibacy forbid. Euthymius Zigabenus. 1071-81.
1075 Investitures forbid. Boleslas II., 1058. sinated.
of tbe
Papal legates sent to the various courts of London Bridge and Westminster 1062-1076 War with the Bohemians, 3. ) MelekShah,
Europe. Hungarians, and Russians. sinking; empire. 1074, — subdues
Hall built.
Gregory cites Henry IV. to Rome—Tus¬ 1079 Murder of Stanislas, bishop of Cra¬ Syria and Pales¬
cow—the king is excommunicated and Nicephorus III., tine—his domin¬
cany and Genoa bequeathed to the Holy Booksellers first heard of.
1078.
27.) Moktedi,
see by Matilda. driven from the throne—dies, 1081. 1075. ions extend from
Uladislas I., the Careless, 1079. the Jaxartes to the
1084 Henry Wars with the Prussians, Bohemians, etc.
Southern Italy lost to Mediterranean. 1075
Tbe Crusades, 1095-1270.
triumphs the Normans. Seljuks in Syria,
Poland again a duchy, till 1295. Hussan Subah, of
over Gre¬ Their two great causes: 1st. The impulse of religion—the crusades were Alexius I., Comne¬ Nishapur, adopts 1075.
the continuation and zenith of the great struggle, which had already lasted
gory, who four centuries, between Christianity and Mohammedanism. 2nd. The passion nus, 1081. the Ismaelian he¬
flees to Sa¬ of the European nations for military adventure and renown : this was the Russia. 1082 Defeated by the resy, 1071,-ac¬
Jerusalem cap¬
tured, 1076.
lerno, where heroic age of Europe, and the crusades became its Trojan war. Their iin Wladimir the Great. Normans at Duraz- quires the strong
mediate cause was the progress of the Turks and their oppression of the
he dies, Christian pilgrims. zo. (Rob.Guiscard). hold of Almowat, The Christian pil¬
Gregory VII. had projected the arming of all Europe against Asia ; but
The kingdom begins to flourish. grims are insulted,
1085, in in Persia, whence
Urban II., moved by the complaints of the emperor Alexius and tile 1015 Russia is divided under several robbed, and oppress¬
exile. preaching: of Peter the Hermit, first proclaimed this enterprise Seljukian king¬ he is called the
at the councilor Placentia, 1095, which he again enforces and preaches at chiefs, of which Swatopolk is the head. dom of Rum, ed—a cause of the
Sheikh abjubul, or
the council of Clermont, where the multitude cry out “ it is the will of God.”
Continual intestine wars. founded by the crusades.
Remission of penance, the absolution of all sins, plenary indulgence, and ‘ old man of the
Victor III. Turks after the
eternal felicity, are promised to all who embrace the cross—curiosity, rest¬ It is reunited by mountain,’ 1090—
lessness, love of licence, thirst for war, emulation, ambition add their influ¬ conquest of Asia Melek patron¬
1086-87. Jaroslav, 1036, but again divided, 1054. his followers, call¬
ences, and the public mind is wrought up to a frenzy. Minor, 1084. ises literature
Urban II., ed assassins, nu¬
1096 First Crusade—Peter the Hermit and Walter the Pennyless The Grand duke of Kiov had perhaps and science.
1088-99. The Christians merous in Persia
set out with a vast rabble, 300,000 of whom perish before the warriors are some authority over the others; but it
ready to start. oppressed. and Syria.
These Chieftains of the first crusade: 1. Godfrey of Bouillon; 2. Hugh of
was little cared for. Family wars arose Seljuks in Asia Mi¬
popes con¬ Vermandois ; 3. Robert of Normandy ; 4. Robert of Flanders ; 5. Ste¬ upon every succession, foreigners were nor, 1084.
tinue the phen of Chartres; 6. Raymond of Toulouse ; 7. Bohemond; and 8. Tan- called in by all parties, and the country Normans, Turks, and
CRED. These, at the head of 600,000 warriors (100,000 cavalry) besides nu¬ Egypt.
struggle merous priests, monks, women and children, march to Constantinople—they was distressed and depopulated by civil the northern barba¬ Upon the death of
against the do homage to the emperor Alexius —siege of Nice—victory of DoryUeum, broils. rians threaten Con¬ Mustali, the eighth Melek, 1092, his
which secures their march through Asia Minor. stantinople; but the fatimite
empire. khalif, kingdom is divided
crusades create a new takes Jerusalem among his kins¬
Baldwin founds tlie principality of Edessa, Hung-ary.
1097-1144. state of affairs, and from the sons of men and generals.
1097, 8, Capture and victory of Antioch. Stephen (Saint). by the prudence of Ortok, 1096—loses
1099 Siege and capture of Jerusalem. 1038 Peter, a vassal of the German em¬ Alexius public and it to the crusaders, The Seljuk power
peror, struggles for the throne till private order is re¬ 1099. declines.
Pascal II., Foundation of tbe kingdom of Jerusalem,
1099. 1099. 1077 Ladislas I. stored—learning and
Godfrey of Bouillon, 1099, elected king by the army. 1095 Coloman. ’ commerce are revived 4.) Burgiaruk,
Victory of Ascalon over Mustali at the head of 100,000 horse Internal quiet—conquest of Croatia —and the empire ex¬ sultan of Persia. 1100
and 400,000 foot.
and Dalmatia. tended.

a
14 Table vii. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF The Twelfth

RISE OF THE RIVALRY BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE. PREDOMINANCE OF THE CHURCH.
Britain. France. Germany. Italy.
Spain.
Scotland. England. 1102 Matilda's dona¬
1100 Capetians. tion to the church.
Mohammed¬ Christians.
ans. Normans. Philip I., —1108. Henry IV.,—his son
Leon & Castile ; Edgar.
Almorivtde Henry I. (Beauclerc), 1100 rebels, and he is com¬ Roger, duke of Sicily,
Navarre & Ar¬
Dynasty. The Normans and —to propitiate the English pelled to abdicate, —1111.
agon. Louis VI. (le Gros), 1108-37. 1105.
Alexander I. English still continue he grants them a charter,
1107 Ali suc¬ two distinct races— and marries Maud, of Saxon Abbe Sugar minister. Rivalry of Milan and
1104 Alfonso I. 1106.
ceeds his father, to appease the latter, Pavia, in which the
succeeds Pedro in race.
Yussuf Henry promises to 1101 Robert, duke of Nor¬ Numerous struggles with his cities of Lombardy take
Navarre and Ar¬ Successful
restore the laws of
mandy, invades England— vassals; but the power of the part.
agon -marries struggle
Edward the Confes¬
Ali attacks the Uracca, who suc¬ against the pacification—1103-6 Hen¬ crown begins to revive, and so¬ Henry V., emperor of Germany and king of
sor.
Christians with ceeds Alfonso VI. archbishops ry invades and conquers ciety to consolidate. Italy, 1106-25.
several large bo¬ Curfew abolished. 1106 Milan revolts,’and
in Leon and Cas- of York and Normandy: Robert is made
dies of troops tile, 1109-26. Canterbury, The state of Eng- prisoner at the The rights of princes are erects itself into a re¬
from Afrku; but land at this time was better respected—private war¬ public.
each of whom Battle of Tinchebrai,
wretched; Henry had
claims a fare is checked by the inter¬ Venice, Genoa, and
some feeling of that '1106, Pisa, are greatly
spiritual su¬ ference of the clergy—and the enricbed by tbe
The chivalry which began
periority over and remains a captive till B.lse of free and char¬ Crusades.
to soften society, but
Scotland. his death. tered towns 1109 The dispute respecting investitures renew¬
it was exclusively a
1118 Captures Sa¬ generosity towards 1107 Quarrel and compro¬ ed with great violence—the emperor marches
weakens feudal oppression,
ragossa. high born dames and mise with Anselm. into Italy, takes the pope prisoner, and com¬
strengthens the hands of the
noble warriors; it pels him to crown him and give up the inves¬
City deputies sent to 1120 Shipwreck and death monarch, and leads by degrees
Mohammed¬ never stooped so low titures. This forced concession of the pope is
parliament.
of Prince William and 140 to the formation of a middle
ans
as justice and good
class of society. annulled by a council which, 1112, excommu¬
DavidI.,1124 faith towards all men. noblemen. nicates Henry. Nearly all Germany rebels ;
1126 Alfonso
—brought up Wherever the king yet he keeps the field, and, 1116, again marches
VII. (the empe¬
in Henry's went, there was full into Italy—1119 is again excommunicated;
ror) in Leon and Wars between tbe French and English, and
court-pro¬ licence to his com¬ but, 1122, a concordat is concluded at the diet
Castile.
motes civili¬ pany to harrow the of Worms. Henry renounces tbe right of no¬
1134 Garcia IV.
continually sation and wretched people—his Insurrection in Normandy in mination to benefices and of influencing elections
in Navarre.
1125 patronises the exactions were cruel favour of William Fitz-Ro- University of Paris flourishes.
—he is to invest with the sceptre, but not with
1134 Ramiro II. —justice was a source
church. bert: suppressed 1124. the cross and ring.
in Aragon—he is of revenue—judicial
succeeded by Pe- murder a frequent in¬ 1114 Henry marries Matilda of England.
Foundation of rise of the rivalry between these two nations,
tronella his daugh¬ strument of extor¬
Kelso, Mel¬ War between Pisa and
lose, and the ter, 1137. tion.
rose, Holy- The Norman clergy Genoa, 1119-30.
rood-house, were rather wolves
which lasts for three centuries and a half.
Kingdom of 1120 Rise of the house of Guelf.
Portugal, Jedburgh, than shepherds—no
Lothaire II, duke of Saxony, emperor and king
1139. Newbottle, virtue or merit could 1127 Matilda, the king’s daughter, marries Geoffrey Plantagenet, of Anjou.
of Italy, 1125-37—Frederic and Conrad of
Henry of Be- Kinloss, Dry- advance an English¬ Suabia oppose him, but are defeated.
Christians sanqon is cre¬ burgh, etc. man. Stephen of Blois, 1135-54,
ated first count an usurper. Louis VII., (le Jeune), 1137- 1127 Roger II. succeeds
of Portugal, 1136 He takes part with the 80, (aged eight years). as count of Sicily, with
A reign of Apulia and Calabria.
1095, by Al¬ queen against Stephen—in¬
fonso VI., k. vades England, and is de¬ 1136 Matilda asserts her War with the pope, 1128.
of Leon. Al¬ feated in the battle of the claim to the throne—is un¬ Great accession of territory 1135-57 Lothaire in Italy—defeats the Nor
gain ground.
fonso his son Standard at Cuton Moor, successful in Normandy. by the marriage of this prince mans—capture of Amalfi by the aid of the
succeeds him 1138. 1139 Robert, earl of Glou¬ with Eleanor. Pisans.
and gains, cester, the leader of her
Peace of Durham, 1139. party, invades England— Rise of the Troubadours.
House of Suabia, or Hobenstaufen.
1139 The bat¬ after a struggle of two years
1144 Taxfin. Hereditary succes¬ Stephen is made prisoner at Disputes with the Holy see. Conrad I., 1138-52, elected emperor.
tle of Ouri- 1138 Fall of Henry the Proud, duke of Bavaria, chief
sion suspended for
Dynasty of the ques, and is anarchy, misery, of the house of Guelf,
fourscore years—dis¬
Almobades. immediately sension, murder, and
the battle of Lincoln, 1143 Louis, in a war against Rise of the factions of
proclaimed k. rapine prevail — nu¬ 1141, Thibaud, count of Champagne,
Guelfs and Ghibelines.
1147 Abdelmu- of Portugal— merous castles are and Matilda is crowned; but storms the castle of Vitry—its Tbe two Sicilies
MEN. captures Lis¬ erected into a
built by the nobles Stephen is soon released, and neighbouring church takes fire kingdom, 1139,
bon, 1147. and filled with devils Matilda flees to Normandy. and Louis sees 1300 men under Roger, by
Malcolm IV. and evil men—they and civil war. women, and children, perish in papal investiture.
1150 SANCIIoV.in burn all the towns—
1153. the flames—Louis is horror- 1142 Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony.
Navarre. for a day’s journey 1149 Henry Plantagenet, struck, and as an expiation he
1150 1157 Fernando He yields up not a man might be her son, invades England— undertakes 1147-49 The emperor joins the second crusade.
, II., son of Alfonso his possessions found in a town, nor a compromise, which is re¬
1147 THE second crusade.
the emperor, suc¬ in Cumberland an acre of land tilled. newed 1153. Frederic I. (Barbarossa), elected emperor and
ceeds in Leon; and Northum¬
1152 Louis repudiates Eleanor, king, 1152.
and ber land lo Hen¬
who, six weeks after, is married by Henry, count of Anjou, afterwards
1157 SanchoIII., ry II., and
king of England. By this false step, Guienne and Poitou are lost to 1154 Frederic in Italy—takes the part of
another son, suc¬ does homage Lodi against Milan—takes and burns Tor-
France, and annexed to the English crown, which thereby becomes so
ceeds in Castile— to him for tona, 1155—is crowned at Rome.
powerful that but for the quarrel with Bccket, and the rebellion of
dies 1158, and is Lothian.
Henry's sons, the sceptre of France would probably have passed from
succeeded by his 1156 The emperor restores Bavaria to Henry the Lion
the Capets to the Plantagenets.
son, He is knighted —Austria is formed into an hereditary duchy.
Alfonso VIII. by Henry and Plantagenets, 11541-1399.
serves under Henry II., Plantagenet, 1154-89, duke of Normandy, Aquitaine, 1158 Frederic in Italy—captures Milan—
Foundation of the him in his Poitou, Anjou, Touraine, etc. (one-fifth of France belongs to Henry, diet of Roncaglia—institution of Podestas—
military order of French wars. while Louis cannot command the obedience of one-tenth) he restores the Milanese again take arms, 1159—Bar
order and tranquillity by wise and vigorous measures. barossa takes Crema, 1160—is defeated at
Calatrava, 1158. Cassano—ravages the Milanese territory, and
William, Scutages. 1159 War between France and England.
1166. Quarrel with Thomas a Becket.
blockades the city, which surrenders 1162,
1162 Alfonso II., and is razed to the ground.
Thomas a Bechet, of low birth, but of the Saxon race,
son of Petronella, He leagues had talents and agreeable manners, which earned him the The French language cultivated. A sedition at Mentz recalls the emperor to
succeeds in Ara- with France dignity of chancellor, and the favour of the king—he be¬
gon. and Richard comes his chief minister, the sharer of his pleasures, and Germany.
lives in great magnificence.
against Henry Henry creates him archbishop of Canterbury, 1162,
Venice a great sea power
? Poem of the Cid. II.—invades when he entirely changes his conduct. He first thwarts University of Bologna flourishes.
and then opposes Henry's plan of church reform, as well
England 1173 as his projects for repressing its usurpations, and making
The dissensions of 1166 Frederic in Italy—league of tbe Ita¬
—again 1174, the clergy amenable to the civil power.
lian cities, 1167, to preserve tbeir li¬
the Christians when he is CONSTITUTIONS OF CLARENDON, 1164. berties.
1170 The TTaldenses,
taken prisoner. Bechet resists them, which leads to an open rupture
Foundation of the between him and the king—the persecutions of the latter Frederic takes Rome, but bis army is destroyed
military order of 1174 Treaty compel Bechet to flee—he is supported by the king of by sickness, and he is compelled to return.
1175 France and the pope.
Santiago, 1175— of Falaise, by 1169 Compromise between Henry and Bechet—the latter
the foundation of which William returns to England, 1170—his intemperate conduct pro¬ Philip II., Auguste, 1 ISO- 1174 Frederic’s fourth expedition into Italy—is
vokes Henry to an exclamation against him, and Bechet
military religious agrees to do defeated in the battle of Legnano, 1176
is murdered at Canterbury by four knights who hear it. 1223,— the greatest prince
orders greatly aids homage for This cruel act excites the indignation of Europe against suffers a naval defeat off Istria by the Ve¬
Henry, and brings him into the greatest danger, which
since Charlemagne.
the progress of the Scotland, and netians. Truce for six years, 1177.
he averts by his prudent conduct. He conciliates the
Christian arms. hold it as a pope, and comes to an accommodation with the church,
1178 Henry the Lion deposed—Saxony divided—Ba¬
Portugal a fief of the Holy see. fief of England. 1172.
The French monarchy begins varia is given to IVittelspach—1182 Mecklenburg and
Fair Rosamond.
alone save the (Before this, Eng¬ Pomerania created states of the empire—Lubeck and
land had no right 1171, 2, Conquest of Ireland (Granted by a bull to recover its lustre. Ratisbon imperial cities.
to homage for an to Henry, 1156).
SIncho I. (son of inch of ground in 1180 Venice chief of the league.
1173 League of France, etc., against Henry— He re-unites Vermandois to
Alfonso,) king of Scotland, except
for Lothian). his sons rebel and are aided by his queen. the crown ; and with the aid Peace of Constance, 1183, re-establisbes
Portugal, 1185. tbe independence of tbe Italian republics.
1174 Henry's pilgrimage to Bechet's shrine— of Henry subdues his turbu¬
Mohammedans from
Struggle with capture of the king of Scots—peace of Mount lent vassals.
the pope—the Louis, 1175. 1184 Marriage of Henry, king of the Romans,
with Constance of Sicily.
1188 Alfonso IX Scottish church 1177 Judges appointed to go the circuit.
1185-9 Philip, aided by Ri¬
succeeds his fa¬ preserves its chard, the rebel son of Henry,
Richard I., 1189-99, the Lion-hearted—dread¬ gains several advantages over 1189 The emperor joins the third crusade.
ther, Fernando II. independence.
ful massacre of the Jews at his coronation. him.
in Leon. Henry VI., emperor and king of Italy and the
Richard Cceur University of Oxford flourishes.
de Leon, by Sicilies, 1190-98.
being driven from Spain.
treaty re¬ 1190 RICHARD AND PHILIP SET OUT ON THE THIRD CRUSADE. 1196 Crusades of the Germans.
1194 Sancho VI. nounces all 1192 Philip, worried by the superior renown of Richard, returns and
1195 Battle of succeeds his fa¬ right of su¬ attacks his dominions—he takes part of Normandy. Richard is de¬ Richard Cceur de Lion
Alarcon, ther, Sancho V., in periority or tained a prisoner by the emperor of Germany, 1192, but is ransomed seized and retained in
in which the Navarre. homage for and returns 1194, and renews the war with varied success. captivity.
Christians are 1196 Pedro II., Scotland, and
defeated. son of A Ifonso II., re-establishes 1193 John attempts to seize the crown. Philip of Suabia, and Otiio of Saxony, dispute
1200 succeeds in Ara¬ its indepen¬ John, 1199-1216, usurps over Arthur, the son the crown, 1198, the former supported by the
gon. dence. of his elder brother, Geoffrey. Ghibelines the latter by the Guelfs.

f &
1

Century. THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 15

PERIOD OF THE CRUSADES : RICHARD CCEUR DE LION, SALADIN.

Church His¬ Literature, Celebrated Scandinavia, Slavonic Greek Empire. The Crusades. Khalifs and Seljuk
tory and Popes. Men, etc. Nations, etc. Sultans of Persia.
Christian Princes.
A faint gleam of light breaks Civilisation much advanced among
Alexius I. till 1118,— 1100
Pascal II.,—1118. upon Europe during this century, reigns with much pru¬ Godfrey of Bouillon, king of Jerusalem.
these nations by the spread of Chris¬ Kharizm indepen¬
and relieves the midnight darkness dence in troublesome Bohemond, prince of Antioch.
tianity, chiefly by English mission¬ dent under Kultub
Order of St. John into which it had been plunged. times, and improves the Joscelyn, prince of Edcssa.
aries. addin, 1098-1127.
of Jerusalem insti¬ The study of civil law ; the foun¬ condition of the empire. These three states were rather kingdoms of ro¬
Piracy abolished. mance than of real power and permanence. The
tuted—knights tem¬ dation of universities ; the appli¬ Order, learning, andChristian army that remained to support them, 5.) Mohammed,
plars, 1120. cation of modern languages to li¬ scarcely mnstered 300 horse and 2000 foot. They 1104.
commerce revive. were surrounded by Mussulman enemies, and
terature ; and the revival of ancient SCANDINAVIA. could only with difficulty procure the common
learning; may all be regarded as necessaries of life. The new adventurers who
harbingers of that brighter day, Kingdom of Rum. arrive only enable them to add a few maritime
Denmark. towns to their dominions.
which from this period progres¬ The Seljuk, Kilij
Eric I.,—1105.
sively opens upon Europe. Arslan, driven from Acre taken, 1104.
The clergy and nobility obtain great
Gelasius II., 1118. The opposition of Abelard to Nice, makes Iconium
power.
the church of Rome, and the his capital—destroys Tripolis taken, 1109.
Niels, 1105-34. War with the
Calistus II., 1119. persecution of the Albigenses and Wends.
a large army of cru¬
Waldenses, promote the cause of saders, 1102. Berytus and Sidon, 1111.
1126 Duke Canute, the father of
literature: while the crusades in¬
Waldemar, becomes king of Wend-
crease the intercourse and pro¬ The sultans of Ico¬ New Turkish (Seljuk) kingdoms
land.
mote the civilisation of Europe. nium war against the are planted at Iconium, Alep¬
Eric II., 1134-37. 6.) Sanjar, 1117,—
Nathan ben Jechiel, learned Eric III., 1137-47. Franks and Greek po, and Damascus ; and these,
emperors, with varied subdues Khorusan
Jew, d. 1106. Sveyn VI. and Canute, 1148. assisted by the Islam popula¬ and Samarkand, and
success. tions of Persia, Egypt, and
First Lateran, or ninth Jeffrey of Monmouth, historian, 1150 The coasts are infested with leaves Persia under
pirates—the kings do homage to Arabia, greatly distress, and the government of
general council, 1123, d. 1138. John l.,Comnenus, 1118, sometimes defeat the crusaders.
on discipline. Tograi, Hariri, and Abdallah the German emperor. a great and noble prince
his nephews, Mah¬
End of the dispute respect¬ Waldemar I., 1157-82,—carries mud and Masand
ing investitures. Siiarfaddin, Arab, poets, 1120. —reforms the manners
on a successful war against the Sla¬
Scholastic philosophy attains of his people, and is Tyre taken, 1124, by the aid of the doge
vonic pirates—in twenty-two years 29.) Mustershid,
IIONORIUS II., 1124. its highest point by the writings he fights twenty-eight battles—ab. successful against their of Venice—archbishopric, 1127. 1118.
of enemies.
1170 he takes and destroys Joms- 1125
Peter Abelard, d. 1143, aged berg, the greatest city in Europe, The khalif, engaging in
63. By the Zengi (or Sanguin), governor
alike famous for its trade and riches, hostilities with Ma¬
Peter the JLombard, (master of and more so for its bitter enmity of Mosul, 1120-45,—a great sand, is taken prisoner,
sentences), d. 1164. to Christianity, it was the last prince. and afterwards mur¬
courage
Robert Pallenus, d. ab. 1150. strong hold of Slavonic paganism dered by the “ Assas¬
which never overcame this blow. sins,” 1135.
Aristotle’s logic comes into
Innocent II., and repute. Improves the laws. and talents
Anacletus, rival Averroes, the commentator, d. Copenhagen founded. 30.) Rashid—he de¬
popes, 1130. 1206. fends Bagdad against
Canute VI., 1182-1202. Nuraddin, his son, makes the Turks, but is mur¬
Anna Comnena, Greek historian. Pomerunia, Holstein, and Esthenia, of the himself king of Aleppo, Da¬
Arnold of Brescia dered by the “ Assas¬
Jo. Zonares, and Vicetas, By¬ conquered. mascus, etc., 1145,—he wages
preaches a religious sins.”
incessant war against the Chris¬
and political reforma¬ zantine historians. Comneni
Norway. tians—sends his emir, Shirkoh,
tion at Rome—put to Athelard, monk of Bath, Ma¬ 31.) Mustekfi,1137.
Magnus III., slain in IrelandA 103. against Egypt, who defeats
death 1155. thematician. both the Egyptians and crusa Sanjar defeated by
1109 Sigurd's glorious expedition to Pales¬ Manuel 1143, — his
1138 Victor III. suc¬ Study of the civil law re¬ tine. ders in a decisive battle. the Kur Khan of
vived, as it is said, by the dis¬ reign of thirty-seven
ceeds Anacletus—but Numerous divisions—competitors the Tartars, 1140.
covery of a copy of the Pandects years is filled by his
soon resigns, and the struggle for the throne, till 1240. wars with the Turks, Defeated and taken
at the capture of Amalfi, 1135—
schism ceases. The kingdom is divided into four the Christians, and the by the Ghuz, a re¬
it makes great progress, espe¬
cially at Bologna, where bishoprics—tithes introduced. wild hordes beyond the bellious tribe of
1139 Second Late- 1144 Edessa captured by the Turks.
Danube. Turks in Balkh, he
ran, or tenth gene- Irnerius (or Wernerus), opens a This event alarms Europe, and gives is carried about in
Sweden.
ral council. school, d. 1190 Bu/garus
~ and the empire rise to an iron cage—es¬
Gosius, his disciples. The house of Stenkil becomes ex¬ The second Crusade, 1146, capes and dies at
Celestin II., 1143. Vacarius teaches it at Oxford. tinct, 1133, when a descendant of The Normans, under Mene, 1157.
in which Conrad, emperor of Germany,
Lucius II., 1144. Blotswen embraces Christianity and Roger, arrive before
William of Malmsbury, English and Louis VII. join—the emperor’s
crushes paganism. Constantinople, but are
EugeniusIII.,1145 historian. army is defeated and destroyed by the
Eric seizes the throne, 1155. repulsed by Manuel, sultan of Iconium, 1146, and that of
Gratian publishes the canon law,
The Erics and Swerkers contend 1148, 9. Louis in Laodicea, 1147. This second
after twenty-four years labour,
AnastasiusIV.1153 ab. 1140. for dominion. crusade cost Europe 200,000 men. From 1150
Adrian IV., 1154— Charles Swerker, first king of becomes an this time
aie. Florence of Worcester, historian. Sweden and Gothland, 1160.
(an Englishman The power of the crusaders
Nicholas Breok- St. Bernard, d. 1153—he found¬ 1155 The Greeks re¬ decline. Khorasan subject to
ami The clergy predominate.
ed about 160 monasteries. duce Apulia and Cala¬ the sultan of Kha¬
speare).
Otho, bishop of Friesengen, his¬ bria—Manuel forms the rizm.
Alexander III.,
torian, introduces the peripatetic design of conquering
art o 1159-81.
philos. into Germ.—dies 1158. Italy and the western
i Tor Victor IV., 1159; SLAVONIC NATIONS.
empire—fails—peace, 32.) Mustanjed, 1160
Pascal III., 1164; ? Suidas, 1150, lexicographer. 1156.
Poland.
Calistus III .,1168 Gregorius Corinth. ‘De Dial.’ Great disorders
Innocent III.1178 Shirkoh again sent by
Boleslas III., 1102, — continual
are antipopes. Odericus Vitalis, historian. Nuraddin to aid
wars with his natural brother Sbig- object of in Persia;
Aziduddin, the last Fatimite
Alexander relieves the Colleges of theology, philosophy, niew, the Bohemians, Pomeranians,
etc. khalif of Egypt, 1168.
30- clergy of Berkshire and law, at Paris. the governors
from keeping the He introduces Christianity into terror or
archdeacon’s dogs Eben Esra, of Toledo, Jewish Pomerania. ofprovinces
and hawks, during historian, d. 1165. 1139 Poland divided into sovereign¬
his visitation. respect 33.) Mustanzi, 1170,
1155 Eustathius, commentator ties, Uladislas III., 1140, nomi¬ Sal ah ad din, or Saladin,
Order of Carmelites on Homer and Dionysius Per. nal chief. succeeds him in the command, —proclaimed khalif
instituted ab. 1160. English commerce is confined Boleslas IV., 1146. Continued in Egypt by Saladin,
and becomes sultan of Egypt,
civil wars. to the 1171.
to the exportation of wool—a Miescilas III., 1174. 1171-93. This knightly hero
The Waldenses. Casimir the Just, 1178,—he re¬ of the east extends his domi¬
potr- woollen manufactory is establish¬
This pious, innocent, but stores order, and is successful nions in Egypt, conquers Sy¬ assuming inde¬
suffering sect, took their ed at Worsted, and soon after powers of
name from Peter Waldo, at Nonvich. against both domestic and foreign ria, Assyria, Mesopotamia, and
merchant of Lyons. enemies. Arabia. pendence, and
They spread over the Robert Wace, d. 1184, first Miescilas again, 1194.
valley of Piedmont. They French poet—translation of his Asia and Europe. contending with
circulated the sacred wri Brut, or Hist, des Rois d’Angle-
tings, and are regarded as
terre by Layamon, the first Eng¬ Russia 1183 He takes Aleppo, and de¬ 1175
the fore-runners of the each other
protestant churches. They lish composition. poses the sultan of Mosul.
were condemned in seve is divided into three great princi¬
ral councils, and severely Le Roman de Rou. palities: Novgorod; Little Russia, for supremacy.
(H1 persecuted. At last, by Alexius II., 1180. 1186 Saladin directs all his efforts
Benjamin of Tudela, a Jew, tra¬ capital Kiew; White Russia, capi¬
,,'ll'ij Tli© crusade against the crusaders—gains
vels from Spain to India by Con¬ tal Walodimir. Civil wars.
iefri preaclied against
them, 1178, stantinople, returns through E- Moscow founded, 1147. 1187 The decisive victory of
gypt, d. 1173. Andronicus I-, Com- Tiberias. 34.) Nasir ad din,
they suffered all the hor The commercial cities of Pleskow nenus, 1183,—his ro¬
rors of the most brutal John Tzetes, Greek gram. 1180,—reigns forty-
and Novgorod shape into free re¬ mantic adventures. 1187 Captures Jerusalem, which leads to
warfare ; but, being com six years.
polled to disperse, their Nicetas Acominatus, historian. publics—trade with Greece and the The third Crusade, 1X89.
doctrines thereby became J arch i (Rashi) a Jewish exposi¬ east, which reaches to the Baltic.
widely disseminated. In this, Richard Cceur de Lion, Philip
tor, d. 1180.
The Waldenses must Is a ac 11., Angelas, 1185. Augustus, and Frederic Barbarossa en¬
not be confounded with Maimonides of Cordova, one of
Bohemia, under its own kings or
dukes, exists in a state of continual gage. It is the spirit of chivalry, rather
the Albigenses, a sect of the most learned of the Jews, d.
[lisle* Manic hearts. Invasion of the Bul¬ than religion, which now makes men
1208. warfare, and of doubtful indepen¬
attic*1 garians. crusaders. Toghrel, last selju-
Henry of Huntingdon, historian. dence.
1179 Third Lateran, kian sultan of Per¬
Jo/*'*- William of Newbury, historian. 1190 Frederic Barbarossa's death.
or eleventh general Iconium is taken sia, is killed in battle
Glanville (llainulph de) makes Hungary. from the Seljuks by 1191 Richard and the French king be¬ with Taksh Khan,
council,on discipline.
a digest of the Laws and Customs Fred. Barbarossa, but fore Acre, which capitulates— fifth sultan of Kha
COLOMAN, till 1114.
of England. is restored, 1190. Heroism of Hichard— rtzm. 1194.
Lucius III., 1131. Struggle with Venice for Mura-
Peter, Comcstor, d. 1198. he defeats Saladin at Azotus—storms
Urban III., 1185. John of Salisbury, historian, d. time Dalmatia.
Jaffa, and, after many a glorious deed
1187. Stephen II., Colonies of Flem¬ of chivalry, concludes an honourable Tbe Ismaelites, suc¬
Gregory VIII. 1187.
Simon of Durham. 1114. ings in Hungary, peace with Saladin, by which the safe cessors of Hassun
Clement III., 1187. 1190 Boahoddi Ibu Shaddad, Bela II.,1131 and of Saxons in pilgrimage of Christians to Jerusalem is Subah (the old man
author of a Life of Saladin, in Geisa III., Transylvania, go¬ secured. of tbe mountain),
Teutonic order insti¬ Arabic. 1141. verned by their own murder many emi¬
Alexius III., 1195— Kingdom of Cyprus founded, 1191.
tuted about 1190. Peter de Blois, hist.—d. 1200. Steph. III. 1161. laws nent men, both Mo¬
Roger de Hoveden, historian. Bela III., 1173. usurps, after dethron¬
Saladin dies, 1193,—his do¬ hammedans and
Celestin III., 1191. Campanes of Lombardy, astro¬ Regains Dalmatia, Croatia, and ing and blinding his
minions divided. Christians. 1200
ftp* nomer. part of Bulgaria. brother.
i by Innocent III., 1198.
William of Tyre, hist.—d. 1218. Emeric, 1196.

a
16 Table viii. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF The Thirteenth

RISE OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENTS—DEPUTIES FROM CORPORATE CITIES.

Britain. France. Germany.
Portu¬ Spain.
gal. Scotland. England. Capetians. House of Hohenstaufen.
1200 Christians. Mohammed¬
Philip and Otho continue to
ans. Plantagenets. Philip, August,—1223.
Sancho I. Alfonso IX. in William, the John, Lackland, —1216. struggle for the imperial crown
disputes Almohades. Lion, till 1214.
Leon and Castile. till 1208.
War with France, 1201-6—Philip espouses the cause of prince Arthur,
with the Sancho VII. in
who, falling into the hands of John, is murdered by him—this cruel action Otho IV., 1208-18, sole em¬
church. Navarre. Chivalry gains
sets all men against him, and the king of France makes an easy conquest peror upon the assassinaton of
Pedro II. in Ara¬ ground in
of nearly all his continental dominions, etc. (Roger de Lacy's vigorous Philip.
gon. Scotland.
defence of Chateau Gaillard.)
1209 Crusade against the Albe- 1210 Otho offends the pope by
Alfonso Legislation of maintaining his imperial rights
geoise and Raymond, count of
II., the William. —is placed under a bann, and
1207 Dispute with the Holy see respecting the ap¬ Toulouse, under Simon de Mont¬
Tat, 1211.
pointment of Langton to the see of Canterbury■—inter¬ fort—Languedoc is laid waste, Frederic II., 1212-50,—be¬
dict, 1208—excommunication, 1209—deposition, 1212, its cities burned, and it inhabit¬ comes anti-emperor-Otho
Alexander
and the kingdom promised by the pope to Philip of ants treated with brutal barbarity loses the battle of Bovines,
1212 Battle of Navas de Tolosa— II., 1214, a
France. —the king takes part against 1214, after which he is with¬
a splendid victory for the Chris¬ wise and ac¬
them, 1222. out friends or power—dies,
tians—160,000 mussulmans slain. tive man—en¬
1208 London obtains the right to elect its own Lord Mayor.
deavours to France consolidated 1218.
civilise his 1220 Henry, son
James I., the Con¬ 1213-15 War with France the English lose Verniandois and Valois.
Celtic domi¬ of the emperor,
queror, in Aragon, Mohammedan nions (the 1213 The king submits to the pope, and surrenders elected king of Continued
1213-76. Highlands), his kingdoms to him, and receives them back as fiefs and the power of the
the Romans.
Spain again and enforce of the Holy see.
1214 Battle of B onvines, but vain
Henry I. king in their obe¬ Naval victory over the French in Flanders. The states of the
Castile, 1214-17. divided, in which Philip gains a decisive empire become
dience to 1215 Insurrection of the barons, provoked by the des¬ victory over Otho IV., John Lack- strugcle
law, which more and more
picable and tyrannical conduct of John, and stirred land, and the earl of Flanders. independant of
Ferdinand (Saint) 1224, occasions up by Langton, archbishop of Canterbury. of the
Sancho II., king of Castile, many civil the emperor, in
1223, suc¬ 1217-52. and its contentions. Magna Charta signed at kunnymede, 1215, their territorial
—the first effort towards a legal government; and, except the re¬ crown greatly EMPEROR
cessful volution, the most important event in English history. In this
possessions and
against the power are found the seeds of the great principles of our constitution : dignities. The
1. No taxation without representation (parliaments): 2. Trial TO OBTAIN
Moors. cities raise them¬
1225 by Jury: 3. Writ of Habeas Corpus. It also enacted that the Appeals from the baronial
rapidly court of Common Pleas should be a fixed legal tribunal—that selves by com¬
courts to that of the king in¬ A SU¬
county assizes should be regularly held—that foreign merchants merce and indus¬
should safely come and go, etc.; in short it laid the foundation troduced.
declines. of that free and just government, to have produced, preserved,
try; and, by their
PREMACY
and matured which, is the immortal claim of England to the warlike charac¬
esteem of mankind—The clergy not subject to lay jurisdiction. Permanent militia.
ter, make a for¬
in Italy
John attacks the barons, who call Louis of France to midable appear¬
their aid—the king dies. increased.
ance in the eyes
OVER THE
Henry III., 1216-72, son of John, aged ten years. of the princes.
1230 Ferdinand 1225 The emperor
1218 Many English and French nobles join PAPAL SEE
finally unites the Foundation marries Jolintha of
kingdoms of Leon of the
Mendicants established at Oxford. THE FIFTH CRUSADE.
Jerusalem. AND
and Castile, and kingdom William, earl of Pembroke, d. 1220— Hubert de Burgh ministers.
Louis VIII., 1223-26.
employs their joint of 1227-29 Crusade
Intestine troubles, Lombard
power against the Grenada, New war against the Albe- of the emperor af¬
mussulmans. 1238, 1225 An aid granted to the king by parliament on the geoise, which ends in their ter being excom¬
Alexander condition of his renewing the charter : First instance cities.
by Moham¬ III., 1249, defeat, and the cession of the municated.
Ferdinand, 1233— of combining supplies with a redress of grievances. province to the crown, 1229. 1234 The emperor’s son rebels
med I. 8 years old—
38, captures To¬ but England
ledo, Cordova, the
marries Louis (Saint) IX., 1226-70, aged —is subdued—Conrad IV.,
princess 1229 First expedition of Henry into France for the re¬ twelve—Blanche of Castile, his king of the Romans, 1256.
1245 He is whole of Murcia,
deposed by Jaen, and Seville.
Margaret covery of his estates—unsuccessful. mother, regent. 1238 Frederic again excommu¬
of England. 1233 First discovery of coal at Newcastle—Cornwall tin mines fl. nicated—the pope and he
pope Inno¬ James conquers the Several insurrections of the mutually abuse each other—
cent IV. Balearic Isles and increases in civilisation,
Repels the nobles suppressed, notwith¬ the pope publishes a crusade
Valencia.
formidable in 1240 Richard, earl of Cornwall, the king’s brother, standing the aid afforded against him—in 1242 the em¬
Alfonso vasion of Haco, heads THE SIXTH CRUSADE, and redeems Jerusalem. them by Henry III. peror’s power greatly predo¬
1247 First war fleet, at the conquest of Se- k. of Nonvay, 1242 Second expedition of Henry into France-—he is joined by the count De la Marche, minates in Italy—he vows an
III., 1248. ville.
and gains the but, defeated at Taillebourg and at Saintes, they are obliged to make peace. exterminating war against the
Scottish Isles. pope, who deposes him by the
prosperity, commerce,
council of Lyons, and sets up
1250 Many Scottish 1246 The king’s marriage with Eleanor of Provence 1245 Louis obtains Provence by the
Foundation of the
celebrated palace
1246 Henry of Thuringia, who
of the Alhambra, nobles join brings over neyv herds of foreigners—offensive to the marriage of his brother, Charles is defeated and slain by Con¬
Alfonso X., the near Granada,— the crusades. nobles and people. of Anjou, with Beatrice. rad, when
not completed till power, and 1248 The king sets out on
Learned 1252, in 1348. 1247 William of Holland is
The Low-
Castile and Leon. 1253 Solemn ratification of Magna Charta in parlia¬ THE SEVENTH CRUSADE. set up as anti-emperor—Fre¬
landers, or
ment—Simon de Montfort. deric dies, 1250.
Literature and science Scoto-Saxons,
flourish. and the High¬ 1258 Famous parliament at Oxford,—the twenty,
four barons, under Simon de Montfort, and subject to parlia¬ 1254 The king returns, and pu¬
1245 Rise of the
Hanseatic League.
landers, or ments to be held thrice in the year, seize and administer the
Thibalt II. in Na¬ government—Henry in vain attempts to escape from their au¬ nishes some rebellious vassals. Conrad IV., 1250, emperor,
Celts, form
varre, 1253,-he two distinct
thority, 1262—both parties agree to refer their differences to St. and king of Italy and Naples
Louis IX., who restores the authority of the king, the privileges
joins the crusade, races; the and liberties of the charter.
—dies, 1254.
and dies in Sicily. former consi¬ population. Great interregnum and
derably civil¬ anarchy for twenty-three
Alfonso is elected ised, the latter 1259 Peace with France—Louis cedes several conquered provinces, and years.
emperor of Ger¬ almost in a Henry in return gives up his right to Normandy and Poitou.
many, for the at¬ state of nature. 1265 First regular parliament, to which two knights 1252 Ottocar II., k. of Bo¬
tainment of which 1261 Burgundy an appanage of the hemia, conquers Austria and
for each county, two citizens for each city, and two burgesses
1263-79 he lavishes much The institu¬ for every burgh are summoned by writs. crown—private war and judicial other duchies. ,
disputes treasure—his ba¬ tions of Scot¬ Origin ofrepresentative government. combats suppressed by the esta- 1254 Confederacy of the Rhe¬
with the rons rebel, 1260- land, both in blissement, or laws of St. Louis nish cities for their common
church, 72. church and 1265 The barons again arm—prince Edward succes- —appeals encouraged. protection till 1273.
and op¬ state, possess ful in his father’s cause—the king is made prisoner On the death of William of
Charles of Anjou to Naples.
pression Henry I. succeeds a tone of free¬ at Lewes, but Edward gains Holland, 1256, a double elec¬
dom—its mi¬ 1268 Pragmatic sanction
of the in Navarre, 1270. Mohammed The decisive battle of Evesham, tion of
litary force is —the foundation of the liber¬
people II., 1273, k. 1257 Richard, earl of Corn¬
in which Montfort is killed, and the barons entirely ties of the Gallican church.
Joanna,1274,d.of respectable, wall, and Alfonso, king of
of Grenada.
Henry—she be¬ its trade con¬ subdued. 1270 Louis sets out on Castile.
comes queen of siderable. THE EIGHTH AND LAST CRUSADE, 1264 Henry of Meisnia obtains Thu¬
1270 Prince Edivard joins the eighth crusade. ringia.
1275 France, of which and dies before Tunis.
Navarre forms a By the death
province, 1328. of Alexander Edward I., 1272-1307 (son, aged 34). Persecution Philip III., the Hardy, 1270-85. House of Hapsburgv
Dennis, of the Jew's.
Pedro III., the and his grand¬ Rodoi.ph, 1273, founder of the
1279,
Great, 1276, suc¬ daughter, the 1274 The king returns from the crusade. 1272 Languedoc falls to the crown. house of Austria, elected em¬
called the
ceeds in Aragon— fair maid of peror—concludes a concordat
father of Conquest of Wales, 1283.
k. of Sicily, 1282. Norway, the First patent of nobility— with the pope, to whom he
his country,
1275-84 Troubles Scottish crown 1276 Edward advances to Snowdon against Llewellyn, the last This was the first attack upon the landed
king of Wales, who submits to a humiliating peace—new war, and hereditary aristocracy; the second cedes Romagna—he introduces
forms a re¬
in Leon respecting is disputed be¬ in which Llewellyn is killed—in 12S3 David, his brother, is taken was the enrichment of the citizens by in¬ a new system of external and
conciliation
the succession. tween Robert prisoner, tried, and executed—Edward, the king’s son, born at dustry and commerce; the third was the internal policy—represses re¬
with the Caernarvon, made Prince of Wales. moral cultivation of the third estate.
Bruce, John For two centuries after this, Wales suffers all the ills of anar¬ bellion—gives charters to many
pope.
Balliol and chy and misrule. cities and restores order—
1285 King’s Bench instituted—justices of the peace. 1276 War with Castile.
University of others. abandons Italy and foreign
Lisbon Sancho IV. in Cas- 1289 Last war.
founded. tile and Leon, 1284 1291 Edward claims, as lord paramount, to arbitrate between the 1282 Sicilian vespers leads to a
payment of
—continued rebel¬ disputants—the Scottish nobles and prelates formally acknowledge crusade against Peter, king of 1275-78 Ottocar of Bohemia,
Rise of the the sovereignty of Edward, who, 1292, decides in favour of Bal¬ tribute to who had already submitted to
third estate—■ lion to his death. liol— disputes between Edward and Balliol, which lead, 1296, to Aragon.
the pope. Rodolph, renews the war, but
commerce, na¬ Alfonso III. in a war—the Scotch are everywhere defeated, and Balliol submits.
vigation, and
literature Aragon, 1286. 1297 Sir William Wallace, a hero and patriot, strug¬ Philip IV., the Fair, 1285-1314. is defeated and slain.
flourish. gles for the independence of Scotland—is successful in several en¬ 1283 Rodolph invests his son
gagements—gains the battle of Stirling—invades England—Ed¬
ward invades Scotland, and gains a decisive victory at Falkirk. Albert with the duchy of Aus¬
James II. in Ara¬ 1302 The English invade Scotland, but are defeated by Sir J. Co-
tria, etc.
gon, 1291. rnyn—Edward, 1303, invades and subdues Scotland—Wallace is
Disputes betrayed into his hands and executed.
Adolpiius of Nassau, 1291-98.
with his Ferdinand IV., in 1292 A piratical warfare between the French and English, which 1298 The emperor is deposed
son. Castile and Leon, Roger Bacon. ends in Philip’s getting possession of Guienne. by a diet, which elects
1295—troubles re¬ Pope Boniface
First letters of Parliaments frequently held during this reign. Quarrels with the pope. Albert I., 1298-1308, son of
specting the re¬ claims Scot¬
marque granted
No taxes without the consent of parliament, 1297. Rodolph, emperor—Adolphus is
by Edw. III. gency—several no¬ land as para¬ 1297 Successful invasion of Flan¬ slain in the struggle which en¬
against the bles rebel. mount lord. The English towns begin to flourish and enjoy a pros¬ ders.
1300 Portuguese. sues.
perous trade, especially London.

a g
 THE ALBIGENSES. THE INQUISITION.
Italy. Church History and Popes.
Lombardy. | Sicilies. Innocent III. till 1216.
Frederic I. (II.) in Sicily. Innocent III., celebrated for his talents,
Continued struggles of the Lombard cities courage, and disinterestedness, maintains
The power of the
with the emperors; but their domestic with great boldness and success, the claims
feuds, their mutual wars, the fierce as¬ of the church to spiritual and temporal Roman pontiffs is
saults of their national enemies, check supremacy. To effect this he lit up the carried to the high¬
not their strength, their wealth, nor their flames of war in every quarter—laid Sicily, est pitch during this
population. France, Portugal, and Spain under inter¬ century—Rome is
From the eleventh century, when the cities dict—deprived the emperor Philip of the
became virtually republican, they put out those royal dignity—pushed on the persecution 01lce more mistress
vigorous shoots which are the growth of freedom
alone. The disorders which ruffled their surface of the Waldenses and Albigenses, and filled of the world, and
appear slight and momentary, in comparison their country with blood and slaughter. kings are her vas¬
with the blessings of industry protected, injustice
controlled, and emulation awakened.
He announced himself as arbiter of differ¬ sals.
ences and conservator of peace throughout
1204 Venice aggrandised by the conquest Christendom.
of Constantinople.
The four celebrated bronze horses brought to 1209 Crusade against the Albigenses,
Venice, and Institution of the Inquisition
the tribunal, properly so called, was not established
till 1233, by Gregory IX,
1210-12 First war of Venice and Genoa,
1212 Frederic’s expedition into Germany, 1213 England a fief of the holy see through
where he becomes emperor. John Lackland till 1366—a yearly tribute
Rude manners of the Italians at this time—a of 1000 silver marks to be paid to the
man and his wife ate off the same plate—no pope.
wooden handled knives, nor more than one or
two drinking cups in a house—candles unknown, 1215 Fourth Lateran and twelfth
a servant held a torch during supper—the clothes general council against the Albigenses
of men were of leather unlined—a small stock of
corn seemed riches—the pride of men was to be and all heretics.
well provided with arms and horses, that of the
.4
Doctrines of transubstantiation and auri¬ i,
nobility to have strong and lofty towers; of these
the cities of Italy were full. cular confession established.
1220 Frederic returns, and makes Naples 1215 The election of bishops is transferred
the seat of government. from the clergy and people to the chap¬
1222 University of Padua, ters.
The corruption, neg¬
1225 Second league of the Lombard cities IIonorius III., 1216-27. ligence, and indoiejigtr
encouraged by the papacy against the em¬ of the regular clerg^,
peror—they obtain an advantageous peace, The interests of the church become opposed lead to the
ICT
1227. to the welfare of Christendom.
Establishment
m 1227-59 Eecelino da Romano, tyrant and Gregory IX., 1227-41—his whole reign
lord of Treviso. embittered by quarrels with the emperor. of the
Mendicant, or
Hi 1229 Inquisition established at Toulouse.
Struggle of the Guelfs and Ghibelines. begging orders.
The scriptures strictly prohibited
su to all laymen. These institutions were
1234 Indecisive war of the Lombard cities
The Waldenses, deserted by Raymond, count of imitations of iK’e prac-
with the emperor—1237 Frederic gains Toulouse, are dispersed over various countries of tices and professions of
5
the victory of Cortenuova and the great Europe, in which they disseminate their opinions. •
banner (the Caroccio) of Milan—he sub¬ The Wickliffites, Hussites, and Moravians are the lhe ' aldenses and Al¬
m fruit. bigenses— they professed
jects Lombardy as far as Milan and Bres¬
to abandon all worldly
cia.
ES. Celestin IV., 1241—eighteen days. possessions, and (o lead
1238 Venice and Genoa declare against the a life of poverty, mor¬
sbdi emperor—1239 he is excommunicated— Interregnum of twenty months. tification, and incessant
IV, the pope publishes a crusade against him. devotion—a great num¬

6, Pope Innocent 1V. flees to Lyons, where Innocent IV., 1243-54. ber of orders sprung up,

an he deposes Frederic by a council, 1245. so many indeed, that the

Continued struggles with the empire—the pope
church interfered, 1274,
dy flees to Ijyons and deposes the emperor in the
thirteenth general council, 1245—among other and limited them to the
k- 1253 Rome under Brancaleone (senator). crimes, he accuses him of paying equal veneration Dominicans, founded
uadcil to Christ and Mohammed—of having testified too
Conrad, 1250- much friendship for the soldan of Babylon, and 1216—the Franciscans,
ee polluted himself by his impure love for Saracen
54, king of Sicily. 1224 — the Carmelites,
women. 1226—and the Hermits
VS Jill The Lombard republics, after CoNRADIN, of St, Augustin, 1256.
stfc’ the death of Frederic, fall under 1254-68 his Sect of the Flagellants.
the yoke of leading citizens, who . , r ’’
« become lords and tyrantsLvet, uncle IMunJrea
istp protected by their grerfroks, guardian, Alexander IV., 1254-61.
commerce and industry rtouiufL. j258—66
i,*i The Jews everywhere persecuted.
W assumes the Seventy-one Jews imprisoned on a charge of
royal title. crucifying a boy, of which twenty-five knights
make oath.
«ia| 1257 Milan under the tyranny of the Tor-
-Frt riani—struggle with the Visconti. Urban IV., 1261-64.
Silk manufacture at Lucca; woollen in Milan
the and Tuscany. The popes claim the right of present¬
ipe, 1258 Dreadful naval war between Venice ing to every benefice in the world.
and Genoa.
I2C5 Manfred calls re presen 1264 Chai'les of Anjou, senator of Rome.
tatives of cities to parliament
1265 The struggle between the popes and
House of Anjou.
«i| emperors for the dominion of Italy ends
Charles I., 1265—85, The monastic orders,
■lint in favour of the pope, who, after the fall
by their wealth, obe¬
count of Provence, and of the Ilohenstaufen, seats a French prince,
brother of St. Louis, by dience, and popular in¬
Charles of Anjou, on the throne of Na¬
fluence, become power¬
>f &j the aid of the pope, king ples. ful instruments of pon¬
in ani Refinement —fief of the holy see Clement IV., 1265-68.
tifical ambition.
—victory at Benevento,
and luxury
: St in which Manfred is 1266 Henry of Castile, Roman senator.
increase. killed. 1268 No pope for about two years and
Conradin attempts to re¬ nine months.
Many advantages were
10? gain his inheritance—is
made prisoner and be¬ Gregory X., 1271-76. conferTed on 80ciety by
monachism — increased
headed.
Charles acquires great power in Lombardy, Fourteenth general council, at Lyons, 1274. a°nd'refug^
ting ® Tuscany, Piedmont, and Genoa, and aims First reunion of the eastern and western for the wretched—cha-
at the sovereignty of Italy. churches, 1274-83. •rity and spiritual con
King of Jerusalem, 1277— solation for the lower
prepares to attack the Greek Innocent V., 1276—four months. orders, and examples of
empire. piety and humanity to
1277 The Visconti lords Adrian V.—one month. all—education was pro¬
of Milan. moted, manuscripts pre¬
1282 Sicilian Vespers. served, etc.—but they
John XXI.—eight months.
Massacre of all the French were steady defenders

bom in Sicily-—John of Prociclu, Nicholas III., 1277-80,

of every superstitious

jod who had fomented this con¬ enriching his family at the expense of the
abuse, and sworn ene¬
spiracy, calls in Peter of mies of all reform.
«al church, he introduces nepotism.
sses Aragon, who had married
to®®.'
Constantin, the daughter of Martin IV., 1281-85.
ork' Manfred.
Sicily.
fuastl Naples IIonorius IV., 1285-87.
H. of Aragon.
1284 Great na¬ Charles of Peter I., Nicholas IV., 1288-92.
Juifli* val victory of Anjou. (III.), 1282-
lilted11; Genoa over 85. He patronises civil and religious litera¬
Pisa at Me- ture—the improvement and embellishment
War till 1302.
loria, which of Rome.
Charles II
extinguishes
his *”1 1285-1309. Jacob, 1285- 1292 The holy see vacant two years and
the sea power
-of Ji 1292 Charles 95—he suc¬ three months.
of the latter.
Martel, his ceeds to Ara¬
Celestin V., 1292-94—abdicates.
1291-S 1292 Completion son, is called gon, and is 1300 Boniface com¬
of the democratic to the throne obliged to ab¬ Institution of the order of Celestines. mands a jubilee to be
constitution held at Home, at which
Florence.
of of Hungary dicate Sicily. Boniface VIII., 1294-1303. he grants a plenary in¬
s in right of his dulgence and pardon
1293 Naval mother—de¬ Frederic II. 1296 Struggles with France, of every sin, to those
8. so1’ war between feated—re¬ who should visit the
1295-1337, 1297 Canonisation of Louis IX.—301 witnesses, (be¬
churches of St. Peter
Genoa and turns-dies his brother. sides Joinville), are examined touching the king|s
and St. Paul, aud per¬
Venice. life and the miracles performed by him since his
1295. form certain rites.
death: sixty-five of the latter are verified.
 CIVILISATION ADVANCES. HANSEATIC LEAGUE.
Literature, Celebrated Men, Denmark. Norway. Sweden. Prussia
AND
Canute IV. Livonia.
Suer RIR, SWERKER II.
Civilisation makes rapid strides during — 1202.
■1202.
this century—national intercourse, com¬ Flourishing trade The original
merce, luxury, and industry are promoted Holstein and of Wisby, from inhabitants
by the crusades—the manners of the great Schwerin sub¬ about 1250,—it were Letti, a
becomes one of
are softened by chivalry, and minstrelsy— dued. the Hanse towns. Sclavonian
learning and science receive a new impulse race.
by the foundation of universities and col¬
Waldemar II. Germans in
leges—the modem languages are cultivated Eric X.
1202-41. Livonia, from
—the social condition of mankind is bet¬ (Knutson)
He annexes to his 1209 Natural 1158.
tered by the improvement of the great body 1210-16.
dominions CEsel, children ex¬
of the people, and by the rise of parlia¬ 1*205, coast of Prus¬ 1200 Riga
mentary representation for the cities as well sia, 120G, Polish cluded the The clergy built.
as great landed proprietors. Pomerania, 1*210, succession.
coasts of Esthonia, (exempt from 1202 Institu¬
Chivalry rose in the feudal ages, was fostered by Livonia, and Cour- taxes) have tion of the or¬
the training of the poorer nobility in the halls ot theland, 1218. the chief
great, and perfected by the crusades when loyalty, der of Short-
devotion, munificence, gallantry, courtesy, valour, and power. swords, or
a keen thirst for glory, became essential attributes 1214 The em¬
of the knightly character. Chivalry elevated and pu¬ peror Frederic knights of
rified the moral feelings; it softened the rigours of cedes all the Livonia, to
war, encouraged the minstrel’s song and a taste for John,
provinces be¬ IIaco V.
conquer the
poetry, cultivated the love of justice and desire to Stverleer's son, Prussians.
repress wrong ; but it led to a thirst for war on per¬ yond the Elbe 1217-63.
sonal rather than on patriotic grounds—its gallantry 1216-22
too often led to licentiousness—its high feelings and Eider to —the Swer-
nourished that aristocratic pride which has kept the Denmark. The kingdom The
ker family be¬
large mass of mankind in a state of degradation ;
for the first Short-swords
chivalry declined after the invention of gunpowder, comes extinct.
time tran¬ conquered in
and the knight gave way to the gentleman.
1218 Waldemar quil. Esthonia,
Universities founded at Paris, 1206—Ox¬ Eric XI.,
ford, 1200—Padua, 1222—Naples, 1224—Cam¬ is now master 1216.
Eric's son,
bridge, 1229—Toulouse, 1229—Salamanca, 1250—
of the entire 1223 First ge¬
Lisbon, 1279. 1222-50.
coast of the neral assem¬ 1230 Arrival
Flourishing period of the Troubadours in Baltic as far as bly (Storth¬ of the Teu¬
France, the Minstrels in England, and Holstein, toge¬ tonic order
ing') at Ber¬
the Minnesingers in Germany. ther with Lu- gen—spiritual (instit. 1190)
Ville IIardouin, historian, 1203. beck and Ham¬ and temporal under Herm.
Saxo Grammaticus, historian, d. 1204. burgh; but he lords and Balck, with
Snorro Sturleson, the Edda, d. 1241. is taken prisoner landholders. 28 knights
Matthew Paris, monk of St. Albans and by stratagem and 100 men
historian, d. 1259. and detained at arms in
Elmakin, Arabic historian, d. 1273. three years by the territory
Robert of Gloucester, the first English the duke of of Culm.
writer in rhyme. Schwerin, and
Petrus de Vineis, d. 1249. loses most of Thom found¬
John de Joinville. his conquests. ed, 1231—
Thomas Learmont, of Ercildowne, called Culm, 1232.
Thomas the Rhymer—Scotch poet, Wal¬ 1231 Eric IV.
lace, and Sir Tristem. crowned as his Fifty-three
successor. years war
Scbolastic philosophy maintains a high with the na¬
character during this century. 1240 Laws tives.
The doctrine and methods of Aristotle, by the Waldemar.
industry of the schoolmen, predominate in schools
and colleges. 1237
Partition Union with
1221 Mendicants established at Oxford.
the Short-
Creek writers. and decline swords in Li¬
Nicetas Accominatus, d. 1206. of the vonia, Estho¬
Georg ius Acropolita Lor,oTHETES,d. 1282 nia, and
Nicephorus Blemmidas. kingdom. Courland—-
1247 Solemn East Bothnia
Jjean. Actuarius, physician. subdued, the Short-
coronation of
Eric IV., 1241-
Georgius Pachymeres. 1248. swords pre¬
Johannes Veccus, d. 1298. 50. the king—he serve their
refuses the
House of own master.
Civil law—Bologna, its great university, 1249 The Hanse German
Folkunger.
contains 10,000 students, ab. 1200—pe¬ towns capture crown. 1239 Elbing
riod of the Glosses: Placentinus’s Sum¬ Copenhagen. 1250—1364. founded.
mary of the Code and Institutes—Azo, Waldemar,
another superior, before 1220—IIugoli- Abel, 1250-52. 1250-76
nus’s Abridgement of the Pandects—Ac- —a minor—
Deputies from
cursius, his celebrated Corpus Juris Glos- Birger regent.
the cities to
satum. 1254 Riga an
parliament.
1234 Raymond de Pennafert publishes The administra¬ archbishoprick.
five books of Decretals. tion of justice
Christopher, 1261 Iceland improved.
1243 Origin of the Hanseatic league 1252-59. subjected. Ottocar, king
—its primary object was the protection of 1262 Green¬ 1254 Stockholm of Bohemia,
commerce from piracy and pillage-—is op¬ Eric V. (dip¬ land tribu¬ founded by
Birger. invades with
posed by the nobles, whose exactions it ping), 1259— tary. 60,000 men
was also designed to withstand—eighty of —founds Ko-
86. Magnus VII. Female
the most considerable places constituted Lugabatter, inheritance, nigsberg,
the confederacy, divided into four colleges, (law reformer), and hereditary 1255.
of which Lubec, Cologne, Brunswick, and 1263-80. nobility, in¬
Dantzic were the leading towns—its four 1266 lie cedes troduced.
principal factories abroad were London, the Hebrides
Bruges, Bergen, and Novgorod, all en¬ and Isle of Germans,
dowed by the sovereigns of those cities Man to Scot¬
with considerable privileges, to which all land. Poles,
Hanseatic merchants were entitled—it en¬ 1270 Hanse¬
acts commercial statutes, and codes of ma¬ atic merchants Bohemians,
ritime laws. at Bergen.
Waldemar etc.,
Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canter¬
Formation of deposed by
bury, d. 1228.
an aristocratic supply the
St. Edmund of Canterbury, born at Magnus I.
nobility.
Abingdon, d. 1249. (Ladulas),
John Peckiiam, archbishop of Canterbury, 1273 Storth¬ 1276-90. place of
d. 1291. ing at Ber¬
Robert Grostete, or Grosiiead, bishop gen. No taxes the
of Lincoln, d. 1253. without the
1280 County de¬ Prussians,
John of Sacro Bosco, mathematician of Election to consent of
puties of the
Halifax, Yorkshire, d. 1256. the crown su¬ the clergy
peasantry to par¬ who are
Rubruquis travels among the Mongols, perseded in and nobles.
liament, as a
1253. favour of the
separate class. extirpated.
1272 Marco Polo, travels in the east as family of Chivalry and
far as Pekin. Harald Har-
tournatnents
1273 First patent of nobility granted to his fragre.
1282 Danish par¬ The
goldsmith by the king of France. introduced.
liament at Wir-
1285 Institution of the three great courts No laws with¬
tenburgh— country
of law in England—England divided into out storth¬
1st. Handveste.
circuits, and judges appointed to go them. ings. Birger,
Roger Bacon, of Oxford, d. 1292—perhaps No new and arbi¬ 1290-1319. finally
trary taxes—parlia¬
the most learned man of the middle ages. ments to be held Eric II.
Albert, the mathematician and Provencal yearly. 1280-99— conquered
poet. marries Lapland
Peter of Albano, astrologer, physician, Margaret, by the
Eric VI., 1286- daughter of conquered.
and naturalist, 1250—1315.
John Holywood, of England, astronomer. 1319. Alexander Teutonic
Alan of Lille, d. 1294. III. of Scot-
Richard Middleton, d. 1304. lund. order.
Cimabue, the first of the modern painters
at Florence, d. 1300. 1283.
Arnolf di Lapo, father of modern Italian Haco VII.
architecture. 1299-1319.
Nic. Pisano, d. 1270, father of modern
Italian sculpture.

a
 Century. THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 17
5
CLOSE OF THE CRUSADES. RAVAGES OF THE MONGOLS. FOUNDATION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.
Poland. Hungary. Russia. Crusades. Greek Empire. Persia. Tartary and China,
1200
House of Au¬ Khalifs at Bagdad till 1258.
Piasts- Emeric, —1204. Palestine, Syria, and Egypt. Alexius III. North of China taken posses¬
ric.
Nasir, —1225. sion of by the Khitan, or
MiecislasIII., Alexius (IV.), son of Seljuks in
Weakened by THE FOURTH CRUSADE, Leav Tartars, 906.
—1202.
numerous rival 1202. Isaac, implores the aid thofKum°m Persia is subject partly to the
sovereignties and French, Germans, and Vene¬ of the crusaders, who till 1292'. sultans of Kharism, partly to petty Chinese dynasty of the Song
Lesko, the White,
Vladislas III., the invasions of tians set out under the Mar¬ besiege and capture native princes. at Kaifong Eu, in the north
restored 1202-27. 1204, 5.
the Hungarians Constantinople, and Iconium. of China, 960.
quis Montserrat; but they
and the Poles. place him on the
turn their arms against Con¬ The sultan is Mohammed, sultan of Kharism,
Andrew II., throne. 1114 Niuche, or Tongusian
stantinople, and bound their tributary to
Emeries brother, Alexius IV., 1203, 4, attacked by the Mongols, who 'Tartars, invade China, and
exploits to its capture. the Mongols.
1205-35. with his father. drive the emperor of the Song
1206 Masovia and Cu- invade Khorasan and Persia.
javia to Conrad Less : 1204 New revolution— to the southward.
founder of the Maso- Alexius and his father Two Greek
tnan line (—1526). 1213 Jurje II. murdered—the cru¬ kingdoms in Mongols become powerful in
1214 Galatia, Lodomi- saders return, again Asia: western Tartary.
ria (Red Russia) sub¬ take Constantinople, and many lit¬
dued. tle Greek
and divide the pro¬ Mongols.
vinces among them¬ principalities. Jelal ad din, 1220, last sultan
1.) Jangez Khan,or Te-
selves. of Kharism, driven into India muchin, 1206-27, Khan of
1217 Chief of the 1216 Constan¬ Nice.
—Iran and Azerbijan overrun all the tribes, takes the north
FIFTH CRUSADE. tine. Eatin empire, Theodore — Tebriz taken. of China from the Niu-che.
THE FIFTH CRUSADE, 1204-61. Lascaris,
1217, 18,
1. ) Baldwin, count —1222. 1216 Subdues all Tartary.
by Andrew II., king of Hun- of Flanders, till 1206.
1222 Charter of
gary—frui t/ess.
Andreiv II.(Gol¬ Union of the two Trebizond. 1218 Invades Turkestan with
den Bull,) the churches. Alexius a prodigious host.
foundation of the Comnenus, 35.) Al
national liberty. 122& First in¬ 2. ) Henry II., 1206 Bokhara, Samarkand, Ur-
vasion of the
till 1222. Zaher,
-16.
Exemption from war- Mongols. 1225, Jelal ad gunj, taken—immense mul¬
1226 Conrad, of service at private cost, khalif— din, 1228, titudes massacred. 1225
Masovia, unable out of the kingdom, and The great prince THE SIXTH CRUSADE, Continual wars
from providing royal of Kieiv is de¬ 1228, reigns a returns
to maintain him¬ quarters—confirmation few to Persia— 1222 Pursues Jelal ad din to
self against the feated on the under Frederic II. (excom¬ 3. ) Peter, 1216-21.
of hereditary possession
of property — yearly Kalka. months. Persia is defeated the Indus—destroys Balkh
Prussians, invites municated)—he obtains the
parliaments. This char¬ with the and disap- Bumian Ghizni
the Teutonic or¬ ter is confirmed 1234, restitution of Jerusalem, and subject pears — his
der, and cedes when the nation is several other cities, which John Ducas, 36.) Mus- 1224 Vain attempt upon In¬
4. ) Robert, 1221- TANSAR,
Culm to them. freed from taxes—the
the Christians hold till 1244. ( Vataces), se¬ to the family Put dia.
king promises to be 28.
cond emperor khalif, to the
satisfied with his na¬
tional domains—the Bulgarians at Nice, 1226-43. BT on¬ sword.
Boleslas V., 1225 .Jangez Khan returns from
clergy not amenable to 1222-55. India through Persia — general
1227-79 (aged 6). temporal laws. gols, but the native muster of his troops aXKaracoram,
5. ) John, of Brienne,
1235 The Mongols seize Ar¬ Nice is the between the rivers Tula and Or-
1229-37. chon—marches for China,and dies
1235-70—
Bela, menia. most powerful princes suffered to rule
upon the expedition : the empire
an opposition elects and Greeks. of the Greek is divided among his four sons.
as feudatories.
1237 Salt works of Frederic of Aus¬ 1243 The Karismian Turks, kingdoms—it
Wiliczka. tria, who is sub¬ driven forward by the Mon¬ 6.) Baldwin II., gradually ob¬
dued. gols, invade Palestine, sack 2.) Ougtai Khan, 1227-
1237-61. tains a sove¬
and burn Jerusalem, 1244. 41—completes the conquest
reignty over
of north China.
Dreadful invasion of the Mongols. the others—re¬
THE SEVENTH CRUSADE, duces the La¬
1,500,000 Mongols and Tartars set out from the north 1248, tin empire to Khan of Kipchak.
of the Caspian, under Balu Khan, nephew of Ougtai, the city of Con¬ Batu Khan, 1236-43
under St. Louis of France—
to invade Europe—they overrun and devastate Astracan —nephew of Ougtai—
he sails to Egypt with 1800 stantinople.
and Cazan, Georgia and Circassia—1236 they enter invades Europe—de¬
ships and 50,000 men—
Russia, burn Moscow and Kiow, and hold the country vastates Russia, Po¬
takes Damietta, 1249—in
in slavery for 200 years—1241 they attack Poland, burn land, Hungary, and
marching to Cairo he is made
Lublin, Breslau, and Cracow; defeat, in \he great bat¬ advances to the Da¬
prisoner-released 1250—
tle of Lignitz, the dukes of Silesia, the Polish Pa¬ nube— establishes him¬
sails to Acre, where he wastes
latines, and the Teutonic order, filling nine sacks with self as first Khan of
four years, unable to visit
the right ears of the slain—they invade Hungary, and Kipchak.
Jerusalem. 37.) Mus- Khan of Persia,
entirely destroy its cities, its churches, and its inhabit¬ Theodore
ants (only three cities or fortresses are left in the whole Lascaris, tazem, khalif,
country)—they advance upon Germany, but after wast¬ third emperor, 1243—put to 1.) IIuLAKU,bro- 1241-45 Troubles and in¬
Mamelukes rule in death by the ther of the great terregnum upon Ougtai’s
1250
ing the kingdoms of Scrvia, Bosnia, and Bulgaria, they at Nice,
retreat to the Volga. Egypt, 1250-1382. 1255-59. Mongols, Khan, enters Per- death.
These were originally Turk¬ 1258. Via and becomes
Castles built—co¬ Khan of sultan, 1256-65 : 3.) Guyug Khan, 1245-
ish slaves, whom the sultan John Lasca¬
Salt works at Bochnia, lonies of Germans Kipchak, End of destroys tbe last of 48—encourages Christian
of Egypt (successor of Sa- ris, 1259,
1251. 1238-1476.
and Italians re¬ ladin) had instructed in (aged 9), de¬ the khalifat the assassins—takes missionaries
people the land. (Tartars of the Gol¬ arms, and of whom 8000 posed. of Bagdad. B“gd_«d(1,600,000
den horde). formed his body-guard killed at its capture) Another interregnum, 1248-
1246 Defeat and Michael Palasologus, The uncle of and puts the khalif
51.
The (1240)—they soon become 1260-1282.
death of Frederic Alexander the last khalif t0 death, 1258—re-
too powerful to remain 4. ) Mangu Khan, 1251-
of Austria. Newski, prince 1261 He reconquers, with the help of 1261, where^the duces Mesopotamia.
country slaves—seize the government 59—sends his brother Hu-
of Novgorod, the Genoese, Constantinople from the khalifat conti-
conti¬
and put the sultan to death.
Depopulation of subject to the
They make head against the Latins—Baldwin, and the principal ritual
nues as a spi¬
power
1260 Invades Sy¬ laku to reign in Persia—
is ravaged Austria. Mongols, who ria, but is repulsed subdues Thibet as far as In¬
Mongols—occupy Damascus Latin families, escape to Italy. till 1517.
levy a tribute,
and Aleppo, 1260—they at¬ Genoa obtains Galata, Pera,
by the Mamelukes. dia
by the Wars with Bohe¬ and pillage the 1260
tack the Christians, and take Caff a, and Asov. Dominion
5. ) Kublai Khan, 1259—
mia, 1252-4, and country. of the Ma¬
Tartars Antioch, 1268. Mongols in Asia Minor. 94—resides chiefly in the
1259-61. melukes
in Syria. 2.) Abaka,1265, north of China—builds Pe¬
Alexander de¬ Michael blinds and banishes the young extends his power
till feats the knights kin and makes it his capital
prince, John Lascaris, and is excom¬ over the Seljuk Turks of Anato¬
Styria lost. of the Short- EIGHTH AND LAST CRUSADE, — his dynasty is called
municated by the patriarch Arsenius. lia, 1272—his troops defeated in
1289. sword—d. 1263.
1270, Yu-en by Chinese histo¬
Syria by the Mamelukes, 1280.
under St. Louis, who dies Andronicus, tbe elder, associated with rians.
Stephen V., before Tunis—our Edward his father, 1273.
1270-72. I. delivers Acre from a 1274-85 Union with the Latin church.
siege, advances to Nazareth
with 9000 troops, extorts a 1277-82 Persecution of the Greeks.
War with Bohemia. ten years’ truce, and escapes,
1276 Hanseatic
with a dangerous wound, the Rise of the Otto¬ 1275
settlement at mans.
dagger of an assassin.
Vladislas VI., Novgorod : this 1. ) Sulim an Shah, a
was the most Turk officer, in the ser¬
1272-90—war with End of the kingdom of vice of Jelal ad din.
Bohemia— Ottocar celebrated em¬ 2. ) Orthogrul,his son, 3. ) Nekodar, 1281, or sultan
Jerusalem, 1291,
makes great con¬ porium in Eu¬ enters the service of Ala Ahmed—becomes a Mohamme¬ 1279 Subdues the southern
with the capture of Acre by
quests. rope—it traded ad din, and has lands as¬
dan. kingdom of China.
the Mamelukes. signed him in Iconium.
from Ireland to
Lesko II. the Black, 4. ) Arghun Khan, 1284 —
1277 Alliance with the frontiers of From this time the spirit of cru¬ 3.) Othman, his Great Khan of China,
1279-89. son,establishes him¬ persecutes the Mohammedans.
the emperor Ro- China— its po¬ sading quite dies away—Europe 1279-1368.
had been incited to put forth its
du/ph against him. pulation, armies to protect itself from the self in the north 5. ) Kai Khatu, 1291—at¬ Kublai adopts the Chinese
400,000, were sword and religion of Mohammed— of Asia Minor, as tempts to introduce paper money religion and manners.
virtually inde¬ that object had been effected, and chief of 400 fami¬ —causes a general panic and in¬
the enthusiasm which had been ex¬ It was he whom Marco Polo
pendent of the cited sinks into rest. lies, 1281. surrections. visited in his travel* in tjie
Hew Invasion of tbe Mongols state—its great¬ east, 1272—95.
ness became Tlie influence of the cru¬ Andronicus, alone, 1281-13281. 6. ) Baidu khan, 1295—reigns
1289-95 Struggles proverbial— sades on the civilisation of Eu¬ five months.
of the Piasts for rope was very great—the minds of
Andrew III., “ Who can re¬ men were expanded by their tra¬ 1292 The Mongols 7. ) Ghazan Khan, 1295- 6.) Tymur Khan, 1294,
the throne causes sist God and vels—their manners were refined
the Venetian, drive the last sultan 1304—compels his Mongol sub¬ grandson of Kublai—a weak
dreadful disor¬ Novgorod the by intercourse with the more cul¬
The Genoese obtain of Iconium from his
ders. 1290-1301. tivated nations of the east—nu¬ jects to become Mohammedans. prince—the power of the
great’’—its fac¬ merous inventions and improve¬ the trade of the
Black Sea, and
throne—he dies at bouse of Jangez declines
tions and inter¬ ments in science, in the mechani¬ Constantinople,
1290 Wenceslas, 1292 The pope sets cal and useful arts, in husbandry,
great power. 1201 Sadi, the poet, dies, aged 11(1, at till 1368, when Tohoun-Ty-
king -of Bohemia, up Charles Mar¬ nal broils led to etc., were introduced—a wonder¬ 1308. Shiraz.
mur, the last emperor of this
captures Cracow, tel, crown prince its decline—it ful spur was given to commerce
was sacked, and and to geographical reseaich and Otiiman presses 1299 Dreadful famine and pesti¬ family, is driven from China
and becomes duke of Naples, as op¬ adventure, which led to the dis¬ by the Mim, and be and bis
its inhabitants covery of America and the doubling through the passes lence—50,000 die in Shiraz.
of Lesser Poland. position king, d. descendants become petty
butchered by of the Cape—in short, a new im¬ of Olympus,invades
Premislas II., k. 1295. pulse was given to the mind of
the despot, I- man, a new world was opened be¬ Nicomedia, and 1300 Syria and Palestine con- princes of Karakorum.
1295, 6. van 1V., in fore it, and no doubt but the de¬ founds the j quered; but recovered in 1303 by
velopment both of man and so¬ the Mamelukes. 1300
Less II., 1296- 1569. ciety was greatly accelerated by
Ottoman empire,
1300. them. 1299.

f or 1 k 1 m n
&
18 Table ix. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF The Fourteenth

SUCCESSFUL WARS OF ENGLAND AGAINST FRANCE AND SCOTLAND—EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE.
Spain. Scotland. England. France.
Portugal.
Capetians.
1300 The Mohammedans possess only Gra¬ Tlantagenets.
nada, and never recover their power. Philip IV. (the Fair) —1314.
Dennis,—
Navarre joined to the French crown. Edward I. —1307. 1301 Quarrel with the pope—Philip comes
1325.
off successful.
Aragon. Castile & Leon. 1303 Edward invades Scotland—Wallace is betrayed, cap¬ 1302 First convocation of the states-ge-
tured and beheaded—Scotland submits. neral.
The third Jacob II. till Ferdinand IV.
estate send till 1312. 1303 Guienne restored to Edward by Philip.
1327.
representa¬ War with Flanders— •victory of Mons en
tives to par¬ 1306 Bruce stabs Comyn, the heir of Balliol, and is proclaimed king—Edward holds
a grand military court at Westminster, at which he and his son solemnly swear never Puelle, 1304.
liament. 1309 Captures to rest till Scotland is entirely subdued—Bruce is obliged to flee—he wanders about
Gibraltar (lost and suffers the greatest privations—gains some slight advantages—Edward dies on The papal court at Avignon.
again, 1333.) the borders.
Edward II., 1307-1327, aged 23 years.
1306 Persecution of the Jews.
Persecution and, 1310, suppres¬ Bruce strengthens him¬ Marries, 1307, Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. of France; through whom
sion of the Knights Templars. 1307 Persecution of the Knights Tem¬
self by repeated advantages come the pretensions to the French crown.
plars, who are finally suppressed, 1313.
and prudent conduct. Weak government by favourites—P. Gaveston.
Alfonso XI.,
1312-50. 1311 The barons extort a reformation of abuses—parliaments 1311 Lyons united to France.
1314 Tunis tri¬ to be held every year, and to appoint to all great offices—
butary. Gaveston banished—returns and is executed, 1312. Louis X. (JPutin), 1314-16.
1314 Edward invades Scotland, and is defeated at Bannockburn.
1315 Edict for the enfran¬
The Scots repeatedly invade England—advance into Yorkshire.
1319 Parlia¬ The Scots, under the king’s brother, invade Ireland—unsuccessful. chisement of slaves.
ment at Tar¬
ragona—the Hugh de Spenser, the king’s favourite, offends the barons—
banished by parliament—1321 an insult to the queen strength¬ Philip V. (the Long), 1316-22.
kingdom con¬ 1324 Parliament
solidated and at Valladolid. ens the king—he defeats the barons—Lancaster executed, He succeeds, by virtue of the salique
declared indi¬ 1322. law, now first established.
First trace of 1319 The pope excommuni¬ 1323 Conspiracy against the king, headed by the queen, the
visible. cities sending
Alfonso IV., cates Bruce and his adhe¬ bishop of Hereford, and Mortimer—the queen visits Paris— Charles IV. (the Fair), 1322-28.
1325 1325-57. representatives. rents—spirited reply of the lands in England, 1325—the king is deserted—deposed by
1320 Sardi¬
nia conquer¬ Scotch parliament. parliament and cruelly murdered at Berkely castle, 1327. The wives of the last three monarchs
Private war¬ ed from Ge¬ Truce with England, 1323, for twelve years. were all convicted of adultery.
fare forbidden noa, in conse¬ Internal 1326 The Scots ravage the English borders—expedition of Edward III. against them,
—the nobility quence of the troubles, with little success, 1327—peace between the two countries, in which In default of male issue the crown goes to
compelled to gift of the 1324-38. The House of Valois.
sue in the or¬ pope, 1297. The independence of Scotland is acknowledged.
dinary courts Edward III., 1327-77, aged 14 years. Philip VI. of Valois, 1328-50.
of justice. Alfonso IV., Under a council of regency, the Queen-mother and Mortimer Brother’s son of Philip the Fair.
1327-36. at its head—their conduct excites discontent—they arrest the
David II., 1329- carl of Kent, uncle to the king, accuse, condemn, and execute Edward of England claims the throne.
1334 War with Castile. Randolph regent. him—the king escapes from their power, 1330—Mor timer is
arraigned in parliament, condemned, and executed 1332 The Flemings are persuaded by Ro¬
Peter IV., —the queen confined for life. bert D'Artois and Artevelde to revolt,
1336-87. 1332 Edward invades Scotland—Balliol is set up and crowned ; is again expelled. and to acknowledge Edward III., who
1337 Private re¬ 1333 Edward's victory at Halidon Hill—restores Balliol, who does hom¬ supports them, as king of France.
1344 The Ba¬ venge forbid¬ age to Edward, and cedes to him the southern parts of Scotland.
learic king¬ den—disputes 1337 Edward lays claim to France (through his mother, Isabella, daughter of Philip the Fair),
1340 dom of Ma¬ to be settled which gives rise, 1338, to a
Alfonso as¬ jorca, Rous¬ by law tribu¬ Struggle for the French crown of 120 years’ duration.
sists Castile sillon, and nals. Civil war interrupts hus¬
against 1340 Great vic¬ 1338 War with France—Edward’s first campaign in Flanders fruitless—invades France, 1339
Cerdagne ac¬ bandry—a famine and pes¬
the Moham¬ quired. tory over the —gains, 1340, the great naval victory of Helvoet Sluys, which gives a great supe¬
tilence ensue, and produce riority of strength and spirit to the English navy—attacks Tournay—new campaign, 1341-3—
medans. 1347 The ba¬ Mohammedans the greatest misery.
rons unite at Tar iff a. Navy of England establishes Its superiority.

against the 1349 Parliament 1344 New war—new invasion of France, 1346—Edward, witli his son, the Black Prince, overruns Normandy, and ad¬
vances upon Paris—retreats, and is in danger of being cut off.
king; but he of Alcala de
1346 Glorious battle of Cressy, in which were slain John, king of Bohemia, the king of Majorca, the count
overcomes Henares—eigh¬ IPAIencun, the French king’s brother, 1*200 knights, 1500 gentlemen, 4000 inen at arms, and 30,000 infantry.
them by the teen principal 1347 Siege and capture of Calais (retained till 1558)—truce, 1348.
help of the cities acknow¬ 1346 David invades England with a large force—he is defeated and made prisoner at Dreadful famine and plague.
people, 1348 ledged free— the battle of Neville's Cross.
1350 —abrogates publication of 1338 No taxes without parliament.
1349 Order of the Garter instituted.
Peter I., the privilege the code called The Stuart regent.
of union, but Partida. 1350 Victory of Edward over the Spanish fleet. John (the Good), 1350-64.
1357-67.
enacts many Peter (the Parliament divided into two chambers, lords spiritual and tem-
Cruel), 1350- poral—knights for the shires and burgesses, as at present. During this reign Civil troubles—the king causes count
laws for the the Commons establish several rights : 1. The illegality of raising money with¬ Harcourt, and other nobles, to be put to
The third estate security of 69. out their consent; 2. The necessity that the two Houses should concur for any
favoured. the subject, 1356 Edward III. again alterations in the law ; 3. Right of the Commons to enquire into public abuses, death without trial.
One hundred invades Scotland, but is and to impeach public counsellors.
and gives and twenty
Clergy depressed. obliged to retreat. Manufactures and commerce exhibit an affluence, and an ex¬ Turbulence of Charles (the Bad), king
great autho¬ years struggle of Navarre.
rity to the panding growth.
with the aristo¬
justiciary. crat nobles,
Edward invites over many Flemings, who introduce the finer manufacture
Ferdinand, of woollen cloths—commerce, next to liberty, becomes the leading object of More f requent meeting of the states-ge-
1367-83. who consolidate parliament—merchants are esteemed more honourable than heretofore; many
their power. possess great wealth. neral, and desire for constitutional
The clergy evince a disposition to shake off the despotic yoke of papacy.
1355-58 War with Castile. The parliament, in 13G6, unanimously puts an end to the annual payment to
freedom.
the holy see.
1369-82 1363 Alliance
War with with Edward 1356 Battle of Poitiers, in which Edward, the Black Prince, takes John prisoner, and com¬
Castile re¬ the Black Prince pletely routs the French army, 60,000 strong, the English only 8000—two years’ truce.
specting the against France The noble conduct of the Prince of Wales to his royal captive, a brilliant display of the chivalric character.

succession. and Henry, Pe¬ Charles, the dauphin, regent—Insurrec¬

ter's brother, who tion in Paris, headed by Marcels.
invade Castile. Civil war of the jacquerie (peasantry).
1364 Marriage of David to 1358 Edward again invades and ravages France—1360 Peace of Bretigni, by which John
1366 Peter is
driven from the Margaret Logie.
A deplorable
regains his liberty, and cedes much territory to England.
reign for
throne; but re¬
Portugal. stored by the
aid of the Black
1362-67 The Black Prince aids Peter the Cruel, of Castile, to ,„j(H^LES Y'S^t ^se)’ 1364—1380.
recover his throne. ^65, w“
battle ol Auray.
,wlth
Navarre, ended by the
Prince, 1367. 1369 Truce between England and Scotland extended to fourteen years.
1382 Ferdi¬ Battle of Nava- House of Stuart.
Edward oppresses Aquitaine, which leads to a new war, 1369—the English, through the old
nand declares rete. age of the king, and illness of the Black Prince, lose all in France except Bourdeaux, Bay¬
Robert II., 1371-90, aged
his daughter onne, and Calais—truce, 1374—war renewed, 1377—truce, 1379.
Henry II., of 55, grandson of Margery,
Beatrice suc¬ Trastam are, na¬ sister of Robert Bruce. 1376 Death of the Black Prince—a permanent council of ten
cessor, and Charles VI. (the Maniac), 1380-1422.
tural brother 1378-81 War with England or twelve appointed to transact all affairs of importance.
marries her to of the king, —chiefly on the borders. Richard II., 1377-99, aged 11 years—son of the Black Prince.
John I. of Charles crushes the rising spirit of consti¬
1368-79—he
Castile. 1384 The Scots, assisted by 1378 Fruitless invasion of France. FirstofSpeaker "flhe IIouse tutional freedom.
Commons, 1377.
defeats and
France, invade England. Insurrection Of Wat Tyler—100,000, mostly rabble, enter London
Absolute monarchy.
1383 Revolu¬ murders Peter. —they commit various outrages— Walworth kills IT at Tyler, (title of Lord first
1385 The English burn conferred on the Mayor of London)—the mob disperse.
tion—John Henry main¬ Struggle of the dukes of Anjou, Berri,
Edinburgh, at this time 1382 The king marries Anne, daughter of the emperor Charles IV.
tains himself in
(natural son composed of little more General discontent—its causes: 1. The eft'ects of the successful and expensive and Burgundy for the regency—insurrec¬
of Peter I.) opposition to wars of Edward III.—2. General desire for the abolition of personal slavery— tions in Paris, Rouen, etc.
than “miserable huts.”
regent—war the claims of 3. Spread of Wickliffe’s doctrines, and the wealth, luxury, ambition, and cor¬
1388 Battle of Otterbourne, ruption of the clergy—4. The king’s extravagance, luxury, and favouritism. 1382 Rattle of Rosbecq, in which the
with Castile the king of
in which Hotspur is de¬ 1384 The duke of Lancaster accused of treason—goes into Spain to win the
insurgent Flemings, under Artevelde, are
till 1411. Portugal and throne of Castile.
the duke of feated—truce, 1389. 1386 The Commons impeach the chancellor De la Pole, as they do, 1387, the routed, and Artevelde killed.
ministers generally, and appoint fourteen lords to conduct the administration;
Lancaster. Robert III., 1390-1405.
The spu¬ at the head of whom is the duke of Gloucester (uncle to the king). 1383 Punishment of the Parisian insur¬
rious Bur¬ The king’s brother, the 1389 The king recovers the government—William of Wykeham chancellor— gents—taxes forcibly collected—the third
gundians, John I., 1379- 1396 grand tournament at London.
1385-1580. earl of Fife, afterwards 1397 The duke of Gloucester is inveigled, arrested, and murdered, by order of estate subjected and enslaved.
90.
JohnI., 1387- duke of Albany, has the the king.
John I., kins?, 95. 1382 Marries chief rule. Persecution of the Wichliffites. 1386 Fruitless attempt to invade Eng¬
land.
1385-1433" Beatrice of Torn by private feuds. 1398 Henry of Lancaster and the duke of Norfolk banished—the king rules ty¬
rannically—expedition against Ireland.
Portugal. 1396 Combat between the 1399 //c7ir7/,duke of Lancaster, returns—starts as the champion of public liberty 1392 The king seized with madness, and
Victory of
Henry III., clans Chattan and Quhele. —is joined by many nobles and much people—he inveigles Richard, almost remains a maniac, with few lucid intervals,
Aljuharotta Martin V., generally forsaken, into his power, who resigns the crown—dies, or escapes to
till his death.
1390-1406, Albany schemes against the .Scotland. House of Lancaster.
over Castile, 1395-1410.
(aged nine yrs.) king’s son David, duke of Struggle of the dukes of Orleans and
1385. Henry IV., 1399-1413, grandson of Edward III, aged 32.
1400 Domestic Rothsay—destroys him. The pride of (lie populace, and master of the parliament. Burgundy for the regency.
troubles. 1400 Henry invades Scotland. A wretched reign.

a f
Century. THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 19
SWISS CONFEDERACY. RISE OF THE MEDICI. [tLANE FOUNDS A NEW EMPIRE.
Germany. Italy. Naples. Sicily
Russia. Greek Em- Ottoman Em- Tartary. Persia.
S WITZ KR LAND.
PIltE. PIRE.
Albert of Austria, The Swiss towns
Amid the struggles of the House of House Subject to the 1300
— 1309. rise into import¬ Guelfs and Ghibelines, of Anjou. of
Andronicus Othman, —• Divided Khan of
Aragon. Kiian of Kip- Persia.
Albert plana to unite ance during the
twelfth century; tyrants and republics, Italy Charles II. chak. Palceologus, 1306. among vari¬
Misnia and Thuringia
Frederic Ghazan
to Austria. in the thirteenth
becomes the cradle of mo¬ — 1309. — 1328.
He increases
the house of II.-1337 ous petty Khan,—1304.
Wenceslas, k. of Bo¬ Ilapsburg, un¬ Russia conti¬ his possessions
dern literature and improv¬
hemia, till 1300. der Rudolph and nues under the 1303-7 War —fortifies towns chiefs, mostly 10th
Khanian era,
Albert, obtains ing civilisation. of the Cata¬ March, 1302.
Rudolf, of Austria, a great ascend¬ 1308 Caro- humiliating and castles, and descended
1306-7. ency over them. bert, the yoke of the lans, or great
Dante, d. 1321 ; Petrarch, renounces the 8.) Moham¬
company, un¬
pastoral life for from Jangez med Khoda-
Albert oppi'esses
Henry of Luxemburgh, king’s second Tartars of the der Roger de
the Swiss towns d. 1374 ; Boccaccio, d.
1308-13. —sends bailiffs, son, is called Golden Horde. Flor. the baths and Khan. bandeh, or
who by their 1375.
The emperor’s son, John, exactions drive
to the throne palaces of his Uljuitu Khun,
king of Bohemia, 1310. of Hungary. infant capitals.
them into revolt.
Struggle between the fa¬ The grand 1305-17.
1310 Goes into Italy dukes, and other The knights of St. John of
1307 Stauffacher milies of Della Torre Persecutes
—is making prepara¬ of Schwitz, Robert princes, are Timur-leng
Burst of IJri, (Guelfs) and Visconti Jerusalem established at the Sunies,
tions against Robert (the Good), compelled to
Melchtal of Un- (Ghibelines), at Milan— Rhodes, which emerges (the Lame), 1307.
of Naples, but dies terwald, swear 1309-43. visit the Khan,
Matteo Visconti establishes into fame and opulence—
suddenly in Tuscany, to assert the li¬ to obtain the Tamerlane,
berties of the himself, 1313. lasts, 1310-1523. 9.) Abu
1313. cantons. confirmation of
of Turk de¬ Sayid, 1317—
Louis of Frede- William Tell
Robert the Good acquires great power their dignities. 1320-27 Dis-, 36—a brave
shoots Gesler. in Lombardy, as head of the Guelfs, putes and | scent, but
Bavaria, ric of and aspires to the dominion of all Novogrod and Li¬
civil war Orkhan,1326- prince, but
General insur¬ thuania independ¬
1314-47. Austria, rections, 1303. Italy. ent. between the 60—-conquest allied to the his reign
1314-30. Ten years confederacy 1312 emperor and oi'Bithynia and much dis¬
of Schwitz, Uri, and
1310 Conspiracy of Tie¬ 1318 Moscow family of tracted by re¬
polo, and creation of the Leagues his son Mi¬ Prusa, which
The empire is
Unterwald. the residence Jangez, bellions.
1309 Henry VII. con¬ council of ten at Venice. chael—the he makes his
distracted by civil with of the grand
firms the rights and latter ob¬ capital. son of a
war and double independence of the Robert becomes podesta of Florence— dukes, instead
Henry tains : 1. half
elections ; while Waldstate, or Forest is proscribed by Henry VII, who of Wladimir. petty chief, THE POWER
Cantons. the empire ; Conquest of
its great prin¬ visits Italy, and is joined by Genoa VII. 1320 The grand Of THE
1315 Leopold of Aus¬ 2. a corona¬ Nice, 1330, and born at Kesh,
cipalities are and Sicily. duchy of Wlad¬
tria defeated in the
against tion, 1323 ; Nicomedia, MONGOLS
much reduced by 1314—15 General war be¬ imir, with se¬ 1326.
Battle of Mor- 3. the abdi¬ 1331. DECLINES. 1325
partitions and garten, 1315, Robert. veral dependent
tween the Guelfs and Ghi- 1317 Robert cation of the
subdivisions. thirteen hundred Swiss principalities,
belines. senator of old emperor, 1341 First en¬
foot against twenty- is conferred by
thousand Austrian ca¬ Rome. 1328—dies, counter of the 10. ) Arpa
valry—the first mo¬ the Khan on Acquires
1316 Castruccio, lord of 1332. Venetians with Khan, 1336,
dern instance of the
superiority of infantry. Lucca Pisa—he threat- 1318 Lord of Ivan Danilo- the Turks in political five months.
Andronicus,
ens Florence—dies, 1328. Genoa. VITSCH. the Archipel¬
1318 Six years' truce between Aus¬ the younger, power, and 11. ) Musa
ago.
tria and the Swiss. The Lithuanians 1328-41. Khan, two
1319 Final establishment of capture Volhyna is elected months.
1322 Frederic of Formation of 1318, Kiovia 1320, John Pal.eo- 1336 Academy
Austria defeated the Swiss con¬ oligarchical government at some other places, logus, 1341- at Prusa. Khan of 12.) Moham¬
& taken prisoner federacy— Venice. and all the territory
south of the Dnie¬ 91, aged nine Mawer-al- med Khan,
by Louis’s gene¬ Lucerne joins it 1332, per, 1340. years. 1336-38.
ral, Schwepper- and Zurich, Claris,
Zug, and Berne, 1351
1330 John of Bohemia, as imperial go¬ John Cantacu- nehr, or
mann. vernor of Italy, conquers Lombardy— zenus regent, but Forms alliances 13. ) Sakti
—53. Divisions Transoxiana.
recalled 1331—in Italy again 1333—he attacked and pro¬ Beg, d. of
The pope declares the throne va¬ among the Rus¬ scribed by Apo- with the Greek
abandons or sells all his lordships and caucus, (he great emperor, and Mohammed
cant, and claims the government of Khodaban-
quits Italy. 1328 admiral, by the
the Empire. sian princes empress Anne, marries Theo¬
deh, 1338.
Leagues of Savoy, and by dora, daughter
1324 Louis excommunicated by Successful league of Florence leave the the patriarch, oi John Canta- 14. ) Tehan
John XXII.—appeals to a general and Venice against Scala, with John of Apri,
council. country open to he assumes the cuzene. Tymur, and
lord of Verona. purple, defeats
Louis 15. ) Suli-
1327 Louis invades Italy—his perfidy towards the Visconti and Pisans— the attacks of his enemies, and
New organisa¬
gains Constanti¬ man Khan.
coronation 1328—excommunicated—he is unable to effect any thing against the Lithua¬ nople. tion of the army,
against Robert of Naples, and is compelled to return. 16. ) Mus-
Robert. recruited by
nians, Poles, John Canta- kiroan, 1344.
1338 Declaration of the Diet of 1339 Simon Boccanegra, Joanna I., cuzene,1347
captive Chris¬
Frankfort, that the pope had no doge of Genoa. 1343-82— and others. -55. tians. The sultan a
mere pageant in
temporal power within the Empire. 1339 Rise of mercenary marries An¬ The Lithuanians, His daughter the hands of the
drew, brother Peter marries John 1341 First pas¬ Timur emirs, who again
companies, Condottieri. weakened by intes¬ become indepen¬
Louis sides with the English in the of Louis of II., tine divisions, lose, Palccologus, who sage of the founds a dent in their se¬
1342 Walter of Brienne, Hungary— takes up arms
French war. 1337-42.
1340, Red Russia
against him 1353 Turks into Eu¬ veral principali¬
duke of Athens, lord of murdered, to Poland.
John abdicates rope, invited new empire, ties. 1350
Florence. 1355. to assist John
John of Bohemia killed in the 1345—the and makes
battle of Cressy. 1343 Commercial treaty be¬ queen sus¬ 1348 War with Cantacuzene.
tween Venice and the sul¬ pected of the
the Genoese—de¬ Samarkand
Louis, feat of the Greeks
tan of Egypt and Syria. murder. 1342-55. and Venetians, its capital,
House ofluxemburg. 1352—peace in Sultans of
The great company of duke Guar-
favour of Genoa. 1369-1405. Bagdad.
IV., king of Bohemia, nieri levies contributions on all
Charles 1347-49 In¬
countries—Sir John Hawkwood,
1353
1346-78. vasion of Frederic Establishment of 1. ) Sheikh
an Englishman, commands another the Ottomans in
with great military skill.
Louis of Europe —-conquest of Hasan.
III.,
The empire is offered to Edward III. 1350—55 Furious naval war Hungary— 1355-77. Gallipoli, the key of the
John Hellespont.
of England, who declines it— Gun¬ between Venice and Genoa. the queen 300,000 per¬
ther of Schwartzenburg is set up— 1350 The Visconti lords of Bologna, expelled— Pala:o- Murad I. (Amu- sons die of a
dies the same year. and of great power in Lombardy— logus rath]), 1360-89— pestilence at
John, till 1349—his nephews :
restored,
1349. alone, conquers Thrace, & Tabris.
Matteo,—1355;
Bamobo,—1385; and 1355- makes Adrianople
Galeazzo, divide the state.
1350-52 Se¬ 91. his capital, 1362. 2. ) Sultan
1354 Expedition into Italy—Florence submits to him for protec¬ cond invasion Janizaries. A weis—con¬
tion from the Visconti—he becomes also lord of Pisa and Siena of Louis. Formation of the Turkish quers Azer-
—-crowned at Milan. government — a military bijan.
despotism—division of the
1355, 6, Promulgation of tbe gol¬ 1355 Conspiracy at Venice, empire into great pasha-
den Bull—it fixes the prerogatives 1380 Dimitry lies, the pashas being in¬ Reduces 3. ) Sultan
and execution of the doge vested with the highest
of the electoral college : to consist of Marino Faliero. Ivanovitsch, civil and military autho¬ Karism, Hasein, 1374.
seven electors—the electoral terri- grandson of rity—the grand vizier at Khorasan, &
Ivan Danilo- the head of affairs— he Kandahar,
tories are declared unalienable, and 1356-8 First war between presides in the divan— 4. ) Sultan
to descend to the eldest son. Hungary and Venice. vitsch, gains a the Koran the foundation 1383. Ahmed, 1384.
Bohemia, Silesia, etc. incorporated victory over the of law—the Mufti head of
Tartars, near the spiritual power, at
with the empire. University of Pavia. whose command the sul¬ Invades Persia, 1384—
1303 Wenceslas, son Austria acquires the the Don, tans are frequently dis¬
placed and executed. Ispahan taken, and the 1375
of Charles, crowned Tyrol, 1363. 1362 War between Pisa whence he is
king of Bohemia. 1373 Treaty of the Greek em¬ people massacred—pyra¬
and Florence. sumamed
Flourishing period of the peror with Murad—the Greeks mids of human heads,
Donshoi ; but
Hanseatic league.
retain only Constantinople, 1387.
1364 Foundation of Carlsbad—13G5 of 7'he 1367 League against the Maria, the Tartars
University of Vienna. Visconti. 1377- still maintain Thessalonica, part of the Mo-
rea, and one or two islands. 1388
1368, 9, Second expedition into Italy—he suffers Pisa to recover its li¬ 1402. their power—
War with the
they sack Mos¬ 1382 Conquest of Aatolia
berty—-is threatened at Siena—restores to Lucca its independence. by the gradual subjection Kipchak, and
cow 1382—Di¬ Manuel of the lesser Turkish emirs.
First German patent of nobility. 1370 New government in western and
1380 Joanna mitry implores II., 1391 1387 Great victory over the
northern Tar¬
1376 Wenceslas, king of the Romans. Florence—struggle between adopts Louis, their clemency, -1425. Caraman Ogli, in Cilicia.
the poor and rich citizens. Conquest of part of Al¬ tars.
and sends his
Wenceslas, 1378-1400. 1372,3 Second war between d. of Anjou. son to them as
bania.
deposed, but reigns in Bohemia till Venice and Hungary. Charles of Discord, 1389 Victory over the 1393 Again invades Per¬
hostage. Christians (Wallachians,
sia, takes Bagdad, and
1419; a licentious and brutal monarch. 1378 Silvester de Medici, Durazzo Albanians, Dalmatians,
civil and Hungarians), at Kas- expels Sultan Ahmed.
Confederations of the nobles and cities gonfaloniere of Florence— causes Jo¬ 1387 1389 Timur soila, in Servia—Murad
in the south west of Germany—wars rise of the power of the anna to be Maria subdues the wars, is slain.
smothered, marries 1396 1395 Ahmed
between them, which the emperor House of Medici. khan of Kip- and Bayezid (Bajazet), Kipchak anil returns, but
endeavours to stay by confiding dis¬ Fierce war between Venice 1382. cha/t, and ad¬ Ilderim, or, The Russia over¬
Martin,
distress is again ex¬
tricts to impartial bailiffs, and form¬ and Genoa. Charles II., the vances to the Lightning, 1389- run—Mos¬ pelled, 1399,
ing confederations to maintain pub¬ 1382-85. younger Volga. of the 1403. cow taken. and takes
lic peace. 1379 Victory of Doria over
son of 1390 Conquest of the last
1385 War between Aus¬ Pisani at Pola—victory of Ladislaus, Greeks. Greek possessions in Asia.
refuge with
1395 Timur 1398 Invades
tria and Switzerland. Pisano and Zeno—peace 1385-1414. Martin again overruns
1390-90 Conquest of Bulga¬
Hindustan
Bajazet.
1386 Battle of Sempach of Turin, 1381. of ria (Silistria, Aicopolis,
1386 University of —Leopold of Austria de- 1390 Louis II. of Aragon, Kipchak and Widdin)—part of Servia. —plunders
Ileidelberg—1388 feated and slain-—heroic Venice predominates. Anjou, son of Russia—de¬ 1395 Constantinople invested by sea Delhi.
tf Cologne—1392 death of Arnold of If in- Glorious administration of the Al- Louis I., main¬ 1387- and land.
of Erfurdt. kelried. bizj at Florence, 1381-1434—chiefs tains himself in 1409. vastates Mos¬ 1390 Great victory of Ai¬
1389 Victory at Naples, and of a moderate aristocracy. Naples till 1400. cow and Asov. copolis over Sigismund oj
1399 Returns to Persia—
peace with A ustria till 1412. Hungary—the army con¬ retakes Bagdad—invades
John Galeazzo, 1385-1402, Tlic feudal sys¬ sisted of Hungarians,
1394 The emperor, for his brutal con¬ sole lord of Milan. tem and aristo¬ Syria, and threatens Egypt.
Wallachians, Germans,
duct, is imprisoned by the people of 1391 Pisa falls under the cracy weakened and 8000 French.
1100
hy Ladislaus.
Prague. 1399 Protects Sultan Ahmed and Kara Yusef.
yoke of the Visconti.
l k 1 m n
g
20 Table x. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF The Fifteenth

FRENCH AND ENGLISH WARS—HENRY V. WARS OF THE TWO ROSES.

Scotland. England. France.
Portugal. Spain.
House of Lancaster. Capetians—House of Valois.
1400 Burgundians. Aragon. Castile. Robert, —1405.
IV., 1399-1413.
Henry Charles VI.(the The kingdom
John I. —1433. Martin V., Henry III., 1400 Henry IV. in- 1401 Owen Glenclower rebels, as do, 1403, the Percies, and Beloved) — torn by the
— 1410. — 1406. vades Scotland. earl Mortimer, who claims the throne—they are defeated in 1422.
Wars with Castile. factions of the
The Mohammedans still The Scots, under Douglas, the battle of Shrewsbury.
possess Granada. defeated at Ham. houses of Bur¬
Percy and Hotspur. The riches, pride, ambition, and luxury of the
Improves the ad¬ clergy, turn men’s attention to the abuses of gundy and Or¬
ministration of 1409 Gains Si- Embassy to Ti-
, , . mur, and settle- 1405 Capture of prince the church: nonresidence—negligence of duty
leans.
the laws and go¬ cily, as the heir mcnt of a com- James by the English. —the poor not provided for.

vernment. of his son. mercial treaty.

James I., 1406. The followers of WicklifFe greatly increase.* Jean-sans-peur, duke of Burgundy, assassi¬
nates the duke of Orleans.
Dreadful trou¬ Parliamentary Persecution of the Lollards throughout this
John II. The duke of Albany Civil War, 1410—both parties intrigue with
1411 Peace with bles on the king’s
century. Henry V. of England—the Parisians fa¬
1403-54. continues regent. Henry V., 1413-22. vour the Burgundians, who are also joined
Castile. death respecting 1412 Wickliffe’s bones burnt—Sir John Old-
by the infamous queen, 1417.
One year old — Contest between the High¬ castle burnt, and many of his followers, 1417.
1415 Ceuta taken. the succession. his mother and landers and Saxon popula¬ authority
1418 Dreadful massacre of the Armignacs
uncle, Ferdinand, tion—defeat of Donald of The church is in possession of above half (Orleanists) in Paris.
1411 Nine arbi¬ who, 1412, be¬ the Isles, by the earl of Mar, the great landed property of England, besides 1419 Reconciliation—but the murder of the
1419 Commence¬ trators chosen comes king of at Harlaw, 1411.
and popular tythes, personal goods, etc.—the clergy are supe¬ duke of Burgundy in the king’s presence
Aragon, guardi- rior in wealth and power to any other order in
ment of the to elect a king, 1411 University of St. An¬ the state.
occasions
government prevail
they choose drews. Direful troubles.
IVXaritime dis¬
Ferdinand of The weak 1419 Death of Albany 1415 Conspiracy of 1415 Henry invades France, takes Harfleur, and gains Tlie battle Of
Agincourt (Oct. 25), with 10,000 men against 100,000—takes Rouen and
coveries of tlie Castile, 1412— character of —Murdoch, his son, Henry le Scrop, the all Normandy—advances upon Paris—Philip, the young duke of Burgundy,
Portuguese, 16—he is ac¬ the king earl of Cambridge, and upon his father’s murder, goes over, with the queen, to the English, and offers
Henry the French crown.
knowledged in leaves the go¬ The Scotch assist Sir Tho. Grey. FRANCE
under Henry, third Spain and Si¬ vernment in 1417 Henry*8 second invasion.
the hands of the French HORRIBLY
son of the king, cily. against England.
under tbe tbree Treaty of Troyes, 1420, by which Henry V. marries Catherine of France,
by Philippa, d. Bon Alva¬ and becomes immediately regent of that kingdom, and successor to Charles DEVAS¬
Alfonso V., VI, to the exclusion of the Dauphin and all the royal family.
of the duke of
1416-56. ro de Luna. 1423 King James is Henries of Xiancaster.
Lancaster. released—endeavours TATED
1422 Henry and Charles both die this year, when
1421 Alfonso is to repress disorder,
1420 Madeira colonised.
Civil broils and improve the ci¬ Henry VI., 1422--60, Henry VI. is proclaimed at Paris king1 of Charles VII.
adopted by Jo¬ aged nine months. 1422, at Poi¬
1422 Alfonso, the with Don vilisation of the king¬ France and England,
1425 king’s natural son, anna of Naples tiers.
Henry, in¬ dom. The duke of Bedford, under the regency of the duke of Bedford, who maintains the power acquired
—she retracts.
created duke of fante of 1425 Arrest of the late brother of Henry V.,
by the English, with much success—victories of Crevant, 1423, and Vemeuil,
BY
1426 The king 1424; the latter over the united forces of France and Scotland—the earls of
Braganza—from Aragon. regent, the earls of regent— Gloucester, the
invades Naples Douglas and Buchan, in French pay, both slain—Charles retains only Bour-
ENGLISH
him the reigning Douglas, Angus, good duke Humphrey, ges (the little king of Bourges)—the duke of Gloucester marries Jacqueline,
and is made of Hainault, wliich leads to a rupture with Burgundy.
family is descend¬ prisoner, 1433, March, etc. and their brother, pro¬ WARS.
ed. 1430 Conti¬ tector of England during
he is released, It arwick, Salisbury, and Talbot, renowned warriors.
nued favour Attempts to humble his absence in France.
Code of laws, the Ro¬ 1455—he over¬ the nobility.
man, introduced. to Alvaro, 1428 Orleans, after holding out seven months, is about to capitulate, when it 1429
comes his ene¬ Disputes between the d.
The seat of govern¬ and conse¬ 1436 War with Eng and France are saved by the sudden appearance of Joan of Arc, the Charles VII.
mies, and unites of Gloucester and car¬ maid of Orleans, which at once turns the tide of affairs in favour of Charles is crowned at
ment removed from quent discon¬ land. —after assisting in many victories, Joan is taken prisoner, condemned, and Bheims—
Coimbra to Lisbon. the crowns of dinal Winchester, 1426.
tent of the executed as a witch, 1431. makes a vain
Naples and the 1437 Conspiracy of nobles attempt to gain
Castilians. against the king, headed by 1429 Coronation of the
Edward I., two Sicilies, Walter, earl of Athol, and 1435 Philip, duke of Burgundy, is reconciled to Charles—death of the duke of Paris.

1433-38. 1443. Sir Rob. Graham—the king

king. Bedford—Richard, duke of York, succeeds him as regent.
1445 Alvaro is murdered at Perth.
1428 Reform of declines in Tbe English by degrees lose all their French Agnes Sorel, mistress
1433 Cape Bojader dou¬ James II., 1437.
bled. the justitia. favour—is of Charles, inspires
condemned conquests except Calais. him with sentiments
Sir Will. Crichton and Sir
Alfonso V., 1438- and executed, Alex. Livingstone regents—
their dissensions cause much
of honour, which
81, aged six yrs 1453. trouble — feudal animosities Truce with France, 1444. overcome his natu¬
prevail. ral indolence.
1442 Law to prevent HENRY IV., 1444 Marriage of Henry to Margaret of Anjou—Suffolk, the
the king from dis- 1454—65, and 1440 Murder of Wil¬ queen, and Winchester have the chief management of affairs—
placing the justi- 1468-74. liam, earl of Douglas, they conspire against Gloucester—he is arrested, 1447—dies The Pragmatic sanction of
1448 The Azores. ciary.
and his brother. suddenly (r1 murdered). Bourges, 1438,
Gibraltar cap¬
John II., 1458- tured. Struggles
1447 Suffolk’s unpopular administration—he is impeached hy establishes the liberties of the Gal-
79, king of Na¬ the Commons, 1550—banished—murdered. lican church.
varre, by mar¬ Insurrection of 1444 The king takes Popular insurrections.
the barons—the k. 1440 Tlie Dauphin {Louis XI.) rebels, but is dis¬
riage since, is deposed by the the government upon 1450 Jack Cade (self-called Mortimer) heads one, which en¬ armed and pardoned.
1425. Ferdi¬ Cortes. himself. camps on Blackheath and defeats the king’s forces—enters
nand, bastard
1450 son of Alfonso,
A narchy.
Earl of Douglas, lieu¬ London—is dispersed—Cade executed. The spirit of feudalism, which had been de¬
1460 Cape de Verd is¬ clining from the time of Charles V., almost
lands. succeeds in Alfonso, tenant of the king¬ General discontent prevails, as respects both church and state. entirely sinks under the power acquired by
Naples. 1465-68. dom, successful against Civil war of the two roses, till 1435—Richard, duke of York, this and the next monarch, who become abso¬
The fame of the descended paternally from Edward Ill's fourth son, and maternally from his lute. The people, weary of civil strife, and
Portuguese discoveries the English. second son, is the head of the house of York, or white rose; next to Henry VI., the exactions of the nobles, refuse to second
spreads over Europe,
1458-73 War between the d. of Somerset assumes to be the head of the house of Lancaster, or red rose. their efforts for tlie preservation of freedom,
and gives an impulse
to maritime enterprize.
the two bro¬ between The duke of York’s claims arc revived by his popular virtues, the insiguifi- although in these the injuries of the people
are not forgotten.
Continual thers, till the cance of Henry, the arrogance and violence of Margaret, by the loss of France
and long dishonour brought to the English arms, and by the attempt to govern
1460 Death of wars with death of Al¬ 1450 Parliament at
without a parliament—the birth of Edward, prince of Wales, 1453, leads to an Establishment of the companies of Archers,
Henry— naviga¬ fonso, 1468. Edinburgh. immediate struggle. 1444, the first national standing army, and of
1400 Union of Sicily Impeachment of Somerset—Henry declared incapable by the House of Lords, a permanent tax for their support, become
tion languishes. and Sardinia with tbe Ring and and the parliament makes, powerful means of oppression in the hands of
Aragon. Henry de¬ 1454 Richard, Protector.
the French monarchs.

Guinea discovered, clares his sis¬ 1452 The king stabs

the rebel¬ 1453 End of the French and English wars, without any formal peace.
1461. ter Isabella Douglas—his five bro¬
The English retain Guernsey, Jersey, and Calais.
lious Cata¬ his successor, thers flee to arms— 1455 Battle of St. Albans, gained by tlie Yorkists—1456 Richard displaced.
1474 Pretensions and Johanna truce, 1454—in arms 1459 Defeat of the Yorkists, near Ludlow.
1456 The dauphin, Louis, again re¬
of the king to lonians and volts—retires to the court of Bur-
to be spurious. again, 1455—total de¬ 1460 Defeat of the queen's army at Northampton—the duke of York enters
Castile, and con¬ with France. London, and claims the crown—is defeated and slain at Wakefield. gundy.
feat, and flight of
sequent war—he 1469 Marriage of Ferdinand of Ara¬ House of York. XI., 1461-83.
Douglas into England. Louis
is compelled to gon with Isabella of Castile.
Edward IV., 1461-83, son of Richard, duke of York. 1464 War, called for the public good,
renounce them Ferdinand, Isabella of tbe aristocracy Bloody battle of Towton (60,000 Lancastrians, 40,000 Yorkists) gained by Ed¬
by the peace of 1474. Castile, sis¬ ward—37,000 Englishmen slain—Henry and Margaret flee into Scotland—1404
against Louis—battle of Montlhery
Alcacebas, 1479. ter, 1474- University of Glasgow, invade England, routed in The battle of Hexham. followed by the peace of Conflans,
John II., First printing press, 1504.
1453. Edward offends the earl of Warwick (king-maker) by his marriage with Eliz. in which Louis promises all, hoping
1474.
Woodville. to evade all.
1481-95. 1476 Institution of for power. 1469 Warwick and the duke of Clarence are banished—be¬ 1466 Louis rashly visits Charles the
the Hermandad.
1476-79 Inter¬ Alliance of the come reconciled to Margaret. Bold, duke of Burgundy, who com¬
The spirit of Castilian cities
1459 Invasion of Eng¬ 1470 Warwick, under the name of Henry VI., assumes supreme pels him to march with him against
maritime disco¬ nal broils. against the nobles. land. authority—Edivard gains, the Liegeois, and to make a disad¬
James III., 1460.
very revives. 1471 The decisive battle of Barnet—Warwick slain—victory of Tewkes¬
vantageous peace.
1475 Union of Aragon and Cas¬ bury follows—the Lancastrians entirely defeated, and prince Edward slain—
Capture of Roxburgh
tile, 1479.
and Berwick.
Henry VI. dies in the Tower. 1475 War between Louis, leagued
1481 Ab. 1471 Printing in England—Caxton.
Parliament of FERDINAND II., 1479-1516, with the Swiss, and Charles of Bur¬
and ISABELLA, —1504. 1467 Acquisition of the Edward V., 1483, 9th of April-26th of June, aged 14, gundy—Louis buys off the English.
Evora—useful Richard protector—the king and his brother, the duke of York, 1476 Charles, defeated in the battles
Orkney Islands.
reforms in the Navarre goes to Elenora, Ferdi¬
nand's sister. are murdered in the Tower. of Granson and Morat, rushes on
administration of 1479 War with Eng¬
the laws—power THE ABI STOCK AC Y HUMBLED, AND land— conspiracy of Richard III., 1483-85, usurper, his fate at Nancy, where he is slain,
of the nobles THE DOMAINS OF THE CROWN nobles—they murder brother of Edward IV., aged thirty. 1477.
abridged—strug¬ REDUCED, 1480. Cochrane, earl of Buckingham’s revolt and execution—Jane Shore’s penance.
Artois and Burgundy united to the
gle between them 1480 The inquisition introduced Mar—make the king 1485 Henry, earl of Richmond, lands at Milford Haven. French crown.
and the king! —(first auto de/a, 1484, at Seville). prisoner—refuse to act Battle of Bosworth Field, in which Bicliard is defeated and slain. Charles VIII., 1483-98.
Ximines, bishop of Toledo, grand in¬ against the invading
quisitor and cardinal—d. 1505.
The aristocracy army of England, House of Tudor—Union of tlie two Hoses.
1484 Assembly of the States-Gene¬
humbled. 1482 The last war with Gra¬ which takes Berwick. Henry VII., 1485-1509, aged 29, ral— remarkable for its bold elo¬
nada begins. grandson of Owen Tudor, by the widow of Henry V., and son quence and liberal sentiments.
The duke of Bra-
ganza, leader of Conquest of Granada, 1492, 1487 Conspiracy of no¬ of Edmund, earl of Richmond, by Margaret, heiress of the
bles—the kin" slain. 1487 War with Maximilian—peace,
by Gonzajlo de Cordova, with 40,000 Somerset line—he marries Elizabeth, sister of Edward V.
the nobles, be¬ infantry and 10,000 cavalry. 1489.
Gunpowder made in England. Body-guards appointed.
headed, and many This glorious event, a counterbalance James IV., 1487, son.
others. to the loss of Constantinople, consoli¬ 1486 Imposture of Lambert Symnel—he invades England—de¬ 1491 Bretange united to the crown
dates the Spanish monarchy, and raises by the king’s marriage with Anne.
it to high estimation in Europe. Scotland enjoys a sea¬ feated and made a turnspit.
Progressive dis¬ Henry aids Maximilian in order to keep Flanders from the French. France was now consolidated into a great
son of tranquillity. and powerful kingdom ; the feudal system was
coveries along Discovery of America, hy 1493 Perkin Warbeck assumes to be Richard, duke of York—is favoured by
Columbus, 1492. Margaret and the Irish, the king of France, and others—1496 invades England, at an end. Having conquered herself, she was
the coast of 1496 James assists Per¬ is defeated on Blackheath, and beheaded. prepared to carry her arms into other coun¬
Edict by which tire Jews are compelled tries, and to contest the prize of glory and
Africa, till to be be baptised, or to leave Spain— kin Warbeck—truce 1494 Attempts made to reform.the church. power upon tlie theatre of Europe.
800,000 depart. with England. The Lollards persecuted.
Vasco de Gama
1495 Poyning’s act for Ireland—its parliament independent, till 1782. 1494 Charles’ expedition into Italy,
doubles the 1495 Ferdinand joins the league
Learning and civilisa¬ 1497 Cabot makes discoveries in America. where he conquers Naples, but is
of Venice against France.
Cape of Good tion increase. 1499 Unjust execution of the earl of Warwick, the last of the Plantagenets— compelled to evacuate the country.
1496 Takes the title of Catho¬
1500 Hope, 1498, and lic—marriage of the infanta, Henry reduces the power and turbulence of the nobles—leads them to cultivate
a taste for peaceful grandeur and domestic comforts—strengthens the royal au¬ Louis XII. (called the father of his
University of Aberdeen.
reaches India. Johanna, with Philip of Austria. thority—enforces the laws—encourages navigation. people'), 1498-1515.
 Century. THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 21

PERIOD OF GREAT DISCOVERIES—GUNPOWDER, PRINTING, AMERICA. REVIVAL OF LEARNING.

New Duchy Switzerland. Germany. Bohemia. Hungary. Italy. Naples and Sicily
OF BURGUNDY.
Rorert (count palatine), Wenzel is de¬ Sigismund, —1437. Thc Medici in Florence. Vladislas, —1414.
In the last days Free Republic. John, the first banker of Italy, 1400-29,
elected, 1400-1410. posed, but conti¬
of the feudal sys¬ patron of the poor burghers—he be¬
tem, when the nues to reign in 1401 The king eighteen weeks block¬ comes gonfaloniere, 1421. 1409 Sicily a pro¬
kings of France 1401 Unsuccessful expedi¬ Bohemia till 1419. aded—marries Barbara, countess of The Visconti in Milan. vince of Aragon.
had almost achie¬ John Galeazzo aims at becoming king
ved the subjuga¬ tion against Milan. of Cilley.
of Italy; dies, 1402— John Maria, 1402-
tion of its proud 1404 League of Marback. John Huss.
12—anarchy in Milan, its power de¬ 1403 Crowned king of
vassals, the dukes 1403 Vladislas of Naples crowned at clines—Philip Maria, 1412-47. Hungary at Zara.
of Burgundy at¬ First great move¬
tained sufficient 1400 University of Leipsic ment in Germany Zara.
powrer to dispute founded. 1404, 5, Venice acquires Vi¬ 1408 Lord of Rome.
the field against for the liberty of
the crown. the church ; prin¬ 1405 Cities represented in the parliament of cenza, Bassano, Verona, and 1409 Campaign in Tus¬
SlGISMUND of Josse of Ofcn—two houses : 1. A fay nates (prelates and cany.
cipally occasioned nobles, as state-officers); 2. Commons (land¬ Padua.
Luxemburg, Moravia,
John, king of by the spread of holders and burgesses)—80,000 assemble armed, Plans the conquest of
brother of rival empe¬ in the national election field at Rakos, near
France, grants Wickliffe’s writ¬ 1406 Florentines capture Pisa. Italy.
Wenzel, ror—dies, Pest.
the duchy to ings. M
1411-37, king 1411. Fundamental law respecting the administra¬
his third son, tion of justice and police. 1409 Massacre of the French 1413 Driven from Rome
of Hungary. Huss opposes
Philip (the in Genoa, which recovers its by the pope, dies mad.
Bold), many abuses in
1413 Unsuccessful expedi¬ the church; burns, 1410 Sigismund king of the Romans. liberty—governed by doges,
1363-1404. 1413. Joanna II., sister,
Under the out¬ tion to Milan. 1412, a papistical
1369 Marries Mar¬
letter of indul¬ 1414-35.
garet of Flan¬ lawed Frederic, 1412 Mortgage of the Zipser cities. 1412 Numerous tyrants in Lom¬
ders, and acquires Austria loses all 1415 Frederic, d. of Aus- gence—goes to bardy—all the virtues of Italy Under this weak and
Flanders, Artois, its Helvetian tria, outlawed. the council of take refuge in Florence. licentious queen, the king¬
net the country of 1417 First appearance of gipseys.
Burgundy, and possessions. Constance, under dom relapses into anar¬
mu the Nivernois.
1416 Sigismund at Paris a safe-conduct 1420 Dalmatia lost to Venice. chy.
John, and London. from the emperor
«• Sigismund;
1404-19. 1427-54 Five wars between 1420 Louis III. of An¬
Si; ;ismund king of Bohemia.
no i which is disgrace¬
Venice and Milan—the first, jou, son of Louis II., is
1416 Allies fully violated, and1422 Elizabeth, Sigismund’s daugh¬ 1427, 8. invited to Naples by
■uvnl Huss is burnt, Sforza.
«?«■ with England ter, married to Albert of Austria.
1415. Cosmo de Medici in Florence,
agnst. France.
1429-63—great patron of the 1421 The queen adopts
Philip (the Jerome, of Prague, arts and sciences—banished, Alfonzo V. of Aragon—
Good), mdergoes the 1425 Capture of Belgrade-—it be¬ 1433, 34—library founded in
revokes this adoption
1419-67. same fate. comes the bulwark of Hungary. Florence, 1444. He is am¬ and substitutes Louis
1422 War with
Acquires, by va¬ Milan. 1420 Sigismund becomes king of Bohemia. bitious, and a great enemy to III., 1423—Alfonso re¬
MIS. rious titles, the liberty and republics. tires to Sicily.
remaining pro¬ War of the Hussites,
vinces of the 1427First imperial tax: w'ho fiy to arms upon
US Netherlands. the general penny against the murder of their 1430-35 Invasions of the Hus- 1431-33 Second war between Sicilian nobles ob¬
teacher, and refuse to ac¬
flam,
1435 Peace the Hussites. knowledge Sigismund. sites. Venice and Milan. tain unlimited power
owned at
kitti¬ of Arras. Paid militia. John Zisca becomes over their subjects.
their leader, 1419-24. 1436—42 Third war between
es a vam |
The duchy 1436-50 Domestic Venice and Milan.
£71 independent troubles—war of 1431 Sigismund visits Italy Hussites,against
Crusade the 1434 Death of Louis.
1420. 1435 Fundamental law respecting the
of France. —crowned emperor, by 1435 Naples becomes a
Zurich against new organisation of royal proclama¬
Eugenius IV., 1433. 1422 Sigismund defeat¬ province of Aragon, and
Extraordi¬ Schwitz and ed and driven from tions—on account of dangers threat¬
nary- Glaris respecting Bohemia—disunion a- ened by the Turks. 1446-48 Fourth war between is united to Sicily under
prosperity mong the Hussites— Venice and Milan. Alfonso V.
of tbese Toggenburg. Calix tines and Ta¬ 1438 Ilegnier, brother of
provinces, bor ites—the latter 1437 Election of Albert II. of Haps-
gain some remarkable 1447 Republic of Milan re-esta¬ Louis III., endeavours
at this time victories, but are at burg.
Zurich, at war
143G Invention of printing at
Mayence. last entirely defeated, blished—extinction of the Vis. to make good his pre¬
the richest conti. tensions to Naples, but
with Austria, and acknowledge Sigis-
and most mund, 1435. is compelled to give way
fruitful in calls in the aid to Alfonso.
of the French, 1436 Compact athjlau.
Europe. House of Sforza in Milan—
who obtain a House of Hapsburg-, 1438-1740—in Hungary, 1433-1457. Francis, duke, 1450-66. 1445 University of
victory at Basle, Albert II., 1438, 9, (married to Elizabeth, daughter of Sigismund, queen of Bo- Catonia.
Flourishing 1444. 1454—64 Struggle between Cos.
hernia and Hungary). mo de Medici and the aristo¬ Alfonso joins to the virtues of
period of
Frederic III., Casimir, brother to cracy he had created. chivalry an enthusiasm for lite¬
woollen ma¬ Peace, 1446. Vladislas of Poland, is 1439 Turkish war—Albert dies upon rature—magnificence in archi¬
dijbutudu 1440-93, cousin.
nufacture set up by the Hussites, his return. 1457 Foscari, doge of Venice, tecture, and a splendid court,
1446 War with Hungary, but is defeated and ex¬ deposed—dies immediately, give lustre to his reign.
and general pelled by Albert.
trade. for refusing to give up the
had been Vladislas (Posthumous), the infant son of Albert II,
1458—61 The French rule in Ferdinand, natural son,
young prince Vladislas.
i F., alo
1440-57, under the guardianship of Frederic III.— Genoa—Milan obtains it, 1464 1458-94.
acquired by! 1447 Concordat with Rome—ac¬
become Wl knowledgment of the rights of the JEneus Sylvius, his tutor. 1463—70 War of Venice with
The court, German church—another at Vien¬
il strife, ami the Turks—death of Scander
we to «cocd! y of Burgundy na, 1448, between JEneas Sylvius Two regents, Meinhard, V ladislas III., 1440-43, k. of Poland. John, son of Regnier of
i of freedum,| and the emperor, without the con¬ chosen by the catholics, 1443 Turkish war—victory of John Hunniades, beg, 1466.
celebrated currence of the states. Ptarsko by the Huss¬ near Nissa—peace of Czeyedin, broken 1444—
Anjou, claims the throne
if the Pietro de Medici, 1464-69,
for its pa¬ ites—they struggle for battle of Varna—Vladislas defeated and of Naples, but gives way,
1448 The count of Hol- superiority. succeeds Cosmo at Florence.
geants, tour¬ killed. 1464.
a o/irciffti stein-Oldenburg becomes Galeazzo duke of Milan,
naments, and Podiebrad succeeds 1445 John Hunniades, ? nat. son otSiyismund,
mini <1 king of Denmark. Ptarsko, and becomes, vicar-general of the kingdom till 1453. 1466-76.
dirt him splendour. 1460 Sicily and Sardinia
iifctofu/ 1451 Expedition to Rome, 1444, governor of the
kingdom, which he War with the emperor Frederic for not giving Lorenzo de Medici united to Aragon.
and marriage of the king rules with vigour and up Vladislas and the holy crown.
Charles {the Magnificent), 1469-92,
to Elenore of Portugal. prudence. 1448 Defeat near ICossova.
(the Bold), succeeds Pietro at Florence. 461 Scanderbeg called
1467-77. 1452 Frederic is compelled by the nobles of Austria, Bohemia, and Hunyary, to give up the young king
Vladislas to the earl of Cilley.
'illey. 1470 Conspiracy of Bernardo to aid the king, obtains
The richest and 1460 University of
Nardo against the Medici. several fiefs.
Basle. 1453 Austria an hereditary duchy. Vladislas confirms Hunniades in the
most powerful 1453
prince of Europe 1453, etc. Several diets held in vain regency. 1473 The Genoese lose their
—rival of Louis Vladislas crowned
to form an expedition against the
possessions in the Crimea, and
XI. of France. Turks. at Prague—dies 1455 John Hunniades saves Bel-
The Swiss join the trade of the Levant.
Insubordination 1462 The emperor is be¬ at Belgrade, 1457. grade—d. 1456—his eldest son is
France against beheaded by Vladislas, 1457. Venice acquires many Greek islands
of the Burgundy, 1474, sieged in his court at Vi¬ George Podie¬ which seek her protection against the
Flemish cities. enna, but is delivered by Matthias Corvin, 1458-90, younger Turks—Cyprus, 1473.
and gain, 1476, brad, 1458-71.
G. Podiebrad of Bohemia. son of John Hunniades. 1476 Galeazzo Sforza murdered
the victories of
1472 Comines Granson and 1468 War with G. Podie¬ atHe sets free Matthias Corvin, who had been confined as a prisoner
Prague, and gives him his daughter Catherine in marriage.
—Ludovico {the Moor), his
enters the Morat, over brad. brother, succeeds, 1476-99, by
French ser¬ Hungary, under his government, be¬ expelling his nephews.
Charles the Bold, House of
vice. 1469-80 Invasions
comes formidable to her neighbours,
Iv.vrhocos- and, 1477, of Jagellon. 1477, 8 The Turks enter Italy
and a respectable independent power
1476 Defeat of Nancy, in which 1472 University of Inyoldstadt. in the republic of Europe. —Venice makes peace with
Charles at Charles is slain. 1473 Treaty with Charles Vladislas II., them, 1479.
1471-1516. First election capitulation: yearly parliament
Granson and at‘ Pest—the
’ nobility and descendants to be 1478 Conspiracy of the Paz-
Morat, by the Permanent union the Bold of Burgundy. free from taxes.
, leap* zi at Florence, fomented by
Swiss. Rival election of Frederic TII. 1480 The Turks capture
with Austria. of the pope Sixtus IV.
11477 Defeat War with Hun¬ 1463 Agreement with Frederic, who gives up Giulio, brother of Lorenzo, is assassi¬ and destroy Otranto
1477 Marriage of the throne, but keeps the title of k. of Hungary. nated in the cathedral—Lorenzo escapes
and death of gary. (12,000 Christians slain
Maximilian and Maria Bosnia wrested from the Turks. —massacre of the Pazzi—Lorenzo ex¬
Charles near communicated for having hung an arch¬ or made prisoners) eva¬
rat, rushes Civil broils. of Burgundy. 1464 Turkish war—abolition of the old
Nancy, by Magyar war-system, and formation of a stand¬ bishop ; but he obtains the support of Fer¬ cuate it the next year.
jlaiil
eiel®’5 The Netherlands and Buryundy ing army of infantry—the celebrated black dinand of Naples and the pope.
the duke of are united to Austria by this mar¬ guard.
riage—its issue was Philip, who The power of the Medici increases— 1487 Fall of the aristo¬
Lorraine. 1465 University of Ofen, for 40,000 students.
1480 First subsi¬ married Johanna, heiress of Castile, learning flourishes. cracy—the king causes
11477 Maria, diary treaty with by whom he had Charles V., hence 1466 Moldavia acquired. Lorenzo gives up trade, and turns
the rivalry of France and Spain.
a great number of un¬
his daughter, France. 1468-9 War with Podiebrad of Bohemia. landed proprietor—ids advice and me¬
1470-71 Rebellion of the nobility on account of diation is sought for by the various par¬ ruly nobles to be taken
& marries 1481 Friburg and
Turks. 1476 First print¬ the taxes. ties of Italy. and murdered at a ban¬
fif* Maximilian Soleure join the 1485 Matthias of Hungary captures ing in Bohemia. War with Bohemia and Poland.
Pietro II., 1492-94, succeeds quet.
t Stat*' of Austria. Vienna—tiie emperor goes to Linz. 1472 First printing at Ofen.
r its t»la Swiss confede¬ his father, Lorenzo, in Florence.
Maximilian king of the Romaris. 1476 Marriage with Beatrice, daughter of Fer¬
racy. dinand of Naples. Alfonso II.,
enti®®*5. War with He breaks with Milan, and invites the
France, 1488 Second Swabian league. Matthias- invites from Italy, artificers, painters, French into Italy—ex. 1494—d. 1504. 1494, 5, resigns.
The Swiss, 1491 War with France. architects, printers, manufacturers, arti/.ans,
1477-82. agriculturists, and learned men of all kinds. 1494 Expedition of Charles VIII. into Italy sixty-
famous for the Maximilian I., 1493-1519. Large library at Ofen—300 copyists of MSS. five years of Italian wars, -1559.

>dtote Philip, excellence of 1477 War with Frederic III.—peace 1478—war Ferdinand II., 1495. 6.
1494 Second marriage of Maximi¬
1482-1506. their troops, lian, with the rich daughter of Ga¬ renewed 1480—Matthias takes Vienna, 1485- flees to Ischia.
are courted by leazzo, of Milan, Bianca Maria. truce, 1487 : Matthias retains Vienna, New-
I 484 Insurrection 1495 Diet of Worms—establishment stadt, and all his other conquests in Austria. 1495 Charles invades Naples—the conquest of Italy com¬
I of the Flemings, the rival princes 1490 Death of Matthias, at Vienna. pleted in four months and a-half.
of a perpetual public peace and
sSi'l assisted by of Europe. imperial chamber. 1405 League of Venice against Charles, between the emperor Maximi
France. Vladislas II. becomes king of Hungary, 1490, where he resides.
I Joins the league of Venice Han, Ferdinand of Spain, the pope, Ludovico Sforza of Milan, and V enice.
1491 Peace with Frederic III.: cession of all Charles retreats from Naples—gains a victory at Fornovo, and lights Ids
iw I 496 Philip mar- Successful waT against France. conquests—succession to Austria secured—Fre¬ way back to France.
] ries the Infanta, against Maxi¬ Wurtcmlmry an hereditary duchy, deric and Maximilian preserve the royal title.
I Joanna of Spain, Tli- French capitulate—Ferdi¬
in® “Vl milian—peace, 1495. 1492 Gives up Poland. nand restored.
I and the Nether-
I lands become and ratification 1496 Unfortunate Italian wars a- 1494 Gives up Moldavia. Frederic III. uncle, 1496
1 united to the of Swiss inde¬ gainst France. Vast power and wealth of the bishops pre¬ —loses the kingdom to Ferdi¬
1 Spanish mon- dominating influence at court—suppression of nand the Catholic, 1501, which
I archy. pendence, 1500. Marriage of his son, Philip, with
the lesser nobility by the magnates. is joined to Spain till 1715.
Johanna of Castile.

m
 22 Continuation of Table x. SYNCHRONISITCAL TABLES OF The Fifteenth

GREAT GENERAL COUNCILS. RISE OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. IVAN I.

+
Church History and Civilisation, Literature, Cele¬ Denmark, Norway, Sweden. Prussia. Poland. Russia.
POPES. brated Men, etc.
Union of Calmar. House of Jagellos.
The Teutonic Or¬ Subject to the
Boniface IX. —1404. In this century, which forms as it were a Margaret, —1412. der, now at the Khan of
bright morning between the night of the fore¬ height of its power, Vladislas II.,
Benedict at Avignon, going centuries and the splendid day of the Kaptshak.
possesses the whole — 1434.
Innocent VII., 1404—6. last three hundred years, those great events line of coast from
occurred which form an imaginary boundary Wallachia acknowledges
Gregory XII., 1406,—de¬ between modern history and that of the dark Eric VII., of Pomerania, 1412-39— Dantzic to Narva; the sovereignty of Poland, Tartars of the
posed, 1409,—abdicates, ages.—1. The capture of Constantinople by d. 1459—grandson of Margaret’s sis¬ with an extensive i401. Golden Horde.
1415,- -d. 1417. ter. population, and a
the Turks, 1453; 2. The discovery of Ame¬
The council of Pisa (1409) rica by Columbus ; 3. of the maritime pas¬ 1412-35 Unsuccessful war with the Flourishing trade. The horde of
deposes Gregory and Be¬ sage to the East Indies by Vasco de Gama, counts of Holstein, in order to wTest
nedict, and elects 1497; 4. Changes in the art of war by the 1409-11 War with Poland—signal Kaptshak is weak¬
use of gunpowder ; 5. Manufacture of paper from them the Danish fief, Sleswic victory of the king of Poland at
Alexander V., 1409-10— and art of printing ; rising spirit of free in¬ —the Hansetowns aid the counts from
1426. Tannenberg—the grand master and ened by the in¬
as neither will give way. quiry, which places general councils above 40,000 of the order slain.
Three Popes at once. the decrees of the pope, and leads to the Re¬
vasion of Timur
formation ; 6. The revival of ancient learn¬ Peace of Thorn, 1411, by which Sa-
John XXIII., 1410,—de¬ ing, and with it of a better taste, and an
1433 Engel¬ mogitia is ceded to Poland. and by intestine
posed, 1415, by the council improved philosophy; 7. The formation of a
bert, leader
of Constance. middle class of citizens ; 8. The consolidation of the Dale- Loses Wallachia, 1419. divisions, while
The articles of impeachment against of civil authority; and lastly, The advance¬
him were, “ that he was notoriously karlians,
1420 The Hussites
infamous, perjured, tyrannical, si- ment of experimental philosophy and the sci¬ expels the
moniacal, homicidal, incestuous,” ences. offer Vladislas the the grand dukes
Danish
etc. crown of Bohemia,
general. of Moscow conso¬
Council of Constance, Universities founded — Wurzburg, 1403—Valencia, The power of the which he refuses—
1404—Turin, 1406—Leipzig, 1409—St. Andrews, 1411—
Agreement at his nephew, Kori-
1414_18—the second great Rostock, Stockholm. order declines.
1419—Louvain, 1426—Caen, 1430—Poictiers,
buth, goes there, lidate their power
general council for the re¬ 1431—Florence, 1433—Bourdeaux, 1441—Catania, 1445—
formation of the church, Glasgow, 1454—Gre'fswald, 145 Q—Freiburg, 1457—Basle, Eric grants an amnesty, but breaks his 1422-27, as regent.
1460—Bourges, 1464—Buda, 1463 — Venice, 1470—lngal- by the union of
and one of the most nu¬ stadt and Trier, 1472—Upsala, 1476—Mentz and Tubin¬ word. Its oppressive go¬ Vladislas III.
merous assemblies of Chris¬ gen, 1477—Copenhagen, 1479—Old Aberdeen, 1497—'To¬ Char. Knut¬ 1434-44,aged 10yrs.,
ledo, 1499. vernment and heavy under the guardian¬ several principal¬
tendom—its famous decree son (Bonde)
was, the superiority of Libraries—Vatican, at Rome, 1447—St. Mark, at Venice,
protector of taxes, occasioned by ship of the states of
by Card. Bessarion, 1468—at Buda, by Matth. Corvinus. ities.
councils over the pa¬ the kingdom the kingdom.
pal chair. Literature and the Arts and Sciences flou¬ till 1441. continual wars, in¬
rish at Florence, under Cosmo and Lo¬ Many troubles— W
John Huss, the fore¬ renzo de Medici. duce the nobles and Lithuania a prey to
runner of Luther, burnt The three kingdoms renounce their
at Prague, 1415 (see un¬ (Poetry, Painting, and Music, see page 24.) allegiance to Eric—he retires into cities of Prussia and the ferocity of the
der Bohemia), and Je¬ Revival of Creek Literature in Italy, Gothland till 1449—dies in Pomera¬ Pomerania to con¬ Russians and the
nia, 1459. Teutonic knights.
rome, 1416. whence it spreads over the rest of Europe—
federate against it.
John Agryopulus, Bessarion of Trebizond, 1439 The Danes alone elect 1440
Martin V., 1417-31.
d. 1472—Demetrius Chalcondylas of Athens, Christopher of Bavaria, Vladislas chosen
Clement VIII., 1424, (edits Homer jointly with Demetrius Cre- | Cm
Eric’s sister’s son, 1439—d. 1448. king of Hungary
resigns, 1429—end of tensis,) d. 1488—teach and translate Greek in League of Marian- —proposed that he
I Mil
the schism, which had Italy. Writers: Simeon, 1429—Eman. Mos- 1441 Christopher is ac¬ should marry the 1441 The horde of
knowledged in Nor¬ werder, 1440.
lasted fifty-one years. chopulus, philologist, 1453—George Codi- widowed queen—he Kaptshak is over¬
way and Sweden—co¬ thrown, and splits
They seek the pro¬ marries her eldest
nus, John Ducas, Mich. Glycas, Laonicus
Eugenics, 1431-47. Chalcondylas, George Phanzes, Byzantine House of Ol¬ ronation at Drontheim into the principal¬
denburg.
daughter.
Council of Basle, 1431—48 historians—Constantine Lascaris, d. 1493, and Upsal. tection of Poland. ities of
1443 Turkish war
—the third great general grammarian — Gregorias Tiphernas, and Christian I., Charles —successful—vic¬ Crimea,
council for the reformation Hier. Alexander, teach Greek at Paris— 1448-81, aged VIII. (Knut¬ tory of John Hun-
22—marries Chasan,
of the church—it abolishes Rudolph Agricola, 1442—85—Conrad Cel- son Bonde) iades at Nyssa—
Dorothy of Astracan,
annates, reservations, and tes, d. 1508, in Germany becomes king, peace 1443; broken
Brandenberg, Siberia.
other abuses of papal au¬ 1449 1448-70. by the Christians,
thority. Rome the seat of classical literature under Ni¬ Christopher’s Coronation at 1444—Battle of
widow. Coro¬
Adoption of the decrees cholas V.—foundation of the Vatican, 1447 nation
Upsal.
Dantzic, after the fall of
Varna, in which
of Basle for the liber¬ —Laur. Valla, and Theod. Gaza. Capitulation—
of Wisby, capital of Prus¬ Vladislas is slain.
the crown ac- sia and Livonia — resi¬
ties of the church, in Charles Casimir IV.,
France, 1438, by the Prag¬ Philosophy—Scholastic philosophy, with its
dence of the Ha use mer¬
knowledged chants.
VIII. 144.5-92, brother—
matic Sanction of Bourges, subtilties and quibbles, falls still more into to be elective.
at elected—he objects
and in Germany, 1439. disrepute, and mysticism continues to prevail—
see page 24. Great power Dron¬ to swear to the pac¬
Nicholas V., 1447-55. of the theim. ta conventa, but is
national royal compelled.
1448 Concordat of Aschaf- Theologians (mystics) : Peter d’Ailly,- d. council.
fenherg, by which the liber¬ 1425, and John Gerson, d. 1429, chancellors, 1450
Confirmation

ties of the German church and Nicholas de Clemangis, d. ab. 1440, of THE

are compromised. rector of the university of Paris, all oppose it, Chris¬ National Liberty Hi! £j
and promote the study of the Scriptures—Ray¬ tian in the Diet at
The principal nations mond de Sabonde, d. ab. 1436 (nat. theol.) crown¬ Petrikau, 1453.
1457 Charles
of Europe make a stand —Thomas Hamerken (Maleolus), called ed at 1449 Agreement with
Calis- against the despotism is compelled
Thomas a Kempis, b. 1380, d. 1471. (His Dron¬ Hungary.
TUS III.. of the pope. Numer¬ 1460 by the offend¬
ous sects, as the Wic- ‘ Imitation of Jesus Christ,’ is said to have been Acquires Sleswic theim.
1455- lilfites, Hussites, Calix- printed 1800 times)—John Wessel (Gans- and Holstein by
ed clergy to 1454 The confederate nobles and cities
58. tines, Waldenses, and inheritance—capi¬ flee to Dant- renounce their allegiance to the order,
others, all agree in ford), d. 1489. tulation respecting zic. and submit to Poland. Ivan X.
opposing the establish- these provinces— Charles (Vasilaviche
p rr ed church. Many also the throne elective abdi¬ Christian king War of the Order with Poland, 1454- Mr
iIUS II., jn her very bosom bear The works of Aristotle and Plato, in their ori¬ —no taxes, or war the Great),
1458—64. witness to her abomi¬ ginal form, come into repute. without the con¬ cates. —coronation 66—long and bloody—the order lose 1462-1505.
nations, and to the ne¬ sent of tlie states at Upsal. Marianberg and Conitz, and is thereby /M <w
cessity of a reformation —yearly parlia¬ He takes advantage
Pattt TT in doctrine and Neoplatonic System, founded by Nic. Cusa, ments—no offices
cut off from all communication and help of the divisions of the
"TO,

L AA*> morals. The publiesale d. 1464, patronised by Cosmo and Lorenzo to be conferred on 1464 Charles re¬ from Germany. Of 21,000 villages, only Tartars, to strengthen
1464-71. of church preferments, de Medici, flourishes at Florence—see page foreigners—indis¬ turns, and, 1465,
3000 were spared. his authority at home,
of indulgences, and par¬ soluble union. is again expelled and make it respected
dons for sin, scandalise 24. by the clergy. Marriage of Casimir with Eliza, daughter abroad — enlarges the j : fife
all Christendom. 1462 Foundation kingdom by numerous
of the order of of the emperor, Albert II. conquests and unions.
The councils of Pisa, Constance, The revival of Classical Literature and 1467 Returns a se¬
the Elephant.
and Sienna, vote for a general cond time—main¬ 1455 National legislation: no laws and no war, with¬
reformation of the church. consequent decline of the Scholastic tains himself as out the consent of the diet.
protector of the
Philosophy. Peace of Thorn, 1466, 1472 Ivan marries So¬
kingdom — dies,
Sixtus IV., 1471-84. 1468 1470. by which the grand master, and eastern phia, niece of the last
Greek emperor; hence
Natural Sciences, etc.—Leonard of Pisa Mortgages the Prussia, becomes a vassal and fief of Po¬ the claim to the Greek
1431 S Spanish Inquisition
introduces algebra into Italy—George of Orkney and Sten Sture, land— West Prussia (Marianberg, Dant¬ empire — adoption of %
established—originally
lished —originally intro- his nephew,
duced to confiscate the property of Gmunden, astronomer at Vienna, 1440— Shetland isles 1471-1505,
zic, Elbing, Culm), is ceded to Poland— the double eagle instead
of St. George as the
the rich Jewish families. Accord¬
George of Peurbach, 1423-61, professor of to Scotland, protector. Fruitless opposition of the German emperor. imperial arms—adop- i pUcot
ing to Llorente, in three centuries
300,000 suffered in person or estate, astronomy at Vienna, father of modern trigo¬ and remits the tion of the title of Czar lS»i
1468 First Diet of the coun¬ (Ccesar).
and 30,000 were executed. The
Jews, driven from Spain, are re¬
nometry ; his celestial hemisphere; his ‘ The-
oria Planetarum’—Joh. Muller Regiomon¬
established
tribute.
CivilisatioT

progresses m
try Deputies at Petrikau. 1476 Last tribute iS
.TAm j.
ceived in Portugal.
tanus, 1436-76, astronomer and mathemati¬
Each palatinate sent two or more paid to the Gol¬
Sweden. deputies (in all 400) ; every noble¬
1484 The first auto da fe at Seville. cian ; his excellent Ephemerides lead to the man may still however attend. den Horde.
University of
1479 University of 1478 Novgorod captured
use of algebra in Germany—Lady Juliana Copenhagen.
Upsal, 1476. The power of the king re¬ — Decline of the N(ace,
Innocent VIII., 1484-92. Berners, 1481, one of the earliest female Eng¬ duced to nothing—the pea¬ Hanseatic trade
lish writers; her book on Hawking, Hunting, John, sants enslaved—the aristo¬ in Russia.
AlEXAN- 1492 The Jews entirely and Heraldry—Dom. Maria Novera, d. 1514, Sten Sture invites 1480 Dissolution
1481-1513. learned men to
cracy everything.
DER VI. driven from Spain— celebrated as teacher of astronomy to Coper¬ of the Golden
Sweden—calls de¬ The senate the second body—com¬
(Borgia) ~° emi«rate t0 nicus—1492 Martin Behaim’s (of Nurem¬ 1483 Coronat. of John puties from cities, prises the bishops, palatines, castel- Horde.
1492— 1497 Persecution of the berg) map of the world; he greatly assists the in Sweden, where he and freeholders, lane, and ministers.
in order to coun¬ Ambassadors from Ger¬
1502—3. Jews in Portugal. is partially acknow¬ 1469 Vladislas, the king's son, elected many, Poland, Den¬
Portuguese in their discoveries, d. at Lisbon, terbalance the king of Bohemia.
ledged. great power of the mark, the Holy See,
1406. 1471 War with Hungary re¬ and Venice, for the '‘bn
Nepotism, carried to a vast extent 1483 Hard capitula- nobles and clergy.
first time to Moscow.
by Alexander, merges the interests tion. First printing of¬ specting Moldavia and 'Wal¬ The
of the holy see in that of the fami¬ Historians—FROisSiRT, d. 1401, History and Chroni¬ fice at Stockholm, lachia—peace. 1485-92 Fortifica¬
lies of the popes. For the eleva¬ cle from 1326 to 1400—Monstrelet, his continuator till his 1483. tion of the Krem¬
tion of their kindred, the popes death, 1453—J. Rothe, of Eisenbach, 1453—Rodrigo, of 1490 John is
mingle in the conspiracies of this Zamora, 1407-70, Spanish historian—Leonardo Bruno 1488 War with lin, by Italians.
bad age, and are only distinguished Aretino, d. 1444, historian of Florence; and Fr. Poggio compelled to Struggle of
Russia. 1488 War with
by the more scandalous turpitude Bracciolini, d. 1459, both forerunners of Macchiavelli— share Sleswic the grand
John Hardyng, Chronicle of England, d. ab. 1465—Cax- Sweden.
of their vices, from the petty ty¬
and Holstein master
rants around them. The profligacy, ton, d. 1491, Chronicle of England—A2n. Sylv. Piccolo- 1491 First printing press at Cracow.
1489 Acquisition
lust, cruelty, and avarice of Alex¬ mini (Pope Pius II.), ‘ Hist, sui Temporis’—Ant. Becca- with his bro¬ against the
ander and his son, Caesar {Borgia), della Panormita—Mirkond, d. 1498, and Kondemir, ther Frederic.
of numerous pro¬
Polish su¬
are unparalleled in history. Having his son, two great Persian historians—Philip de Comines, vinces.
concerted together to poison nine 1446-1509, Memoirs—Platina, Lives of the Popes—Jo.
periority.
1493 League with
newly-created cardinals, in order Dlugossus, Polish hist., 1415-80—Fernando del Pugar,
to seize their wealth, they by mis¬ Spanish hist.—Bonfinius, the Hungarian Livy, d. 1502.
1493 Alliance with Rus¬ Denmark against
1497 Coronation
take drink themselves of the cup. Flourishing period of art at Florence under the Medici— sia against Sweden. of John.
John Albert, Sweden.
The pope is poisoned, Caesar re¬ the statuaiies, Ghiberti, Donatello—Florentine archi¬ 1492-1501—Casimir’s second Ivan preserves inter¬
covers, but is stripped of his treasures tecture: the palace Pitti, Richardi, Strozzi, by Brunel¬ 1499 The succes¬
and slain, 1507. Lucretia, his sister, leschi, Michelozzi, Benedetto Majano—its school of First printing sion promised to son—never married. nal peace by severe
press at Copenha¬
ilia despotism; and secures
is celebrated as a poison mixer. painters—see page 24. John's son Chris¬
gen. his frontiers by sue-1
topher.
cessful warfare.

a h
g
 Century. THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 23

FALL OF THE GREEK EMPIRE-MOHAMMED II. PORTUGUESE IN INDIA—VASCO DI GAMA.

Greek Empire. Ottoman Empire. Tartary and Persia. INDIA, 1000—1500.
Manuel II.—1425. Bayezid I. Timur, —1405. In the tenth century Iru(ia was divided amongst various native principalities : in the
(Bajazet), north, Lahore, Ajmer, Delhi, Kanoj, etc.; and in the south, Pandya, Chola, Cher a,
MOO
1400 Peace with Bay- Alliance of Timur with the Greeks—expe¬
— 1403. dition into Natolia. Kerala, etc.
ezid: the Turks ob¬
tain some of the 1401 Conquest of Syria. 1001-25 Repeated invasions of Mahmud of Ghizni, who places Vallabha (or Dab-
principal streets, and 1402 Timur’s second invasion of Asia Minor- Turkmans shelim) on the throne of Guzerat, or Anhalwara.
some separate cadis Bayezid defeated and made prisoner in
of the
in Constantinople — Black Sheep Bhoja, raja of Dhar, 1030.
the Greek emperor in Persia,
The battle of Angora. Armenia, and The Hindus recover all the places taken by Mahmud, except Lahore, and remain
pays a yearly tribute unmolested by the Mohammedans.
of 30,000 ducats. 1403 Bayezid dies in The Turkish emirs in Asia Mesopotamia,
Timur’s camp: Minor, the Ottoman and 1403-67. Visala deva Chouhan, of Ajmer, reduces most of the princes of Upper India to his
Egyptian sultans, and the Cara Jusuf, authority, 1025.
Manuel journeys in Ten years' anarchy—
Greek emperor, tributary. 1403-20.
vain to Italy, France, civil wars of his sons. Mahichandra Rantorf. founds a new dynasty at Kanoj, 1048.
1403 Exped. to Georgia.
and England, to ob¬ Ahmed, after Behram, of Ghizni, driven out of Ghizni by Mohammed Ghori, retreats to India, and
1404 Timur returns to Sa¬
tain help. Mohammed I.,
markand—dies upon an the death of makes Lahore his capital, 1145.
1413-21—subdues all expedition to China, 1405. Timur, recovers
other pretenders, and part of his king¬ Pritiiwi Rai, raja of Ajmer and Delhi, 1150.
reduces the Seljuk Pir Mohammed, his dom ; but is de¬ Mohammed Ghori, sultan of Ghizni, invades India, 1176—defeated in Guzerat, by
emirs to subjection. grandson, succeeds, feated and put Bhima Deva, 1178—takes Lahore, and puts an end to the Ghizni princes, 1186—de¬
but is opposed and to death, 1410. feated by Prithwi Rai, 1191—defeats the confederated rajas on the Saraswati, Prithwi
Acquisition, 1415, of put to death by Rai taken and put to death, 1192.
Bosnia, and, 1418, of Khalil Sultan, Conquest of
Wallachia. 1406-1408. Bagdad. Jaya Chandra, of Kanoj, defeated and slain, and the Mohammedan authority of India
first established, 1194.
Shah Rokh,
Murad II. (Amurath), a 4th son of Timur, Sekandar, son, 1420,
1421-51. reigns over Khorasan succeeds—is defeat¬ Mohammedan Kingdom of Delhi, 1206.

and Transoxiana, ed by
1422 Vain attempt upon Constantinople First Turk Dynasty.
with 200,000 men. 1410-46. Shah Rokh, who
1425
Capital, Samarkand. raises his brother 1.) Kutteb ad din, 1206, first Mohammedan king of Delhi. 2.) Aram, 1210.
John VII., 1425-48. 1439 Vain attempt upon Ichan Shah 3. ) Shems ad din Altmish,1211—conquers Bengal, 1220—subdues central India, 1232.
He defeats and ren¬
Belgrade. to the throne. 4. ) Rukn ad din Feros, 1236. 5.) Razia Begum, queen, 1237. 6.) Moiz ad din,
ders tributary the
1443 Victor}’-of J. Hun- Turkman chiefs of 1239. 7.) Ala ad din Masaud, 1242. 8.) Nasir ad din, 1245—practises extreme
1438 The emperor yades and Scander- frugality, and provides for his own food by copying the Koran. 9.) Gheias ad din
Persia and Asia
journeys to Italy to beg, near Nissa. Minor. 1437 He conquers Balban, 1266, gives protection to a number of princes expelled from Turkestan by the
obtain help against After this victory Scander- Georgia, great part Mongols encourages literature. 10.) Kaikobad, 1286.
the Turks—submits beg achieves his indepen¬ of Persia, and Kal¬
dence in Albania—dies, 1407. man.
himself to the pope. Murad's first abdication.
Second Turk, or Khilji Dynasty, at Delhi.

1444 Peace of Segedin: Sultans:

Second union of the
Greek and Latin the pope’s legate in¬
stigates the Christian 1.) Jelal ad din Feroz, 1288—a severe famine in Hindustan, 1291—the Dekkin
churches—of short first invaded, and Ramadeva, raja of Devagiri, made tributary, 1294. 2.) Ala ad din,
continuation. princes to violate it-
Vladislas, king of Po¬ 1295—captures the strong fort ofChitore, 1298—gains many victories over the Hindus
■over, land, presses to the —fixes the price of all articles of consumption—sends an army into the Dekkin'—Wa-
i split* Black sea—Murad re¬ rungul, the capital of Zelirigani, taken, 1309—the Dekkin ravaged to Cape Comorin,
icipal- assumes the govern and Dwara Samudra destroyed, 1310. 3.) Umar, 13T6, three months. 4.) Mubarik,
ment. Turkmans 131?—carries his arms into Guzerat, and the south to Malabar, 1319.
Ulugh Beg, his son, of the
White Sheep.
Battle of Varna, 1446-49.
Third Turkish, or Toghlek Dynasty, at Delhi.
This tribe was es¬
in which the king of Celebrated as the pa¬ tablished in Meso¬
Poland and the legate tron of astronomy 1. ) Giieias ad din, 1321, governor of Lahore, is elected king.
potamia and Nato¬
are killed and geography. lia—independent 2. ) Mohammed Toghlek, 1325, a highly accomplished and gallant prince, becomes
Constantine XI., Murad's second abdication. under Kara Ulugh a fierce and capricious tyrant—issues, 1326, a copper currency at an arbitrary valua¬
1448-53. 1440 Again resumes the Othman. Hamza tion-occasions great distress—an army sent to China, across the snowy mountains—
government, upon the Bey (1406), left destroyed, 1337—removes the entire population of Delhi to Dowlatabad, in the Dek¬
The last emperor. kin, 1339—hunts the peasantry like wild beasts, and hangs their heads on the walls of
mutiny of the j anizaries his territory (1444)
at Adrianople to his ^nephew, Delhi, 1340—permits the people to return from Dowlatabad to Delhi—a famine, vast
1448 Victory of Cos- Ichangin, who was numbers perish, 1341.
sovaower J. Hunyades. 1449 Put to death by expelled (1467) by
THE POWER OF THE SULTANS OF DELHI GREATLY DECLINES DURING THIS REIGN.
his son, who is slain, his brother, Uzun
Mohammed II., after six months’ rule, Hasan. Hamir of Mevar recovers Chitore, and re-establishes the Hindu principality of 1450
1451-81—conqueror of by his own soldiers. Udayapur, 1330.
two empires, twelve Fakhr ud din, 1338, king of Bengal.
kingdoms, & 300 cities. The powerful Hindu state of Vijaya Nagar in the Dekkin, founded 1340.
1453 End of tbe Greek. Empire—-Siege The dominions of Ala ad din Bahmini, establishes the kingdom of Kulburga, or the Dekkin, 1347.
and capture of Constantinople by the Turks, Timur are held by
with 300,000 men, and 300 ships—the Chris¬ different princes, his 3. ) Firoz Toghlek. 1351—partly repairs the evils of his predecessor—a munificent
tians obtain security and the free exercise of descendants: promoter of public works.
their religion. Baber, in Khorasan,
4. ) Gheias ad din, 1388.
till 1456. 5. ) Abubekr, 1389.
Uzun Hasan,
1455 Vain attempt upon Belgrade. Abusaid, great grand¬ Hasan the Long, 6. ) Nasir ad din, 1390.
son of Timur, 1457. 1467-78. 7. ) Mahmud, 1394—civil dissensions in this and the preceding reigns leave the sul¬
1456 Athens conquered—Moldavia tributary. tan of Delhi little power.
He defeats and kills SEVERAL KINGDOMS FOUNDED.

1459—66 Conquest of Servia (except Belgrade), the Mo-

rea, Mitylene, Trebizond, and after Scanderbey's death,
of all Albania.
iij >' *
Victory over Uzun Hasan of Persia.
1469-80 Repeatedly invades the Austrian ter¬
ritories.
aim8*
,1473 Victory over Uzun Hasan—peace.
|1474, 5 Acquisition of the possessions of the
Genoese in the Crimea, and subjection of the
Tartars there—(dominion of the Gherai fa¬
mily, from 1441-1783).
I 479 Peace with Venice—the republic pays
| tribute for trading in the Black sea.
Fruitless attempt upon Rhodes, which is
defended by the grand-master, D. Au-
buisson.
Bayezid II. {Bajazet), 1481-1512.
The first unwarlike sultan.
493 First Turkish establishment of a voyiade
of Wallachia.
493, sqq. Wars with Egypt, Hungary, and
Venice.
Lchan Shah, and,
Abusaid's do¬ 1468, Abusaid, and becomes Malik raja Famki, king of Kandesh, 1375.
minions are di¬ master of Khorasan and Dilavan Ghori, king of Mulwa, 1387.
vided among the whole of Persia. Muzeffer Shaii, king of Guzerat, 1396.
his eleven sons, Khaja Jehan, king of Jonpur, or the East, 1396.
most of whom 1470 Makes war with Mo¬
are dispossess¬ hammed, but is defeated. Petty kingdoms also of Lahore, Samana, Byana, and Kalpi, 1396.
ed by Tlmur-Xieng-, or Tamerlane, invades India and takes Delhi,
Forms an alliance with the which is plundered, X398.
Hasein-Mirza,
duke of Burgundy and the
a descendant Venetians against the Mahmud flies to Guzerat, 1398—Timur retires.
of Timur, Turks. Mahmud returns to his capital, 1401—opposed by his nobles, and retreats to
prince of Ma- Kanoj, 1402—recovers his capital, but has no authority beyond it, 1405.
zenderam, Conquest of Bagdad.
1470-1505. 11 i.)
1473 Defeated, and makes Fourth Turkish, or Sadat Dynasty, at Delhi.
He patronises peace with the Porte. 1. ) Sayid Khizn Khan, 1414, its founder, obtains the sovereignty of Delhi—pro¬
literature. fesses to reign as the viceroy of Timur and of Shahrokh—recovers great part of the
Kalil Bey, 1478, after six Doab.
Under him months, is killed by his
the celebrated brother, 2. ) Sayid Mubarik, 1421, engaged in hostilities with the Gakars in the Punjab.
Persian histo¬ 1429 The Punjab invaded by Amir Sheikh Ali, the Mogul governor of Kabul, who
rians, Mir hand Yakub Bey, 1478-90. commits great ravages, but is defeated by the kings.
and Khonde- 1435 Builds Mubarikabad on the Jumna, but is soon after assassinated in consequence
Poisoned by his wife.
mir. of a conspiracy amongst his nobles.
3. ) Sayid Mohammed, his son, placed on the throne by the conspirators.
Behiol Lodi establishes himself in the government of Lahore.
Delhi besieged by the sultan of Malwa, but relieved by Behiol Lodi.
4 ) Sayid Ala ad din, 1446, succeeds his father—removes his capital to Badaon—
Delhi occupied by Behiol Lodi, in whose favour the king abdicates, being allowed to
reside at Badaon “unmolested till his death, in 1478.
Baisankor, son, 1490-
Fifth, or Afghan Dynasty, called I.odi.
1. ) Behlol Lodi, 1450—recovers the districts surrounding Delhi, 1455—defeats
the king of Jonpur, and reannexes that kingdom to Delhi, 14/8.
2. ) Sekander Lodi, 1488—opposed by his brothers, but he subdues them extends
his authority to Bahar and Tirhut, 1494.
A nuhlic controversy, held by order of the king, between a number of Mohammedan doctors and a
1498 Khan of tbe Vsbeks Himhi, who asserts that both religions are equally acceptable with God. Inc Hindu commanded to
founded in Bochara by Shaibek Khan. adopt Mahommedanisin, and, refusing to apostatise, is put to death.
1500
The Portuguese, under Vasco di Gama, arrive in India.
Sultan Babur, expelled, goes into India.

m n
 24 Table xi.
[ Philosophy,
During the centuries of barbarism, the philoso¬
phic spirit dwindled to a very slender thread ; but
the reign of Charlemagne, and the schools founded
by him, opened for it a new career.
In these schools, and in the universities, espe¬
cially of Paris and Oxford, a considerable degree
of zeal for science shot, forth. An alliance now be¬
came formed between Faith. which implicitly re-
1 ceived the doctrines of the llomish hierarchy, and
Reason, which laboured to investigate the princi¬
ples of the same truths. The means employed
were Logic and Metaphysics, or Dialectics. This
was the origin of
The Scholastic Philosophy.
It divides into four periods, deducible from the history of the
question, concerning the reality of ideas, and the relations of
philosophy to religion.
First period, to the Eleventh Century: A blind
realism, which endeavours to apply the elements
of philosophy to theology. The attempts ot phi¬
losophy during this period, under the constraints
of the hierarchy, were feeble and imperfect.
Principal writers: Alellill, born at 1 ork, 736-80t—his pupil,
fthabanus Afaurns,776-856, introduces it into Germany—John
I Scotus, Erigena, an Irishman, one of the first writers of
the middle ages who dared to think for himself, taught and died
at Oxford, 8815—Hincmar, bishop of Kheims—Gerbert (Sylves¬
ter 11.), d. 1003—Berenger, d. 1 OSS— Eancfranc, archbishop of
Canterbury, d. 10S9—Hildebert of Tours, d. 1134—(Othlo and
Itonor-ius, two monks and mystics).
Second Period, from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth
Century: The first appearance of nominalism, and
of a more liberal system of inquiry, is quickly sup¬
pressed by the church, which establishes the au¬
thority of realism : a closer alliance is formed be¬
tween philosophy and religion.
|Principal writers: Roscellin, canon of Com- the golden age of lyric poetry in Spain.
[ peigne, ab. 1089, head of the nominalists, and re¬ ‘ Cancionero General,’ a collection of Spanish
garded by some as the founder of scholastic philo¬ poetry, from the age of ‘ Juan de la Mena,’ about
sophy, revives the question as to the reality of 1407 to 1517, contains the productions of 186
universal ideas—St. Anselm, his great adversary, poets.
1034-1109—William of Champeau, dies 1120,
opens a school of logic at Paris, head of the realists
i —Abelard, b. 1079, d. 1142, his pupil and oppo¬
nent, teaches at Paris, and gives a new impulse
to scholastic philosophy; Paris becomes another
Athens, students flock to it from all parts of the
: world—Hugh de St. Victor, b. 1096, d. 1140—
1 Robert of Milan, d. 1173—Robert Pulleyn,
- Englishman,d. ab. 1150—Richard de St. Victor,
Scotchman, d. 1173—Peter lombardus, d. 1164,
| his book, ‘ Libri Sententiarum,’ gained him the
name of ‘ Magister Sententiarum’—John of Salis-
| bury, d. 1180, a great promoter of learning.
Notwithstanding the many absurdities of this age, independ-
1 ence of thought increases, but is for a time subdued by perse- the epic romances; of these the two most cele¬
1 cut ions, anathemas, and interdictions. The most distinguished
leaders of the adverse party were, St. Bernard, b. 1091, d. 1153
— Jf 'alter, abbot of St. Victor, both mystics.
Third Period, about 1240-1350 : Exclusive domi- the rise of the Meister-singers.
i nion of realism—complete alliance between the period of its popular ballads was about 1476, the
church and Aristotelians.
The works of Aristotle ^through the medium of the Arabians)
j are widely disseminated—the circle of the sciences, and the field
of inquiry become enlarged. Averroes, translator of, and com¬
mentator upon, Aristotle.
Principal writers: Alexander of Hales, d. 1245,
' the first who turned to account the works of the
Arabians—William of Auverne, d. 1249—Mi¬
chael Scott, translator of Aristotle—Albert the
Great, 1193, d. 1280, dominican and realist—
Bonaventura, 1221—74, scholastic and mystic—
Thomas Aquinas, 1224—74, doctor universalis et
angelicas, a realist and dominican, founder of the
sect of Thomasts—Peter Hispanus, d. 1277— Some metrical lives of saints, ab. 1250, may be
Sans Scotus, native of Northumberland, ab. 1275, deemed English; but the first specimen, bearing a
i d. 1308—Roger Bacon, 1214, d. 1294, he taught precise date, is a proclamation of Henry III. to
at Oxford, opening new paths to inquiry by the the people of Huntingdonshire.
study of nature and the languages ; perhaps the Robert of Gloucester’s ‘ Chronicle,’ after 1297.
most learned man of the middle ages—Raymond Laurence Minot’s poem, ab. 1352, perhaps the
Lulli, b. 1234, d. 1315—Fr. Mayronis, d. 1325, first original poet in our language now extant.
a Scotist, he founded the celebrated disputations John Barbour’s epic of ‘ The Bruce,’ ab. 1373.
in the Sorbonne.
Oxford, in the thirteenth century, only second to Paris in
the number of its students and the celebrity of its scholastic John Gower, 1402, French, Latin, and English
disputations—it produced an invincible Hales, an admirable poet.
Bacon, an excellent, well-grounded Middleton, a subtle Scotus,
an approved Burley, a resolute Baconthorpe, a solid Holcot, ‘ Vision of Piers Plowman,’ by Thomas Longlands,
and a profound Bradwardine.
Fourth Period, ah. 1330—1500: Struggle between
nominalism and realism, and partial success of the
former—philosophy gradually detached from the¬
ology—new disputes grow out of the attempts at
reform in both.
Principal writers: G. Durand de St. Pour£ain
contributes to the downfal of realism, but Wil¬
liam Occam, d. 1347, a Franciscan, is considered
as its conqueror: his opposers were, Walter Bur¬
leigh, b. 1275, d. 1337, professor at Oxford—
Thomas of Bradwardine, abp. of Canterbury, d.
1339—Thomas of Strasburgh, and Marsilius
of Inghen, d. 1396, etc.
Celebrated nominalists, after Occam: John Buridan — Peter
D' Ailly—Robert Holcot, d. 1349—Gregory of Rimini—Richard
Sicineshead, taught at Oxford, ab. 1535—and others.
A spirit of independence, and a tendency to enlarged
views in philosophy, show themselves among the nomi¬
nalists—scholastic philosophy loses ground.
Sffysticism is preached with great ardour by John Tauler,
| d. 1361—John Charlier de Gerson, b. 1363, d. 14*29—Nicholas
| de Clemange, d. 1440—but the man who had the greatest ioflu-
: ence in his own and succeeding ages was,
Thomas a Kempls,!'. 1380, d. 1471. Nearly all these regard
1 revelation as the only true fountain of knowledge and wisdom.
i The revival of classical literature diminishes the au¬
thority of the scholastic philosophy.
The works of Aristotle and Plato, in their original form, come
, into repute by the labours of George Gemisthus Pletho, of Con¬
stantinople, at Florence, 1438—of George Scholarius—of Theo¬
dore Gaza, d. ab. 1478—and George of Trebizond, d. 1484-6.
TJeoplatonic system founded by Nic. Cusa, d. 1464, pa-
| tronised by Costno and Lorenxo de Medici; it flourishes at Flo¬
rence, where it is taught by Marsilius Ficintts, 1439-99, a phy¬
sician, who translates Plato. Plotinus, Jamblichus, Proclus, etc.;
his great work, * Theologia Platonica;’ his disciple, John Picus,
of Mirandola,\A63-9A, endeavours to unite the philosophy of Aris¬
totle, Pythagoras, and Plato with the cabalistical writings and
revelation; his nephew, T. Fr. Picus, Mirand, follows his
steps—both regard the Bible as the only source of truth, and the
1 Christian religion as the only true philosophy.
a bed
PHILOSOPHY, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, Etc.
Poetry, etc. Painters, Music, Etc. Trade and Commerce.
Romance poetry of the Middle Ages begins about, 1096. I. Early Florentine School: Giov. Cima-
There can hardly be said to have been
Provence and the south of France was the cradle of bue, 1240-1300, the father of the modern
any trade in modern Europe prior to the
romance and knightly poetry. school of painters. He leaves the style of the
Greeks, his teachers, studies ancient sta-‘
Crusades.
William, duke of Guienne, b. 1070, d. 11*22, was the first of the
tues, and founds a new school, distinguished
Provencal troubadours; Fred. Barbarossa, Richard the JAon- After the conquest of Alexandria by the A nibs, 639,
hearted, with his celebrated friend and minstrel, Blotulel, Roger
for boldness, majesty, and strength—Gi¬ Constantinople became the great staple for the wares
of Sicily, Alfonso II. and Peter 11. of Aragon, with numerous of the East. In the seventh century, Bagdad be¬
otto, 1276-1336, a shepherd boy, whom
other French, Spanish, and Italian princes and nobles, patron¬ came the seat of general commerce. Ab. 800 a little
ised and cultivated the Provenval poetry. for his great talents, Cimabue adopted and trade in western Europe, mostly conducted by Jews.
taught. He is the first who drew portraits
After William of Guienne the troubadours are not
from life: of his school, a Taddeo Gaddi, Trade of Venice with the East.
heard of till about the middle of the twelfth d. 1352—Spinello of Arezzo—Simone
century ; after which they were very numerous till di Martino, d. 1344—Lippo Mf.mmi— Tenth Century: Flourishing period of
the close of the thirteenth. In the Norman French Giottino (properly Thomaso di Stefano), trade in Spain with Constantinople and
we have an immense number of poets belonging to 1324-50, distinguished above all his con¬ Cairo.
the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries: temporaries by the beauty of his pictures—
127 are known by name in the twelfth alone. Andrea di Cione, 1329-89—Masaccio, After the crusades, by increased inter¬
Thibault, king of Navarre, ab. 1250, is accounted 1402-43—Fra. Angelico da Fiesole, course with the East, the trade and indus¬
the best as well as noblest of the French poets. 1387-1455, and his scholar, Benozzo Goz- try of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, spread
zoli, 1469—Fra. Filippo Lippi, 1400- and flourish.
Metrical romances: ‘ Havelock the Dane,’ before 69—Domenico Ghirlandaio, 1491-95—
1101 The citizens of London obtain their first charter
1150, translated into English about 1270-90—Ro¬ Vehocciiio, 1432-88—Luca Signorelli,
1440-1521. from Henry /.rand the privilege to elect their own
bert Wace’s (of Jersey) ‘ Brut d’Angleterre,’ ab. sheriff.
1150, a free translation of Jeffrey of Monmouth’s Beonardi da Vinci, 1444-1519,sculptor,
architect, and painter, discovers per¬
history—ab. 1250, * Le Roman de le Rose,’ by 1154 Bordeaux, belonging to the English,
spective— Fra. Bartolommeo, 1469-
William of Lorris, in 22,000 stanzas ; and after enjoys an extensive wine trade.
1517—Mariotto Albertinelli, d. 1512
this time the ‘ Contes’ and ‘ Fabliaux.’
—Andrea del Sarto, 1488-1530—Ros¬ Rogfr, king of Sicily, introduces the ma¬
From Provence the troubadours’ songs spread into so (Maitre Roux), d. 1541. nufacture of silk, 1147—silk manufacture
Lombardy and the east of Spain, Catalonia and
at Lucca, 1224—at Venice and Florence
Aragon. In Castile The Cid, ab. 1150—Portu¬ II. Early Roman School: Pietro Caval-
soon after.
guese poets, equally early, are recorded. lini, ab. 1432—Nicolo Alunno, between
Romance poetry of the Middle Ages flourishes : 1458-1492—Pet. Perugino, 1446-1524, 1233 First mention of coal at Newcastle,
about 1825, ‘ The Amadis of Gaul,’ attributed to
founder of the Roman school, and teacher in Northumberland—the tin mines of
of Raphael—Pinturichio, 1454-1513. Cornwall flourish.
Pasco Lobeira, a Portuguese—Prince Juan Ma¬
nual’s (d. 1362) * Conde Lucanor,’ a book of no¬
III. Early Lombard, Milanese, and Bo¬ 1236 Paper money in use in China—it
vels in prose. lognese Painters: Andrea Mantegna, came from the east into Italy.
The reign of John 11., king of Castile, 1407-54, was 1430-1506—Francesco Morene, and
1243 Origin of the Hanseatic league.
The Girolamo dai Libri, both Veronese, ab.
1500—Borgognone (Milan), ab. 1500. 1247 League of the cities on the Rhine.
Cities increase in power and prosperity bv
IV. Germans and Flemings: Meister Wil¬
helm of Cologne, ab. 1380—John van
industry, manufactures, commerce, free
Eyck, 1390; ab. 1470I1ubert van Eyck, governments.
In Germany the flourishing period of knightly 1366-1426, fellow-labourers, who left the Cities represented in parliament: in Portugal,1300—
poetry falls between 1170—1250—in which time gold ground of the Greeks and followed France, 130*2—Scotland, 1306—Sweden, 1320-—Eng¬
the Swabian dialect became formed. nature—they were the Inventors of lish parliament divided into an upper and lower
painting: in oil. House, 1343— Castile, 1349.
Henry of Veldek (1170?), stands at the head of
the Minnesingers. Other celebrated poets of this
Scholars of the brothers Eyck: Roger of Commerce flourishes in the Italian cities
period are : Gottfried v. Strasburg—Wolfram
Bruges, ab. 1455—Hugo van d. Goes, in spite of the troubles and distress occa¬
v. Eschilbach—Heinric v. Oftfrdingen—Hart¬
ab. 1480—Hans Hemling (Memling), sioned by the struggle of the republics—
mann v. d. Aue—Ulrich v. Lichtenstein—Con¬ ab. 1480—Quentin Messis, 1450-1529.
Milan, Lucca, Pisa, Florence, Verona,
rad v. Wirzburg — and particularly Walther
Bologna, Genoa, and Venice, the most
v. d. Vogelweide. The celebrated collection of V. Germans: Michael Wolhgfmuth,
prosperous—they have an extensive trade
the knight Rudiger v. Manesse of Zurich, which 1434-1519 (teacher of Durer)—Martin
in the Levant, Black sea, all over the
dates 1313, contains the productions of 1401 poets. Schonoauer (Schoen), d. 14991—FI a ns
East, probably as far as China.
Holbein, the elder.
No poetry of the Swabian period is so national as
Flourishing period of wool and linen manufactories
music, throughout the Middle Ages, in Flanders and Brabant—the foundation of the
brated are the * Helden Buch’ (Book of Heroes), riches of the Netherlands and of the great power of
was chiefly devoted to the use of the
and the * Nibelungen Lied’ (Lay of the Nibel- the house of Burgundy. Introduction of guild regi¬
church. ments in the cities of Germany and the Netherlands
ungs), ab. 1200. German poetry declines with for the protection of the citizens against the nobility
The flourishing The Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century : —Ghent, in its most flourishing period, could raise
Profane songs come into use—heroic 80,000 soldiers—nowhere, except in England, has the
political consideration of guilds and municipal cor¬
war songs of Veit Weber —1483 ‘Til Eulen- • and love songs of the troubadours, porations, and the respectability of merchants, been
spiegel,’ satyres—in 1494 ‘Sebastian Brant’— minstrels, minnesingers, etc. These maintained.
John Geller v. Kaisersberg^. 1510—1498 * Rey¬ songs were usually accompanied by the First trading company in England, 1319,
nard the Fox,’ by Heinrich v. Alcmar. harp and viol. The Staple Merchants—the second, un¬
1025 Guido of Arezzo, the greatest der Edward, 1358, called at first The
In England the Anglo-Saxon very gradually
musical genius of his age, invents the Thomas d Bechet Society, but after¬
changed into English : the ‘ Saxon Chronicle’ is
modern system of musical notation. wards The Society of Merchant Adven¬
continued to 1154 with but little loss of the purity
The representation of notes by dots turers. First woollen manufactories in
of its language. From 1150 to 1250 what has
and lines, the division of the scale into England, by Flemish refugees, 1331.
been called semi-saxon prevailed; in this is written
an hexachord, (to which he gave the
Lyamon’s translation of Wace’s ‘ Romance of Brut,’ Interest of money in England 45 per cent., 1307.
names of ut, re, me, fa, sol, la ; the se-
ab. 1200.
seventh, si, was not added till after¬ 1345 First bank at Genoa—ab. 1377, bank¬
wards,) are usually ascribed to him. ing establishments at Florence.
1066 Franco von Cologne was the
Great Herring trade of the Dutch: at this
founder of musical time, which gave
time very lucrative, as herrings were the
rise to counterpoint and fuges. His
common food on fast days. De Wit, in his
system was extended and improved by
memoirs, describes this trade as the found¬
Marchetti of Padua, 1274.
ation of the after-greatness of Holland.
John de Muris, ab. 1323, introduces
Blind Harry’s ‘ Acts of Wallace’ (1361). notes of different length into music, and Ab. 1430 England enjoys a considerable
invents the method of distinguishing
trade in the Mediterranean.
Geof. Chaucer, 1364, the father of English poetry.
breves, minims, crochets, quavers, etc.
Florence, under the Medici, becomes
The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
the great seat of trade and
were the period of grand and simple commerce.
ab. 1390. church music.
Florence was the London of this period
In prose, the first English book was, ‘ Sir John In the fifteenth began the flourishing pe¬
—here all great money and mercantile
Mandeville’s Travels,’ 1356 ; it was followed by riod o f the Flemish School, which became transactions were carried on for the va¬
Wickliffe’s ‘ Translation of the Bible,’ 1383—Tre- the pattern and nursery for the rest of
rious princes and great merchants of Eu¬
visa’s ‘ Version of Higden’s Polychronicon,’ 1385
Europe. rope—Italian merchants were to be found
—and Chaucer’s ‘ Astrolabe,’ 1392.
Jac. Obrecht, one of the earliest Fle¬ in every part of the world.
About this time French generally goes out of use in England,
and English takes its place. mish composers, teacher of Erasmus 1450 Most flourishing period of the trade
(his masses)—Joh. Ockenheim, the of Flanders: all European nations have
In the fifteenth century English poetry declines :
Bach of his time (masses and motets). warehouses at Bruges and Ghent—Booh
Hoccleye—Lydgate—James I. of Scotland.
Josquin de Prez, founder of the trade at Mayence, originally connected
‘ The Paston Letters,’ 5 vols. 4to., written in the French school (chapel-master to Louis
with printing—Faust, dies at Paris, 1466,
reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV., proofs of
XII., and afterwards to the emperor whither he twice journeys to sell his
literary improvement in England.
Maximilian), the greatest musical ge¬ Latin Bible.
At the close of this century we may notice, Andrew nius of his age (masses and motets).
of Wynton—Will. Canton, first English printer, 1464 Post letters in France and England
Other Masters of the French School:
d. ab. 1491—Lady Juliana Berners, 1481—Ste¬ —at first a mere political convenience.
Pierre de la Rue—Ant. Brummel—
phen Hawes, poet—John Skelton, poet, d. 1521 Loyset, and J. Mouton ; the compo¬ 1470 First silk manufactory at Tours in j
—Will. Dunbar, 1465-1530—Gawin Douglas, sitions of the two. latter are much cele¬ France.
1475-1522.
brated.
1488—1585 Antwerp's Flourishing Period:
Italy came last of those countries where Latin had A German School arose : J. Godendach from the fall of Bruges, under Maximi-
been spoken to the possession of an independent (Bonadies), 1473—Hen. Isaac—Tho¬ Han.
language and literature; not even a few lines of mas Stolzer, and Steph. Mahu (the
Italian have been found earlier than the end of beautiful songs of the two latter). The discovery of America, 1492, and
the twelfth century. 1470 Bernhard invents the pedal to the of the new passage to India, 1498,
The three great Florentines: Dante* 1265-1321* organ.
changes the commerce of the world.
father of modern Italian poetry—Petrarch, 1304-74, re¬ Organs and instrumental music come into general
viver of ancient learning, and the first founder and collector of use in churches.
any considerable library of ancient literature—Soccaccio* Rise of the Colonial System: 1419, first
1313-75* father of modern Italian prose. 1473 Printed musical notes.
Sacchetti, follower of Boccaccio, ab. 1400. Portuguese colonies on the coast of A-
1484 Franchino Gafurio, organist frica, Madeira, etc.—Spanish colonies in
Italian writers—Pulci, poet, 1487—Lorenzo Valla, 1457—
Giau. Manetti, 1459—Guaria of 7>ron/i,l460—Poggius, 1459— and professor in the first public school America—England: John and Sebas.
Nic. Perottus, d. 1480—Fran. Philelphus, 1481—Barth. Fla- of music at Milan.
He studies the Cabot discover Newfoundland, and ex¬
tina, 1481—Angel Politianus, 1454-94.
works of the ancients—Tinctor, his plore the coast of North America, 1497,8.
French—Alain Chartier, poet, etc., d. 1458—Corbeuil, satirist, contemporary, at Naples, a consider¬
1460. Lisbon the great seat of trade—that of
able composer.
Rise of the modem Drama : at first mysteries, or representations Venice declines, as does the Arabian
of scriptural pieces—the Mystery in Italy—the Mysteres des Flourishing period of grand and
Confrairie de la*-Compassion, ab. 13S0 in France—the Mysteries simple cathedral music. trade to India.
in England, Spain, etc.
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

OF MODERN HISTORY

CONTAINING

ALL THE GREAT EVENTS OF THE CIVIL, RELIGIOUS, AND LITERARY HISTORY OF THE

EUROPEAN NATIONS, AND OF SUCH OTHERS AS ARE CONNECTED WITH THEM,

IN A SERIES OF PARALLEL COLUMNS, SO AS TO PRESENT TO THE

READER, AT ONE VIEW, THE TRANSACTIONS AND CONDITION

OF THE VARIOUS STATES OF THE CIVILISED WORLD.

OXFORD:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY D. A. TALBOYS,
AND 113, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

MDCCC XXXIX.
26 Table xil SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Sixteenth

PERIOD OF THE REFORMATION : LATHER, ZUINGLIUS, CALVIN, ETC.

Portugal. Britain. France.
1500 Scotland. England. House of Valois.
Emmanuel—1521. House of Tudor. Louis XII. —1515.
James IV. —1513. Henry VII. -1509. Parliaments of Rouen, 1499—of Aix, 1501.
1501 Discovery of St. Helena
and of Greenland by Corte- 1501 Marriage of Arthur, prince of Wales, England begins to recover from 1500 Treaty with Ferdinand of Aragon for the con¬
real. with Catharine of Spain—death of the the wars of the Roses, and to re¬ quest and partition of Naples.
Portuguese conquests prince, 1502. sume a place in European politics. 1501 War with Ferdinand in Naples—ceded to
Spain by treaty of 1505.
in the Past. 1503 Marriage of James with the princess Margaret of England, whence the succession of the House 1505 Proposed cession of Burgundy and Bretagne as a
1503 Conquest of Cochin. of Stuart to the English throne.— Treaty with England: the first since that of Northampton, 1332. marriage portion with the princess Claude to Charles
of Austria —forbidden by the States-General as a dis¬
1506 Violent dissensions of 1506 Forfeiture of the The power of the crown becomes established
memberment of France.
old and new Christians: the Lord of the Isles—He¬ 1503 Death of queen Elizabeth. during this reign, but the avarice and extortion
of the king and his ministers, Empson and 1508 League of Cambray against Venice—battle of
latter admitted to common brides annexed to Scot¬ 1504-5 Introduction of forced loans, Dudley, render him odious—he is said to
have left in ready money £1,800,000, an incre¬
Agnadello gained by Louis in person, 1509.
rights, 1507. land. called benevolences.
dible sum for those days. The power of the Much
1507 Ceylon discovered by Order of the Thistle.] Conspiracy of the duke of Suffolk, nobility, broken by the long wars, and by the
Almeyda. 1505. power now granted them of alienating their 1510 The king summons a council at Tours to sup-
1508 Mozambique settled. Interval of peace and 1506 Visit of the archduke Philip, estates, is insufficient to control the king. support him against the Holy League.
prosperity : cultivation king of Castile, to England. Powers of the court of Star Chamber arbi¬
trary. 1512 Battle of Ravenna: victory and death of Gaston
Rapid extension of letters and agricul¬ First ship of royal navy, the Great Harry, de Foix, Hue de Nemours.
ture : amelioration of cost £14,000. 1513 Defeat of Novara by the Swiss—loss of Milan
Venice stirs up the sultan of
Egypt to assist the natives laws and commerce. Henry VIII., son, 1509-47, heir of both York and Lancaster. and Genoa.—Invasion of Burgundy by Swiss and
against the Portuguese—de¬ Naval force—building of Punishes Empson and Dudley-—marries Arthur’s widow—joins the League of Germans, and siege of Dijon.
feat of the combined fleets the Great Michael. Cambray against Venice, 1509. of the
1510 of Guzerat and Egypt, 1509. 512 Border skirmishes 1512 Alliance with Spain and the Pope against France—useless expedition to France attacked on all sides, and almost driven out
of Portuguese power
—Barton the privateer Fontarabia—indecisive sea-fight off Brest. of Italy, obliged to conclude disadvantageous trea-
captured by the English. Ministry of Wolsey. ties.—Peace of Blois with Venice and the Pope.
1510 Sumatra discovered— 1513 Alliance, offensive and defensive, with France, against England. 1513 Poll tax imposed by parliament for French war—Invasion of France—
Albuquerque viceroy—Goa Invasion of England—Battle of Flodden, Sept. 9th, 10,000 Scots French defeated at Guinegate, “ Battle of the Spurs,”—Fleet under Sir Edw.
seat of government.— Ma¬ killed, with the king and the flower of the nobles and gentry.— Howard—nothing effected against France.
lacca and Java disc., 1511. Peace with England. 1513 Duke of Suffolk executed. wealth
Ormuz and Muscat occu¬ 1514 Peace with France—Tournay ceded to England—Louis marries princess Mary, Heniy’s sister.
pied.—Death of Alb. 1515 James V. s. 1513-42, ,, , , Francis I., Count d'Angoulime, 1515-47.
one year old. 1515 Wolsey chancellor and cardinal, possesses great authority—papal ■
(great-great -
grandson of— - —
Charles V.)-
in India.
Duke of Albany, legate, 1518. Offices publicly sold to defray the expenses of the Italian
wars. The States never summoned in this reign—the king (in
1515 The Portuguese officers grandson of James II. nearly absolute.
first trade on their own ac¬ regent. and
1518 Jealousies between France and England arranged—Tournay restored to
count, whence final ruin of The country distracted France on payment of a sum of money. 1515 Francis invades Italy in person—decisive vic¬
their trade. by the feuds of the no¬ tory of Marignano over the Swiss—Genoa and
1517 Commercial treaty with bility.—The regent in¬ MUun submit. „ , . . . . c
England, holding the balance of power between France and Havre de Grace founded, 1516.
China, settlement of Macao troduces French troops,
—of Aden on the Red sea, an unpopular measure. Charles V., becomes important in Europe. 1516 Concordat with the Pope in place of the Prag¬
I *v
1518—of Colombo in Cey¬ matic Sanction—bishops dependent on the king.
lon, 1519. Great power of the Dou¬ 1516 Treaty of Noyon with Spain : and “ Paix per-
glasses of the Angus petuelle” of Fribourg with Switzerland.
branch—they wage a k
Commerce strength
feudal war with the I'M
1520 The Emperor visits England.—Magnificent meeting of Henry and Francis at the u Field of Gold” at Ardres.
1520 1520 Discovery of Pegu and Hamiltons, 1520. I
Henry attempts unsuccessfully to mediate between Charles and Francis. Francis an unsuccessful candidate for the Empire
Siam. Introduction of the reformed doc against Charles V.
1521 Execution of the duke of Buckingham trines in England, which spread ra¬ 1521 First war with Charles V., to 1526.
greatly extended
pidly, fostered by the remnants of the
1522 Charles V. again in England—war Lollards: opposed by Henry,who writes Firsl public debt, 200,000 livres borrowed from the city of Paris.
John III., son, 1521-57. with France at his instigation—Earl of a book on the seven Sacraments against 1522 Swiss and French defeated at Bicocca—the
Surrey invades France, but no results. Luther, and receives the title of “ De¬
fender of the Faith** from the Pope,1521. constable Bourbon goes over to the enemy, 1523.
by relations —Fruitless invasions of Picardy by the English, I
1522 War with England—Albany invades England with 60,000
Continual wars with the Moors in men, but retires shamefully before the earl of Surrey—Peace. and of Champagne by Charles V., 1523.
North Africa absorb the wealth The king virtually absolute :
of France Ij (fcl
derived from India. 1523 Albany returns to
1523 The demand of a subsidy of 800,000/. for the French war refused by the I fat;
France. Angus regent. 1524 Invasion of Provence by Charles V., and fruit¬
with China Commons—the duke of Suffolk invades France, and threatens Paris.-— 12 k
less siege of Marseilles.
Peace, 1525, from fear of Charles’s too great predominance. 1525 Francis defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia |:1
30,000 persons destroyed in
1527 First attempt to discover a Noith-west passage. the parliament —cedes, by the trea ty of Madrid, 1526, Burgundy, I
Lisbon by an earthquake.
The Douglasses usurp 1527 Henry offended at the Pope’s reluctance to grant a divorce from Flanders, and Milan, but is absolved by the Pope I®.

and Japan; the whole authority, Catharine. Fall of Wolsey, 1529—dies, 1530. from fulfilling his engagements. I
and restrain the person a mere Instrument: vainly JliT
1522 Xavier plants Chris¬ of the king—they are 1527 England joins France in the “ Holy League” against the increasing power of the Emperor. PU¬
tianity in India. defeated and driven out 1529 General peace, “ La paix des Dames,” at Cambray, between England, France, and the Empire.
of Scotland, 1528.
and also Sir Thomas More lord chancellor. illegal Imposition of taxes s
spent
The king chastises the Rise of Cranmer archbp. of Canterbury. SH
1527 Second war with Charles V., to the peace of
1526 The Inquisition intro¬ borderers. Commencement of the |M{
duced in spite of the oppo¬ Cambray,1529—Francis marries Eleanor, Charles’s |
Reformation. discontent of the people.
sition of the nobles, to whose Interval of tranquillity. sister, 1530—Burgundy given up to France.
1530 1532 The king marries Anne Boleyn—birth of Elizabeth, afterwards queen,1533. 1529 First negotiations with the Porte—alliance 1536. I
power it gives the last blow ■•44
—persecution and expulsion 1531 Court of Session in
i r-
of the Jews—extended to of 15 judges established. 1534 Final breach with the Pope—the king sole head of the church. Great encouragement given to Arts and ffl'r
India. Ministry of Cromwell, created Violent religious dissensions Sciences—various palaces built, I fi;
by numerous earl of Essex. and persecution.
and the Louvre commenced.
1534 Rebellion of the Fitz-Geralds in Ireland; suppressed.—English laws ex¬ ■ t|
1529 Moluccas ceded by contests
tended to Wales. |j>w, n
Spain for a sum of money. 1531 Imprimerie Royale established, other presses prohibited.
1535 Bp. Fisher and Sir Thomas More beheaded, for denying the king’s
and large supremacy.—Henry excommunicated by pope Paul III. 1532 Bretagne finally incorporated with France.— I
I'SJB
Alliance with the German Protestants.
1529 Xavier preaches in Ja¬
1536 Death of queen Catharine.—Accusation and execution of queen Anne.— Calvin preaches in France—in Geneva, 1535.
pan—dies, 1552. 1536 James marries The king marries Jane Seymour—birth of Edward, Prince of Wales, and
for
colonies Magdalene of France: death of queen Jane, 1537.
she dies, 1537. — 1534 New organisation of the army into seven legions
James marries, 2ndly, of 6000 each.
1531 Surat sacked by Silvey- 1536 Suppression of the smaller monasteries.—First complete translation of the Bible.— ij. >sa
Mary of Guise. Discontent of the people at the despotism of the king and suppression of the monasteries 1535 Francis seizes Savoy, and lays fresh claim to
ra—occupation ofDiu, 1533. produces partial revolts.—Insurrection of the northern gentry, called the “ Pilgrimage of Milan on the death of Francesco Sforza—hence is
Grace”—suppressed, 1537. arises In
Ministry of the two 1538 Suppression of the remaining monasteries.—The " Six Articles’* established as a
in Brazil.
Archbps. Beaton, rule of faith. power 1
%'!!

Progress of the Portuguese uncle and nephew. 1536 Third war with Charles V., who invades
in the Dekkin. Proclamations by the king declared to have the force of law, 1539,—(repealed, 1547.) Provence, and besieges Marseilles—10 years’ truce
Spread of the Reforms concluded at Nice, 1538.—Interview of Charles and
The religious waverings of the king cause continual persecution. Francis at Aigues Murtes.
1538 An Othman force from tion : the Protestants
Anne of Cleves queen, divorced 1540.—Catharine Howard queen, beheaded,
Egypt besieges Diu without persecuted; seven 1540 Charles V. entertained at Paris.
1542.—Catharine Parr queen, 1543.
1540 success. burnt for heresy, 1539.
1540 Disgrace and execution of Cromwell. Execution of the countess of in
Knox leader of the re¬ Salisbury, the last of the line of Plantagenet.
1540 Introduction of Jesuits. 1542 Fourth war with Charles V., from the mur¬
formers, 1547. Church property everywhere confiscated. der of two French envoys.—Alliance with Denmark
Zaisbon the market 1542 War with England—dissensions in the Scotch army— Knights of St. John dissolved. and Sweden : the first with the Northern powers.
of the world. Rout of Solway Moss—James dies of a broken heart. 1543 Alliance with the Emperor against France—schemes of dividing France—
University of Lisbon removed Mary, 1542-66. Henry invades France in person, and takes Boulogne, 1544.—French fleet off
to Coimbra, 1540. only surviving child, a the Isle of Wight, 1545, gains a naval victory over the English.
1542 Commercial treaty with week old. Italy.
Japan. Earl of Arran regent. 1544 Victory of Cerisolles inltaly—peace of Crespy
Henry wishes to marry his son Edward to the queen of Scots—frustrated by cardinal Beaton.
—France gives up Italy.
Tbe prosperity Edinburgh taken by the English, 1544.
Peace with France and Scotland, 1545. 1545 Persecut ion of the Vaudois.
of Portugal 1546 Arbitrary execution of the earl of Surrey. First legal rate of interest fixed 1646 Revenue of France 16 millions of livres.
J at 10/. per cent.
at its greatest height- 1546 Murder of car¬
dinal Beaton by the Edward VI., only son, 1547-53. Henry II., son, 1547-59.
master of Rothes. Duke of Somerset, the king’s uncle, regent. marries in 1533 the famous Catharine de Medici.
Colonization of Brazil—San
Salvador, capital, founded 1547 Somerset invades Scotland, and defeats 1547-8 Formal establishment of Protestantism The continual cabals of the court distract the
1549. the Scots at Pinkie, 10,000 Scots killed. promoted by Cranmer, opposed by Gardiner and Bonner.
kingdom by the intrigues of favourites and
1548 Dissensions in the council — Lord Seymour, the regent's brother, mistresses, especially Diana of Poitiers.
1548 The young queen attainted and executed.
1548 Orange-trees first intro¬ sent to France : 6000
duced into Europe. Discontent and insurrections of the common people, 1548-9. War with France for Boulogne.
French troops sent to 1549 Somerset resigns—Ascendency of Dudley, earl of Warwick, afterwards
Scotland. 1548 6000 troops under d’Esse sent to Scotland.
Greatest extent of Indian duke of Northumberland.
1550 Empire. English invasion: fruitless.
1550 Peace with England.1550 Peace—Boulogne given up to France.

a
 Century. OF MODERN HISTORY. 27
PERIOD OF ITALIAN WARS, 1492-1515. RIVALRY OF CHARLES V. AND FRANCIS I., 1515-1556.
Italy. Naples & Sicily. Church History and Popes. Spain. i ETI1ERLANDS.
Lombard*' and Papal States Ferdinand the Catho¬
Venice. Alexander VI. {Borgia), —1503. Aragon. Castile.
Genoa : Savoy. and Flop.ence. lic, —1516. Philip —1506,
Ferdinand -1516, & Isabella -1504.
1501 Appoint¬ 1502 Movement 1501 Treaty of partition Pius III. {Piccolomini), nephew of Pius II., becomes king of
Ludovico Sforza ment of three in Florence in with France broken— 1503, a month. 1500 Conquest of Naples by Fr. and Spaniards. Castile on the death
in Milan, re¬ state-inquisi¬ behalf of Pietro French expelled by 1502 Compulsory baptism of the Moslems : of Isabella, 1504,
Julius II. {de la Rovere) 1503-13. consequent revolts.
stored 1500— tors from the Medici-sup¬ Gonsalvo de Cordova, in right of his wife
The warlike and intriguing spirit of this Pope, who War with France in Naples.
captured and council of ten. pressed by aid 1501-4. forsook the character of a prelate for that of a temporal Joanna.
sent to France of the French. Battle of Cerignola, prince, gave a fatal blow to the already tottering spi¬ Joanna & Philip
1503. ritual power of the papacy, and paved the way for the 1505 Ferdinand
—dies, 1510. The power of
Machiavelli, secre¬ reformation. He reunited the papal territories by of Austria, 1504, Margaret of Austria
Venice declines 1504 Unsuccessful at¬
after the discovery tary of state, died force of arms, personally heading his troops—and m. Germaine de succeed Isabella in regent for her
1507 Revolt of 1527. tempts to introduce the formed in 1509 the League of Cambray against Venice : Foix, niece of Castile. nephew Charles,
of the passage he excommunicated the republic, which appealed to a
the Genoese round the Cape to 1503-13 The Inquisition at Naples. general council. Louis XII. of 1506 Philip dies 1506-30.
India.
commons agst. papacy assumes 1505 Ferdinand marries 1506 Commencement of the building of St. Peter’s, finished
France, and has —Joanna,an idiot,
the nobles — 1503 Acquisi¬ a warlike cha¬ Germaine de Foix as a 1614, cost 70 millions of dollars. Naples ceded as dies 1555. The real authority
the French ex¬ racter under Ju¬ second wife, and the her dowry. Charles, 1505- held by the senate of
tion of Rimini 1508 Bull of dispensation for Henry VIII. of
pelled—Louis on the failure lius II.: his dis¬ French claim toNaples England to marry his brother’s widow; the
55, son,
Ghent.
XII. enters oftheMalates- putes with Ve¬ given up as her dowry. origin of the English reformation.
jointly with his
Genoa, 1507, nice relative to Gradual augmentation mother Joanna. The Netherlands,
ta family; and
restores the no¬ of other towns Romagna lead of taxes—Discontent. 1511 Council of Pisa assembled under the 1507 Ferdinand acknowledged as regent though forming but one
state under a common
bles, and builds to the 1507 Coronation of influence of the king of France to check the for his grandson Charles by the Cortes head, had each its own
in Romagna.
a citadel. Ferdinand. papal usurpations—Lateran Council, 1512- of Castile. constitution, assembly
Ministry of cardinal Ximenes. of states, and several a
1508 X>eag;ue of Cambray: Naples, France, the 1510 Inquisition again 16, called in opposition by the Pope ; abolishes stadtholder.
Pope, and the Emperor, against Venice. unsuccessfully at¬ the Pragmatic Sanction in France, and substi¬ (Universities of Compostella and Alcala.) General assemblies
tutes a Concordat, restoring the first-fruits to the 1509-10 Oran and Bugia taken by of all the states were
1509 Venetians defeated at Agnadello—Peace, 1510. tempted—The Jews frequently held.
expelled. Pope, but giving the king the nomination to Card. Xim.—Algiers, etc., tributary. The seventeen pro¬
1509 Pisa finally taken 1513 Palermo made benefices : this is opposed by the French clergy. Council of the Indies established, 1507—see vinces, united 1536,
by die Florentines. America. were:
the capital of Sicily— The four duchies of
Inquisition establish¬ 1508 Ferdinand joins the League of Brabant,
1510 Holy League formed by the Pope for the ex¬ Leo X. {de Medici) 1513-22.
Cambray against Venice. Limburg,
pulsion of the French from Italy. ed in Sicily. A munificent patron of literature and arts. Luxemburg,
1510 Holy League against France.
G elder land ;
Julian,
1516 Revolts in Sicily. 1512 Conquest and final incorporation The seven counties of
1517 Thirty-one cardinals made at one time.
1512 The French ex¬ son of Lorenzo de of Spanish Navarre, from John d’Al- Flanders,
Artois,
pelled from Genoa Medici, restored, The sale of indulgences by the Dominicans authorised in bret. Battle of Ravenna. Iiainault,
Charles, Emperor, order to raise money for St. Peter’s—The abuse of this 1513 Peace of Blois with France. Holland,
& from Milan by the 1512-15. privilege by Tetzel in Germany rouses the opposition of
Swiss, who bring in and king of Spain,
Martin Luther, who, supported by the duke of Saxony,
grandson, 1516-55. defies the Pope, and burns the bull of excommunication Cbarles king of all Spain and the Netherlands,
Maximilian Sforza—Battle of Ravenna; the Spani¬
1517 Tumults in Pa¬ at Wittenberg, 1520. 1516-55.
ards defeated by the French Ximenes regent—controls the nobles by burgher Zealand,
Peace of Blois. lermo suppressed.
1513 Sforza defeats the Commencement of the Reformation troops—forbids the sale of papal indulgences Namur,
French at Novara. Lo ren zo, son of Pietro by Luther in Germany, and by Ulric Zuinglius —dies, 1517. Zutphen;
1515 Victory of Ma- de Medici,1515-19. (1519) of Zurich in Switzerland. Luther’s 1516 Ineffective treaty of Noyon with France.
rignano—the French Cardinal de Medici doctrines condemned by the Diet of. Worms, 1517 Charles first visits Spain—unpopularity of bis Flemish ministers.
reoccupy Milan and 1519, 1521, but diffused rapidly in Germany by Carlo- 1519 Charles Emperor—but obliged to The margraviate of
Genoa. (becomes pope Cle¬ stadius, Melanchthon, Bucer, etc.—Eckius and declare Spain independent of the em¬ Antwerp ;
ment VII. 1523)holds cardinal Cajetan the principal advocates of the pire—goes to Germany. The five lordsh ips—
8 Rome under Leo X. be¬
comes the chief seat of li-
rule conjointly with
Alexander, a
Pope, 1520. 1560 Conquest of Mexico.
Mechlin,
Friesland,
Utrecht,
1520 Revolt of the Comuneros in Cas¬ Groningen, and
tterature and the fine arts. natural son of Lorenzo
tile, Valencia, and Majorca, under Overyssel ;
Adrian VI. {tutor of Charles V.), 1522-3. Cambray,
Padilla—suppressed, 1522.—Charles
1521 Parma and Pla¬ Franche Comte.
Clement VII. {de Medici,) cousin of Leo X., in Spain, 1522-9.
1.521 The Spaniards centia annexed to
1523-34. Rivalry of Spain and France begins.
PlTi1 I
I take Milan from the the territories of the
-ik; I French. 1524 Lannoy the vice¬ 1521-6 First French war:—Congress of Bruges, treaty be-
Pope, till 1545.
1513. roy mortgages the re¬ Xavier, the apostle of the Indies, 1522-52. The French invade Navarre, repulsed. tween Charles and
522 Victory of Bicocca—the French driven from venues to raise money New monastic orders sanctioned—Theatins,1524, 1524 Concordat with the Pope— Henry of England
Italy—Genoa stormed —fruitless invasion of Capuchins, 1525. bishops dependent on the king. concluded by
by the Spaniards— the French under 1526 The Pope heads the “ Holy League” against 1525 Battle of Pavia—Francis I. of Wolsey.
Francis Sforza, bro¬ Stuart, d. of Albany. the Emperor—Rome sacked, and the Pope France prisoner—Treaty of Madrid,
Ifcit-
ther of Maximilian, made prisoner, 1527, by the Imperialists under 1526, makes
in Milan. Bourbon, who falls in the assault.
Pan
■ 524 The French re¬ 1526 Luther marries a converted nun. The Spanish power supreme in Italy.
cover Milan for the 1526 Inquisition
.fifth time. 1526 Invasion by the Pope—he con- 1527-34 Henry VIII. of England in vain negotiates for a
divorce from Catharine of Spain, his brother’s widow. introduced, but

!
j525 The victory of Pavia gives Spain the -*ut^es Peace
ascendency in Italy.
526 Bourbon made duke of Milan by the Emperor
with
Lannoy, 1527, but 1529 The German reformers called Protestants from pro¬ 1526 Charles marries Isabella of Portugal.
too late to save Rome. testing against the decree of the Diet of Spires—Confes¬
sion of Augsburg drawn up as their rule of faith by
abolished, 1531.

Reunion of Utrecht
Melanchthon. Second French war, 1527-9, and Overyssel,
—killed at the storming of Rome, 1527. 1527 The kingdom 1527.
527 The French re¬ 1527 The Medici ex¬ overrun by the French 1527 Lutheranism tolerated in Denmark and from breach of treaty of Madrid by
take Genoa—but are pelled from Florence under Lautrec—their Sweden—formally established in Sweden, 1531, France—Italy theatre of war.
The Netherlands
larles'ijl finally expelled 1523 by the democrats. fleet defeated byDoria. by the exertions of Olaus Petri—in Denmark, 1527 The Cortes of Castile refuse to neutral by commer¬
:e. by Andrew Doria- 1528 They besiege Na¬ 1539—six Swiss cantons reformed by Zuinglius grant supplies for foreign wars. cial treaty, 1528,
ncel53S.f establishment of an 1530 Siege of Flo¬ ples—retreat without and (Ecolampadius, 1528—The Protestants in Tumults from oppression of Moors. with England.
aristocratic republic, rence—the Medici success. France for the present kept down by persecution.
rfiflii with biennial doges. forcibly restored by 1529 Treaties of Cambray ivith France,
529 Francis Sforza the Imperialists. 1530 Malta given to Paul III. {Famese), 1534-50. and of Barcelona with the Pope.
lilf,
restored in Milan: the expelled knights France keeps Burgundy, cedes Flanders, &c.
dies without issue Duchy of Tuscany of Rhodes (held till 1534 Henry VIII. of England throws off his
Mary, sister of
; 1535, when Milan Alexander de 1798). spiritual allegiance to Rome, and declares him¬ 1535 Charles reduces Tunis to tribute.
Charles V., regent,
pwBiiti- ilbecomes a Spanish Medici, first duke, 1532 Defence of the
self head of the English church.
Conquest of Peru, 1533. 1531-55.
Fran«.- province. 1531-37, murdered. castle of St. Elmo
against the French by 1536 Acquisition of Milan on the death Progress of the
1530 Charles V. crowned at Bologna, the viceroy Toledo. 1536 Publication of the bull “In Cana Domini” of Francis Sforza; thence Anabaptists, 1535
the last imperial coronation in Italy. for the assertion of the papal authority—the —suppressed, 1536.
1535 20,000 Christian Pope endeavours to assemble a general council Third French war, 1536-8,
1532 Ancona subject to the Pope. captives from Tunis at Mantua or Vicenza, but fails.
535 Savoy seized by in Italy—Congress of Nice, 1538, between the Emperor,
released by Charles at
it claim 3,1 France—Geneva and Cosmo de Medici 1534-5 Excesses of the Anabaptists in Germany King, and Pope—Ten years’ truce, each to keep what he
Naples.
3na-I®tfi| the Valais join the {theGreat), 1537-74. —Agricola starts the Antinomian doctrines, 1538. had, 1538.
Spain
Swiss confederation. defeat of the demo¬ 1537 Apulia ravaged
Discontent at the taxes for German 1539 Revolt of
cratic party at Monte- by the Turkish fleets.
and Italian wars: hence Ghent caused by the
Murlo, and death of
levy of a subsidy—
Philip Strozzi. 1539 Dissolution of Castilian Cortes—nobles
and clergy excluded henceforward—only 36 reduced by the Em¬
procuradores from towns—king virtually ab¬ peror, and stripped
1538-40 Many of the Venetian solute in Castile.
predominates
of all its privileges.
possessions in the Archipe¬ 1540 The order of Jesuits, founded five years
lago and Morea lost to the 1541 Ill-fated armament against Al¬
before by Ignatius Loyola, finally approved and
Porte—Maivasia and Na¬ giers commanded by Charles.
sanctioned by the Pope.
poli, the only fortresses re¬ The French attempt to recover power in Italy: hence
maining in the Morea, ceded 1540. 1541 Calvin heads the church of Geneva; in tlie
1543 The Turkish fleet
tempos which causes a division of the reformers into Fourth French war, 1542-4—terminated by peace of
under Barbarossa
540 The investiture 1543 The Spanish Lutheran and Calvinist, or Reformed Churches. Crespy, 1544, which establishes the preponderance of Spain
ice- burns Rheggio—ap¬
of Milan conferred garrisons withdrawn
etoff pears at the mouth of 1542 Council of Trent (the last general council)
by Charles V. on his from Tuscany, on The power of the
the Tiber, and be¬ summoned, not acknowledged by the Protestants 1543 Philip regent of Spain. prince much restrained
son Philip. payment of 150,000
sieges Nice in concert —meets 1545, anathematizes most of the Luther¬ by the assemblies of
543 Siege of Nice by gold crowns to the affairs states, and still more
with the French. an doctrines, declares the Apocrypha of equal au¬
the French and Emperor. by the spirit of the
Turkish fleets. Restoration of the thority to the other Scriptures, and confirms most people, in whom com¬
of the abuses which had crept into the church— merce, prosperity, and
544 Battle of Ceri- university of Pisa. wealth had inspired a
New attempts to intro¬ is translated to Bologna 1547, under pretence love of liberty, and
olles.
duce the Inquisition. of the plague. of Europe. hatred of despotism.
545 Council of Trent, the last general council, meets.
1545 Parma and Pla- 1545 The Pope makes his son duke of Parma.
547 Conspiracy of centia erected into a
1547 Revolts in Naples 1546 Death of Luther. 1547 First fleet of galleons to Seville.
Fieschi, count of La- duchy for Pietro
—suppressed. 1546-7 Religious war of the Smalkaldists in
vagna, to become ab¬ Famese, natural son
solute in Genoa frus¬ of pope Paul III.— Germany- -unfavourable to the Protestants.
1548 Philip ac¬
trated by his acci¬ he is assassinated, knowledged as heir
dental death. 1547, and the duch¬ by the Flemings.
ies seized by the
Emperor. 1548 Imperial decree of the Interim promulgated
1548 Leghorn made at the Diet of Augsburg, for the temporary re¬
a free port. gulation of religious matters.

a g
 28 Continuation of Table xii. SYNCHRONISITCAL TABLES The Sixteentf

RELIGIOUS TROUBLES IN GERMANY, ETC. TURKISH WARS.

Switzerland. Germany. Bohemia. Hungary. Norway & Denmark. Sweden. Prussia.

1501 Basle & Schaff- Maximilian I.-1519. Vladislas II.-1516. Union of Calmar. Frederick duke of
hausenjoin the con¬ 1501 First institution of the Aulic council. John, Saxony refuses
federacy. 1498 or 1501 Publication of the code entitled king of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. homage to Po¬
1502 University of Wittenburg. Jus Consuetudinarium Hun
Diet of the gar ice. 1500 The flower of the 1502 Sten Sture ex- land.
Jealousies ' between Imperial police : regular tribunals established nobles of Silesia Danish nobles fall in pels the Danes, and
the aristocratic and for causes both between minor states and indi¬ first summoned. battle against Dit- re-establishes him¬ Victory of Ples-
democratic cantons viduals. 1501 Alliance with Ve marsh. self as administra¬ kow by Livonian
— discontent and 1506 University of Frankfort-on-Oder.
nice, and victory over 1502 The king sup¬ tor—dies 1503. knights over Rus¬
revolts of peasantry 1508 Maximilian enters Italy in order to be the Turks in Bosnia. presses the power of sians, 1502. ft
against government crowned by the Pope—forcibly refused passage the Norwegian nobi¬ Swante-Nilsson- Iriftf
— the intercourse through the Venetian territory—styles himself lity. Sture, marshal of
with Italy begins to “ Emperor elect of the Romans." the kingdom, elected Truce for fifty
corrupt the ancient Joins the League of Cambray (Pope, France, and Louis, 1509, Frequent insurrections administrator. years. Sic
simplicity of man¬ Spain) against Venice. three years old, of the peasantry against 1504-12.
ners—decay of a- crowned at the oppression of the Fruitless attempts of the
griculture, etc. 1511 Forms a wild design of being nominated Prague by com
nobles. Danish king to re-esta¬
coadjutor and successor to the Pope ! mand of his blish his power either by
arms or policy.
1512 Division of the Empire into ten circles (in¬ father. Christiern II.
1510 Alliance with cluding Burgundy)—The functions of the Im¬ 1513-23, Sten Sture, II.,
the Pope against perial Chamber and the Aulic Council finally 1514 Crusade declared (the Wicked) son : 1512-20, Albert of Bran¬
France. determined. against the Turks, but succeeds in Denmark denburg, grand¬ Sifts
son, administrator. jid
1512 The Swiss in¬ 1513 Joins the Holy League formed by the the levies revolt against and Norwray. master, 1511,(ne¬
vade the Milanese, Pope against France, and joins the English phew of the king Tarta.
the magnates — truce
and restore Max. army in Picardy as a volunteer. with the Turks, 1515. 1515 Marries Isabella, Dissensions between of P oland) swears
Sforza. 1516 Unsuccessful in- 1516 Turbulence of sister of Charles V. Sten Sture and allegiance to the
1513 Defeat the vasion of Milan—de¬ Ulric duke of Wur- Empire, and re¬
Louis II., 1516-26. Troll, archbishop
French at Novara ; serted by the Swiss— temburg, who is put Discontent from the fuses homage to
invade Burgundy, peace with France. to the ban of the Em¬ succeeds his father at the age often years, attempts of the king of Upsala, distract Poland.
and besiege Dijon pire, and stripped of under the tutelage of the Emperor and the to make himself ab¬
1514 Mulhausen un¬ king of Poland, solute. the country.
his dominions. the Po
der the protection 1519 War with
of the league. 1517 Commencement of the Reformation. Anarchy from the king’s 1517 Christiern invades Sweden, Poland on the Tit
1515 Defeated by minority : the palatines supported by the Archbishop. question of ho¬ met«
Luther summoned before the Diet of Augsburg,
the French at Ma- and vaivodes jealous of mage : unsuc¬ I H*! i
1518, by the legate cardinal Cajetan, but sup¬ the influence and power 1520 Sten Sture defeated and killed at cessful siege of Jrc/w <
rignano, Sept. 13
ported by Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony. Bogesund : Chris¬
and 14.—Treaty of of the bishops. Dantzic by the | tilio i
Milan with France 1519 Death of Maximilian : the kings of Trance and Spain
candidates: the electors offer the imperial crown to Frederick
tiern acknowledged
Order : truce
(called la paix per- of Saxony, but he refuses in favour of by the diet of Up¬ 1521. I dtp
petuelle) renewed sala—massacres 94 mtrti
at Fribourg 1516, Charles V. king of Spain, grandson, 1519-58. 1521 Marriage with Mary, daughter of the of the Swedish nobles 1521 Livonian branch j him
of the order independ¬
the basis of all sub¬ Obliged to sign the first Capitulation with the electors, securing archduke Philip of Austria. and bishops, and ent under Waiter de ! foht
sequent treaties. the privileges and immunities of the electors, princes, and proscribes all of the Plettenberg, by pay-
free cities—the non-introduction of foreign troops into the ing a sum of money
empire, etc. etc.—a form signed by all succeeding emperors:
War with the Turks, and 1523 The nobles of opposite party. to the grand master.
519-23 Protestant¬ —is crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1520, and first assumes the loss of Belgrade, Salan- Jutland provoked by iftnnta
' Ik Eif
ism. introduced at title of Majesty. kaman, and other for¬ the arbitrary infrac¬ The Swedes revolt Plettenberg make,

Zurich by Zuin- 1520 Luther burns the Papal bull at Wittenburg. tresses. tion of their privileges unanimously, under peace with Russia, 1522
glius. — Oppression by the king, expel jut, a®!,
of the duke of Sa¬ 1521 Marriage of the Archduke Ferdinand to Anne, sister of Louis—whence the him, and call to the Gustava Vasa, tank
voy in Geneva. accession of Hungary and Bohemia to the House of Hapsburg. throne his uncle, the 1523-60, 1525 Prussia se¬
duke of Sleswic-Hol- (Ericson) son of the cularized, and
1521 Alliance offen¬ 1521 Diet of Worms—Luther put to the ban of stein. duke of Gripsholm erected into an
sive and defensive the Empire, but protected by his own party. Frederick I. —king of Sweden. hereditary duchy mh
with France, and 1523-33, by Albert, but as
the free right of War with France.
1526 Louis defeated and killed by the (the Peaceful). a fief of Poland, i
'Ptiet lit
levying Swiss troops Turks at Mohacz, Aug. 26 : Obliged (o sign a capituia- The Danes expelled. Establishment oj
1522-9 Charles in Spain—his brother Ferdinand
given.
president of the council of regency during his
tion, leaving the nobles
power of life and death over
Lutheranism. 1 Fiuiiis. lii
the last male of the Jag-ellons. «
their vassals.
1525 Religious dis¬ absence. Dukes of
putes as to the eu- 1525 General insurrections of the peasantry, in Fermnandar(“ The kinSdom wretchedly Union of Calmar finally dissolved. Prussia. ; Wmtf
64) claims the throne
charist. Suabia, Saxony, and Thuringia, under Thomas in right of his wife devastated by civil wars 1525-68 towtftim
1524 Treaty of Malmo with Sweden: Albert, j
Miinzer: suppressed 1526. Anne, sister of
Louis : the diet re¬ and by the ravages of Denmark keeps Gothland. Little more than heacl
Advance of Protest¬ jects this claim, but of the nobles, who re .1
antism in Geneva, 1526 Charles marries Isabella of elects him king, on the Turks, who become Progress of Lutheranism The king deprives the tain the chief power.; [
Portugal. opposed by Norway: bishops of their cas¬
his signing the Re¬
andseveral cantons. versals, giving up masters of most of the the diet of Odensee tles : they excite the 1527 Marries th<,
gives universal liberty peasantry against
Death of Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony. the hereditary claim. of conscience, and al¬ him.
princess Dorothe’
1529 Valais joins the fortified places, take lows priests to marry, of Denmark.
confederacy. 1526 Connection of Bohemia and Hungary with the Buda, and burn the li¬
1527.
1527 Diet of Wester-
Church of Basle re¬ dominions of the House of Hapsburg. haas in favour of
gulated by CEco- brary of Matthias Cor- Printing introduced in Lutheranism-the
lampadius. Iceland 1528. four orders in the
1527 First Protestant University founded at Marburg.
vinus, 1526. diet established —
1529 The Turks invade Germany from Hun¬ nobles, clergy, town-
1531 Christiern II. at¬ deputies, and pea¬
1531 Zuinglius killed gary, and besiege Vienna. The Diet of Pesth elect John tempts to reinstate sants. 1532 Is put to th
Discontent himself in Norway by ban of the Empir
by the catholics in Diet of Spires—Name of Protestants first ap- Zapolski Vaivode of Transyl¬
the battle of Cappel. applied to the Lutherans. from the at¬ vania to the throne : but a diet the help of the Ca¬ 1531 Olaus Petri at in consequence
Upsala finally esta¬
held at Presburg confirms Fer¬ tholics, is taken and blishes Lutheranism.
of the reclamatioi |
Diet of Augsburg against the Protestants — tempts of the dinand of AustriaZapolski of the Teutonic a over
1534 The duke of imprisoned for life :
Savoy attempts to Confession of Augsburg—League of Smalcald king to destroy defeated at Tokay, olfers to dies 1559. knights, but is
recover Geneva,formed by the Protestant princes. hold Hungary as the vassal of defended by the 1
1532 Union of Nor¬
civil and reli¬ sultan Soliman, 1528. king of Poland
which then expels 1531 Ferdinand elected king of the Romans. way &. Denmark.
the bishop, and pro¬ gious liberty,
1532 Diet of Ratisbon—Armament against in¬ 1533 Death of the king.
scribes Catholicism
— War of Berne vasion by sultan Soliman, who is obliged to and establish Interregnum.
with Savoy.—Uni¬ retreat—Convention of Nurenberg with the hereditary suc- Confiscation of church
Christiern III. son, property.
Protestants.
versity of Lausanne. 1534 Luther's German Bible. cession. 1535 Ferdinand cedes the 1534-59. Encourages agr,
1536 League of Smalcald renewed for 10 years. kingdom to John for his War continues, the
Calvin head of the life, with the succession clergy favouring the
Genevese church ; War with France; Charles invades Provence culture, and
for himself, but John Catholics, the nobles
■founds the uni¬ without success—unfortunate siege of Marseilles. breaks this treaty on the the Protestants. ameliorates tht\\
versity 1539. birth of a son in 1539.
The Catholic and Protestant persuasions
1536 Copenhagen taken, peace with Lubeck. condition of th\
divide Germany almost equally. lie
1537 Croatia seized by Popery and Episco¬ |Ci
Geneva becomes the 1538 Congress of Nice between the Emperor, the Turks after the vic¬ pacy abolished, and peasants.
focus of Protestant¬ Pope, and king of France : ten years’ truce. tory of Essek over the church property con¬ Elliot,f
Austrians. fiscated : the king 1537 Truce for
ism and of practi¬ Catholic league in Germany, opposed to that joins the League of
15
of Smalcald. 1541 Death of John Za¬
cal republicanism.
1541 Diet of Ratisbon- -“ Recess” for a general polski : Martinuzzi, bi¬ Smalcald. seventy years with
council. shop of Waradin, guard¬ Norway made a pro¬
ian of his infant son vince, and its diet Russia.
1543 War, in alliance with England, against 1543 Leaves Stephen, calls in the abolished, as a punish¬
France.—Conquest of the duchy of Cleves. ment for its support
the crown, fail¬ Turks against Ferdi¬
of Christiern, 1536.
1544 Fruitless invasion of Champagne : separate ing issue male, nand—Soliman occupies jtot OJ

peace at Crespy. to the descend¬ Hungary, and makes 1542 Treaty of Fontainbleau, between
ants of his Buda the seat of a Norway, Sweden, and France, I
1545 Diet of Worms—religious disputes—Coun¬ second daugh¬ pasha, assigning Tran¬ against Charles V. A
cil of Trent meets. ter, Anne sylvania to John Sigis- 1546 Universit
mond Zapolski-war 1544 Peace with the Empire—the Fle¬
1546 The Protestants put to the ban of the Em¬ duchess of of Konigsbergi
pire—War of the Smalcaldists with the Em¬ Bavaria. with Ferdinand renewed mings allowed free navigation of the Baltic, founded.
peror. —truce for five years a fatal blow to the Hanseatic trade.
1548. 1544 , Treaty of *parti-. 1540 The “ Act of here-
Death of Luther. . " .. rUtn.-.r >>
tion between the royal ^ db/cIa‘rhee8
1547 Disunion of the Protestants—and submis¬ 1547 The Diet re¬ house of Denmark and the crown hereditary to
sion of many members of the league—Battle of fuses to attack the
Elector of Saxony.
the allied branch of male heirs of Gustavus—
The national independence confirmed by the diet of
Mulhberg, defeat and forfeiture of the elector —Bloody Diet held may be considered at an end : Holstein-Gottorp. Westeihaas 1544.
1549 Renewal of of Saxony and landgrave of Hesse— by Ferdinand after the princes of Transylvania vas¬
French treaty—fi¬ Duke Maurice becomes elector of Saxony. the battle of Miihl- sals of the sultan : the re¬ 1545 The Bible translated
berg — people dis¬ mainder torn to pieces by
nally sanctioned by armed and oppress¬ Turkish domination, and the
into Danish.
all but Beme and 1548 Diet of Augsburg—Imperial decree of the ed, and the Rever¬ constant efforts of the house of
sals forcibly re¬ Austria to establish its own
Zurich. “ Interim” unpalatable to both parties. pealed. power.

a
Century. OF MODERN HISTORY. 29

EXTENSIVE COLONISATION OF INDIA AND AMERICA BY EUROPEANS.

Poland. Russia. Ottoman Empire. i Egypt & Africa. Persia. India. America.

Alexander, br., Ivan Vasilovich, Bayezid II. —1512. Sultan of Egypt Soofi Dynasty, Sekander Lodi, king of First discovered by the Spaniards under
1501-6. 1505. and Syria, 1502. Delhi.—1517. Columbus, 1492. 1.500
Great increase of the different
Final re-union The power and Kansu-Ghori, The Norwegians may have known the coasts of
splendour of Russia orders of derwishes in Turkey. Ismail Shah
The Bahmani kingdom of Greenland and Labrador in the ninth century, but
of Lithuania to date from Ivan: but 1501-16. the Dekkin divided into the traditions are vague and unsupported: and the
Soofi,
Poland. he degraded the culti¬
1503 Peace with Venice. those of Bejapore, Ah- stories of Behairn, Madoc, etc., appear to be altogether
vators into serfs, and The dynasty of the 24th from the fabulous.
W ar with introduced the punish¬
ment of the knout, etc.
Sherifs, now reign¬ caliph Ali, ex¬ mednuggur, Golconda, 1493 Second voyage of Columbus: Spanish
1505 Rebellion of the Sheahs in pels the Turk¬ Berar, and Ahmedabad, colony at Hispaniola.
ing in Morocco,
Russians and founded about this
Tartars, great Vasili or Basil Anatolia, under the derwish time: their chro¬ mans of the 1490, 1526.
Shaitan-Kuli, who being driven nology and history
1498 Third voyage of Columbus : discovery
victory over the IV., son by Sophia, are little known. White Sheep, Agra destroyed by an of Trinidad, and of New Spain on the S.
latter, 1506. into Persia, takes refuge with and makes him¬
1505—33. earthquake, 1505. continent.
Shah Ismail, the founder of the self sole sove¬
1504 Allies him¬ 1506 Hurwuntghur con¬ 1499 Voyage of Ojeda and Amerigo (whence
SlGISMOND I. Unsuccessful ex¬ Soofi dynasty :—war between self with the king reign of Persia,
1506-48, Turkey and Persia. 1502-23. quered from the Rajpoots. America) Vespucci; S. American coast
pedition against the of Calicut against explored.
(the Great) br Tartars of Kasan. the Portuguese. 1503 The descend¬ 1500 Cabral, a Portuguese, discovers Brazil
ants of Timur Baber, a descendant of by accident on his voyage to India.
1506 Glinski palatine of Lithu¬ expelled from
ania flees into Russia—bloody Transoxiana by Timur, expelled from his Columbus superseded and sent home in chains
but indecisive war—peace 1509. the Usbeks, who kingdom of Ferghana by by Bouvadilla.
The unwarlike character of Bayezid still retain it. the Usbeks, possesses 1502-4 Fourth voyage of Columbus—
Russia laid renders him an object of contempt
Sigismond sub¬ to the Janizaries.
1504-8 Ismail himself of Kabul, 1505-9. wrecked on Jamaica:—returns to Europe,
sidizes the waste by the reduces Ker¬ and dies at Valladolid, 1506.
Tartars against Tartars of man, Mesopo¬ 1506 Sugar cane first planted in Hispaniola,
Russia. Kasan and the tamia, Bagdad, Power of Guzerat under introduced from the Canaries.
Crimea, 1510. 1511 Forms a
league with the etc. Mahmud Shah, 1459- 1507 Board of American trade instituted at
The emperor Maximilian excites Prince of Arme¬ 1510 Defeats 1511. Seville.
Russia against Poland. Selim I. (the Ferocious),
nia, the Shah of and kills Shahi- 1509 Diego Columbus, son of Christopher, 1510
1512-20, dethrones and puts to bek Khan governor-general.
1512 War renewed—Russians take death his father Bayezid, and Persia, and the Progress of the Portu¬
1510 First settlement on the mainland planted
Knights of Rhodes, Usbek, and guese on the Western
Smolensko, 1514 : but routed by destroys all his brothers. at Darien.
against the Otto¬ reduces Khoras- coast: obstinate naval
the Poles on their retreat. 1511 Cuba conquered—Florida discovered
man Porte. san and Balkh. contests with the mos-
The influ¬ 1514 The Persians, under Shah The Portuguese 1512—Great S. Sea first reached by
Abyssinia becomes lem princes, who are
ence of the Ismail, utterly routed at Kal- at Ormus. Balboa, 1513.
known to Europe supported by the sul¬
king pro¬ deroon, Aug. 17—Mesopota¬ through the search War with the
of the Portuguese tan of Egypt. Las Casas advocates the cause of the
motes civili¬ mia and Kurdistan added to Turks—battle oppressed natives.
for the kingdom of
sation and the Ottoman empire. Prester John. of Kalderoon,
literature to 1515 Panama founded—Rio de la Plata disc,
1516 The mameluke sultan Kansu- Ghori defeated 1514—Tabreez
a degree by de Salis.
and killed near Aleppo, Aug. 17.—Cairo taken taken by the Ibrahim Lodi, son,
hitherto un¬ by storm, and the mameluke dominions in Egypt, Turks. 1517-26. First patent granted for importing
known in Negroes, 1517.
Syria, etc., annexed to the Ottoman empire, 1517.
Poland. Persia, under Power of Kristna Ray raja of
1521 Irruption of The phantom of an Abbasside Khalifat finally extinguished, after
the Soofi family, Beejanuggur in the Dekkin ; Mexico discovered by Grijalva, 1518.
1515 Treaty of a duration of nearly 800 years. invades Bejapore with 600
begins again to 1519 Invaded by Cortez, who advances to
Vienna, between the Crim Tartars, Mecca and Medina become 1518 Corsairs assume the form
war elephants, 1518.
the capital. —1520 The emperor Monte¬
the Emperor, who besiege subject to the Ottoman sultans, in Algiers.
of a settled 1519 Baber advances to zuma seized and compelled to become a
Poland, Hun¬
Moscow, but re¬ who henceforth style themselves monarchy. the Indus. vassal of Spain—the natives revolt—death
gary, and Bo¬ Commanders of the faithful. Horuc and Hayraddin
tire on promise of Barbarossa possess of Montezuma—retreat of the Spaniards—
hemia. themselves of Al¬ 1519 Conquest Continual insurrections; dis¬ ferocity of the natives, who sacrifice their
1519, 20 War tribute: repulsed Soliman (the Magnificent'), son, giers, etc.
latter, after the
The
of Georgia. content of the Afghan nobles— prisoners.—1520 Cortez again advances,
confederacy of the Rajpoot
with Prussia. from Rezan. 1520-66. death of his bro¬ princes under Rana Sanka, takes the capital, and subdues the whole
Regulates the laws and finances ther, places his do¬
minions under the Tamasp I., son,
raja of Oodipoor. empire—-Execution of the last emperor 1520
1523 Peace between Poland of the empire by a fixed code protection of the 1523-76. Guatimozin.
and Russia. —establishes the corps of Bos- Porte, and com¬ 1524 Baber takes Lahore,
mences the system 1519 Magelhaens doubles the S. extremity of
Peace with Unsuccessful war tangis as a counterpoise to the and is joined by Dowlut
of piracy for which America—discovers the Ladrones and Phi¬
Janizaries. the Barbary states Khan Lodi.
against the lippines, where he is killed by the natives,
Prussia, 1525. Tbe Turkish were henceforth
Tartars of Kasan. notorious. 1526 Ibrahim defeated but his ships, under Cano, perform
1521 Belgrade taken by storm. and slain by Baber at
Tbe first complete Circumnavigation
1520 Union of 1522 Rhodes capitulates. The Continual wars in
Paniput—End of the
150,000 Russians grand-master de l’lsle-Adam, The Ottoman Afghan power.
of the Globe, 1522.
Masovia to Poland. Kliorassan with the
and the remnant of the knights, navy becomes for¬ 1524-6 Peru discovered by Pizarro and
defeated on the take refuge in Italy ; and eight midable under Usbeks of Trans¬ Tartar Dynasty, usually Almagro—its fertility, riches, and civi¬
years afterwards establish them¬ the command of oxiana. called lisation—ancient race of princes called
Volga by the selves in Malta. Incas.
Barbarossa—his Tbe Great Moguls.
power attains
Tartars, 1524. lieutenants con¬
Zehir-eddin Baber,
1526 Invasion of Hungary: test the sove¬
victory of Mohacz, and death Emperor, 1526-30. 1530 Establishment of the viceroyalty and
of the Hungarian king, Louis reignty of the Me¬ court of audience of New Spain—Mendoza
1527 Defeats a vast Raj¬
diterranean 1530 Victory poot army under Rana first viceroy.
Its highest
against Doria over Obeid Sanka at Byana.
1530 An army 1529 Invasion of Germany, and and the Knights Khan Usbek at 1531 Peru invaded by Pizarro and Al¬
under 30 Vaivodes fruitless siege of Vienna. Herat. 1529 Invades Bengal, and
of Malta. reduces it to tribute. magro—1532 First Spanish colony at
1531 Victory of repulsed from the pitch.
San Miguel—Pizarro avails himself of
the palatine siege of Kasan. 1532 Second invasion of Ger¬ 1533-36 War the dissensions among the Incas, and
Tarnouski over many, without any result. with the Turks. Humayun, son, 1530-56.
Peace with the treacherously seizes Atahualpa at Cax- 1530
the Walachians. 1532 Reduces Mohammed amalca—he pays a ransom estimated
Tartars. 1534 Armenia, etc., overrun, but speedily recovered by the Persians,
who gain a victory near Sultaniah. Khan Lodi in Jonpoor. at <£500,000, but is put to death.—
Ivan IV.
1533 Conquers great part 1533 Capture of the capital cities of
1534-7 Irregular Bagdad taken. The war with 1535 Tunis seized 1535 Acquisi¬ of Guzerat. Cuzco and Quito—1535 Lima founded
1533-84,
hostilities Persia languishes for some years. by Barbarossa, —Chili invaded by Almagro—revolt of
(the Terrible) son, tion of 1534 Bahadr shah of Guzerat
against the becomes dependent conquers Chittore—is killed the Peruvians, who besiege Cuzco—
four years old. in an affray with the Portu¬
Russians and The Turks become virtually on the Porte— Kandahar. finally subdued 1536 — Conquest of
guese at Diu, 1537.
Tartars. masters of Hungary. but the emp. New Granada—1537-8 Dissensions of
Disorders during 1535 Revolt of the Af¬
minority from the Charles V. heads the Spaniards : Almagro put to death
1536 Alliance with France, the an expedition in ghans in Bengal. by Pizarro.
tyranny of the
first with any Christian power. person, and re¬ 1536 Rebellion of the
regent Chwofski. brothers of Humayun, 1532 Foundation of Carthagena and Porto-Bello.
stores the Moorish
Its navy who is driven from India 1532 Mines of Zacotecas discovered—Con¬
king.
Progress of 1541 Sahhib by them and the Af¬ quest of Terra Firma.
1537 Conquest of Croatia, etc.
Gherai, khan of ghans, 1539.
—Victory over the Austrians 1538 A fleet sent
the Crim, signally de¬ 1536 Cortez discovers California—returns to
at Essek—War with Venice : by the pasha of A fghans restored at Delhi.
feated in invading Spain 1540, and dies in neglect 1547.
fruitless siege of Corfu, and in¬ Egypt against the Shere Shah Soor,
Refo rmation. Russia. vasion of Naples. Portuguese in 1539—45. 1537 Papal bull declaring tbe natives of
1545 Public coro¬ becomes India. America to be rational beings!
nation by the
1538 Conquest of Yemen and
patriarch (the first Archbishoprics founded at Mexico and
other provinces of Arabia.
in Russia)—Ivan Lima, and afterwards at Caraccas, Bogota,
assumes the title and Guatimala.
of Czar—a 1541 Buda made the seat of a 1541 Destruction
The glory and of an armament 1540
ferocious prince, pasha.
led by the emp. 1540 Orellana sails down the Amazon
power of Po¬ but active and Charles V. against river to the sea.
warlike. Algiers. 1541 Pizarro assassinated by the son of
1542 Humayiin driven
land now at its Publication of a code formidable Almagro—civil war—Vaca de Castro
of laws called from Cabul, takes refuge
Youdebnih. in Persia. governor, defeats and executes Alma¬
greatest height. Formation of the corps 1543 Barbarossa gro, 1542—1543 Viceroyalty and court
to
called Strelitxes
ravages the coasts 1543 Munificent reception of the of audience established—regulation of
(archers), the first re¬
of Italy :—dies encomiendas—Discontent and civil wars,
gular army. Mogul emperor Humayun.
Europe. 1546, succeeded till Gonzalo Pizarro is defeated and ex¬
1547 Ivan at¬ ecuted by Gasca (1548), who restores
by his lieutenant
tempts to engage order.
Dragut.
artificers and
Sherc Shah extends his autho¬
engineers to emi¬ Mines of Potosi discovered, 1545.
1547 The Turks, aided by a fugitive Persian prince, subdue rity to Malwa and Moultan.
grate from Ger¬
Aderbijan, and take Ispahan, but do not long
many into Russia, Srmm Shah Soor, son,
II. retain their conquests. 1545—52.
Sigismond but in vain.
1548-72,
Seditions qf the nobles.
Augustus) son. 1550 War renewed
1550 Conception, capital of Chili, founded.
Che last of the with the Tartars
Jagellons. of Kasan. Universities of Mexico and Lima, 1551.
1550

a g
30 Table xiii.
GROWING PROSPERITY OF ENGLAND UNDER ELIZABETH.
The English Constitution.
1551
With the accession of the
Tudors began a struggle in Eng¬
land between despotism and li¬
berty. The monarchy, backed
by the clergy, laid claim to abso¬
lute power; the people would not
tamely submit to it: the end of
the strife was the establishment
of free constitutional government.
Under Henry VII. the English
monarchy first became consoli¬
dated. The power of the nobles
had been so reduced by the civil
wars, that they could no longer
make head against the king—it
was still further lessened by their
being able to dispose of their
estates, and by confiscations and
fines under the Tudors. The
commons, or middle class, in the
meantime had arisen, and con¬
tinued to rise, rapidly in wealth
1560 and intelligence, and by degrees
acquired power to check the ex¬
orbitant pretensions of the crown.
In theory the English monar¬
chy might still be considered as 1560 Death of Mary of
limited, but in practice it certainly Guise—Catholicism abo¬
approached very nearly to des¬ lished by parliament.
1561 Mary arrives in Scotland—
potism.
unpopular from her adherence 1553 Laws of uniformity and supremacy.
Checks upon the royal authority at
this period.—1. No taxes could be le¬
gally levied without consent of parlia¬
ment ; 2. No new law had any force
till it had received the sanction of par¬
liament ; 3. No subject could be im¬
prisoned without a legal warrant, which
implied, 4. Trial by jury ; 5. Officers and
ministers of the crown were liable to
prosecution for any illegal act they might
do in the name of the king. But although
these may be regarded as established
principles of the English government at
this period, the Tudors found too many
means of evading them : the greedy ex¬
actions, benevolences, and forced loans
of Henry VII. and his successors, were
direct infringements of the first; the
arbitrary power of the Star Chamber,
which threatened and punished all persons
1570 who in parliament, courts of justice, and
elsewhere, opposed the wishes of the
crown, led to infractions of nearly ail
the remainder.
During the reign of Henry
VIII. the power of the crown
attained its highest pitch; the
liberty, the property, and the life
of every individual seem to have
been directly or indirectly at the
will of the monarch. Had it not
suited the plans of Henry to have
used the parliament as a ma¬
chine for turning the property of
the church into his exchequer, it
is doubtful whether the commons
would not have lost all force as
the guardian of the rights of the
people, and have sunk into a
mere courtly office for drawing
up and registering the wishes of
the monarch.
The Reformation, and the re¬
ligious disputes to which it gave
rise, had a general tendency to
1580 make men reflect upon civil au¬
thority, and to whom of right it
belonged. This was favourable
to the growth of liberty; while
the use made of parliament by
the crown, in settling religious
forms, greatly increased its im¬
portance : by this parliament was
brought to take an active share in
thegovernment, and in the general
affairs of the state; it thus grew
into a part of the state itself, and
laid the true foundation of repre¬
sentative government.
But, though friendly to liberty,
the Reformation long halted
before it reached the great object
to which it seemed directed—
the emancipation of the human
mind; during the reigns of the
Tudors, acts of supremacy and
uniformity were made the means
of perpetual religious persecution.
The belief of the community, the con¬
sciences of individuals, were regulated
1590 by the despotic will of the sovereign—
the puritan no less than the papist was
burnt, even by Elizabeth.
Her government is full of ex¬
amples of arbitrary power : par¬
liament, courts of justice, the life
and property of individuals were 1594 Treasonable practices and 1591 Naval actions against Spain.
banishment of Stewart, earl of
nearly all under her control— Bothwell—Battle of Glenlivat,
“ England was managed by Bur¬ the earl of Argyle defeated by
the catholic lords.
leigh, as if it had been the home
and estate of a nobleman under a 1595 The clergy excite seditions
strict and prying steward.” in Edinburgh on the catholic America—Cadiz taken, and the Spanish fleet burnt, by the queen’s
lords being pardoned — re¬ favourite, the earl of Essex, 1596.
Yet several conflicts took place pressed and punished.
between Elizabeth and parlia¬
ment, in which the latter was
frequently the gainer.
Unsucccssfid attempts to
Mary and Elizabeth endea¬ colonise the Hebrides.
voured to increase the power of
the crown in the House of Com¬
mons by the creation or revival 1600 Mysterious attempts lord lieutenant, unsuccessful, recalled : succeeded by Lord
of many new boroughs: hence on the king’s life by the Mountjoy—Spanish invasion in Kerry, defeated, 1601—rebellion
it was filled with placemen, earl of Gowrie.
lawyers, seekers of preferment,
1600 or the mere tools of the court.
a
SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Sixteenth
RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE.
Britain. F RANCE.
England.
Scotland.
Henry II., —1559.
House of Tudor.
1550 University of Rheims.
Mary, —1567. Edward VI., —1553
Commercial treaty for the 1551 Treaty of Friedewalde with Maurice of Saxony.
1551 Northumberland at the head of affairs importation of bullion
Somerset tried and unjustly beheaded, 1552. from Sweden. 1552 Fifth war with Charles V.—Lorraine invaded;
Metz, Toul, and Verdun taken.
Northumberland intrigues to set aside the princesses and settle the
crown on his own daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, great grand-
Increase and persecution of the
Mary, half-sister, 1553-8.
1553 First intercourse 1554 Terouenne and Ilesdin taken by Charles V.
daughter of Henry VII.—he is attainted and with Russia. Parliament of Bretagne established. I
1555 Antoine, duke of Bourbon, becomes king of Navarre by
1554 Arran resigns the re¬ executed, 1553—Lady Jane and Catholicism restored- marriage with the heiress Jane, daughter of Henri d’Albert. |
gency—Mary of Guise, her husband executed, 1554. but the alienation of church
lands confirmed.
the queen-mother, regent. Protestants throughout this reign.
French ascendancy un¬ 1554 The queen marries Philip of Spain: but the parliament refuses
popular. her power to change the succession. Sir Thomas Wyat's rebellion. 1556 Truce ofVaucelles.
1555 War with England languidly carried on.
1557 War with France to support Spain—Calais taken from England
1557-60 Beligious wars between 1555-8 Bloody persecution of the Protestants—Cran-
the protestant lords of the mer, with four other bishops, and many persons of by the duke of Guise.
“ Congregation” under the all ranks, burnt for heresy. | 1557 The French defeated at St. Quentin.
prior of St. Andreivs, and the
regent and her French aux¬ An unpopular and unfortunate reign. 1558 Victory of English and Spaniards over French at Gravelines.
iliaries—English aid the pro- Twenty-two new boroughs created, j
testants in the siege of Leith.
Elizabeth, half-sister, 1558-1603. 1559 Peace of Chateau-Cambresis : Calais given up to France.
1558 The queen marries the Bacon, chancellor; Cecil, lord Burleigh, secretary of state. 1559 The king accidentally killed at a tournament.
Dauphin : they assume the English royal
Protestantism finally established.
title in opposition to Elizabeth. Francis II., son, 1559-60,
(husband of queen Mary Stuart).
England the bulwark of Protestantism in Europe.
The government in the hands of the queen-mother
The Puritan sect begins to show itself. and the Guises.
Public debt 42 millions. |
1559 The magistrate Anne du Bourg, the first protestant martyr.
to Catholicism. 1560 The Jesuits in France.—Calvinistconspiracy of Am boise against I
the Guises. The prince of Conde heads the Protestants.
1562 Revolt of the earl of The foreign policy of England assumes an The Chancellor L’Hdpital.
Huntley: battle of Cor-
importance before unknown.
richie. Charles IX., brother, 1560-74.
1560 States-general of Orleans, the first held for 80 years.
1562 The XXXIX Articles ratified—Establishment of Poor-Laws.
The queen-mother favours the Huguenots (Protestants), to I
counterbalance the power of the Guises.
1565 Marries her cousin lord
Darnley. 1561 Religious conferences of Poissy—Queen Mary re- I
turns to Scotland.
1562 The Huguenots protected—an English garrison in Havre de Grace: lost, 1563.
1565 Revolt of the Protestants- -fomented and then disowned by Elizabeth.
1566 Murder of Rizzio. 1562 Religious liberty granted to the Protestants— I
Slaughter of Huguenots at Vassi by the duke of Guise :
1567 Darnley murdered — the Literature, Sixty-two members added to the House of hence religious civil wars—Orleans Huguenot
queen marries Hepburn, earl Commons during this reign, mostly under head-quarters. '
of Bothwell, but is dethroned science, the influence of the crown or peerage. 1562 First war—The Huguenots supported by England—
and imprisoned in Lochleven trade, defeated at Dreux, 1563—Duke of Guise murdered by
by the nobles. The Puritans begin to obtain an influence in Poltrot:—Pacification of Amboise, and toleration, 1563. i
manufactures, parliament.
English influence
predominates. and 1564 The Tuilleries founded.
1569 English merchants
navigation reach Persia by way 1565 Conferences of Bayonne between the queen-mo¬
James VI., son,
flourish. of Russia and the Cas¬ ther and Alva—hence originates
1567-1625, one year old
pian sea.
Moray regent. 1567 The second war—Huguenots defeated at St. Denys,
1568 Mary of Scotland takes refuge in England; is imprisoned: conspiracy of the aided by the Elector Palatine.
1568 Peace of Longjumeau/‘la petitepaix”—war resumed
duke of Norfolk for her release—rebellion of the earls of Northumberland and in six months.
Westmoreland, 1569. 1569 Huguenots routed at Jarnac (Conde killed), and at I
Moncontour.
1570 Moray shot by Ha¬ 1570-9 Civil wars of the Desmonds in Ireland.
milton of Bothwellhaugh. The queen formally excommunicated 1571 1571 The Commons at¬
tempt to claim liberty of
Civil wars—Morton re¬ speech, but their debates Hetiry, king of Navarre, heads the Huguenot party.
1571 Second conspiracy of Norfolk in favour are peremptorily restrain¬
gent, 1572-8. ed by the queen—A mem¬
of Mary: he is beheaded with the earl of 1570 Peace of St. Germain en Laye, establishing religious
Confiscation of clmrch ber in this reign obtained freedom.
property—
Northumberland, 1572. a seat for a borough for a
bribe of £4.
Tulchan bishops.
1571 Money and troops sent to the aid of the Huguenots.
1578 James assumes the
government. Ineffectual proposals for a marriage between the queen and the duke 1572 Massacre of St. Bartholomew,
of Anjou—repeated, 1581, but opposed by the nation. 70,000 Huguenots perish throughout France.—War recom¬
menced—Peace of Rochelle, 1573, favourable to the
Huguenots.
The internal administration vigorous, and the country tranquil 1573 Henry, duke of Anjou, elected king of Poland.
1574 The factions of the Mecontens and the Politiques
and prosperous: force of the militia 183,000. join the Huguenots.
Crown nearly despotic.
1581 Morton impeached
Henry III., brother, 1574-89, king of Poland.
and beheaded.
1575-8 Negotiations with the Dutch insurgents, who offer to place themselves under 1574 Fifth war with the Huguenot confederates—Peace
1581 Death of the ad¬ the sovereignty of England—refused, but assisted with money and troops.
mirable Crichton. and toleration, 1576, edict of pacification.
1576 The Catholic League formed by Henry of Guise
1582 Association of nobles Privateer expeditions to South America common. against the Huguenots ; the king compelled to sign it at
called Raid of Rulhven Sir Francis Drake’s voyage round the world, 1577-80. the States-general of Blois.
1577 Sixth religious wai—six months—pacification of
against the influence of 1580 Intrigues of Spain with the English Catholics—Spanish troops Bergerac.
Stewart, earl of Arran— sent to Ireland—English colleges for Catholics founded at Rheims, 1578 Bridge of Pont-Neuf commenced.
overthrown, 1583—earl of Doucy, and Rome, 1581. 1579 Order of St. Esprit.
1580 Coaches first used.
Gowrie beheaded, 1584. France in a state of anarchy and confusion : the
1583 Walsingham's embassy to Scotland. 1583 Levant Company chartered. profligacy of the king destroys his authority,
1584 Intrigues of the Master of Gray in England which is despised by all parties.
1584 Catholic conspiracies—Severe penal laws—Increase of Puritans.
1584 Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot, becomes heir to the
Arrogance of the Presby¬ Unsuccessful attempts to colonise Virginia by Gilbert, 1578, and by Raleigh, 1584. crown by the death of the duke of Anjou: hence the
seventh religious war.
terian clergy. 1585 War with Spain—The queen’s favourite, Leicester, commands 1585 Edict of Nemours—the king compelled to revoke the
in the Netherlands. Huguenot privileges.
1585-98 War of the League with the Huguenots, called
1585 League with England ; the king receives a pension of £5000 a year. the “ War of the three Henries.”
1586 Drake in the West Indies—Tobacco first brought to Europe.
1587 First regular attendance 1586 Babington’s conspiracy—suppressed—Queen of Scots tried
1587 Cabal of the “Sixteen” in Paris—the1
in parliament of two county Leaguers defeated at Coutras by the king of Navarre.
members.
and condemned for pretended participation—beheaded, Feb. 7, 1587.
1588 Revolt of Paris—“J our nee des Barricades
1587 Drake burns a Spanish squadron in Cadiz harbour.
—the king flees to Rouen—-Guise murdered at Blois !
1588 The Spanish armada defeated and destroyed by the
by the king’s orders.
English under Lord Howard, Drake, Hawkins, Frobisher, etc.—It consisted of 1589 The duke of Mayenne, brother of Guise, heads -
1590 The king marries 150 ships of war and 20,000 troops. the League.
Anne of Denmark.
Commencement of Maritime supremacy of England. The king murdered by a monk—end of the
First newspaper in England. House of Valois.
1589 Alliance with Henry IV. in aid of Protestantism—troops sent
to France under Lord Willoughby. House of Bourbon.
Henry IV., 1589-1610,
English first in India (first patent to East India company, 1000). king of Navarre ; heir male of Louis IX.
1593 Act for religious conformity, His accession opposed by the League and Spain—Victory
aimed against the Puritans.
of Arques, 1589, and of Ivry, 1590, over the Leaguers.
1596, 7 Naval expeditions of Drake, Raleigh, Hawkins, etc. in South 1590 Siege of Paris—raised by the Spaniards under
the prince of Parma.
1593 Henry abjures Protestantism—enters Paris, 1594.
1594 Chatel attempts to assassinate the king at the instigation of
Trade oppressed by numberless monopolies— the Jesuits, who are banished from France.
The Commons petition against them, but with little success, 1597. 1595 War with Spain continued—the Leaguers submit
by degrees.
1595 Henry formally reconciled with the Pope.
Privileges of the Hanse towns abolished. 1599 Death of Burleigh.
1598 Peace of Vervins—mutual restitution of conquests
1599 Troubles in Ireland—Revolt of O'Neill, earl of Tyrone—Essex
with Spain.
Ministry of Sully—re-establishment of finances,
and restoration of order.
suppressed. 1598 Edict of Nantes, establishing toleration—till 1685—
1601 Revolt and execution of Essex. Fortified towns granted as places of security to the Pro¬
testants.
1599 Manufactures of silk, glass, etc. established—Tobacco intro-
1603 James becomes king of England—Union of the two crowns. duced by Jean Ericot, 1600.
Century.
Portugal.
John III.,—1557.
1550 The king grand master of
all orders. 1552 Ffth war with France.
1554 Law of the indivisibility Genoa under San
The Portuguese possessions in of the Spanish monarchy.
Philip marries Maryof England. Ornano, aided by
North Africa now mostly
lost.
1555 Death of queen Joanna.
1554 Concan in India lost.
Sebastian, 1557-78,
grandson, three years old,
Educated by the Jesuits, who now
engross all offices. The king, in
their hands, endeavours to turn
everything to the account of the
Church.
The
kingdom
1562 Cardinal Henri/ regent.
begins to
decline.
The Indian territories divided into
three distinct governments, Ceylon,
Malacca, and Goa. — Portuguese
power in India on the wane. 1563 Escurial founded : cost 8,000,000
1568 Successes of Luis de Ataide in
India: Onore taken, 1569. General
attack of Moslems repulsed, after a
ten months’ siege of Goa, 1570.
1571 Noronha viceroy of Goa : val victory over them at Le-
general peace.
1572 Lusiad of Camoens
published.
1574 Expedition to Africa.
578 Loando, Congo, and An¬
gola settled, to supply negroes
for Brazil.
1578 Second African expedition
— Battle of Alcazar-quivir,
Aug. 4 : the king and a great
part of the nobility perish:
Ruin of Portuguese
power.
Henry, 1578-80, great uncle,
a cardinal and childless,
kntonio, prior of Crato, natural
son of a son of Emmanuel,
claims the throne on Henry’s
death, 1580, but
1580 Portugal is overrun by the duke of Alva,
andfulls under Spanish
dominion till 1640.
Philip of Spain, 1580-98.
581 Cortes of Tomar; inde¬
pendence of Portugal guaran¬
teed.—Successes of Mascaren-
ha in India.
582 Tyranny of Philip.
Execution of nobles of the party
of Antonio: ccclesiasticsdrowned
in the Tagus : all offices given to
foreigners. Philip returns to
Spain, 1583.
D scontent of the people :
four successive false
Sebastians.
The defeat of tbe Spanish armada, 1588,
<589 An English expedition of
volunteers under Drake and
INorris repulsed from Lisbon.
1592 Defeat of a great Moslem
firmament at Choul.
594 Portuguese attacked by (violated as to the secretary
I'Ae Dutch in the Indian seas; Perez)—repressed, and their
^heir first European rivals.
tf
I VIII., possesses himself
Philip III., son, 1598-1621.
id
•V
Ministry of Sandoval, duke of Lerma.
<.*1
OF MODERN HISTORY. 31
DECLINE OF PORTUGAL AND SPAIN. RELIGIOUS DISPUTES.
Spain. Italy. Naples and Church History and Popes.
Sicily.
The Emperor Charles V., Julius III., 1550-5.
1552 Siena revolts
—1556. The Emperor Gives the cardinal’s hat, vacant by his election, to the keeper of his apes.
1553 Corsica re¬ from Florence with
Charles V.
volts against French aid — re¬
—1554, 1551 The council of Trent reassembles, but Henry II. of France
taken, 1555, after cedes the crown to
protests against its authority—prorogued for two years, 1552,
Pietro, count of the defeat of the his son, on his mar¬
from fear of Maurice of Saxony: continues prorogued 10 years.
riage with the queen
Strozzi party at
of England. 1552 The treaty of Passau secures toleration to the Protestants
the French and Marciano, 1554,
in Germany.
Turkish fleets. by the Imperialists. Philip II., 1554 1553 Servetus burnt at Geneva for heresy at the instigation of
Commencement of the Spanish -98, son, Calvin.—Socinus propagates the Socinian heresy in Poland.
national debt. Venice obliged by the decline of her governs by viceroys,
never appearing in Marcellus II., 1555, for 20 days.
1556 Truce of Vaucelles for five power to observe a prudent neutrality. Italy throughout
years with France. his reign. Paul IV. (Caraffa), 1555-9.
Charles abdicates :—dies, 1558. 1556 The Pope 1557 Siena restored to The coasts de¬ 1555 Toleration in Germany ratified by the diet of Augsburg.
allies with Florence by Philip
vastated almost Paul attempts to re-assert the ancient papal authority, and
Philip II., son, 1556-98. France against II., in acquittal of the
annually by the refuses to acknowledge Ferdinand as emperor, from CharlesV.
Spain. sums borrowed by
1557 Victory of St. Quentin, having resigned without his permission.
Charles V.—Ottavio Turkish fleets.
and of Gravelines, 1558, over Pius IV. {Medici), 1559-66.
Farnese, son of Pietro,
France. 1559 The arma¬ 1560 Death of Melanchthon.
restored in Parma &
1559 Peace of Chateau-Cam- ment against Tri¬
Placentia, which are A reign disquieted by conspiracies, for one of which cardinal
bresis.—The capital moved to poli, under the
Madrid from Toledo. held by his line as Caraffa, nephew of Paul I V., was executed.
fiefs of the Pope till duke de Medina-
1560 Marries Isabella of France. Celi, viceroy of 1560 Protestantism established by law in Scotland—John Knox
1731.
Persecution of heretics— Sicily, destroyed at the head of the Scotch church.
many clergy suspected— 1559 Peace of Chateau-Cambresis ter¬ by the Turks at 1562 Commencement of the religious wars in France—the name
Autos de Ft. minates the French wars in Italy. Galves. of Huguenots first given to the Protestants in 1560.
The king a sullen despot— 1562 Council of Trent re-assembled, dissolved, 1563: its de¬
Tranquillity for 66 years under crees were received in Germany, Poland, and Italy, but not in Hungary or
arbitrary taxation. The Inquisition France, and only partially in Spain and Portugal. Instead of re uniting the
Spanish ascendancy. prohibited by a Christian world, its decrees have ever proved an insuperable line of de¬
ducats. marcation between Catholics and Protestants.
royal edict, 1565.
1564 Acquisition of the Philip¬
Savoy restored by Despotism of Cosmo
pines. Pius V., 1566-72.
France lo
ridiiLe to me
the ?e Medici:
lseg arts an(j'’e sciences
Patl'0,1‘ 1565 The Turks
duke Emmanuel —becomes the most repulsed from Reformation of the Netherlands begins by the Calvinists.
Beginning of the troubles
Philibert,7 1559-80. wealthy Malta, after a
P””ce f E“- The reformed or Caivinistic doctrines, originating at Geneva, formally
in the Netherlands. rope—institutes the mi-
five months’ siege, adopted in the Palatinate, 1583, in Anhalt, 1595, and in other German
1560 Death. of An- 1“tf a '7hpnordeJ„
Mephen, 1560. of St- states: but not formally established in Holland till the synod of Dort, 1618.
by the grand
1567 Caraccas in America founded. drew Dona.
Florence a master, De la
1568 Mysterious death of Don 1564 Second re¬ grand duchy. Valette. 1567 Bull against Baius of Louvain occasions violent disputes.
Carlos, prince of the Asturias. bellion of San- 1569 Cosmo de¬ 1568 Renewal of the bull “In Cana Domini.”
The city of Valetta
1569 Rebellion of the oppressed Pietro in Corsica clared grand duke founded. Rise of different sects: Puritans, and Brownists or Independents in
Moriscos in Granada under —quelled,1569. ofTuscany by Pius England—Moravian Brethren, the remains of the Hussites—Baptists—
Aben Humaya ; suppressed, 1566 Chios taken IV., in opposition Unitarians, or Anti-trinitarians—especially the Sociniaus in Hungary,
Poland, etc.
1571, by Don John of Austria, by the Turks. to the Emperor—
the king’s natural brother. hereditary in the Me¬
1570 War with the Turks ; na¬
dici family till 1737. 1570 Queen Elizabeth of England again excommunicated.
1570 War of Venice with the Porte— 1571 Battle of 1571 Augustus of Saxony assembles a convocation at Dresden.
panto, 1571. Cyprus reduced by the Turks, 1571. Lepanto. 1572 Foundation of the Society of “ Brethren of Charity.”
1572 Manilla built, and made 1572 Naval victory of Lepanto over the Pius V. was canonized 1712. He said, “ when a monk he had good
Turks—not followed up— hopes of salvation : as a cardinal, he was doubtful: as pope he despaired.”
the seat of a viceroy. 1571 The Pope
1572 General insurrection of Antonio Colonna, general of the papal galleys, attempts to claim
entered Rome in the style of an ancient Gregory XIII., {Buoncompagno,) 1572-85.
the Netherlands—Alva re¬ triumph ! temporal jurisdic¬
called, 1573. tion in Sicily 1572 massacre of St. Bartholomew. Public thanksgivings
1573 Venice makes peace with the
Cervantes flourishes. Porte, gives up Cyprus, and pays 300,000 unsuccessfully. ordered at Rome by the Pope (the father of the Christian world!)
ducats for the restoration of the Dalmatian for the slaughter of the Huguenots. Yet Gregory’s character,
frontier. Hence dates the entire decay of her apart from bigotry, was mild even to weakness.
Unfortunate power.
1574 Congregation of Saxon divines at Torgau—the Crypto-
interference Francis-Maria, Calvinists condemned, and their leading members imprisoned.
son, 1574-87, 1575 Congregation of “ the Oratory” founded by St. Philip Neri.
in the succeeds Cosmo.
confirmed, 1576,in the 1576 The “ Book of Torgau,” or “ Formula of Concord,” drawn up by
1576 Dissensions Andreeas by order of Augustus of Saxony, in order to reunite the Lu¬
1578 Death of Don John. title of grand duke
at Genoa between by his brother-in- therans, and mark their differences with the Calvinists, whose opinion
law, the Emperor on the eucharist was condemned—its total failure occasioned Hospinian
the old and new to term it “Concordia Discors”—It was solemnly rejected in 1577.by an
civil wars Maximilian II., on
noblesse—the condition of acknow¬ assembly of the Calvinist divines of the Palatinate at Frankfort.
latter at length ledging his tenure to
admitted to a be of the Emperor, Continual disputes in Germany between the Lutherans and Cal¬
not of the Pope.
community of vinists—and tumults between Catholics and Protestants—-
France. privileges. 1576 Acquisition
of Oneglia and the seeds of the Thirty Years’ War.
Hostilities with England. Tenda to Savoy.
1580 Fruitless attempts to unite the Russian church to that of
Charles Rome, by the jesuit Possevin.
Emmanuel I.,{the
Great,) 1580-1630, 1582 Gregorian era. Reformation of the Calendar-
succeeds his father udopted henceforth by all catholic countries.
as duke of Savoy.
1584 Public bank of
Veuice.
1585 The Pope receives an embassy from Japan.
1586 Death of the minister Gravnelia. Vigorous govern¬
Sixtus V. {Peretti), 1585-90.
ment of Pope Active and energetic: re-establishes the police regulations, which Gregory
had neglected.
The revolt of the Netherlands Sextus V. 1585-90 Ferdinand I.
{Cardinal,) 1586 Corrects abuses in the church, and limits the number of
1587-1609. the college of cardinals to 70—repairs the Roman aqueducts,
gives the first great blow to -public buildings
re-erects the obelisks, etc.
Spanish power—and at Rome—restora- 1588 The duke of
Savoy possesses
tion of the Vatican himself of Saluces 1589 Repairs the Vatican library, which had been in ruins since
and Chateau-Dau- the sack of Rome, 1527.
for the conquest of England, library, etc. phin during the
civil wars in 1590 Death of Sixtns—the destruction of his statues by the mob, to whom his
rigid exercise of justice made him obnoxious, occasioned a regulation that
under the France. no statues should be raised to any future pope in his lifetime:
1590 Invades Pro¬
duke of Medina Sidonia, vence, and attempts
to recover Geneva,
but without success. Urban VII. {Castugna), 1590, 13 days.
ruins the navy.
1592 The Rialto and the
1592 Revolt of Saragossa in de¬ Piazza di San Marco Gregory XIV. (Sfondrata), 1590-91.
fence of the Aragonese liberties built at Venice.
Innocent IX. {Facchinetti) 1591, two months.
rights much curtailed.
Clement VIII. {Aldobrandini), 1591-1605.
1595 War with France, to as¬
sist the League against Henry
IV. 1595 Henry IV. of France conforms, and is received into the
1596 Cadiz taken by the English catholic church—tolerates protestantism by the edict of Nantz
—loss to Spain, 20,000,000 —repealed by Louis XIV., 1685.
ducats. 1595 Tasso dies at Rome on the eve of being crowned in the capitol.
1598 Peace of Vervins with
France; conquests mutually
restored. 1598 The pope, Clement
of the duchy of Ferrara Philip III., 1598 Commencement of the congregations “de Auxiliis” at
on the extinction of the son, 1598-1621. Rome, for deciding the disputes of the Jesuits and Dominicans.
male line of the House
of Este.
32 Continuation of Table xiii. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Sixteenth

INSURRECTION OF THE NETHERLANDS. RELIGIOUS DISPUTES.

Switzer¬ Germanic Empire. Bohemia. Hungary. Denmark & Norway. Sweden. Prussia.
Netherlands.
land.
Charles V. —1558. Ferdinand. —1564. Christian III. Gustavus Vasa.—1560. Albert. —1568.
The Emperor Subsides —1559.
1551 Secrettreatybetween Maurice 1551 Dispossesses the 1550 Commercial treaty
Charles V., —1555. of Saxony and France, in behalf young John Sigismond A peaceful reign : Duke of Prussia as
into with England and the
of the Protestants. of Transylvania—pro¬ a vassal of Poland.
peaceful commerce and agricul¬ Netherlands.
Maurice suddenly attacks the cures the murder of
Charles resigns in favour of his son emperor, who flies to Villach:— Martinuzzi. ture encouraged ;
obscurity. Commerce and naviga¬
Treaty of Passau, securing re¬ The power
1552 The Turks expel the administration of tion encouraged: and
Philip II., 1555-98, ligious liberty to the Protestants. foreign artizans and
THE STATES the Austrians, and re¬ under the
king of Spain. Fruitless siege of Metz by the justice reformed. manufacturers attracted
instate John Sigis¬
AGAIN emperor. to settle in the country.
1557 Victory of St. Quentin over mond in Transylva¬ sovereign en¬
1553 Maurice killed in the battle of Siever- Decrease of the —A full and general
France. FLOURISH. hausen against Albert of Brandenburg. nia, 1553.
1555 Diet of Augsburg—Ratification of
influence of the treasury.
tirely with the
religious freedom to the Protestants, Hanse towns.
1559 Philip returns to Spain— Alliance of coupled with the “ Reservatum Ec- 1555-7 Short war with
the duchess of Parma regent, catholics and clesiasticum ,** preserving to the Ca¬ nobles.
tholic church the benefices of such ec¬ Hungary falls almost Frederic II., son, Russia.
cardinal Granvelle minister, protestants, clesiastics as should afterwards be¬
till 1563. 1559—88.
etc. come Protestants. entirely under the
1556 Introduction Prospe rity.
The king restrained by the
Attempts to introduce the Inquisition; of the Jesuits. Turkish domination. capitulation, on accession,
12 new bishoprics. FEW FOREIGN from conferring nobility Eric XIV., son, 1560-68,
1556 Charles abdicates, but the ad¬
without consent of the coun¬ Disorders from
WARS. ministration carried on in his cil. 1561 Esthonia and Revel
1564 Attempt to enforce the decrees of
the Council of Trent. name till his death in 1568. put themselves under religious quarrels
THE Ferdinand I., brother, 1558-64.—King of Hungary and
1560 Subjugation of the protection of Swe¬
Ditmarsh. den : hence
INDUSTRY OF Bohemia, now definitively joined to the Empire. and cabals.
1566 The association of Gueux or beggars
(400 nobles) present the “ Compromise ” 1561 Introduction of the 1562 War with Russia
Coronation by the Pope finally
at Breda to the regent. Jesuits. and Poland.
1566 The relinquished.
The spread and great influence of the
protestant
Jesuits.
1562 Eight years’ truce 1563 War with Sweden on the subject of national
Religious tumults; the Catholic cantons with the Porte : Fer¬ supremacy, and the national quarterings.
churches defaced by the Calvinists and The remainder of this century presents
the images destroyed. make recla¬ few events of moment. dinand cedes Transyl¬ Counts and barons first created
mation against 1558-67 Unsuccessful attempts of vania to John Sigis¬ in Sweden.
the persecu¬ the son of the deposed elector of mond, with a pension
tion of the Administration of The Swedes generally victorious
1567 Duke of Alva governor, Saxony to recover the electorate of 30,000 guilders
with the title of Generalissimo—his Huguenots. by sea.
sanguinary tribunals — Egmont and —conspiracy of Grumbach. (100,000 ducats).
Peter Oxe,
Horn beheaded, 1568— 1563 Council of Trent finally dissolved.
1567 The king massacres
Reign of Terror. the Danish Sully ; the whole of the Sture
THE NATIONAL Maximilian II., son, 1564-76, son-in-law of Charles V.—
crowned king of Bohemia, 1562, and of Hungary, family through jealousy
FORCES ARE Albert Frederic,
1569 The exaction of the tenth 1563, in his father’s life. introduction of a —becomes insane and is
son, 1568-1618.
penny produces a general revolt EXERTED ON dethroned, 1568—-dies
—8000 artisans emigrate to Introduces a more moderate 1566 Invasion by Soli- regular system of by poison, 1577.
PEACEFUL system of government, man, who dies before 1569 Invested at
England.
and a pacific foreign policy. Zigeth. finance. Lublin by the king
ARTS, MANU¬
of Poland.
The Water Gueux attack the The Austrian dominions di¬ 1567 Procla¬ John III., brother,
Spanish commerce—take Brill, FACTURES, vided by the separation of mation of re¬ 1568 Eight years’ truce 1568-92.
Stiria, Corinthia, etc., as ligious liberty with the Turks. Joachim margrave o;c
1572. an appanage for the arch¬ at the Diet of Brandenburg united ir
duke Charles—till 1619. Prague. the investiture, with th<
Defeat and death of Louis of 1574 The 1570 Peace of Stettin: mutual concessions: reversion in case o:
Jesuits re¬ Albert's line failing—
Nassau by Requesens, 1574. 1571 Universal religious toleration 1571 Death of John Denmark yields the supremacy over Sweden : hence the subsequen
ceived in the Sweden cedes Norway and its own southern succession of Joachim’;
established in Austria. Sigismond of Tran¬
catholic can¬ provinces. descendants.
Dissensions of the Catholic and Pro¬ sylvania — succeeded
William, prince of Orange, tons of
testant princes—and of the Calvi¬ by Stephen Batthori. ,k«
1576-8, Lucern and nists against the Lutherans—The Religious disputes.
Friburg. “ Form of Concord” drawn up, The king, at the instigation
leader of the malecontents. 1576, by order of Augustus the of his wife, Catharine of 1573 Albert Frede
Pious, elector of Saxony, in order After the termination Poland, attempts to re¬
to reunite religious differences, but store Catholicism, and ric becomes im
with little success. frames a mixed Liturgy, becile.
1573 Alva recalled—Requesens AGRICULTURE, which is rejected by both
governor. Rodolph II., son, 1576-1612—crowned king of Bohemia, of the wars parties, and by the Pope,
ETC. but the Diet ratifies it,
1575, and of Hungary, 1572.
Fruitless attempts at conciliation. 1582. Charles, the king’s
Fixes his residence at Prague. Leaves the great offices of the following the brother, heads the Pro¬
state vacant, and places Ger¬ testants, and by the con¬
The Spanish troops mutiny for Golden age of man troops in the fortresses vention of 1583, both
Bohemian and garrisons. sects are alike tolerated :
pay, and plunder Antwerp.
literature : —death of queen Catha¬
Tycho Brahe. rine, 1583.
Don John of Austria, 1576-8.
Hageh, Dubravius, 1575 Stephen Batthori
1577 Castle of Kronenburg on 1577 George Frr
fa
SIMPLE AND (Daubrawricsky) elected king of Po¬ the Sound built, and tolls
Pacification of Ghent, ineffectual, Wartowshy, Blakoslav. land ; succeeded in levied on all vessels ; giving 1572-95 War with Rus¬
deric, margrave c
MORAL Anspach, regent-
except as a bond of union among Denmark the sovereignty of sia respecting Easthonia.
Transylvania by his the Baltic.
the insurgents, 1578—the insur¬ CHARACTER The Emperor, given up to astro¬ invested at Wat
brother Christopher,
gents headed by the archduke 1578 Alliance with Po¬ saw, 1578.
OF THE 1571-81.
Mathias. nomy and chemistry, abandons all dissolution of land against Russia.
1578-92 The prince of Parma PEOPLE.

governor for Spain. state affairs to Spaniards and Jesuits mu

Partisan the union of Calmar,
England assists the —the influence of Austria in Ger¬
insurgents, 1578. Denmark enjoys a
many declines almost to nothing. • Ik lb
Sigismond Batthori in tel*. [.
1579 Union of Utrecbt among
the seven northern provinces— 1580 A papal Transylvania, 1581- 1583 The English pre¬
the Belgian provinces remain nuncio esta¬ Publication of the Rodolphine tables 1602—son of Chris¬ vented from navigat¬
of astronomy by Tycho-Brahe and topher.
subject to Spain. blished at
Kepler. ing to Archangel— 1585 The king marries ktia
Lucern. allowed, 1587. Gunilda, a Swedish lady,
1581 The United Provinces for¬ and conforms to Luther¬
mally declare their independence, anism.
choose the duke of Anjou sovereign 1587 Endeavours in vain to pro¬
long interval of peace, 1586 Tbe Jesuits prohibited
—but he retires, 1583. cure the election of his brother
from settling in Sweden.
Maximilian to the Polish throne.
1584 William of Orange assas¬ war far e
rendered necessary 1587 The crown-prince
sinated at Delft: succeeded as
elected king of Poland.
stadtholder by his son 1586 The
Borromean, The imperial authority disre¬
Christian IV., son,
Maurice of Orange, or Golden
garded by the princes of the Em¬ 1588-1648, eight years
1585-1625. League,
wltb tbe
old, under a regency *%tt
1585 Antwerp taken by the prince adopted by of four.
the seven pire, who wage war among them¬ 1590 War with Russia.
of Parma.
1585 Brill, Flushing, and Ram- catholic can¬ by the exhaustion
tons : selves : the increasing discord be¬
mekins given into the custody of Sigismond, son,
It agreed, that 1592-1604,
the English : the earl of Leices¬ in case of any tween the Catholics and Protestants 1590 Marriage of the
ter commandant for the Dutch, individual mem¬ princess Anne to (king of Poland.)
ber manifesting 1592 Defeat of the
1585-7, unsuccessful. any inclination paves the way for the Thirty Years’ Turks at Sissek—war James VI. of Scot¬ A Catholic: is obliged to swear
to support Lutheranism in
1586 Bameveld, Grand-Pen¬ to desert the declared, 1593—Raab land, whence Sweden at his coronation,
Roman faith, the
sionary, defines the powers of the others should War in the next Century. taken by the Turks, 1594—returns to Poland.
states-general, and the constitu¬ compel them to 1594. Unnatural union under one
abide by it. of its resources,
tion of the republic. king of two countries differing
1586 Battle of Zutphen—death in religion and laws.
1589 Alliance 1593 War with the Porte
in 1595 Successes against iSi;
of Sir Philip Sidney. which reduces it to a Charles duke of Suder- Disputes wit
of Switzer¬ Hungary. the Turks ; victory of
land with
mania, the king’s uncle,
1590 Maurice takes Breda, and Gran gained by count
1594 Union of Protestants at Heil- second-rate power. regent.
Henry IV. of Mansfeldt.
expels the Spaniards from the bronn.
France against Poland
seven provinces. 1595 Peace with Russia;
Savoy. Turks.
1596 The king as¬ Carelia and Ingria given
1595 The Dutch attack the Spanish 1597 Invasion by the up.
and Portuguese trade in India, sumes the sovereignty: respecting
sultan in person ; bat¬
and establish themselves in Java. tle of Agria gained by —solicited as an ally Tbe Regent assumes
Independent authority.
the Turks. by both sides in the
Sigismond cedes Tran¬
1598 Philip gives up the sove¬ 1598 The king lands in Livonia.
sylvania to the em¬ war of Spain with Hol¬
reignty of the Netherlands to his Sweden with a Polish
peror in exchange for land, but remains
daughter and her husband, the army to re-establish his
territories in Silesia:
archduke Albert of Austria. neuter. power, but is defeated
but changing his pur¬
and returns to Poland.
pose goes over to the
War with Poland.
Turks.

a
g
 Century. OF MODERN HISTORY. 33
GREAT MOGUL EMPIRE ESTABLISHED IN INDIA—AKBAR.
Poland. Russia. Ottoman Empire. Persia. India. America.

Sigismond Augustus. Ivan IV. —1584. Soliman (the Magnificent), —1566. Tamasf, —1576. The Mogul dynasty.
—1572. 1551 Tripoli in Africa taken from the 1553 1550
1552 Kazan taken and the Humayun, —1556.
Maltese knights. New Mexico
inhabitants massacred.
Protestantism prevalent 1552 English merchants 1552 Invasion of Hungary — con¬ 1552 Georgia in¬ Afghans at Delhi. discovered by the
among the nobles. quest of Transylvania, made tri¬ vaded and de¬ Invited to resume the Selim Shah Soor, Spaniards.
at Archangel. —1553.
butary under queen Isabella. vastated. government, 1554.
Dissensions on Selim’s
1554 Conquest of the 1553 Soliman, at the instigation of death.
Tartars of Astrakhan. his favourite wife Roxalana, un¬
1554 Defeats Sikander Shah Soor, who flees
1556 War with Livonia 1555 The khan of Sibe¬ justly puts to death his eldest son
into Bengal.
in behalf of the arch¬ ria tributary. Mustapha—it gives rise to discon¬
bishop of Riga: peace, War with Sweden in Li¬ tent and mutinies among the troops. 1555 Takes Delhi and Agra—dies, 1556.
1557. vonia : peace, 1557. 1553 War with Persia renewed: Erivan taken, 1554
peace 1555. Jelaleddin Akbar,son, 1556-1605.
1557 Offensive and defensive treaty of Poswal, with Building of the great mosque of Solimanyah 1556 Kandahar conquered by Persia.
the Livonian knights against Russia. at Constantinople.
Beiram Khan, regent: defeats a general re¬
1559 Naval victory of Galves on the
1558-60 War of Russia with the Livonian branch volt of Hindoos and Afghans under Heinoo :
of the Teutonic order : African coast gained by Dragut
over the Christians. Mogul power finally established, 1558.
Dreadful devastation: the last master, Gothard Kettler, cedes
Livonia to Poland, by the treaty of Wiina, 1561, reserving 1559 The Portuguese
The military power renew the foundation
Courland and Semigallia as an hereditary secularized duchy The Usbeks threaten Northern India. of settlements in Bra¬
under Polish protection: Esthonia and Revel go to Sweden:
hence a general war. 1562 An English
of the Turks, zil.
1558 Porlngnese defeated at Bulzar by
ambassador, An¬ the king of Guzerat.
1562 War with Sweden, and with Russia, respect¬ 1562 Truce for eight years with the 1561 Sayri-Capac, a de¬
thony Jenkinson,
ing Livonia. 1561 Beiram Khan disgraced and murdered. scendant of the ancient
Empire. ^ greatest height in Persia. incas of Peru, submits
1563 The diet of Wiina ad¬ The Mogul empire to the Spaniards, and
mits Protestants to participate Bajazet, second son of Soliman, flees into Persia : is given accepts a pension—he 1560
in all dignities, confirmed by is poisoned, 1562—his
the diet of Grodno, 1568, to
up and beheaded. 1562 Marwar and Malwa conquered.
1565 Massacre of the po¬ brother refuses to leave
all Christians of whatever sect. his refuge in the moun¬
pulation of Novgorod 1565 Unsuccessful siege of Malta, is raised to tains.
for correspondence with defended by the grand-master John
Poland. de la Valette. The Hindoos tolerated and raised to
under Soliman,
Khorassan overrun public employments by Akbar.
The Poles hard pressed 1564 Coligni sends a
1566 Invasion of Hungary—death by continual colony of Huguenots
by the of Soliman at the siege of Sigeth. incursions of the a high pitch of to Florida—destroyed
by the Spaniards, who
Russians in Livonia. declines under Usbeks in the old 1564 Agra fortified and made the capital— hang all the French as
Ivan, upon the death of age of Tamasp. League of the Moslems in the Dekkin heretics. The French
retake it 1565, and
Selim II., 1566-74, against the Hindoo raja of Beeianusra"ur: hang the Spaniards—
his wife, 1563, becomes
son by Roxalana, indolent and lux¬ victory of Talikote. abandon it, 1567.
1569 Lithuania, hitherto a sanguinary tyrant. urious—five brothers murdered.
splendour
a personal fief of the 1569 English mer¬ 1567 Caraccas founded
1567 Peace with the Empire—each by the Spaniards.
Jagellon family, incor¬ chants reach Persia 1566 Revolt of Akbar’s brother, Mohammed
power to keep its present possessions.
porated as part of Po¬ by way of Russia Hukeem.
land. his successors, who, and the Caspian sea. by Akbar, a
1570 First encounter with 1570 War with Venice—conquest of 1567 Chittoor taken by storm from the Rajpoots.
1572 Extinction of the
TO If Jagrellons the Turks, on the Volga. Cyprus, 1571.
itedll munificent patron of
by the death of Sigis¬ 1571 Dawlut-Kherai, 1571 Battle of Lepanto, Oct. 7— 1571 Great plague
ilk Ik
wa mond without issue. khan of Crim Tartary, The Turkish fleet destroyed by the combined and famine. 15r0 Confederacy of the Dekkin kings
against the Portuguese ; unsuccessful
ilinj- devastates Russia, and fleets of Spain and Italy under Don John of siege of Goa for ten mouths: peace.
Interregnum, 1572-4. Austria—this great advantage not followed up
Jehus’!
burns Moscow—100,000 by the Christians. 1571. r ’
The kingdom, henceforth 1571 Futtehpoor Sicri founded.
purely elective, became as it persons perish. Kazvin becomes the
immersed in luxury, capital. 1570
were a volcano in the midst of
science and literature, 1572 Manilla built by
Europe: of eleven elections 1573 Peace with Venice: Cyprus
from 1574 to 1764 scarcely one Spain, and made the
was unanimous : a wild spirit yielded to the Porte. 1572 Conquest of Guzerat completed by seat of a viceroy. An¬
Prede- of faction reigned throughout. Akbar in person. nual galleons there—
1574 Goletta taken by the corsair Acapulco.
Henry of Valois, Occhiali—the Spaniards driven from Ismail II.,
in which he is
1574, 5. 1574 First invasion of Tunis, which becomes tributary to son, 1576, 7,
Obliged to sign the Pacta con- Siberia by the Cossack the Porte. , , , , ., . preferred by the no¬ 1575 Bahar and part of Bengal conquered
venta, releasing his subjects Hetman Yermak—it is seldom head their
from their allegiance if he vio¬
bles to his brother from Daud Khan Kirani, the successor of
lates their privileges, and en¬ conquered, and becomes Hyder : puts to Sikander Shah Soor.
Amurath or Murad III.,
gaging not to marry without subject to Russia, 1581- death most of the
consent of the senate : abdicates
98. son, 1574-95. assisted by
next year on becoming king of royal line: dies
France.
Peace with the Empire maintained 1578 Sir F. Drake
from a debauch of 1578 Final subjugation of Malwa.
1577 The Don Cossacks till 1593. troops in person. wine. takes possession
Stephen Bathori,
e Fie subject to Russia. his celebrated ministers, of California —
1575-87, 1576 War with Persia till 1590.
[raven discovers and ex¬
prince of Transylvania. Mohammed Khoda- 1579 Mohammed Hukeem again rebels, and
Insolence and increased plores New Al¬
t 1576 Marries Anna, sister Printing introduced. bundah, is subdued. bion.
of Sigismond Augustus. privileges of the Janizaries.
brother, 1577-85.
Ukraine Cossacks subju¬ Abu Pazl and Sheikh Paizi (brothers).
1578 Invasion of Persia by the grand vizier and the khan 1580 Buenos Ayres, in
gated. Paraguay, refounded
of Crim Tartary—Tabreez and Shirwan conquered, but 1580 Revolt of Guzerat—again subdued, 1584, by Ortiz—he divides
1578 Alliance with Sweden against Russia: soon recovered by the Persians, who maintain a bloody but not completely subjugated till 1593, when the country into four
the czar, attacked by the Tartars on the other side, sues for peace large provinces — Tu-
by the mediation of the Pope through the Jesuit Possevin : ceding but indecisive war—Hamzah, son of Mohammed, re¬ Muzuffer Shah, the last king of Guzerat, com¬ cuman, Santa Cruz,
Livonia to Poland by the peace of Zapolia, 1582, and Carelia trieves the Persian defeats, but is assassinated, 1584. mitted suicide in despair. Paraguay, and Rio dc
and Ingria to Sweden 1583—Russia thus shut out from the Baltic. la Plata,
1581 The three high courts of 1580 War with the Druses in Syria. 1580
Petrikau, Lublin, and Wiina, 1583 Destructive in¬ Ferishta says he possessed
1582 Drake ra¬
for the nobles. No plebeian to
be ennobled without the consent 1583 First trade with England—an roads of the Usbeks 1580 Regency of the queen Chund Beebee vages the coasts
of the Diet. English embassy at Constantinople, in Khorassan. in the Dekkin. of Peru.
Prevalence of Sod- 1589. Abbas the Great, 6000 war elephants, 1584 First English co¬
nianism. 1584 Ivan puts his eldest son, 1585-1627, lony in JV. America
1582 Jesuits in Poland. son to death : dies him¬ 1584 Revolt of the khan of Crim the greatest of the 1584 Bengal finally conquered, founded in Virginia
by Sir W. Raleigh.
self the same year. Tartary repressed by Osman pasha. Soofi dynasty.
Sigismond III.
1586-8 Attempts and a revenue in gold equal 1586 Drake takes
1587-1632, Feodor Ivanovich,
1585 Conquest of Van. without success to St. Domingo.
son of John king of Swe¬ son, 1584-98. recover Tabreez and 1585 The court fixed at Lahore, to watch the
den and Catherine, sister An imbecile prince; Boris
Erivan. designs of Abdoolla Khan Usbek. 1587 Queen Eliza¬
of Sigismond Augustus, Godunov, his brother-in- 1589 Predatory incursions of the
elected by the influence law, holds all the power; 1590 Ispahan made the beth sends an ex¬
Cossacks. capital. to ten millions sterling. pedition under
of the palatine Zamol- murders the czar’s only
ski against the archduke brother, Demetrius, 1591. 1590 Peace. the Turks keep Georgia, Erivan, 1586 Cashmeer conquered. Hawkins to ex¬
Maximilian, who is de¬ and Tabreez. plore the straits
feated and taken pri¬ 1587 Tobolsk in Siberia founded. of Magellan—he
1591 Abbas gains a Foot posts established for
soner at Witzen, and 1589 Patriarch of Moscow—in¬ discovers the
Revolt of the Janizaries. great victory at
forced to resign, 1589. dependent of Constantinople. Falkland isles,
Herat over the Us¬ 1590 War with Mirza Jani Bek of Sind, con¬
1594.
beks, and expels quered, 1592.
1590 War with Sweden :
1593 War in Hungary with the them from Kho-
Warsaw made the capital peace of Teusina, ceding
Empire. rassan. 1592 Mooltan conquered. Homage demanded
instead of Cracow. Carelia and Ingria to
1594 The grand vizier defeats the from the Dekkin kings, but refused : war
Russia, 1595. Sir Francis
archduke Mathias, and takes Raab. with Dekkin. 1590
1593 Goes to Sweden : 1592 Nizam Shah, of the Dekkin, re¬ Drake attacks
returns, 1594. pulsed from Choul by the Portuguese.
Mohammed III., son, 1595-1603.
the Spanish
ite! *it Nineteen brothers strangled, and all the conveyance of letters.
his father’s pregnant wives drowned.
1594 Confederacy of settlements.
1595 Dutch first in India.
the Dekkin against
Turkish power in Hungary declines.
the Moguls—Battle of Sonput, 1597—Con¬
quest of Ahmudnuggur and Berar, 1597.
1595 The Turks defeated at Gran— 1596 Raleigh’s
Revolt of Wallachia. unsuccessful expe¬
»cti»l 1597 Death of Abdoolla Khan—The capital
1598 Extinction of the Rurics, dition to Brazil,
by the death of Feodor, after again fixed at Agra.
1597 Mohammed heads his troops in 1597 Acquisition of and in search of
having governed Russia 736
1598 War with Sweden. years, under 52 sovereigns. person, and defeats the Germans at Balkh in Khoras¬ El Dorado.
1598 Conquest of Asseer, Candeish, etc.—
,0# Agria. san, and of Bahrein
The Dekkin invaded by Akbar in person,
Boris Godunov, on the Arabian
and made tributary, 1599.
1598—1605, Revolts in Asia Minor, and tumults coast.
raised to the throne by
the clergy and Boyars. between the Spahis and Janizaries. 1600 English at Surat. 1600

a
34 Table xiv. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Seventeenth! $

STRUGGLES OF THE CROWN AND PARLIAMENT—CIVIL WARS—CROMWELL.

Great Britain. France.

House of Stuart, 1603-83—England and Scotland United. House of Bourbon.

The 'English Constitution.
1600
Tlie government of England still a monarchy greatly James I. (king of Scotland), 1603-25. Henry IV., the Great, —1610.
limited by law, but exercising continually a degree of arbi- Great-grandson of Margaret, daughter of Henry VIII. The Due de Sully minister, & intendant of finances I *•

trary power hurtful to liberty, and upon which there is no
sufficient restraint. Parliament struggles to remedy
evil, and does not rest till it has done so.
Disnutes between the Crown and Parliament.
^ v,
1604 The first parliament disputes with the king respecting its
privileges—refuses its sanction to a legislative union between
England and Scotland—and attempts to abolish some of the king’s
assumed prerogatives.
The weak character and extravagance of James increase
the power of the Commons, already backward in voting
money, and bent upon lessening royal prerogatives and re-
dressing national grievances.
, T . ixj-cj , •
1621 Increasing hatred of despotism.
° J ^ 1611 Institution of baronets: to raise money for the colonisation of Ulster.
The advocates of absolute power and the high church
jggj Cecil minister—conspiracy of Raleigh and Cobham in favour of lady Arabella Stuart suppressed, 1600-1 War with Savoy for the territory of I
tins Peace till tHe end of this reign, Saluces, instead of which Savoy surrenders, j
by the treaty of Lyons, 1601, Bresse, f
1605 The Gunpowder Plot, 1604 Conferences at Hampton court to reconcile high church-
concocted by the Catholics to men and Puritans unsuccessful. Tolerance was equally hateful Bugei, and Val-Romei.
r> tVio i p to the prelatist and puritan, and tile king’s aphorism was “ no 1602 Execution of the due de Biron, for conspiring j
DlOW up me two Houses OI bishop—no king;” “I will have one doctrine, one discipline, with Spain and Savoy. 16Q3 The Jesuit8 recalled. mil
parliament, and place the ill- one religion in substance and ceremony.” Bancroft and the high
pln|. r)rJncess Elizabeth on the church party persecute the puritans—deem episcopacy and the The turbulent spirit of the nobles repressed by J
t . . apostolical succession fundamentals—slight the reformed churches
policy rather than severity. Encouragement of I
throne’ detected and Pushed, abroad, and lean towards the Catholics, manufactures and agriculture—the silk rnanufac- j
1606 James takes the title of King of Great Britain. ture introduced.
1610 Henry forms a plan for humbling the house of |j
Austria, and uniting all the European states into |
gavel and tanistry ; courts of justice throughout the kingdom. one federal republic—is assassinated by Ravaillac.
1610 Court of High Commission in Scotland. Revenue of France 30 millions of livres. \
T \ . . .. - TT1 ,
Authorised version of the Bible published. LouisXITI. 1610-43,son, nine years old.
t®12 Death of Henry, prince of Wales, aged 18. Mary of Medicis, the queen-mother, regent.

J .... . . English factories in the East at Surat, 1612, Gombroon, 1613. 1610 Confirmation of the edict of Nantes.
1611 Sully retires—dies, 1641.
The opposition in parliament, including for the first ^qy 3 Marriage of princess Elizabeth with Frederick, the elector-palatine,
time some peers, becomes organised and consistent. Sir r 1612 The Huguenots suspicious of the government—| :J)S
Edward Coke takes up the popular cause. Ministry of Villicrs, duke of Buckingham, 1616-28. renewed turbulence of the nobles, jealous of thel ||is(rtt >
influence of Concini, Marcchal d’Ancre, and the I
1610 Formation of a court party and a country party— 1616 The cautionary towns restored to the Dutch for £250,000. favourite de Luynes, “ Peace of St. Menehould” | pi to I
afterwards whigs and tones. 1617 James visits Scotland. ~ Disputes with the Scotch ehurch
between the king and nobles, 1614. nil
-n • 1 r • 7 , Death of Shakspeare, aged 53. on the king’s ecclesiastical snpre- 1614 The king declared of age—marries, I |irltgn
Revival of impeachments. # # macy.
Lord chancellor Bacon impeached, convicted and fined £40,000 1618Sir Walter Raleigh’s unsuccessful voyage to Troubles with the Puritans in Eng- 1615, Anne, d. of Philip of Spain. Irik
for corruption—The impeachment of the earl of Middlesex, 1624, America—beheaded On his return. land, who desire a further reform 1614 Last assembly of the States-
establishes this constitutional privilege. * jn the church. general—ineffectual from the misunderstanding I
prevailing between the three orders. Mill
Protestation of the Commons in favour of their own rights 1618 Negotiations of marriage between Charles, prince of Wales, and the Infanta of
and independence: the king imprisons several of their leaders. Spain—Buckingham and the prince visit Spain, 1623—match broken off, 1624. 1615 Conde heads the malecontents andl jj\l»fii!i
Huguenots—civil war—Peace of Loudon,] DlPkiSl
A deep and lasting love of freedom had now taken hold 1619 James refuses to aid his son-in-law, the elector palatine in Bohemia, to the great
discontent of the nation, who consider this an abandonment of the protestant cause. 1616.
of every class, (except perhaps the clergy,) which, opposed to
Introduction of silk manufactures into England, 1617 D’Ancre assassinated by connivance of the I
the high pretensions of the court, leads to the violent struggle 1624 Rupture with Spain 1622—Silk trade with Persia. king—the queen-mother imprisoned at Blois.
of the next reign.
English troops levied for the Palatine, but no effect. 1619 The queen-mother escapes and heads] 1171
the malecontents—treaty of pacification]
1625 Charles’s first parliament, remembering that none Charles I. 1625-49, son, marries Henrietta Maria of France, H ,‘ifier
concluded at Angouleme.
of the chief grievances had been redressed, votes supplies ttfateof
slowly, and is dissolved—the second, 1626, is dissolved for The duke of Buckingham continues prime minister, to the great discontent of the nation. 1621 Huguenot war—the Huguenots headed byl
Rohan and Soubise—concluded Oct., 1622, by thel
impeaching Buckingham. Sir John Elliot, Sir Dudley Digges, 1627 War with France in support of the Hu- Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury, a hater of treaty of Montpelier, confirming the edict of Nante*| K Lem
are sent to the Tower by the king for their conduct in parlia- o,.prints_Tlukp of Ritrkinpbam’s nnsnrcpssful PoPerX an<1 arbitrary power, favours the Puri- IIUBB, I
ment; as also the earl of Arundel in the Lords-the king is Buckingham s unsuccessful , Land who.succeeds him, 1633, persecutes Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu,
... j . ,i . 1 ° expecmiOU lO rule. them to the utmost.—Old popish ceremonies re- 1624-42—His foreign policy aims at the de l pit mi
obliged to set them at liberty. r vived, new ones created. pression of the Austrian family, both in Spain and]
pm,
These frequent dissolutions irritate the public mind. Various attempts made to raise money without parlia- Many ministers ejected for refusing to Germany—while in his domestic administration !
he carries out to the utmost the plans of Henry IV.I
ments—Contract for troops and ammunition from read the Book of Sports, allowing Sunday
and Sully for checking the power of the nobletl
1620 1626 Forced loan levied by the king. Flanders, to awe the nation into obedience. pastimes. Numbers endeavour to escape and clergy, paving the way for the despotism oil
Letters are issued to the lord-lieutenants of all the counties, setting tins tvrunnu and nerserutinn ho emiorntioct Louis XIV. and XV.
forth What sum each person should pay; an approach towards a 1629 No parliament for eleven years. ^ff ranny ana persecution by emigrating
1625-6 Second Huguenot war—unfavourable to thel
regular system of arbitrary taxation, which the nation would not _. , ,„ , „ *<> Holland and America. Protestants—concluded by a fresh edict of Pacifi j
bear. Darnel, Corbet, Earl, Heveningham, Hampden, and many lot1.) Charter of Massachusetts. 1638 Proclamation forbidding persons to go cation, April 1626.
others, are imprisoned for non-payment. The judges refuse to bail 1630 Peace with France and Spain without the sea without a licence and a testi-
them and thus confirm to the crown the right of arbitrary imprison- , . ■ r , 1 ’ , monial of conformity: the lords Say and 1627 Suppression of the offices of constable oi|
ment, and set at nought every statute from the time of Magna Charta, Stipulations 111 taVOur Or the Huguenots Of the Brook, Sir Arthur Haslerig, Hampden, and France, and of high admiral.
designed to protect the personal liberties of Englishmen. Palatine. Cromwell, with many other men of rank and 1627-9 Third and last Huguenot war—the Hugue
character, on the eve of embarking for America, nots supported by England—Rochelle reduced bj Iwv of I
The whole nation becomes indignant at this stretch of arbi- „ . - Trr . ,, , ... „ , but are stopped by an order of council. famine, after a siege of ten months, 1627-8.—ThtI
Huguenots submit, and are disarmed and deprived

XSS2? - - -* - *T3SZtsZ2%%t*’ of their fortresses, but allowed the exercise of theiif

religion by the Pacification of Nismes, 1629.
Loss c
ms lo
1628 New parliament called to raise supplies for the 1633 The king visits Scotland, holds a parlia- .“°re bIUer (fee'in|s'..on at\ 1628-31 Mantuan war of succession (see. Persia.
French war—it embodies the pressing grievances of the na- ment anj ;s crowned at Edinburgh. fi? °[theJavou\ shown to Catholics, and Italy).—Peace with England, 1630.
tion, viz, forced loans, arbitrary imprisonments, billeting of 9 ‘ ° ^eaniD& towards that religion.
1630 Subsidiary treaty with Holland againsij
soldiers on private persons, setting up martial law, etc., prynne, Burton and Bastwick, Lilburne, Leighton, The l"et'n catholic, and court nearly so— Spain—and with Gustavus Adolphus
in the Petition of Rights, Williams, and others, cruelly maltreated by the court of exercise of that religion is winked at by
Star-chamber. Charles —Panzini is received by him as an of Sweden against Austria, 1631. ition of
agreed to by both houses, and, (reluctantly,) by the king. accredited minister (1635), his avowed object (known
1631 The Gazette de France
being to reconcile the English church to Rome
IMS.
1629 Disputes respecting tonnage and poundage: parliament Scotch troubles, 1637. —numerous proselytes. It was the direct aim 1631 Peace of Chierasco in Italy.
objects to it as a tax levied upon goods and merchandise It being Charles’s design to overthrow the Scotch f La,,d a"d |‘is to copy the exterior 1631-4 Troubles caused by the intrigued mi ir«
without authority of law—this and religious disputes moves Presbyterian church, aud to make that nation adopt the i».a ’dm, ba°W" of the queen-mother—she is banished tc
the kincr to a sudden dissolution Several ruemhers im English episcopal form, Laud prepares a liturgy, which 5 ’ .®/ nanJes> consecrations in the doc-
the king to a sudden dissolution. Several members im- thesbisho£3 cf Edinburgh are commanded to have read ‘rtaesoftheireal presence, invocations of saints, Cologne, and dies, 1641—the duke o
prisoned by the king for their speeches in parliament. publicly, at Easter, 1637. The attempt occasions prayers for the dead, confessions,celibacy,etc.: Lorraine, who had supported her, driverj
„ , _ . , Catholicism, the divine right of episcopal go-
The most illegal exactions are now resorted to for raising Great tumults at Edinburgh, a general insur- vernmentand passive obedience are encouraged, from his dominions till 1659. KM
money-compositions for knighthood, forest laws, mono- rection takes fince-theScotch organise a new 1635 Alliance with Holland against Spain
1630 polies, etc., but the prime resource was Jorm OJ government, 1638— driven to despair, the Catholics feel elated, as for the partition of the Austrian Nether
X634 Ship money, The community is divided into four classes : nobility, at a coming triumph, lands, involves France in the Thirty Years
formerly levied only on the sea-ports, but now extended all ttey ’end delega‘eS '° . ld40L folly, and rashness of him
" ar‘ Institution of the Academie Franpaiat

L'»" •*' --• 1636 Alliance with Sweden against Austri:

p “ 6 '
All these abuses are upheld and extended by an un-
sparing exercise of the * Fanatic intolerance of the Presbyterians.
most tyrannical proceedings in the court of
Star-chamber,
which takes cognizance of nearly every kind of offence, and
all misdemeanours; adjudging any punishment short of
death. Fine and imprisonment are the most usual, the
former as profitable ; but the pillory, whipping, branding,
and cutting off the ears, grow into use, as party feeling be-
comes more vindictive.
The Long Parliament, an assembly of doubtful character,
effected more for our liberties than any that had gone before
or has followed it, but unfortunately fell into contempt, from
its own weakness, before Cromwell.
<ro7»' —invasion of Gascony by the Spaniards
Episcopacy abolished. et cetera oath imposed on the clergy. and of Picardy by the Imperialists, win
__ _ .. _ . threaten Paris.
1638 Invasion of Spain by the French, ani
War with Scotland, 1639—temporary pacification of Berwick : ineffectual—Charles, fruitless siege of Fontarabia.
reduced to the greatest distress, compelled to call a parliament, 1640—dissolved without
effecting anything. A fatal crisis for the king's popularity—many, before loyal, turned 1639 The French defeated at Thionville b
from him. The Scotch invade England—Charles, without means, summons all his Piccolomini.—Sedition of the Nuds-piea
nobles to the council of York, which joins in the national cry for a new parliament, in Normandy quelled.
1 1640 Turin taken by the French.
Meeting of the X>ong Parliament, Nov. 3,1640. Presbyterianism predominates. The first Louis d’ors strncl
Attack on the king’s party. Impeachment of Strafford and Laud. Triennial Bill, by 1641 Alliance with Portugal against Spaii
which every parliament is of itself dissolved in three years—ship-money, tonnage Catalonia and Roussillon revolt fror
anc^ poundage, and all other imposts without parliament abolished ; as also the Spain, and submit to France.
Star-chamber, High Commission Court, and all other arbitrary tribunals, 1642 Cinq-Mars and de Thou beheade
Act against the dissolution of parliament without its own consent. for a conspiracy against Richelieu, wh ^frr®

General revolt of the Irish Catholics, and massacre of the Protestants. 1641 Strafford beheaded. dies soon after, aged 58.

A schism takes place in the constitutional party—the more violent opposers of the Court, headed by Pym, Hampden, Hollis, Haslerig, and Strode, Louis XIV. the Great, 1643-1715,
etc., get the upper hand—they draw up the Remonstrance. Bishops expelled parliament. son, five years old.
1640 1642 Charles’s attempts to impeach these five members of high treason, and strike terror into the parliament, inflames that body against him, leads to a series of encroachments
Anne of Austria, queen-mother, regent.
on its part: as the militia bill, and nineteen propositions which go to abrogate the whole existing constitution, by taking all power from the king and making pari, supreme. 1643 Victory of Rocroi by Conde over tl Metce
bility and gentry,all the high church party and Catholics, with the king; the commons, the Presbyterians, and Spaniards—destruction of the renownc hIV.jjj
all other sects with parliament. Royalist Generals: prince Rupert, Lucas, Goring, etc.; Parliamentary: Essex, Skippon, Fairfax, Cromwell, etc.—Roundheads and Spanish infantry. WHia. tci*
Cavaliers: the former austere, rigid, and fanatic ; the latter ostentatious, insolent, and dissolute.

The King’s party at first successful: 1642, Battle of Edgehill, indecisive, but favourable—on the king’s advance to Colnbrook, parliament sues for peace—negotiations at Ministry of Cardinal Mazarine,
Oxford—the republican party oppose peace, impeach the queen—discovery of Waller’s plot strengthens their cause; the king weakens his by a declaration denying the title 1643-61.
of parliament to the two houses at Westminster, and by his impolitic conduct towards the earls Holland, Bedford, and Clare, moderators, who leave the parliament to join him.
1643 Essex raises the siege of Gloucester, gains the battle of Newbury—parliament makes a new great seal—the 1648 Peace of Westphalia i
France acquires Alsace, Snndgaw, Brisach, etc., at
Solemn League and Covenant between the Scotch and English parliaments, turns the tide of affairs against the king—21,000 Scots invade England, kder
the Empire for the first time cedes Metz, , Tof
Jan., 1644—the king unsuccessful in his attempts to bring over a body of Irish, only increases his unpopularity thereby. and Verdun, possessed by France since 1552. 1
1648-53 Factions of the Frond* HeCi
Defeat Of Rupert at Marston-Moor—1645, Fruitless treaty of Uxbridge; the parliamentary propositions unreasonable, and the king elated by the successes of the popular party called Prondeurs,
the royalists under Montrose in Scotland. Essex and Manchester suspected of lukewarmness as generals. J". and
court party Mazarins.
The self-denying ordinance raises the Independents, under Vane and Cromwell, to great power in parliament.
. .'ii V
The army new-modelled—mostly composed of Independents, fanatics, and republicans—and improved by the better discipline and superior talents of Fairfax and Cromwell. 1648 Discontent atdhe mismanagement oj\ i0
Sli:
the finances—the parliament of Paris wee
Battle of XTaseby in England, and of Philip-haugh in Scotland, ruin the king, and place the parliament and nation in the hands of Fairfax and Cromwell. refuses to register the new taxes—tht j and

1046 The king takes refuge with the Scots—choosing rather to be no king than to desert the Church and adopt Presbyterianism. The queen’s bad conduct and advice. The king imprisonment of the president Broussel &
much injured by the publication of his letters taken at Naseby, and his treaty with Glamorgan in favour of the Catholics. The Scots sell the king to parliament for ^400,060. produces a revolt in Paris, fomented by
1647 The army under Cromwell overawes the parliament, and seizes the king. He rejects its proposals founded on two-year parliaments, equal and popular representation,
liberty of conscience, with a modification of the Established Church. de Retz, called led

“ La journet des barricades.” _Dt

Scotch invasion.—The Presbyterians and Constitutionalists for a short time recover their power in parliament.—Treaty of Newport—The army de¬
termines to bring the king to trial. 1648 Cromwell routs the Scotch army under Hamilton. 1649 The court removes to St. Germain
—siege of Paris :—treaty of Ruel
1648 The Presbyterians expelled from parliament by Col. Pride.
1650 The prince of Conde, Conti, at
1649 Trial and execution of the King, Jan. 30, by the High Court of Justice, formed by an ordinance of the Rump.
1650 Longueville imprisoned by the queen-r h!'%
Monarchy and the House of Bords abolished. gent: Turenne flees to the Spaniards. ih

a
 Century. OF MODERN HISTORY. 35

SPAIN DECLINES AND FRANCE RISES IN POWER.

Portugal and Spain. Italy. Naples & Sicily. Popes and Church History.
United till 1640. Venice, Genoa. Tuscany. | Savoy. Lombardy
Republics. & Milan. Philip III. of Spain, Clement VIII. —1605.
Philip III. —1621.
Ferdinand Charles- Spanish. —1621. Christianity preached in China
602 The Portuguese de Medici, Emanuel, Modena under
Indolence of the king ; the House of by the Jesuits under Ricci.
colonies attacked by the grand-duke, the Great, Este—Parma These kingdoms con¬
all pmver in the hands of Emigrations of the English
Dutch. —1609. —1630. under Farnese tinue to be treated as
the minister Lemia— —and Mantua Puritans to North America.
Spanish provinces—
Decay of the revenue. under Gonzaga.
Portugal oppressed 1601 Peace of ruled by oppressive Leo XI. (dei Medici), 1605, During this century,
by the Spanish Lyons, between viceroys, and never one month. the contest between
authorities. 1604 Peace with England. Savoy and France visited by the king, Popery and Protes¬
1006-7 Dispute of Ve¬ Savoy cedes Gex, though the court of Paul V. (Borghese), 1605-21. tantism, and the un¬
The trade of Spain with the East nice with the Pope, Val-Komei, and
on account of a Ve¬ Bugei, but retains Madrid obtains vast 1605-7 The Congregations “ De ceasing efforts of the
and IFesi Indies cut off almost netian edict against Saluces. sums from them by Auxiliis” resumed, but without Catholics to recover
entirely by the Dutch, who are the too great in¬ 1602 Unsuccess¬ arbitrary taxation. their ascendency,were
crease of ecclesiasti¬ effect.
masters of the sea. cal buildings-settled ful attempt to 1606 Papal brief, forbidding the the primary cause of
607 Moluccas con¬ by the mediation of take Geneva by 1606 Dispute on the papal
English Catholics to take the wars in several coun¬
France. claim of feudal supremacy
quered by the Dutch. Rapid escalade. revived by card. Baronius. oath of allegiance. tries : the Huguenot
wars in France, the
1606 Rupture between the Pope
1609 Twelve years’ truce with the Dutch, and and Venice.
Thirty Years’ War,
acknowledgment of their independence. Cosmo II. Excommunication against Venice—
and in some measure
the British civil wars,
son, the Venetians declare it void, and
decline banish the Jesuits and Capuchins from are referrable to this
1609-21.
he Dutch oh- 1610 Viceroyalty of the their state—Fra Paolo Sarpi, advocate
cause: but as they are
of the Venetians.
ain free navi- 1609-1 CL Expulsion of the Moors— duke of Ossuna in Si¬ rather political than
at ion to India 600,000 leave Spain for Africa—conse¬
1612-17 Wars cily, and in Naples 1607 The Pope reconciled to religious events, they
quent ruin of Spanish manufactures and
—the ruin of with the Dalma¬
agriculture—revenue propped by raising 1615—he represses Venice by the mediation of will be found under
Portuguese tian and Istrian
the excise, and tampering with the coinage the depredations of Henry IV. of France. the respective coun¬
—unpopularity of“ Lerma.
Lerma. 1613-17 War between Savoy 1610 “Bull of Paul V.” con¬ tries.
trade. pirates called the Turks on the
Of and Spain from the aggres¬ firming that “In Cccna Domini.”
Uscocci, and with
sions of the former on Mont¬ coasts.
their protector, 1614 Great dissensions at Leyden on pre¬
313-17 Wars of the Montferrat succession in Italy. ferrat : peace, on the former
Ferdinand, arch¬ destination, between the Gomarists and
footing, 1617.
15 Marriage of the iDfanta Anne to Louis XIII. of France: duke of Gratz. Arminians, decided in favour of the
nd of Philip, prince of Asturias, to Elizabeth of France.
former, 1618, by the
Spain.
Synod of Dordrecht.
1616 Death of Cervantes.
The “ Spanish Triumvirate” in Italy : Bedmar envoy at Venice; Toledo, viceroy
of Lombardy; and Ossuna in Naples. 1615 Persecution of the Christians in Japan, ending
317 Treaty of succession with Austria— in their total suppression there, 1632.
Philip, now next heir to the emperor Mathias, as son of his Flourishing state
eldest sister Anne, cedes his right in favour of Ferdinand,
archduke of Gratz, afterwards Emperor. of the

Arts, Sciences, and Last attempts to form a union between the Greek
618 Lerma, supplanted by his own son, the duke
and Roman churches : frustrated, 1621, by Cyrillus
i’Uzeda, retires in disgrace:—Government by 1618 The famous Commerce, 1620-31 Dis¬
oritne ministers now become a part of the conspiracy of putes concern ing Lucaris, patriarch of Constantinople, who attempts
under the 1620 Ossuna attempts
system. Bedmar, the the Valteline. to introduce Protestant doctrines.
pacific rule
to establish an inde¬
Spanish envoy, to The Spanish go¬
pendent sovereignty
1621-48 Dutch war. seize Venice, and of the Medici.
vernors in Milan 1620 Reformation of the French Benedictines—
assisting the Catho¬ in Naples, but is foiled
reduce it under lics against their “ Congregation of St. Maur” founded.
pain supports Austria during the Thirty Years’ War. Leghorn by cardinal Borja.
subjection to Grison masters:
1620 The famous convent of Port-Royal about this
the importance of
Spain, detected the Emporium of the the territory was Philip IV. of Spain, time—destroyed, 1709.
Philip IV., son, 1621-65, and prevented. Levant trade: the its communicating
on one side with
son, 1621-65—
marries Isabella of France, 1621. grand-duke the the German, on like his father, never Gregory XV. (Ludovizio), 1621-3.
the other with the visited his Italian
most wealthy Italian dominions 1622 Founds the famous congregation, Pro propa¬
!:'» linistry of the “ Count-Duke” of Olivarez. kingdoms.
prince in Europe. of the House of ganda Fide at Rome, consisting of thirteen cardinals,
Austria.
622 Loss of 1623 Premiums offered on early marriages, two priests, a monk, and a secretary.
Ormus to to supply the deficiency of population con¬ FerdinandII. 1623 The famous library of the Palatine at Heidel¬
sequent on the expulsion of the Moors.
Persia. son, 1621-70. berg sent to Rome by the elector of Bavaria.
1624 Defeat of the Spanish fleet in
South America off Lima, by the 1625-31 War between Genoa and Savoy for the territory Urban VIII. (Barberini), 1623-44.
Dutch. of Zaccarello—
The contest between Presbyterianism and
.lienation of 1625 Naval war with England, Savoy supported by France, Genoa by Spain: the allies propose to
subdue Genoa, and divide her territory; but she maintains herself,
Episcopacy in England terminated by the
the crown arising from her accession to the and concludes an advantageous peace, 1631. triumph of the former during the civil
domains. Protestant Confederation. wars: but the Episcopal Church is fully
1627 Conspiracy of
28-31 Wars of the Mantuan succession in Italy. reinstated on the Restoration.
the plebeians in
Genoa, under Vachero, 1627 The Propagandist college, under the Congre¬
uke i 1630 Peace with England. against the aristocracy, gation, for the education of missionaries,
detected and suppressed.
1630-36 1631 Peace of Chierasco puts an 1629 Vanini burnt at Toulouse for atheism.
end to the Spanish ascendency in 1628-31 General Italian war on the death of the duke of Mantua, the
I Brazil and Italy. last male of the Gonzagas :
Spain wishes to divide the duchy with the duk« of Savoy : France aids the
collateral heir, the duke de Rhetel, of the House of Nevers.
Guinea
Venice and the Pope side - Tuscany and Savoy
1635 The elector of Treves attacked
with France. with Spain. 1632 The Order of “ Priests of the Missions”
almost by Spain, and supported by
France. Victor- founded.
entirely Amadeus I.
War with France, 1635-59. son, 1630-7. 1634 The Jesuits and other Catholics finally expelled
lost. from Abyssinia by the emperor Basilides.
1631 Peace of Chierasco—Charles of Nevers acknowledged duke of Mantua and
1636 The Spaniards invade Langue¬ Montferrat, and invested by the Emperor—the duke of Savoy acquires part of Montferrat
in exchange for Pignerol, etc., ceded to France.
doc and Gascony without any re¬
idlcjj
sults. 1635 Alliance with France
Calderon, dramatist. Ferdinand contributes against Spain : invasion of
large sums to the the Milanese.
1638 The French invade Spain, and
Spain loses the predominancy In
besiege Fontarabia, but are re-
pulsed. support of the Francis-
Emperor in the Hyacinth,
! 39 Loss of the Japau- 1639 The Spanish fleet Thirty Years’ War. son, 1637-8. 1638 Cyrillus Lucaris, after having been
trade, from the sup- sent to act against the deposed four times, put to death by the
Italy, and France
eij ’ Iression of Christianity Swedes, destroyed in the ♦ Porte.
ii Japan. Downs by the Dutch Charles- The Jansenlsts founded by Jansenius,
i 40 Malacca taken by under Van Tromp. Emanuel II. Bishop of Vpres.
r-l7lV| le Dutch. 1638-75, brother. 1640 Conspiracy of
1640 Rise of the controversy on Divine Grace be¬
f 40 Portugal revolts and regains ber Inde¬
acquires great influence. Sanzo in favour of
tween the Jansenists and Jesuits.
pendence under
1640 General revolt of the France, frustrated by
e 0^ Iohn IV. duke of Catalonians; they proclaim a Disputes for the regency the viceroy Don Rise of the Antinomians, Brownists,
[EDO**
raganza, 1640-56. republic, but transfer their between the duchess-mother, Francisco de Mello. Millenarians, and other sects, during
allegiance to France, 1641. Christina of France, and the civil wars in England.
the prince of Carignan, 1643 Papal edict for diminishing the inconvenient
War with Spain, till 1668, but not conducted
uncle, head of the Spanish number of holidays.
with vigour.
party—the French enter 1644-5 The “Charitable Conferences” at Thorn,
11 Independence 164J Revolt in Andalusia Turin, 1639, and'establish between the Calvinists, Catholics, and Lutherans,
nfirmed by accla- suppressed. Christina. 1647 New taxes im¬ by order of the Polish king, in the fruitless hope of
H(IV,
ation by the Cortes posed by the viceroy,
act 1 1643 Battle of Rocroi in reconciling religious differences.
Lisbon, and ac- 1045 The Maltese gallies, after duke de Arcos, cause
Champagne ; the veteran capturing a Turkish galleon, take
iM towledged by all much discontent. Innocent X. (Panfili), 1644-55.
Spanisli infantry destroyed by shelter in the ports of Crete:
e colonies, except hence
the trench under d’Enghein Revolt of Naples Christianity preached in Siam, Tonquin, etc. by the
euta: alliance with (the Great Conde). War with the Turks, 1645-69, under Jesuits, under Alexander de Rhodes. Disputes of
iff. [ranee, and peace 1643 Olivarez dismissed— who invade Candia, which Masaniello,

& itli Holland, but

e war in the colo-
Conde de Haro minister. becomes the theatre of war.

1646 Eighty-one new

upon his death
the Dominicans and Jesuits on the toleration of
the famous fisherman— some pagan superstitions by the latter.

The Pope entirely under the influence of his sister-

es continued till 1648 Peace of West¬ the duke of Guise
10,hl‘J 561 — the Dutch phalia, families admitted into is made doge. in-law, Donna Olympia Maldachini.
inquests are not re¬ The United Provinces fully the aristocracy, on the 10*17 First establishment of the “ Society for the
icdtl ared. independent—the Dutch to payment of 100,000 1648 The insurrection Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts** in
England.
retain all their European con¬ ducats each. suppressed by Don
ntrigues of Spain Origin of the sect of Friends, or Quakers.
quests. Spain joins in the l648 Commencement of John and the count
for the recovery peace only as an ally of the the siege of Candia by de Onate—the duke of 1640 The Pope refuses to acknowledge or confirm
Conti,
of Portugal. Empire, and continues at the Turks: lasts Guise sent prisoner the Portuguese bishops nominated by John IV. of
lief Bragan za.
war with France. till 1669. to Spain.
A.
a g
36 Continuation of Table xiv. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Seventeenth

GREAT POWER OF HOLLAND. THIRTY YEARS’ WAR—WALLENSTEIN.

Netherlands. Switzerland. Germany. Bohemia. Hungary & Transylvania Denmark.
The Swiss take little Upper Hungary Austrian—
The Dutch and Belgian provinces hence¬ Rudolph II., Emperor, and king of Bohemia and Hungary. Lovier Hungary Turkish. Christian IV.
forth separated—the former a republic or no part in the gene
under the presidency of the house of ral politics of Europe —1648.
Orange—the latter subject, under Spain, during this century.
to the archduchess Isabella and her husband. SlGISMOND BATHORI,
1602 The duke Religious disputes: —1602,
of Savoy unsuc¬ allayed for a time prince of Transylvania.
Maurice of Orange, —1625, 1602 Tyranny of the
stadtholder and commander- cessfully at¬ by the edict of
The “ Fraternal Contestthe archduke Mathias Austrian general,
in-chief. tempts to sur¬ 1609, called the George Basta — the
endeavours to compel Rudolph to abdicate, and
prise Geneva.
wrests from him Hungary, 1608, and Bohemia,
“ Letters of Ma¬ Transylvanians revolt,
and elect, under the
1602 Dutch East India Belgium. Renewal of the jesty,” allowing protection of the
Company: invested 1602 Spinola takes 1611.
with the government the command. alliance with free exercise of Forte,
of the Indian conquests. France. the Protestant re¬ Stephen Boczkai, 1606 Visits his sister, I
ligion. 1604—7. Anne, queen of Eng¬
1604 Ostend capi¬
tulates after a siege 1605 General revolt. land, in London.
of more than three
years. 1606 Truce of Comorra for twenty years with the Porte—“ Pacification of Vienna” with the Hun¬
garian malecontents, recog
1607 Conquest of the Moluccas 1608 Protestant Union under Frederick, ' ...in Transyl¬
—
nises Boczkai
from Portugal: Amboyna and
the elector-palatine, vania, and concedes reli¬
Banda settled. Troubles 1609 Copenhagen fortified.
(son-in-law of James I. of England), opposed by gious liberty, 1606. Bocz¬
1609 Truce with Spain for twelve kai dies the next year.
from 1610 The Catholic league under the duke of Ba¬
years — the provinces acknow¬ varia : the germs of the Thirty Years’ War—dis¬ SlGISMOND RACOCZI,
P
ledged independent of the arch¬ 1607, 8,
French puted succession to the duchies of Cleves and elected prince of Tran¬
dukes : their subjection to Spain Juliers, 1609, sets the two parties in array, but the sylvania by the diet
waived. storm is delayed for some time. of Clausembourg.
and
Gabriel Bathori,
Bank of Amsterdam established. 1611 War with Sweden:
1608—13.
1610 A governor-general appointed for the
Spanish Mathias, brother, succeeds as Emperor, 1612—previously crowned king of Bohemia, 1611, Calmar and Risby
Indies. and of Hungary, 1608-19. taken by the Danes.
factions.
1611 First intercourse with Japan. 1615 The truce of Comorra with the Porte con- The “ Edic.t ?f Totera The capitulation provides: 1. No
tion” ratified anew by foreign troops in the kingdom;
firmed and defined. Mathias at his corona¬ 2. No peace or war without the
1614 Religious dissensions of Gomar and
Arminius at Leyden—the former supported tion. diet; 3. Restoration of the dignity 1613 Peace of Siorod.
by the stadtholder, the latter by the pen¬ of Palatine; 4. Full toleration,
The Protestant princes murmur at the post-office 1617 Mathias ab- etc., for Protestants ; 5. Expulsion
sionary Barneveldt.
of Jesuits.
being subjected to general regulations throughout nand crowned at 1613 Bathori put to
1616 The cautionary towns of death by the pasha of
Many cities built. |3ir;
Brill, Flushing, and Rammekins, the Empire—a proof of the exasperation of party, Prague : swears Buda for tampering I
restored by the English on the to the “ Letters with Austria, and 1615 First standing army,
and of the little regard paid to imperial authority. succeeded by
payment of .£250,000. of Majesty.” 5000 men: augmentation of
Bethlem Gabor, the navy, and enrolment of
1618 Insurrection at a corps of seamen.
Prague on the demoli¬ 1913—29.
1617 The stadtholder aims at ab¬ 1618 The house of Brandenburg succeeds to the tion of a protestant 1618 Ferdinand crowned
duchy of Prussia. church-Ferdinand
University of
solute power. deposed by the diet, king of Hungary on the
1618 Switzerland and Frederick, elector- abdication of Mathias— 1618 A fleet sent out I
Tbe Thirty Years’ War, 1618-48.
1618, 19 Synod of Dordrecht— neutral in the palatine,declared king Forced to ratify and even strengthen to India . settlement | 161
Condemnation of the Arminians or “ Re¬ of Bohemia, 1619. the former capitulation. of Tranquebar in Co¬ at!
Thirty Years’
monstrants:”—unjust execution of Bar- romandel. Tat
neveldt, 1619. War. 1619 Alliance of the Bohemian revolters, under count Thurn, with Bethlem Gabor, and the
Hungarians : who invade Austria and threaten Vienna. Copenhagen
1619 Batavia founded, and made the seat 1620 The Spa¬
of government in India. Ferdinand II., archduke of Gratz : first cousin—Emperor, 1619- -king of Bohemia, 1617— 1620 Incorporation of the
niards occupy Greenland and Iceland to
Subsidies to the revolted Bohemian Pro¬
the Valteline, in and of Hungary, 1618—1637. Company. ni
testants.
order to protect 1620 Victory of the White Mountain, near Prague, over the Bohe- 1620 General revolt of the the Pi
enlarged.
1621 War with Spain renewed- the Catholic in¬ mians—the elector-palatine flees, and is put to the ban (1621)— Hungarian Protestants- Uhi
habitants against massacre of Prague: the Protestant religion totally sup- Bethlem Gabor elected king. 1623 University of Soroe for ]
Spinola commands in Belgium. the nobility.
West India Company founded. the Grisons, who 1622 The Imperialists, under Tilly, defeated by Mansfeld at Wis- pressed, and all
Manufactures increase. iRmli:
call in France on loch—but victorious at Wimpfen, and at Hochot—total subjuga¬ the privileges of 1622 Peace between Beth-
1623 Arminian conspiracy against the the other side : tion of the Palatinate by Tilly and Spinola—the electoral dignity the kingdom abo- lem Gabor and the Empe- 1625 Christian heads |
tyranny of the stadtholder—suppressed. transferred to Bavaria, 1623.
consequent dis¬ 1625 Lower Saxony the seat of war till 1630—Denmark joins the lished — horrible ror, but not of long dura¬ the league for the re¬
Massacre of the English in Am- putes. Protestants. persecution of the tion -second peace at storation of the elec¬ Be ,*i
boyna. 1626 Victory of Tilly over Christian IV. of Den¬ malecontents — Vienna, 1624— tor-palatine in Bo-1 itftL
mark at Lutter. 30,000 protest- The Emperor cedes the Silesian hernia.
Henry Frederick, „ i duchies of Ratisbon and Oppelen, More
brother, 1625-47. 1628 Wallenstein recovers all the shores of the ant Jamities ba- on condition of Bethlem Gabor Northern fisheries
Mil
nished. abandoning the title of king.
Baltic, except Stralsund: is invested with the protected, Hi
Extends toleration to the Ar- forfeited duchy of Mecklenburg.
1626 The Valte¬ 1627 Ferdinand III., son, crowned king of
minians. 1628—31 Mantuan war of succession in Italy, (see Italy.) Bohemia, in his father's life-time — and of 1626 Defeated at
line restored to Lutter.
1629 Edict of Restitution: reclaiming all church lands occupied
1625 Breda taken by Spinola. the Grisons by by Protestants since 1555, in opposition to the Reservatum Hungary, 1625—signs the same capitulation
the treaty of Ecclesiasticum. as his father. and voyages of discovery
1627-9 Naval successes of Hein in
the West Indies : the Spanish Monpon. Peace of Lubeck—restoration of the territories The right of elec¬ 1625 War with Bethlem fitted, out.
plate-fleet taken off Cuba, 1628. conquered by Wallenstein. tion and the Gabor till 1627. 1627 The Danes de-1
1628 The Spa¬ 1630 Sweden joins the Protestant confederacy: “ Letters of Ma¬ feated by Wallenstein, i
1628 Spinola removed to the com¬ niards in the Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany. iSTn,
jesty” forcibly 1630 Death of Bethlem lose all Holstein and |
mand in Italy. Mantuan war of Diet of Ratisbon: Wallenstein dismissed from the Gabor. iMflj-
abrogated. Sleswick, except the
succession again command, and succeeded by Tilly. I rents th
1631 Acquisition of St. Eustatius, fortresses of Gluck-
Bethlem Stephen,
the first West Indian settlement occupy the Val¬ stadt and Krempen.
1631 Subsidiary treaty of Biirenwalde between France and Sweden— cousin, 1630, 31. to
—Curapao, 1634—Brazil gradu¬ teline, till 1631.
Sack of Magdeburg by Tilly: Gustavus Adolphus victorious at Brei- 1629 Peace of Lubeck— 1t® Gif:
ally subdued by count Maurice tenfeld, takes Mayence—The Saxons subdue Bohemia. George Racoczi,
1631-48, The Imperialists restore their
of Nassau. son of Sigismond— conquests, on Denmark with¬
1632 Defeat and death of Tilly at Lech—Gustavus takes Munich— drawing from the Protestant |
prince of Transylvania,
1633 Belgium reverts to Spain on Wallenstein again generalissimo—Battle of Lutzen, Nov. 6, victory under the protection of league. hthi
the death of the archduchess and death of Gustavus Adolphus. the Porte.
Isabella childless. 1633 Treaty of Heilbronn between Sweden and the four circles ;
1635 Alliance with France—the 1635 Occupation Saxony not acceding.
French invade Belgium—inva¬ of the Valteline 1634 Murder of Wallenstein—Ferdinand, king of Hungary, defeats the Swedes at Kfclf
1637 The counts V If eld I
sion unsuccessful. by the French, Nordlingen. n
Tbe United
under the duke 1635 France attacks the Emperor—peace of Prague with Saxony, ceding to her Lusatia cause a general revolt of
and the confiscated church lands.
jf,
j J e,
the Pro¬ and Sehested, married to
tePeace
de Rohan, till 1636 Swedish preponderance restored by the victory of Wittstock. testants.
two natural daughters
1637 Breda retaken by the stadt¬ 1637. The Imperialists invade France and threaten Paris.
holder. of the king, exercise
Acquisition of Elmina on the Gold- Ferdinand III., son, 1637-57—already king of Bohemia and Hungary.
predominant influence.
coast. 1637 Galas successful against the Swedes, who retreat into Pomerania. 1643 Racoczi declares him¬
Provinces
1638 Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar defeats the Imperialists at Rheinfeld ; self independent of both the
1639 Great naval victory by 1639 “ Capitula¬ Porte and the Emperor, and
takes Brisach.
Tromp over the Spanish fleet in tion of Milan” forms a league with Sweden 1643 Alliance with the |
between the 1639 Death of Bernhard—Victories of Olnitz and Brandeiz gained by re
the Downs, Oct. 21. 50 ships —Invades Hungary, 1644, Emperor, and w
taken, burnt, or sunk. Grisons & Spain. the Swedish general Banner—he dies, 1641. and is joined by all the male- with Sweden : disap- j
1641 Preliminaries of peace opened at Hamburg. contents -the Emperor proved by the diet:
at tbe belgbt
1642 Torstensohn routs the Austrians at Leipsic—invades Holstein, forced to make peace, and and unfortunate for
1640 Settlements in Malacca— and compels the Danes to desert Austria, 1643—routs the Austrians to concede the demands of Denmaik.
and in Ceylon, 1644. in Bohemia, 1645. the Protestants, 1645. 1644 Torstensohn over¬ j Coss
Net
of tbelr 1645 Negotiations for peace at Munster and Ferdinand IV., runs Holstein and Jut¬
Osnaburg. son, 1646-54. Ferdinand IV.,
1646 National debt now 150,000,000 florins, land ; Horn subdues
' 6$ per cent. son, 1647-54, the Danish provinces I
1646 Wrangel succeeds Torstensohn—invades Ba¬
power elected and crowned in the in the south of Sweden.
varia, and compels the Elector to the armistice of 1647 Prague taken rv
life of his father.
Ulm, 1647—on its breach, defeats the Austrians by the Swedes 1645 Peace of Brom-
William II. son, 1647-50. and Bavarians at Zummerhausen, and devastates under sebro under the medi- j
and grandeur. Bavaria, 1648. Konigsmark. ation of France : Den- | "Hi
mark cedes Oesel,
1648 Peace of Westphalia, the basis of all subsequent treaties: signed at Munster.
Gothland, Halland, 1
From this time originates the system of “ the balance of power.” Jemtalaud, Heijeda-|
len, etc., and the free ] b He j
The free exercise of all forms of Protestantism secured—the church George Racoczi II.,
son, 1648—60. navigation of the y peg j
lands fixed as in 1624, the Reservatum Ecclesiasticum being ratified Sound and the Belts.
1648 The Swiss for the future. Alsace ceded to France—Pomerania, Wismar, etc.,
republic recog¬ to Sweden, with rights as a state of the Empire. The Palatine made Frederick III.,
nised at the the eighth elector: Magdeburg, etc., ceded to Brandenburg. The son, 1648-70.
1650 The stadtholder vainly at¬ peace of West¬ Swiss and Dutch republics recognised, and declared independent of New persecutions of the Pro¬
His election opposed by I
testants.
tempts to seize Amsterdam, and phalia. the Empire—and the free right of trade, navigation, and colonisation, his brothers-in-law, who suc¬
make himself absolute—dies of in the East and West Indies, secured to the Dutch by a separate ceed in extorting a capitula-1
tion, reducing the royal f
the small-pox. treaty with Spain. power almost to nothing.

a
 Century. OF MODERN HISTORY. 37

OTTOMAN EMPIRE BEGINS TO DECLINE. POWER OF THE GREAT MOGUL AT ITS HEIGHT.
Ottoman Empire. Persia. India. China. America.
I GOO
Mohammed III. —1603. Abbas (the Great). Jelaleddin Akbar, —1605. The dynasty 1602 Portuguese colonies attacked by the Dutch.
—1627.
1601 War with Persia till 1618. The Mogul dominion now at its height of power
The pashas appointed by the
1601 War with the Porte ; and wealth, though not of territory, the Dekkin called Ming,
Porte supplanted about this 12,000 musketeers, the 1604 Acadia, or New Brunswick, colonised by
time in the African regencies first regular troops, orga¬ being still independent.
by deys chosen by the troops. which had France.
nized by the English tra¬
veller Shirley.
The possessions and trade of .Spain and Portugal in the 1606 Discovery of Hudson’s Bay.
Ahhmed I., son, 1603-17. East are tom from them by their diligent and enterpris¬ ruled since First royal charters for the colonies of Virginia
ing rivals the Dutch. Their East India Company is
1603 Recovery of Tabreez : of Erivan, 1604 : great founded 1602, and proves a very prosperous monopoly.
and New England, the first to the London, the
defeats of the Turks in Anatolia, 1605. the expulsion second to the Plymouth Company.
Disastrous Jehangir, son, 1605-27. 1607 Jamestown founded in Chesapeake Bay—
of the race The first permanent English settlement.
1605 Great revolt in Syria and 1606 Revolt of his son Khosroo suppressed.
1608 Quebec founded: in 1622 it contained
Caramania under the pasha of 1606 Acquisition of Laristan in the west, and Kandahar on the east of Zingis
only forty inhabitants.
Aleppo.
frontier, from the Moguls. 1609 The Spanish colonies weakened by the
Bostkai of Transylvania in alli¬ in 1368,
ance with the Porte. diminished exports consequent on the exhaustion
wars Great improvements in the 1609 Arrival of Hawkins, tbe first English of the mother country.
attacked by
1606 Truce of Comorra for 20 envoy from tbe East India Company. Commencement of the Jesuit missions in Pa¬
years with the Empire : the internal state of the country: raguay.
the Mantchow
Porte retains the frontier towns All the affairs of the Empire disposed of by
of Raab, Gran, etc. roads, causeways, bridges, etc.
Tartars The English North American Colonies make rapid
Commercial treaty with France the sultana, Noor-Mahal, and her strides during this period. The troubles in England,
and Holland. and the persecution of the Puritans and Independents, 1610
Armenian manufacturers in 1616, who
Tobacco first brought to Turkey. brother, the vizier Azif. drive large bodies across the Atlantic, where the maxims
of freedom and equality which they introduce, take deep
with Persia, settled at Julfa. succeed,
1611 The Afghans invade Cabul, but are repulsed. root and briny forth glorious fruit. Of the colonies they
which consume 1612 English factory at Surat.
found, Virginia is the most flourishing, but their efforts
1613 English factory at in 1647, are much cramped by the restrictions of the Company.
the strength 1615 Revolt of the Coolies in Guzerat, sup¬ The colonists, bringing with them a taste for free go¬
Gombroon
of the Empire, pressed with great slaughter. in placing vernment, convene, 1G19, a General Assembly, and form a
Pietro della Valle travels in
Persia, 1614—26. 1616 Sir Thomas Roe, ambassador from constitution upon the English model. A dispute arises
and prevent between the King and Company, which he abolishes 1624.
Tames X. of England. a prince of
Tlie power
Mustapha I., brother, 1617-8. Khosroo murdered by his elder brother Khurrcm,
Deposed for imbecility after three month*. their own 1612 Commencement of “buccaneering” from
Alliances with afterwards Shahjehan. the Dutch and Portuguese wars.
its the European powers 1617 War with Rana Sinka of Udayapur. Occupation of Bermuda by the English Company.
nation, (the
OsmanII., in^India. The Dutch East India trade
son of Achmet, 1618-22. 1616 The tobacco plant first brought into Virginia.
in its fullest now reigning
of Persia
interfering power and glory,
family,) on
1618 Great Persian victory over the Turks and Tartars Shahjehan, after reducing great part 1618 The Maranon explored, and the city of
at Shibli—peace—the Turks cede Georgia, Erivan, and of the Dekkin to pay tribute, Belem in Gram Para founded.
Tabreez. the throne.
in the carried to
revolts against his father, but is reduced
by Mohabet Khan. 1620 Negro slaves first imported to Virginia.
1620 War with Poland in Mol¬ 1621 Abbas puts to death
Emigration of Puritans to Hew England.
davia : and unsuccessful inva¬ his eldest son Soofi, and tbe Company extending
sion of Poland—peace, 1622, blinds his second son. Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth — John Carver first
its possessions on every side, governor. 1620
the Poles retire from Moldavia,
and cede Choczim. a high pitch 1621-4 Brazil overrun by the Dutch—who de-
1626 War renewed in the Dekkin, on the death
feat the Spanish fleet on the west coast, and
intestine disputes 1622 Ormus taken from the of Malek Umber. sack Lima, 1624.
Revolts in many of the provinces. Portuguese by the assist¬ Imbecility of Jehangir—upon his death, Mohabet 1621 Dutch West India Company incorporated.
ance of the English. and the vizier Azif agree in placing on the
of Hungary.
throne his younger son.
1622 War renewed with Persia. 1624 Virginia dependent on the English crown—
The sultan strangled in a revolt particularly among the Islands. Foundation of Manhattan, or New Amsterdam,
The dynasty (now New York) by the Dutch.
of the Janizaries — Mustapha
Shahjehan, son, 1627-58,
restored five months, then by Abbas tbe Great, of Tsing, 1625 The English settle Barbadoes and St.
strangled. massacres all his male relatives of the Kitt’s—Nevis, 1628—Bahamas, 1629—Antigua
Murad IV., 1623-40, house of Timur. and Montserrat, 1632.
or the
surnamed Ghazi, bro. of Osman, declines
1629 The Usbeks attack Kandahar and Cabui, 1627 Boston founded.
A warlike prince—restores tran¬ but are signally repulsed. Mantchow, English Newfoundland fisheries begin to prosper.
quillity, and punishes the re¬
volted pashas. Revolt of Lodi Khan, who engages the princes 1628 Massachusetts Bay state first colonised.
reckoned the
of the Dekkin in rebellion: suppressed by Capture of the Spanish treasure fleet off Havan-
1625 Victory over the Turks : conquest of Bagdad,
Mohabet, 1630. nah by the Dutch.
Mosul, etc. twentieth
item, 1625 Truce with the Empire re¬ 1626 English embassy of Sir D. 1629 New Hampshire granted to J. Mason—
Cotton—commercial treaty. Peace for several years: improvements of the Wonter Van Twiller governor of New Amster¬
mi| newed—the Persian war pre¬ successive
vents the Porte from entering Sam Mirza, or Shah Soofi I. empire by roads and buildings: the Jumma Mus- dam.
11
iluct-1 Germany during the Thirty 1627-41, jeed and the TajxMahal built: the new city of dynasty by 1630 Carolina granted to Sir Robt. Heath—
pen. Years’ War. grandson, son of Soofi. Connecticut to Lords Say and Brook 1631— 1630
Delhi, or Shah-jehanpoor, founded.
lecH 1628 Great slaughter of Janiza- rapidly
the Chinese, Maryland to Lord Baltimore, 1632.
«ik ries in punishment of a revolt. 1630 Settlement of the Buccaneers in Tortuga
The king, a drunken tyrant,
rk«i
The civil troubles of the began in about this time.
puts to death and blinds many of
Revolts and troubles among the The Dutch almost sole masters of Brazil.
the nobles, and most of the royal English prevent their en¬
Crim-Turtars, and Cossacks, and family. ergies from having full the person of
among the Druses in Syria. under his play in this quarter at 1632 Maryland settled by a catholic colony
1634 Murad in person invades Persia, and takes Tabreez. present; but a rivaliy Chun-Chi, under Lord Baltimore.
Tbe Tanizarles 1636 Kandahar recovered from Persia. is already growing up Isle of St. Eustatia settled by the Dutch—
1647-61.
between them and the Curasao, 1634.
rri«in| 1636 Peace with Poland renewed. cruel and 1637-9 Revolt and sub
ugfitc begin to decline. jugation of the raja of Dutch> whom thed soon
Tavernier travels in Persia be- Bundelcund. outstrip in every thing
esw
Troubles on the Tartar frontier : tween 1637 and 1669. connected with ships, co¬
Azoph taken by the Cossacks, lonies, and commerce.
tati| effeminate 1635 Connecticut first settled—Guadaloupe and
1637.
Madras and Fort St Martinique settled by the French.
1637 Bagdad taken by the Turks : peace, 1639. George the only settle¬
All Abbas’s conquests given up, and the frontiers re-established as in the 1637 Maine and New Hampshire colonised from
reign of Soliman the Magnificent, by the peace of 1555.
ments at this time of the Connecticut.
rith u
id «i!| Ibrahim, brother, 1640-48. successors. Wars in the Dekkin re- EnSlish in the Carnatic Harvard college founded.
First printing office in America at
; di>>H newed, 1640-55. Cambridge by Sam. Green.
udi Unwarlike Abbas II., son, 1641-66. 1640 Fort St. George, or Madras, founded by the English.
rulers, The
ate 1642 The Usbek princes of Balkh take refuge in Persia
1642 Recapture of Azoph from from the intrigues of Shahjehan. 1640
the Cossacks. followers
ihnoflt 1640 English in Surinam—Portuguese, 1643.
who revel in
and Jut of the 1641 The sugar-cane introduced into Barbadoes
subdue effeminate Jealousies arise among the four sons of Shahjehan ; from Brazil.
Period of tranquillity
irofi 1645 Truce with the Empire Dora Sheko, Shah Sujah, Murad Buksh, Grand Lama
fSu again prolonged. 1643 French colony in Cayenne.
War with Venice till 1669— follows the Turkish wars : and Aureng Zeb.
become the Confederation of the colonies of New England
if] Candia the theatre of war. for mutual defence — Cambridge Platform
the ®e® commerce and arts
ce: and luxurious dominant adopted, 1648.
/
Whole number of emigrants to New
t 0* enjoyments, flourishing : The foundations of the England up to this time 21,000.

1648 The sultan deposed and sect

Mahratta power laid by Sevajee Thomas Mayhew preaches to the Indians.
strangled for immorality, by many Europeans resort
i ibefi in China.
command of the Mufti. on the
of >b' | to Persia.
he and leave frontiers of the Dekkin. 1647 Peter Stuyvesant governor of New Am¬
the government sterdam.
tills
Mohammed IV., 1648-87,
i**, son, four years old. 1648 Kandahar finally annexed to Persia. 1649 J. Winthropp governor of Connecticut.
to the care of 1650 First settlement of N. Carolina, about
Alhermarle Sound. 1650
V' grand viziers.

b c d e
a
38 Table xv. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Seventeenth

COMMONWEALTH—RESTORATION—GLORIOUS REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND.

Great Britain.

1650
Constitutional History, The Commonwealth.
Military government may be now considered as esta¬ Government administered by a Council of State, supported by an army of 30,000 veterans under the command of Cromwell.
blished :—by military force, with the approbation of an
1649 The royalists in Ireland reduced by Cromwell.
inconceivably small portion of the people, the king had
been beheaded, the ancient laws of the country overthrown, The Scots proclaim Charles II.—Montrose taken and hanged, 1650—Charles lands in Scotland ; all power in the hands of the
and supreme authority placed in the hands of a mutilated Covenanters—Victory of Cromwell over the Scots at Dunbar—Charles enters England, 1651—defeated at Worcester by
House of Commons, rarely mustering more than seventy Cromwell—escapes to France—the royal party is everywhere suppressed—everything in the hands of the army.
or eighty members, who appointed the council of state, The Navigation Act: restricting imports in foreign vessels—aimed against the Dutch trade—the first appearance of the prohibitory system in commerce.
and to all offices, most of which they shared among them¬ 1652-4 Naval war with Holland : ill
selves. Blake, Ascough, and Penn, English admirals; Tromp, Ruyter, and de Witt, Dutch: continual sea-fights in the Channel. sol
1653 The Long Parliament forcibly dissolved by Cromwell—“ Barebone's Parliament” summoned—resigns its power into the
The fundamental charter of the English commonwealth
under the Protector, was “ The instrument of government," hands of Cromwell. life#
Oliver Cromwell Xiord Protector of the three Kingdoms, X653-8.
drawn up by the council of officers, 1653, and approved
Arbitrary but vigorous government of L ij
by parliament. The. power of the Protector is increased, Naval victory over the Dutch—Peace of Westminster, 1654, and alliance with
1657, when he has conferred upon him all the privileges Holland : the honour of the flag conceded to England. Cromwell: he is looked up to as the
of monarchy but its name—the crown is offered him, and 1655 Royalist conspiracy crushed—England 1655, 6 Five million acres confiscated in
refused. , 1 ., r, ° Ireland, and divided among the republi- support of the Protestants abroad; and
divided into twelve military governments. cans alld EngIish soidiers.
1654 New parliament: 400 for England, 30 each for 1655-60 War with Spain : Jamaica conquered by Penn; Plate fleets taken by his alliance is courted by the powerful
Scotland and Ireland ; electoral qualification in counties, Blake at Cadiz and Santa Cruz. monarchies of France and Spain.
£200, in freehold or moveable property—dissolved without
passing a single Act. 1658 Discontent and conspiracies—the Millenarians, Fifth-Monarchy Men, and other fanatics.—Death of Cromwell, Sept. 3rd.
1660
1656 New parliament, 100 obnoxious members ex¬ Richard Cromwell, son, succeeds as Protector, 1658-9.
pi In'
cluded—1657 Cromwell summons a House of Lords— Cabal of Wallingford house among the officers, 1659—the Protector resigns.
great majority against him in the Commons, dissolved
1659 The Rump parliament re-assembled, but soon expelled by the army—Committee of Safety—the nation refuses to pay
1658.
taxes—apprehensions of anarchy. [Mace«
The military government of Cromwell—his rigorous measures—his 1660 Gen. Monk, governor of Scotland, marches to London, calls “ the Convention parliament”—king restored by acclamation. [oitici
arbitrary tax of 10 per cent on all who had sided with the king—the
capital executions of his high court of justice, without trial, cause a Episcopacy re-established in
.0®
general discontent, and a burning desire for the ancient monarchy. All Restoration of the Stuarts. the three kingdoms. The Church Ifaund
that had been gained by civil war was— has its lands restored — the clergy
a more severe despotism than Charles had ever attempted. Charles II., 1660-85. their benefices—the bishops again
Tict
General amnesty and indemnity, except to the late king’s judges—Revenue fixed at £1,200,000 per annum—“ward¬ take their seats in parliament.;. The
T1 [tie Spin
ship and purveyance” commuted fur £100,000 a-year—The army disbanded, except 1000 horse and 4000 foot (the Presbyterians, who had assisted in Tilia-Vif
During the reign of Charles II. the fundamental privi¬ first royal standing army)—Hyde, earl of Clarendon, lord chancellor and prime minister, 1660-67. The “Con¬ the restoration, hope great things
from the king, but are deceived—in
leges of the subject were less invaded, and the prerogative vention parliament” dissolved, Dec. 1660.
his declaration from Breda he had
Millie
swerved into fewer excesses than perhaps in any former 1661 New parliament—139 peers summoned. promised liberty of conscience, but
it was never granted.
reign of equal length. Frequent sessions of parliaments 1661 Alliance with Portugal—1662 the king marries Catharine of Portugal. Corporation Act against Dissen¬
Dunkirk sold to France for £400,000, to pay the king’s debts. ters, 1661.
prevented illegal taxation: the attempts to revive the 1662 Act of Uniformity,
1664-7 War with Holland, from commercial jealousy. by which every beneficed minister, I Rei
Star-chamber and High Commission .courts failed, so that
1665 Naval victory gained by the duke of York— Great plague of London: 100,000 deaths— fellow of a college, and schoolmaster, llision:
no means remained by which to punish political offenders 1666 Sea-fight for four days: doubtful victory of , narliampnt held at Oxford 1665 is made to declare his unfeigned
the English—1667 the Dutch enter the Thames *ne Parliament neia at UXtOra, 1000. assent and consent to everything
except the regular law tribunals; certainly not as yet suf¬ by surprise, and burn the shipping— breat fire of London: 13,000 houses destroyed. contained in the Book of Common
Prayer—that no person should hold
ficiently untrammeled to leave the subject full protection, any living without episcopal ordi¬
Peace of Breda: New-York ceded to England.
but, from their very publicity alone, beyond comparison nation—2000 ministers are conse¬ Ihtio 11.
1670 quently ejected from their livings. |[: fw[it
superior to the dark and secretcourts of James and Charles I. 1663 The Triple League between England, Holland, and Sweden, against France. 1664 Act for suppressing conven¬
ticles ; by which persons attending li
The great shackles upon liberty and law were : 1. restrictions upon 1670 The Cabal Ministry (C lifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, Lauderdale) intro¬ any place of worship but the Church, lows ii
the press; 2. illegal proclamations, though few in number; 3. fining duce councils tending to absolutism and popery. are subject to imprisonment- and
of juries for their verdicts. On the other hand the Commons kept a transportation. 1665 All persons
sharp and vigilant eye upon every stretch of arbitrary prerogative in Secret alliance with France—(or rendering Charles despotic, establishing popery in England, for the conquest and in holy orders called upon to swear
the crown—vote that the Lords should not alter money bills; success¬ partition of Holland, &c. and the overthrow of the liberties of Europe. “ that it is not lawful upon any pre¬
fully oppose their attempts to exempt themselves from an equal sub¬ tence whatsoever to take up arms itPtrn
mission to the law, as shown in their amendments to the bills for regu¬ Lauderdale makes the royal authority absolute in Scotland. against the king.”
lating the press, 1661, and to prevent infection from the plague, 1665;
and defeat their design to establish their right to an original jurisdiction Religious persecution, enormous taxation, the shocking depravity of the court, SfC., give r ise to discontent,
in civil suits, though they make good their claim to hear appeals from
the court of equity. [Cases of Skinner and the East India Company,
and increase the power of the opposition in parliament.
166S—Shirley and Fagg, 1675.] 1672 War with Holland, in conjunction with France. Severities against the Scottish I Poiti
Presbyterians.
Habeas Corpus Act passed, 1679—It had been passed 1673 Fall of the Cabal—Ministry of Danby, to 1678—Extensive corruption of parliament. I’Ji-liui
by the Commons in 1669, 70, 73,74, 75, 76, and rejected by the Lords. 1674 Peace with Holland : 1672 Declaration of Indulgence III not 1
Conquests mutually restored: the Dutch pay £300,000, and yield the honour of the flag : new regulations of trade by the king—opposed by parlia¬
The great objects which Charles and James II. had at —the king continues iu secret correspondence with France, whence he receives a degrading pension of 1,000,000 ment, as a stretch of prerogative—
| i.v:±:
livres, afterwards increased to 2,000,000. withrawn 1673.
heart, were the re-establishment of popery and absolute
Disputes on the doctrines of Passive Obedience and Non-resistance.
power; and although they might not perhaps have set 1673 Test Act: renders the
1677 Parliament addresses the king to form an alliance with Holland—he refuses. reception of the sacrament accord¬
aside the use of parliaments altogether, if they could by ing to the rites of the Church of
Rise of the names of Whigs and Tories—the king, fearful of offending parliament by supporting England, and a declaration re¬
corruption or force have rendered them subservient to
France, or of losing his pension by declaring in favour of Holland wavers, and nouncing the doctrines of transub-
their own wills, they evidently disliked them, and would becomes universally distrusted by the nation. stantiation, necessary to all holding
office. It is levelled chiefly against
have got rid of them by any means that offered. Marriage of the prince of Orange to the princess Mary of York, Catholics, and compels the duke of
York, who had avowed himself |.W/« f.
In 1685 the crown was nearly absolute : for so submis¬ 1678 Peace of Nimeguen: 1678 Dissolution of parliament upon the impeachment of one, to quit the post of Lord Ad¬
sive and corrupt was parliament now become, that had discontent in England at the the earl of Danby, after sitting 17 years—New parliament, miral.
1680 advantages conceded to France. 1679 : bill of Exclusion against the duke of York : Habeas I nti mi
not James alarmed the high church party by a too early 1678 Fresh severities against the
The Popish plot concocted by Corpus Act: second impeachment of Danby and five Catholic Scotch Covenanters: 8000 High¬
betrayal of his intention to give place and power only to the informers Oates and Bedloe.
peers; dissolved—New parliament, 1680: Exclusion bill landers quartered on the western
Murder of Sir Edmondsbury Godfrey. counties: “ tlie Highland Host”—
Catholics, he might have repealed the Habeas Corpus and rejected by the Peers : unjust condemnation and execution murder of archbishop Sharpe, 1679
1679 Outcry against the duke of of Stafford; violence of the Commons; dissolved—New
Test acts, and rendered the monarchy despotic. In 1686, —revolt of the Covenanters—sup¬
York, who retires to Brussels— parliament at Oxford, 1681 : recommence the Exclusion bill pressed by the battle of Bothwell-
upon the reluctance of the Commons to come into his Fresh executions for the Popish plot. bridge.
and impeachment of Danby; again dissolved—
measures, he showed very plainly, that with a bench The Meal-tub plot.
1681 Trial and acquittal of Shaftesbury Ho parliament for four years. 1681 Rise of the Cameronians in
of judges to pronounce his commands, and an army to en¬ for high treason. Scotland:
force them, he would not suffer constitutional restrictions Power of the crown nearly absolute.
to stand in his way. 1683 London and other corporations deprived of their charters to influence elections. Presbyterians and Dissenters
everywhere persecuted.
The King’s Bench confirms the right of the crown to dispense with
Ryehouse plot, 1683, headed by Monmouth, for setting aside the duke ofYork’s succession—
nmi
the Test act; establishment of new ecclesiastical commission : the former execution of Lord Russel and Algernon Sydney. f feii
seals the destiny of the Stuarts ; for what chance was there for liberty a invest
with an hereditary line of kings, possessing a power, acknowledged by
law, of setting aside Acts of parliament ? James II., brother, 1685-8, James, in order to favour popery,
Ml 15 Iffy
declares for liberty of conscience,
succeeds without opposition, and promises to maintain the constitution in church and state. in hopes of enlisting the Dissenters Mikll,
The Declaration of Rights: recites the illegal and arbitrary acts of in his quarrel against the high
the late king, the consequent vote of abdication, and settles the throne 1685 Caryl sent to Rome.—Parliament: a life revenue settled on the king.—Rebellion of the church party, which violently op¬
on the prince and princess of Orange. It further declared, that it is duke of Monmouth in England, and Argyle in Scotland : both defeated and executed. poses every concession and attempt
illegal for the crown without consent of parliament to suspend the exe¬ at conciliation.
Bloody assizes of Jeffreys: 97 persons executed, and 855 transported. [ k kin<
cution of laws or to dispense with them, to create commissions for
ecclesiastical or other causes, to levy money, or to maintain a standing 1686 Court of Ecclesiastical Commission. Penal laws against Catholics suspended.
army in times of peace ; that it is the right of the subjects to petition, to
bear arms; elections to be free; freedom of speech in parliament, and Increasing discontent and alarm of the nation—1688 Trial and acquittal of the seven bishops for petitioning the king against the
that parliaments should be held frequently. It was confirmed by the Declaration of Indulgence.—Birth of the prince of Wales—the Protestants apply to the prince of Orange, who lands in England feme
Bill of Rights, which also limited the succession of the crown to Pro¬
testants. with 15,000 men-—the king flees to France.
"■"si
The throne declared vacant in England and Scotland, but James still acknowledged in Ireland.
The Great Revolution, borrowing nothing from the hero¬
1690 ism or motives of those who brought it to pass, derives all Revolution——William III. and Mary II., daughter of James II., 1689-1702.
its splendour from the great principle on which it rests,
that the public good is the great end of government. It Declaration of Rights. War with France, A bolition of Episcopacy in Scotland.

breathed a new life into the constitution, not so much by 1689 Civil war in Scotland : victory of the Jacobites at Killykrankie—James lands in Ireland Toleration extended to all, who
take the oath of allegiance, arid
any alteration of its fundamental maxims, as by the spirit and is universally acknowledged ; Catholic parliament in Dublin—siege of Londonderry. subscribe the declaration against
and feelings which henceforward prevailed among the 1690-1 War in Ireland: William in Ireland: Battle of the Boyne, July 1; James defeated, popery.
An attempt to enlarge the basis
people. Absolute power, passive obedience, and heredi¬ and returns to France: unsuccessful siege of Limerick : William returns to England. of the Church by an act of com¬
tary right, were destroyed. The struggle between the 1691 Irish army defeated at Aughrim : Limerick taken, and the whole kingdom submits; prehension falls to the ground
crown and the people—between despotism and liberty— Treaty of Limerick, guaranteeing civil and religious liberty to the Irish Catholics : 12,000 through the bigotry of the high
church faction.
which had continued from the days of John downward, nevertheless emigrate. Schism of the non-jurors.
almost always to the advantage of the monarch, now ended 1692 Insurrection concerted in favour of James, who prepares to invade England from Normandy: The king’s desire for tolerationr
and to screen the Catholics, is
by the triumph of parliament and the people. A sovereign Naval victory of La Hogue by the Dutch and English (admiral Russel) over the French. turned into a reproach against him
was virtually declared to have forfeited his right to the na¬ Loans raised by government (the germ of the National Debt)/©/* maintaining foreign relations. by the tories and high churchmen.
tions allegiance. The crown, which had hitherto predomi¬ The corruption of parliament by court favour, and the influence of the monied interest, give rise to great discontent.
nated in the mixed government of England, was abased, 1093 Incorporation of tlie Bank of England—Stamp Acts.
and the aristocracy (including landed proprietors and the W rr
1694 Death of queen Mary, followed by conspiracies against the life of William, by Sir G. Barclay, etc.—supp. and punished.
clergy) has since possessed the greatest power, and might
1095 Improvement of the coinage ; disputes as to tlie standard—First window tax.
have become unbearable but for the gradual extension of 1096 Illegal execution of Sir John F nwick by a bill of attainder.
the blessings of civil and religious liberty, to the rest of the Se
1697 Peace of Ryswick, rendered necessary by the financial embarrassment of all parties [see France.] 'Ss,
community 1098 The king compelled by parliament to disband the Dutch guards, and all the troops, except 10,000 laud forces and 3000 marines : Civil list £700,000. »ith
Constitutional improvements under William III.: Corporations re¬ Disputes on the charter of the East India Company ; a second Company incorporated 1098.
stored—appropriation of supplies—parliamentary interference and in¬ l ¥ l)oi
quiries more frequent and regular—triennial parliaments, 1694—law England joins the first Partition Treaty (see Spain.)
of high treason amended—liberty of the press—religious toleration to all, 1700 Death of the duke of Gloucester, only surviving child of the princessAnne, and heir presumptive to the crown :—The suc¬
1700 except Papists and such as deny the Trinity.
cession limited by parliament to Sophia, electress-dowager of Hanover (grand-daughter of James I.) and her heirs, being Protestants

a
a
 Century. OF MODERN HISTORY. 39

PREDOMINATING POWER OF FRANCE: LOUIS XIV. AIMS AT UNIVERSAL MONARCHY.

Portugal. Spain. France. Italy. Naples & Sicily
Bouse of Bragranza. Philip IV. —1665. House of Bourbon. Venice.
Philip IV.
Genoa. Tuscany. Savoy.
John IV. —1656. Spain going: fast to ruin by bad Louis XIV. —1715. Republics. of Spain, —1665.
government and unsuc¬
Continuation of the troubles of the Fronde: 1653-5-6Three Ferdinand
cessful wars. naval victo- a.
1651 Conde, etc., released: Turenne resumes his allegiance: Mazarine with¬
draws to Cologne: the king declared of age.—1652 Conde in rebellion : Maza¬ ries over the DE MEDICI,
The country depopulated. rine retires to Sedan : the king enters Paris and proclaims an amnesty : Turks in the II., grand-
1654 Recovery of Bra¬ 1652 Barcelona taken by Don John Retz sent to Vincennes : Conde flees to Spain.—1653 Mazarine returns to Paris
zil from the Dutch. ^hipa-d^e,-1670.
in triumph : the capture of Bourdeaux, the head-quarters of the Frondeurs, ends
of Austria—Ends the revolt of Ca¬ the troubles of the Fronde. nelles.
talonia : the Catalonian constitution Charles
and privileges destroyed. Emanuel II. 1654 Unsuccessful
Alfonso VI., -1675. attempt of the duke
son, 1656—67. War with Spain continues in Catalonia,.in the Netherlands, and in The Crown despotic. of Guise to excite a
paralytic and imbecile Italy, generally in favour of France. Lombardy fresh revolt in his
-queen-mother regent. Turenne the principal French commander; Conde on the Spanish side. and
1655 Famous declaration Milan favour.
England allies with France against Spain.
656 The Portuguese Spanish.
1655—60 War with England: the plate-fleet of the king,
driven from Ceylon by taken by the English, 1656—Defeat at sea off The Tuscan
the Dutch. Dunkirk, 1658—Loss of Dunkirk. “ I am the State 1657 The territories con¬
Jesuits
1659 Peace of the Pyrenees: he dictates, allowed to tinue to enjoy
Spain cedes Artois, Roussillon, etc.—Marriage of Louis XIV. to Maria Theresa, return to the profound peace
Philip’s daughter by his first wife, 1660, whence the subsequent accession of the as absolute master, Venetian during this
Bourbons in Spain—she solemnly renounces all possible future pretensions to any territories,
of her father’s dominions. to Parliament. after 51 years' period.
exclusion.
The war with England ends on the restoration Warfare of the French
of Charles II., apparently without any formal 1661 Death of Mazarine—Colbert, Comptroller-General of and Spaniards in
peace. Finance (prime minister), 1661-83. Savoy and Piedmont,
terminated by the
661 Invasion of Portugal, now Spain’s only enemy, by an With Colbert’s administration commences the era called the Age of Louis Peace of the Pyre¬
XIV.: his single genius created not only the finances, hut the com-
army under Don John of Austria. merce, manufactures, and naval power of France: and on this commer¬
nees, 1659.
cial prosperity was consequent the social refinement, and the literary 1663 Discontent in
Ylliance with England: 1661-5 Troubles in America (see
and scientific eitiinence, which have made this period considered the Sicily from the mo¬
peace with Holland, America.) Golden Age of France.—Lyonne minister of foreign affairs: Tellier
by which Portugal re¬ nopoly of the silk
minister of war till 16G6 : then succeeded by Louvois.
covers Brazil, Diu, exports given to
1662 The court removed to St. Germain, and in 1682 to Messina — tumults
Goa, and Macao. Versailles — Splendour of the court: introduction of strict in Messina. on its
663 Victory of the Portuguese under count Schomberg over and formal etiquette. revocation, and fac¬
the Spaniards at Estremos : and another more decisive at tions, of the Merli
Villa-Vifosa, 1665, 1662-4 Disputes with the Pope caused by an insult to the
French ambassador : Avignon seized till 1690. and JVIalvezzi.
die queen-mother re¬ Charles II., 1665-1700,
signs the regency, and 4 years old, son—Anne of Austria, 6000 troops sent against the Turks in Hungary.
Charles II.,
retires to a convent. king’s mother, regent till 1675— son, 1665-1700.
1664 French East India Company till 1770—and West
Discontent of India Company till 1674 :—
667 Revolution at Prohibitory tariffs of customs, 1664 and 1667—Colonies of Cayenne, Martinique,
The crown settled, in failure of the male line, on Guadaloupe, St. Lucie, Grenada : Canada made a royal government. 1669 Candia
Xaisbon: the king Margaret, empress of Germany, younger sister taken by the Sicily divided
deposed for imbe¬ of Maria Theresa; or on Maria Theresa’s issue Academie des Sciences founded, 1606. Turks:Peace
by a second marriage: in no case to devolve with the into
cility. on a French prince. Canal of Languedoc, from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1666—80.
fZZdJH*- Cosmo III.,
the nation, cept the har- SOn,
two factions,
Pedro II., 1667-1706,
ts regent till the death 1667-8 War with France : Louis XIV. claims the Spanish Netherlands for his wife, in spite of her boars and
of Suda 1670-1723.
Spina-
headed by
of Alfonso, in 1683— renunciation, and invades Belgium with 35,000 men. longa.
the cities of
marries his brother’s Influence of the which sinks to the
affianced bride, a prin¬ jesnit Nitard, Messina and
Grand-Iuquisitor. 1670-3 War between Genoa
cess of Nemours. lowest wretchedness. Palermo.
and Savoy.
668 Peace of Lisbon with Spain, by the 1668 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle : France 1668 Triple League: England,
mediation of England : independence of acquires Lille, Tournay, and other places Sweden, Holland, against France 1672 Conspiracy of La Torre
Portugal acknowledged : Spain retains in Flanders. in the Netherlands. in Genoa, in favour of Charles
Ceuta. - Emanuel: discovered and 1674 Revolt of Me
670 Portugal recon¬ Commerce, 1670 The duke of Lorraine driven from his territories, which suppressed. sina in favour i
ciled to the Pope, who 1669 Nitard driven from Spain by France retains till the peace of Ryswick, 1697. France-Loui:
had not hitherto ac¬ Don John of Austria. 1671 Foundation of the Academy of Architecture and the Hotel des 1673 Peace by the mediation XIV. revives tl
knowledged the House 1673 War with France for the pro¬ Invalides: edict declaring that the privileges of nobility were not of France, Spain, and the old pretensions, an
forfeited by engaging in commerce.
of’Braganza. tection of Holland. Pope. purposes to make
1672-8 War with Holland— Victor French prince kir
agriculture, Invasion by Louis with 100,000 men : the country overrun : Amsterdam opens Amadeus II., of Sicily.
the sluices: League of Brandenburg, Spain, and the Empire to save Holland.
Long peace : —1673 Turenne passes the Rhine and attacks Brandenburg : Peace of Vossem: son, 1765-1730,
1675 The king assumes the govern¬ but Brandenburg soon renews the war.—1674 The in Savoy.
the kingdom begins Tobacco monopoly vested
ment—Don John of Austria prime prince of Orange routed at Senef: Franche-Comte in the crown. 1676 Messina block¬
subdued : battles of Sinsheim and Mulhausen on
to recover minister, 1677 ; dies, 1679 : the last the Upper Rhine : the Palatinate ravaged by Tu¬ aded by the Dutch
great man of the Spanish house of renne.—1675 Death of Turenne at Sasbach.— Influence of the Pere la
Chaise, the King's and Spanish fleets
t|S from the exhaustion Austria. 1676 Conferences for peace opened at Nimeguen, confessor.
under the mediation of England: but the war — naval actions —
1W
consequent on and finances meanwhile continues : victory of Mont-Cassel over the prince of Orange, 1677. death of the Dutch
1678-9 Peace of Nimeguen with Holland and Spain:— admiral de Ruyter.
wars and Spanish Complete restitution between France and Holland: Spain cedes Franche-Comte, and 16 Belgian frontier fortresses; Valen¬
domination. ciennes, Cambrai, Ypres, Maubeuge, etc.—France retains Freyburg (till 1697) in lieu of Philipsburg (held since 1648).
1680-5 Duke of Medina-Celi prime France the most formidable Power in Europe. 1678 The French
minister. Standing army 140,000 men, besides 60,000 sailors and marines. compelled to evacu¬
1680 “ Chambers of re-union ” at Metz, Brisac, and Besan^on, and forcible ate Sicily — Mes¬
680 Disputes between Portugal and Spain in South America seizure of districts in Alsace.
respecting boundaries. 1681 Strasburg and Casale, the keys of Upper Germany and Lombardy, seized sina punished and
in ruin: the same day in the midst of peace. degraded by the
1682 National council of French Bishops: the *-* Four Articles” against the Spanish viceroy,
temporal power of the Pope.
f rnnn c 1682—3 Algiers bombarded by Du Quesne: and a third time in 1688 by d’Estrees. San Estevan.

i
!86 The Jesuits in South
America invested by royal
irdinance with the political
is well as religious govern-
* 1683 Death of Colbert.
1683 Invasion of the Spanish Netherlands : hence the defensive treaty of the Hague between Spain,
Holland, Sweden, and the Empire, against French encroachments.
1684 Luxemburg subdued—Genoa bombarded eleven days for her alliance with Spain.
Truce of Ratisbon for twenty years with Spain and her allies : Spain cedes Luxemburg : 1684 Alliance
rien«* inent
" of" the
* Indian
’ Reduc- the Empire cedes Strasburg, etc. of Venice with
*n!ers ions. Poland and 1687 The duke
■ hi;k undisciplined The French monarchy at the summit of its power, but theagainst Empire 1686 Persecution of d’Aranda viceroy.
the Vaudois or Wal-
687 Second marriage the Porte. denses in Piedmont.
1685 The Conde de Oropesa prime 1685 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes : 700,000 industrious
of the king with a
minister : desires to save his country. citizens emigrate to Protestant countries • hence
princess of Neubourg: 1685-7 Conquests of
lirth of a male heir and unpaid: 1686 League of Augsburg negotiated against France by Morea, Morosini in the
Negropont,
st tie 1688, removes the the Stadtholder : the Emperor, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, and and Dalmatia;
and the other German states. Athens bombarded
i (fears of a disputed 1684, to the great
succession. monarchy 1687 Quarrel of the French ambassador with the Pope on the revocation of the injury of the Par¬
privilege of sanctuary. thenon, and other
on the its resources greatly exhausted toy the antiquities.

1688-97 War of Spain, the Empire, Holland, Savoy, and England, against France : 1690 Monem- 1690 The duke of
■llimt Luxemburg and Catinat commanders by land; Tourville by sea. basia in the Savoy joins the
Morea sur¬ Grand Alliance
A*. verge of 1688—9 The Palatinate horribly devastated with fire and sword by order of against France ; is
Louvois.
renders after a 1693 Great earth¬
year’s siege. defeated at Stafarda
1689 Spain joins the Grand Alliance 1689 The Grand alliance against France, headed by William. by marshal Catinat; quakes in Sicily.
against France. and the French over¬
1690 Naval victory of Tourville over the Dutch and English off Dieppe.—In the run Savoy.
Revolt of Catalonia in favour of Netherlands—Victory of Luxemburg at Fleurus, 1690; at Steenkirke, 1692;
£f"" France. and at Neerwinden, 1693. After Luxemburg’s death, 1695, Villeroi in com¬
It w1 political mand.—In Italy—Victory of Catinat at Stafarda, 1690; and Marsaglia, 1691: 1693 Victor Amadeus
Savoy and Piedmont overrun.—In Spain—the war less important: Barcelona 1694 Chio utterly routed at
dissolution. taken, 1697. taken from the Marsaglia by mar¬
Turks, but shal Catinat.
1693 Institution of the Order of St. Louis.
Incursion of the French into Aragon, recovered by
696 or 9 Discovery of 1691 ; and Catalonia, 1694: Barce¬ continual drain of war. them two
years after. 1696 Peace with
the gold mines of lona taken by the due de'Vendome, 1696 Peace of Turin with Savoy: Pignerol and all the French con¬ France: all con¬
Minas Geraes in Bra¬ 1697. quests restored, for the sake of breaking the confederacy. quests restored, and
zil by the Paulistas. Pignerol given up
1697 General peace Of Ryswick t France restores all her conquests to Holland, Spain, and England: by France.
list acknowledges William Ill.: reinstates the duke of Lorraine: and retains, of the German “ re-unions,” only Alsace, with 1699 Peace
W11*
697 Last meeting of Strasburg and Landau. Regulation of the Parisian police by D’Argenson. of Carlowitz
the Cortes. Intrigues for the succession, Charles being childless: hence
with the
Porte: 1697 First partition
)ispute with France, Venice ac¬
1698 First Partition Treaty: secretly concluded by France, England, and the Empire: Spain, Netherlands, and America treaty—Naples to
not,** respecting boundaries to the electoral prince of Bavaria, grandson and sole heir of the empress Margaret: Naples to the Dauphin: Milan to the quires the
in America. archduke Charles, second son of the Emperor, heir male:—rendered nugatory by the death of the electoral prince, 1699. Morea, Egina, the Dauphin—con¬
1700 Second Partition Treaty, transferring Spain to the archduke Charles. and the firmed as to Naples
frontier for¬ by the second treaty
Death of the king, who nominates, under the influence of the Pope and cardinal Portocarrero, Philip of Anjou, second grand¬ tresses in
lit:i* son of Louis XIV., as his successor. Dalmatia. in 1700.
lfi!>

a
40 Continuation of Table xv. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Seventeent

HOLLAND A FIRST-RATE POWER. TURKISH WARS IN AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY.

The United Provinces. Switzer¬ German Empire. I Bohemia. Hungary.
opes & Church History. | land.
Belgium. Ferdinand III. —1657. Ferdinand IV. (son of the Emperor), •—1654.
Holland. ling0
Innocent X. —1655. George Racoczi II. till 1660, in Transylvania.
William II.
1650 Birth of the prince of Orange, afterwards
1653 Ge¬ 1653 Saxony at the head of rofSn
tftf0
William III. eight days after his father’s death.
1653 Bull against the “five Propo¬ neral re¬ den a®1
Tbe Republic the Protestant body, called Leopold I. (another son), crowned in Bohemia, 1654,
sitions” of the Jansenists. volt of the Corpus Evangelicorum.
The Stadtholdership vacant till 1672 : the towns appoint their and in Hungary, 1655, on the death of Ferdinand.
own magistrates, and the States-general command the navy peasantry
and army. in conse¬ The Imperial government
rises to be quence of
strengthened and consolidated. Unsuccessful attempts to get
1652-4 War with England: ostensible cause, the over
1655 Persecution of the refusal of the honour of the flag to the English taxation. Religious liberty firmly secured, the crown declared
Waldenses. Republic: real cause, commercial rivalry:-—sea- though the Catholics still endeavour hereditary in the House of xiustria. iTbeS<
fights in the Channel: Blake and Tromp. 1655,6 to injure it.
Alexander VII. (Chigi), 1655-67. War be¬
1657 Racoczi allies himself with Sweden agains gl I»l
Colonise the Cape of Good Hope,
Formation of standing armies,
1656 Another bull against the Jan- one of tbe
tween the Poland, which he invades, but is defeated: de
Catholic which continually increase. posed.
senist Propositions.
John deWitt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, and Pro¬
Leopold I., son, 1657-1705—already king of Bohemia and Hungary.
1653-72. testant
1654 Defeat and death of Tromp: Peace of West¬ parties.
minster with England : 1658-61 War of the people of Munster
Cromwell exacts, as a condition, the Exclusion of the House
against their bishop, Bernard von Galen
Disputes of the Pope with
of Orange from the Stradtlioldership : consequent discontent —they are reduced. [jl! IN
France
of its partisans. 1660 Racoczi falls in battle against the Turks. tfdion
1662 first from an insult to the most powerful
French ambassador—the Pope 1656 Acquisition of Colombo in Ceylon, and Calicut in Malabar.
Most of the states increase
obliged to supplicate Louis for par¬ 1658 Naval victory under Opdam over the Swedes Michael Abaffi I., 1661-90, declared prince o flar
don. in the Sound, and relief of Copenhagen. in power, Transylvania by the Porte — Austria nominate:
1663 College for Foreign Missions both civil arid military. Ketneni: hence
states of Europe.
founded at Paris. 1660 Act of Exclusion annulled out of 1658 Dunkirk taken by
War with the Porte, 1661—4 : Grsw[
compliment to Charles II. of England, the French and English, 1663 Re¬
on the Restoration. & occu pied by the latter. newed al¬ The Turks take Great Wardein, 1661 : Nenhaussel
1663 The Diet permanent at Ratisbon, 1662 : Kemeni defeated and killed, 1662.
1661,2 The Barbary pirates 1659 Peace of the Py¬ liance Jill 0
renees—part of Luxem¬ till 1806—the princes of the Empire re¬
1665 Persecution of the Jansenists chastised by the Dutcli fleet. with
burg ceded to France. presented by their deputies.
France. Continual |{13
in France: a “Declaration” ex¬
acted from all candidates for church 1664-7 War with England : 1664 The German body assists the Emperor against the Porte—Victory of Montecucul
Causes: commercial jealousy, and Dutch alliance with France :
preferment. Van Galen, bishop of Munster, in alliance with England.
over the Turks at St. Gotthard.
Ill Trace
[See England for the events of the war.] | 1667 French invasion.
Clement IX. (Rospigliosi), 1665 The Tyrol united to Austria. troubles,
1667 De Ruyter sails up the Thames: Peace of
1667-70. 1664 Truce of Temeswaer for 20 years : 6171 -
Breda with England. 1666 Marriage of the Emperor with Margaret Nenhaussel and Great Wardein ceded to the Turks
The fanatical sects of the Theresa of Spain—hence the subsequent claims and Abaffi recognised as independent prince oj:
1668 Triple League with England 1668 Peace of on the Spanish succession. Transylvania. VtsMi'
Cameronians, etc., in
and Sweden, against the aggressions Aix-la-Chapelle and
Scotland. Sir Pm
of France in the Spanish Netherlands —ceding Lille,Tour- oppressions;
1669 Twenty-three French bishops —soon abandoned by England from the
nay, etc. to France, Pub
oppose the rigour of the “ Declara¬ intrigues of the Cabal ministry: hence Hungary severely oppressed, transferred
tion.” The inter¬ Jesuits introduced, and the Protestants
1672 War with France and England: sea-fight off
1670 Portugal reconciled to the Solebay with the English—French invasion— course persecuted: hence
Pope, and the bishops named by
The country overrun by Turenne and Conde, and reduced to the with
the king confirmed. last extremity—the sluices thrown open—intolerable terms of 1673 War of Austria and France: the167,0 Conspiracy to throw off the Austriar
— " —. . . . xtAun nonnnn Kir ihn rvololinn VA/nponlim
peace offered—the people rise in fury, tear the brothers De
Witt to pieces, and proclaim as Stadtholder—
France Empire joins, 1674 : Cologne, Munster, yoke, headed by the palatine Wesselini
Clement X. (Altieri), 1670-76
1673 French invasion. etc. with France : Rhenish provinces the and others—detected—several beheaded.
Suspends the persecution of the Jan- influences ss Lira
William III. 1672-1702 1674 Indecisive battle theatre of war. s Hungary is treated as a conquered country
senists—this cessation called “ The of Seneff, between opinions, 1674 Turenne overruns the Palatinate : bat¬ 'olish Pn
Conde and the prince
Peace of Clement.”
1673 The French driven out of of Orange tles of Sinsheim, Miilhausen, and En- the dignity of Palatine abolished: all the
sisheim. fortresses garrisoned with Germans : arbi¬
Holland.
1675 The “ Form of Con¬ and 1675 Turenne and Montecuculi opposed trary taxation: imprisonment and execu¬
cord” of the Swiss church 1674 Peace of Westminster with England on the Rhine: death of Turenne at Sas- tion of numerous nobles.
drawn up at Zurich, by (see England.) the I lip::'
bach.
Heidegger, and other di¬ civil and
The Stadtholdership hereditary. national 1675 Victory of Consarbruck over the m
vines. French under Crequi: Treves taken. 1676-9 General revolt under Emeric, coun
1676 De Ruyter killed in a sea-fight against the character,
Tekeli, assisted by the French, Poles, ant
French in the Mediterranean.
Innocent XI. (Odescalchi), especially Abaffi of Transylvania : successes of th<
1676-89. 1677 William completely defeated by marshal Lux¬ 1679 Peace of Uimegnen with malecontents, who negotiate with the Porte
1677 Death of the famous atheist, Benedict as many France, hence
emburg at Mont-Cassel—Cambray and St. Omer
Spinoza.
reduced by the French. French Friburg in the Brisgau ceded to France—till 1697. 1681 Diet of Odenburg for redress of griev
iff? Tran
The Pope discourages nepotism 1677 William marries the princess Mary of York, ances : count Estgrhasi made Palatine :
protestant fcr sis vea
and forbids his own nephew, Livio daughter of James II. 1680 Great part of Alsace 1680 Revolt
The ancient privileges restored: national frontier
refugees seized by France: and Stras- of the Bohe- troops established—liberty of conscience, an<
Odescalchi, to reside in the Vatican
burg occupied in profound mian peasan- general amnesty offered—terms refused by Tekeli
(1685)
1678 Dispute with France on the 1678 Peace of Nimeguen with France, on equitable peace by a F'rench army, try against the who applies to the Porte. 1830 The [
Regale, or appropriation of vacant terms for Holland: introduce seigneurs. Turkish wars
15,000 me
Frenche Comt6 and
sees to the king. sixteen fortresses in their ma¬ 1682-99 War with the Porte in Hungary : alliance * fit™
1681 The system of tbe Mystics or the Spanish Nether¬ with Poland against the Porte, 1683.
Quietists founded by Molinos. lands ceded to France. nufactures
1683 The Empire joins in the Turkish war: invasion of Austria by 200,000 Turks
1682 Assembly of the French bishops and
seige of Vienna : victory of the combined Germans and Poles, under duke Charles o q ^
at Paris:
Confirms the Regale, and declares the industrial Lorraine, and John Sobieski. 1683 Victory of Barkan over the Turks.
fiflo
papal authority to be merely spiritual. The 1683 Luxem¬ 1685 Disputes with . t- t ft}, 1684 The duke of Lorraine besieges Buda
Four Propositions, denying the temporal
1683 Defensive treaty with Spain arts.
power of the Pope, and asserting the inde¬ against France—opposed by the burg seized France as to the sue- „ ' e" '■ . e takes Neuhaussel 1685 : again besieges an,
pendence of the Gallican church. States-general. by France. cession in the Pala- ague agains takes Buda, 1686, after having been unde
1685-8 England reconciled to Rome tinate. lance. the Porte 145 years.
for a short time by James II. France*it^Ger1- 1684 Truce for 20 1687 Decisive victory of Mohacz : Croat! CHilSTl
1685 Public dispute in France between 1684 Twenty years’ truce with Franee Spain cedes many. years with France, and Transylvania subdued—Abaffi become
Claude, a Huguenot doctor, and the Catho¬ Luxemburg.
lic divine, Bossuet.
loss Disputes on the elec- on account of the a vassal of Austria, of lie
non of the archbishop- pressure „f of the 1687 Diet of Presburg: Joseph I. crowned
1685 Revocation of the Edict of elector of Cologne: car¬
Nantes by Louis XIV., and perse¬ dinal de Furstenberg, the Turkish war. and the kingdom forcibly made hereditar1 pi Defea
unsuccessful candidate, —execution of many insurgent nobles a
cution of the French Protestants supported by France:
William head of the anti-French party Eperies and Cassovia.
and Waldenses. hence
in Europe. fSiTkei
1687 Molinos and the Quietists con¬ War with France, The ancient constitution abrogate<
demned by a papal bull—Fresh dis¬ 1688-97. yen
putes with Louis XIV., from the 1688 Belgrade taken : Bosnia, Servia, an
Pope suppressing tbe right of sanc¬ X688 League of Augsburg--Grand Alliance of Holland, Spain, tbe Empire, and Savoy, Wallachia overrun.
against France: ratified at Vienna, 1689,
tuary in ambassadors’ houses at 1689 Victory of the prince of Baden i
Rome. 1688, 9 Desolation of the Palatinate by the Nissa; Bulgaria subdued.
1689 The English church divided, 1689 William becomes king of England, which joins
after the expulsion of James II., the Grand Alliance. French, through the orders of Louvois—
Michael Abaffi II., son, 1690-
into two parties, the high and low Heinsius Gland Pensionary. Worms and Spires burnt, and the tombs
church; the former holding the
doctrines of passive obedience, William at the head of the allies in the Netherlands.
of the emperors destroyed, 1689. 1690 Nissa, Widdin, Belgrade, Servia, an
non-resistance, etc., which the William defeated by marshal Luxemburg at Steen- Bulgaria, recovered by the Turks und.
latter reject. The finances augmented hy the in- Mustapha Kiuprili—defeated and killed :
kirk, 1692, and at Neerwinden, 1693. crease ot taxes and duties. 0 , , 1 . ,
Salankaman, 1691.
Alexander VIII. (Ottoboni), fill
The Republic becomes too much 1690 Joseph I. elected king of the Romans
1689-91.
entangled in the affairs of Europe, by the Electoral Diet of Augsburg.
to \'a
1690 Louis XIV. restores Avignon, which leaves a heavy national debt.
which had been seized in 1663. 1692 A ninth Electorate (Hanover) con- 1605 The sultan Mustapha invades Hur
The land forces much improved, and ferred on the duke of Brunswick-Lunen- . ,L . , , _-71
:--- j~T~ V 7 . “ gary in person—is defeated by princ
Innocent XII. (Pignatelli), the fleet neglected. burg: opposed by the electors as an in- * J_f J r
IVi
fringement of the flip. treaty
trontv of nf Westphalia,
WpvtnVmlm. EUSeIle 1695
1691-1700. talk.
1695 Bombardment of Brussels by the French under aDd not finally ratified till 1708
1693 Reconciliation of the Gallican Villeroi: 14 churches, and 4000 houses destroyed.
church with the Pope, but the
1697 Peace of Ryswick, between France, tbe Emperor, tbe Empire, Ac. 1698 The internal government organised I
French bishops still adhere to the
the German footing.
Four Propositions. Mutual restitution of towns by France and Holland : reciprocal The treaties of Westphalia and Nimeguen renewed:
renunciation of pretensions : treaty of commerce. Fi ance restores Kelil, Brisach, Friburg, and Phi-
lipsburg, but retains Strasburg and the Alsace 1699 Peace of Carlowitzs the Turks ce*
1697 Controversy of Bossuet and Re-unions. Lower Hungary, Transylvania, Sclavonia, ai Hi;!
Fenelon on Quietism, which is de¬ 1697 Augustus, elector of Saxony, elected Croatia beyond the Save; retaining only Tern
1698 First Spanish Partition Treaty concluded at
fended by the latter—his work con¬ kino- of Poland. waer’ Belgrade’ and the Bukowina-
the Hague. [See Spain.]
demned by the Pope, 1699. 1699 Abaffi resigns for a pension :
1700 Second Spanish Partition Treaty at the Hague. Transylvania reunited to Hungary
Clement XI. (Albano), 1700-21.

a g
Century.

SWEDEN PREDOMINATES.
Sweden. Prussia.

SlGISMOND, Albert-Frederic,
king of Sweden and Poland. —1618 (imbecile),—
-1604. Joachim-Frederic, elec¬
tor of Brandenburg,
War of Succession between Swe¬ administrator, 1605-8.
den and Poland In Iilvonia,
1600-1660.

1604 Sigismond deposed by the Diet

of Nordkbping, and the crown given to

Charles IX., uncle, 1604-11.

1605 The Swedes defeated by the Poles
at Kerkholm.
1607 Interference of Sweden with 1608 John Sigismond
Russia—troops sent to aid the czar, succeeds his brother
Chwofski. Joachim as elector of
Gottenburg founded. Brandenburg, and ad¬
ministrator of Prussia.
1610 The Swedes and Russians de¬
feated by the Poles at Clusin.
1611 Receives -the in¬
1611 Novogorod places itself under the vestiture of Prussia at
protection of Sweden—Kexholm in Warsaw.
Carelia taken by de la Gardie.
1611 War with Denmark: Calmar
and Risby taken by the Danes.

Gustavus-Adolphus, the Great,

son, 1611-32.
Axel Oxenstiern, minister.
1613 Peace of Si'urod: Denmark re¬ 1614 Conforms to the
stores her conquests on Sweden paying reformed religion, to
1,000,000 dollars. conciliate his subjects in
1614 Truce with Poland. the duchy of Cteves.

1617 Coronation of the king—restora¬

tion of the privileges of the nobles,
curtailed by Charles IX. 1618 Death of Albert-
1617 Peace of Stolbova with Russia. Frederic.
1618 Polish war renewed—seat of war
John Sigismond,
transferred to Livonia.
elector of Brandenburg,
1618, 19.
Legislation improved:
trade, literature, and science encouraged : George-William,
new cities founded. son, 1619-40,
(brother-in-law to
1625 Livonia subjugated—and, 1626, Gustavus-Adolphus.)
Polish Prussia.

The German

provinces
The privileges of the equestrian order
nil overrun
ascertained and defined.

and

dreadfully
Sweden
devastated
1629 Truce of Altmark with Poland
for six years. during
(root
ICt, predominates
) tti the
1630 The king lands in Germany with
15,000 men to aid the Protestants— Thirty Years'

nee (see Germany.)

War.
in the
) Tufa 1631 Magdeburg taken
We 1631 Victory of Breitenfeld. and sacked by the Im¬
fcrii. 1632 Victory of Littzen— Gustavus- perialists, under Tilly
and Pappenheim.
k BsA Adolphus killed.
Msa
North.

Christina, daughter, 1632-54, 1635 Peace of Prague,

between the Emperor,
six years old, under the guardianship the electors of Saxony,
of the chancellor Oxenstiern. and Brandenburg.
1634 Defeat of the Swedes under Horn
i at Nordlingen.
1637 The elector claims the
1635 The truce of Altmark renewed succession of Pomerania,
on the death of Bogislas,
for 26 years. the last duke, childless.

Manufactures introduced by Dutch

and Flemings.
Frederic-William,
1640 University of Abo.
the Great, son,
1640-88.
Seni Receives investiture from
'mb ^ Poland, 1641.

1643 War with Denmark.

644 Naval victory of the Swedes over 1643 Twenty years’

the Danish fleet commanded by the truce with the Swedes.
king.
ivads ®
HP"* 645 Peace of Brumsebro with Den¬
mark.

1648 Peace of Westphalia—

.weden obtains Upper Pomerania (Stettin, Prussia gains Magdeburg,
Stralsund, etc.), with rights as a state of the Haiberstadt, Minden, ami
Empire ; Rugen, Wisinar, Bremen, etc. Lower Pomerania.

The superiority of the North, which had

been doubtful since the dissolution of
the Union of Calmar, now de¬
finitively with Sweden.

g
 The Seventeenth if “ '

POLISH AND RUSSIAN WARS.

Poland. Russia.

SlGISMOND, -1632, Boris Godunof, —1605,

War of Succession be¬
tween Poland and
Sweden, 1600-1660.
becomes a suspicious and sanguinary ty¬
rant—a Russian monk assumes the cha¬
racter of Demetrius, brother of the czar
Feodor, and is supported by Poland— j
Boris poisons himself.

Feodor II., son—a few days.

Demetrius (the pretender),

1605-6,
1605 The Poles defeat the attempts to introduce the Latin
Swedes at Iverkholm. ritual, and is dethroned and put
to death by
1607 Discontent of the nobles,
who confederate at Sendomir, Vasiei or Basil Ciiwofski, (a
and declare the throne vacant Boyar,) 1606-10.
—dispersed by the king, 1607 Forms an alliance with Swe¬
1608. den, and obtains a body of troops
1609 Diet of Warsaw under general de la Gardie.
—amnesty, and recognition
| i|657
of the right of self-redress 1609 A second false Demetrius, sup¬ J Gust, i
in case of violation by the ported by Poland—fails, and is killed tod b®1
king of his Pacta Con-
venta. by the Tartars, 1610.
1610 The Poles invade Russia and besiege Smolensko—
Chwofski taken, and dies a prisoner at Warsaw. iffairene
Interregnum and anarchy.
Russia devastated by the Poles and Tartars—one party
offers the crown to Ladislas, son of Sigismond of Poland, I Pi
another to the second son of the king of Sweden. !tlt Swe
1610 The Poles garrison Moscow—Smolensko surrenders, |; ud Dm
1611—Novogorod submits to Sweden, and de la Gardie
in
takes Kexholm, 1611—the Poles driven from Moscow,
iblS. _ „
Dynasty of Romanoff,
1610 The Poles defeat the till 1726.
Swedes and Russians at Michael Romanoff, 1613-45 I mill®*
I liaiiMiil
Clusin. Descended by females from the house of I IrwW
Rune, is called to the throne by the
unanimous consent of all orders of the
state. Hi till
1617 Peace of Stolbova with Swe¬
1618 War with Sweden re¬
den. li&M;
newed—seat of war trans¬ Russia cedes Carelia and Ingermania, in-
ferred to Livonia. eluding all the Baltic coasts—Sweden
restores Smolensko.

1618 War with Poland continued : Ladislas penetrates to

Moscow—truce for 14 years : Poland gaining Smolensko, Cfflisn
Tchernigof, etc., Jan., 1619, at Divilina. pi Nen
Vhich tl
1620 War with Turkey in The government I ken test
Moldavia—the Turks in¬ is): and
vade Poland without suc¬ becomes
cess— Peace, 1622 : the Piitr
Poles retire from Moldavia, consolidated, Griefeu
and cede Choczin. ! m Tre
1621 Riga taken by the 1623 Renewal of the commercial
Swedes. treaty with England.
1625 Subjugation of Livonia
by Sweden—and, 1626, of and
Polish Prussia.
1626 The serfs (whose condition lira Victoi
had been mitigated by Boris) de¬ tie Swi
clared the personal property of the
landowners.

Russia |HI8 Tie

1629 Truce of Altmark with
Sweden for six years: Li¬ 1629 Commercial treaty with
1679 Pe
vonia and the Prussian France.
coasts ceded to Sweden.
begins to
lie duke i
[Waled
recover UavicL

Ladislas IV., son, 1632-48. from the

The royal power still further
limited by the Pacta Conventa.
1632 War with Poland on the expiration of the truce : two ttl la«
years’ siege of Smolensko, 1632-34—the Russian army
of kin
obliged to capitulate, and the Polish king advances to
Moscow.
1634 Peace of Wiasma, ceding Smolensko, etc. to Poland, Attacl
and entirely disadvantageous to Russia. promise
Nettle t
1635 The truce of Altmark
with Sweden renewed at
Stumsdorf for 26 years. depression
1637 Kudah fortified against
the inroads of the Cossacks.
caused by Nettle Ee
1637 Ladislas marries Ce¬
cilia, sister of the emperor
Ferdinand. 'Gottoip
the civil wars. T and t
bchies i
In co:

1647 Introduction of posts

Alexis, son, 1645-76.
for letters.
1648 The Ukraine Cossacks, Tyranny of the favourite minister,
outraged by the palatine the Boyar Morouzoff.
Jatinski, revolt under Bog¬
dan Kmielniski, and cut a
Polish army to pieces in the
forest of Korsum.
!"eJ ly tt
1648 The czar a candidate for the Polish crown
peacei
John-C asimir, 1648-68,
brother, marries his brother’s Net |p
widow.

1649 Peace with the Cos¬ Dei

sacks—but the war renewed 1649 General revision of the code j
the next year. of laws.
 Century.
OF MODERN HISTORY. 4J
GREAT AND INCREASING POWER OF SWEDEN AND RUSSIA?
Denmark. Sweden.
CHARLES XII. PETER THE GREAT. DECLINE OF TURKEY. MOGUL POWER IN INDIA.
Prussia. Poland. Russiaa. Ottoman Empire.
Frederick III. —1670. Christina, —1654. Persia. India. China. America.
Frederic William John Casimir, —1668.
{the Great),—1688. Alexis, —1676. Mohammed IV. —1687. 1650
1651 Ulfeld flees into Sweden, and his party is broken up. Abbas II. —1666. Shahjeiian, —1658. 1651 The British colonies re¬
1651 Great victory over the Cos¬ Chun-
1652 Procures the acknowledgment *650. Rise of the great family of Kioprili to the Chi, duced by the republicans
sacks and Tartars at Bereteskow.
of her cousin, the count palatine of
The Brandenburg
Vizirat—Mohammed Kioprili grand vizier, 1650-56. The history of —1661. under Sir Geo. Ayscough—
1652 First instance of the “ Liberum Persia is almost New England having pre¬
Deux-Ponts, as heir to the crown. part of veto ” by the palatine Szidzinski. The empire is
a blank as to fo¬ Conquests of Aurung-zeb viously embraced that side.
1654 Resigns the cro-wn—died at Discontent among the nobles: the 1654 The Ukraine Cossacks seek 1653-5 Naval defeats by the Venetians in the reign events for
Rome, 1689, set. 64. the Archipelago. and the vizier Jumla Khan,
palatine lladjienski flees to Sweden. the protection of Russia: hence 70 years, to the
arises sadly weakened fall of the Soofi in the Dekkin.
House of Deux-Ponts.
Prussian
1656 Death of Mohammed Kioprili: his son Ahhmed dynasty — the 1654 Brazil reconquered from
Charles X. Gustavus, War between Poland and Russia. Kioprili vizier, 1656-76. monarchs buried the Dutch by de Vieyra.
first cousin, 1654-60.
1656 Throws off his allegiance 1655 Lithuania laid waste by the Russians. Partisan warfare for several years in Hungary— in the harem— 1656 English factory at Hoogley
1655 Reclaims the crown lands ali¬ to Poland, and allies himself on the Ganges. 1655 Jamaica taken from the
Pcterwardein, etc., acquired by the Porte. the external re¬
enated by Christina. with Sweden. 1655-8 Aurung-Zeb defeats and Spaniards by the English.
1656 Truce of Wilna—- 1657 War with Racoczi in Hungary, for aiding lations pacific. puts to death successively his
_ ** ar with Poland on the old dispute of succession— Smolensko ami the other conquests of Ladislas
Sweden against Poland—he is defeated and killed.
The Swedes overrun the kingdom take Warsaw, Cracow, Kalish, etc.AUthuania devastated b lhe Russians_ restored to Russia. 1660. 1656 Reforms in three brothers, Dara, Murad,
Lublin burnt by the Cossacks-the king flees into Silesia. Commerce the administra¬ and Sujah, and dethrones his
by the father, Shahjehan.
1656 Great insurrection of the Poles against the Sivedes: Poles defeated in a three-days’ battle Unsuccessful attempt to open a trade tion of justice.
at Warsaw (July 18—20 O.S.) by the Swedes and Prussians. with China. *66* ^ War with Austria for the supremacy of
1657 War in aid of Poland against ^ __ Transylvania. Aurung-Zeb, son, 1658-1707.
Sweden—the Swedes, under Ch. and
1657 Treaty of Welilau: acknowledgment by Poland of the inde¬ ' court 1659 Revolt and Assumes the title of Alemghir.
Gust, overrun Denmark—cross the Belts on the ice, Feb! *1658 1657 The czar refuses to receive an
and menace Copenhagen. ’ " ’ pendence of Ducal Prussia—Alliance of Prussia and Poland embassy from Oliver Cromwell. 1662 Kioprili invades Hungary, takes Neuhaussel, subjugation of
against Sweden. Great Wardein, etc.
1658 Peace of Roskilde: Denmark forced to cede Scania, Tahmurasp, Wall 1660 His son Mohammed re¬
1657 Racoczi of Transylvania joins civilisation intrigues of Georgia. 1660 The depredations of the
Bleking, Bornholm, and Drontheim. volts against him, but is over¬
the Swedes and invades Poland, but War with Sweden. 1664 Great defeat of the Turks under Kioprili at “ Flibustiers,” or Buccaneers,
W ar renewed by the Swede, who aims at the subjugation of the monarchy, and erection of a northern is defeated. powered. Kam-
increase ; 8t. Gothard on the Raab, by the Imperialists under against the Spaniards, begin 1660
empire : siege of Copenhagen : the Swedes repulsed by the Dutch fleets, Monteeuculi. Hi, about this time.
and the Polish and Prussian armies. 1658 War of Russia and Poland recommences in Lithuania. The religious intolerance of son,
Peace of Temeswaer: the Turkish vassal Abaflfi Chardin travels in 1661- 1661-5 Revolt of the Mexicans
1660 Peace of Copenhagen: 1660 Charles Gustavus dies sud¬ greater Persia, 16G4— 81. Aurung-Zeb causes
recog-msed in Transylvania ; and Neuhaussel, etc., 1722. against Galves the viceroy—
the Swedes restore Bornholm denly, Feb. 11. ceded to the Porte. he is expelled, and they return
continually 1659 Domestic seditions from the 1662 Bombay ceded to Eng¬
and Drontheim. —60 Religious disputes: expulsion
of the viziers to their allegiance—the Arau-
Charles XI., son, 1660-97, of the Sjocinians. debasement of the coinage. land by Portugal—the presi¬
REVOLUTION IN DENMARK. 1666 Tumults caused at Salonica by the Rabbi 1664 can Indians make head against
five years old—queen-mother regent, dency removed there from
Diet assembled (the first since increases
participation Sabatei Sevi, wdio pretends to be the Messiah— Surat, 1687. Perse¬ the Spaniards in Chili.
with five counsellors.
1536): suppressed. cution 1663 Canada made a royal
The crown, clergy, and peasants over¬ 1660 Peace of Oliva:—claim of the Polish king to the Swedish succession resigned : Livonia, Esthonia, in the Soofi II., or Shah colony—M. de Mesy, first
awe the nobility—election and capitula¬
and numerous revolts among of the
Soliman, governor.
tions abolished ; the crown absolute and and Oesel ceded to Sweden—Prussia acknowledged independent of both. general 1667 Kioprili takes the command in person in Candia. Jesuits
son, 1666-94. his Hindoo subjects, whose Settlement of Carolina —
hereditary.
1661 Peace of Cardis with Russia. 1660-3 Disputes on the in¬ 1661 The king wishes to name D’Enghien, son 1669 Candia taken, after a siege or blockade of 21 and
1665 The Lex Regia sanctioned ol the great Conde, his successor : prevented 1661 Peace of Cardis with Sweden, faith had been Christ¬ Charlestown founded, 1680.
ternal regulations of the go¬ by the revolt of the army under the grand- 6 Venetians *ost 30,000, the besiegers Indolent and paci¬
as the fundamental law of Increasing: power of the
vernment. under the mediation of the emperor Ton1!?™ 120,000 men. ians. 1664 French West India Com¬
aristocracy. marshal Lubomirski.
Leopold. fic— the Usbeks
the kingdom: the diet abo¬ Peace with Venice: Crete ceded to the Porte. 1665 Revolt of the Yogis under pany — abolished ten years
Continual civil wars between the Conquests mutually restored. and Tartars re¬
lished : the king henceforth 1667 Mediation of Sweden in the the female saint Bistamia— after.
in
king and the nobles. Janizaries. new their ravages
the most absolute monarch in peace of Breda betwreen England great famine—death of Shah¬ New Netherlands conquered
policy 1670 Panayoti, a Greek, made dragoman to the on the frontiers. jehan.
Europe. and Holland. 1666 Final settlement of the 1666 Great victory of the marshal from the Dutch by the English
1668 Triple alliance of Sweden, Cleves question : Forte : the first employment of Greeks in public —town of Manhattan called
Cleves, John Sobieski (afterwards king) of Europe. situations by the Turks.
Christian V.. son, 1670-99. Holland, and England, against the Mark, and Ravensburg to over the Tartars. 1668 Piracies of the Portuguese New York.
The Cossacks place themselves under the dominion Kaimpfer travels and English in the Bengal 1668 Porto Bello taken by the
1671 New creations of nobility encroachments of France in the Brandenburg : Berg and 1667 Truce of Andrussow with Russia : ot tne Porte ; hence, wars with Poland. in Persia.
Buccaneers under Morgan.
Spanish Netherlands. Juliers to the duke of Neu- The Poles cede Smolensko, Severia, Tckernigow, Kiow, and the Ukraine east of the Dnieper. seas.
(which the king had hitherto
been restrained from confer- Rise of the French and Anti- burg. Its military 1673 A French 1669 English Hudson’s Bay
French parties. 1668 John Casimir abdicates: dies 1667 Insurrection of the Donski 1672 The sultan invades Poland in person—Kami¬ Rise of the IVIahratta power Company.
ing) : and revival of the Order ambassador,
of Damnebrog. The former predominates; hence, importance.
in France, 1672. Cossacks under Stenko Razin—the niek taken—ignominious peace concluded by the Gillon, arrives under Sevajee, 1670 Final conclusion of the 1670
1672 Change in policy—alliance Interregnum one year. south of Russia laid waste. Polish king, ceding Podolia and Kaminiek, and at Ispahan with a who takes and sacks Surat. “ American treaty” between
Peter Schumacher made earl of
Griefenfeld and high-chancellor. with France. 1668 The first embassies from Russia P^tnbU:teJ-but the diet reJect **—war renewed. splendid retinue. England and Spain : each re¬
1672 Alliance with Holland The diet elects
to France and Spain. 1673 Great defeat by Sobieski at Choczim, owing to tolerated and protected nounces all right of trade to
1674 Treaty of Rendsborg with the duke of Holstein-Gottorp, who against France : interrupted Michael Coribdt WiEfNowifKi, 1671 Stenko Razin taken, and hanged the desertion of the Walachian and Moldavian the other’s possessions.
abandons his treaty with Sweden. by former emperors.
1673, and again renewed. 1669-74, at Moscow'—end of the Cossack W aiwodes. Morgan and the Buccaneers
Denmark joins against France; hence, war with Sweden, 1675-9. Of the blood of the Jagellons by females: revolt. cross the isthmus of Darien
an imbecile and incapable prince. power 1672- 6 The Dekkin overrun
11675 The Swedes invade Brandenburg: routed by Frederick William 1673 The Tourgouth Tartars give *6/6 Peace of Zurawno: Poland cedes Podolia, and sack Panama.
1672 Invasion by the Turkish sultan by the Mahrattas, under
at Fehrbellin, and lose several towns in Pomerania. their allegiance to Russia. Kaminiek, and part of the Ukraine.
—Poland cedes Kaminiek, Podolia, Sevajee.
1676 Victory of the Danes under Juel, and Dutch under Tromp, over Dxeratl! ofAMmed -Kioprili—his brother-in-law, Kara
the Swedish fleet off Bornholm—Treason and disgrace of the Ukraine, the Cossacks, and pays Feodor II., son, 1676-82.
tribute. Mustapha Kioprili, succeeds as grand vizier, 1683. 1673- 4 Great revolt of the
Danish chancellor Griefenfeld. 1678 Disputes as to the Ukraine Patans—repressed by Aurung-
1677 Pomerania overrun— 1673 The diet refuses to ratify the retains some
1677 Doubtful battle of Lund between the Swedes and Danes under Stettin, Stralsund, etc., taken Cossacks occasion Zeb in person.
treaty—war renewed—great victory 1678-S2 First ivar with Russia on account of the
the two kings. from the Swedes, who lose gained by Sobieski at Choczim. The first war with the Porte. Cossacks—the Porte cedes, at the peace, the Cos¬
1678 The Danes cross the mountains from Norway, and rout the nearly all their German do¬ Peace, 1682, the Porte giving up sack territory and the Russian Ukraine.
Swedes at Uddevalla. minions. John Sobieski, 1674-96. all claim to the Ukraine. strength The wealth
1679 Peace of Fontainbleau between Sweden, Denmark, and France : all the conquests from Successes against the Turks—by the 1682 All charters and muniments of The aid of the Porte called in by Tekeli and the
Sweden restored : the Swedish king marries a Danish princess ; peace of Zurawno, 1676, Poland re¬ nobility burnt at Moscow, to end Hungarian malecontents : hence, and commercial
alliance of Lund between Denmark and Sweden. covers two-thirds of the Ukraine, the disputes of the Boyars on rank during
The duke of Holstein-Gottorp 1680 Diet of Stockholm— 1679 Peace of St. Germain en but cedes Kaminiek and Podolia. and precedence, which are hence¬ War with Austria, 1683-99. prosperity of 1679 French colony at Pondi¬
reinstated in the duchy of All crown lands in Sweden or Livonia, alien¬ Laye with Sweden. forth regulated by military rank. cherry.
this
Schleswick. ated since 1609, reclaimed—the senate re¬
1683 Fresh war with Poland Kara Mustapha in- Persia increased
duced to a consulting body, and deprived of 1680 Acquisition of the secu¬ Ivan and Peter,
:
1680 Death of Sevajee, the
legislative powers. larised archbishopric of Mag¬ 1683 Alliance with the Empire vades Germany, and besieges Vienna—the siege 1680 Disputes between Spain
1682 Alliance with France— 1681 The burgher and peasant houses in the diet deburg. brothers of Feodor, 1682-9, in this reign, founder of the Mahratta power 1680
against Turkey — Sobieski raises Under the regency of their sister, the ambitious raised by the Poles and Germans under Sobieski— and Portugal on the bounda¬
French disputes with Holstein- —succeeded by his son Sam- ries of Brazil and la Plata.
make the king virtually absolute, by giving
1681 Institution of excises. the siege of Vienna, and routs the Sophia. total rout of the Turks before Vienna bajee.
Gottorp. him the power of altering the constitution at
Sept.. 12th, which breaks the spell of the but the warlike Pennsylvania planted by the
pleasure. Turks in Hungary. | Seditions of the strelitzes or guards.
1683 Publication of a digest of Turkish military ascendency. celebrated quaker, William
1686 The truce of Andrussow converted into a permanent peace on spirit and power 1681 Aurung-Zeb attacks the Penn—Philadelphia founded,
Danish law's, known as the century, Rajpoots on the death of their
the same conditions : and an alliance between Russia 1682.
Code of king Christian. 1684 War with Venice: bombardment of Athens of the nation great rajah Jeswunt Singh, in
and Poland against the Porte. by the Venetians.
1685 20,000 Protestant refu¬ order to compel them to be¬ 1683 Mississippi first descended
1686 Attack on Flamburgh 1686 The public debt forcibly liqui¬ gees from France introduce 1688 War with the Crim Tartars in but gradually greatly declined. come Moslems — hence long from Canada to the sea by the
the Ukraine. Continual ill success in Hungary : loss of Great War¬
compromised by the Syndicate dated by raising the nominal value manufactures and commerce. French—new territory called
under the mediation of France of money, by which the public cre¬ Seditions in Moscow : Ivan resigns dein, Tokay, Neuhaussel, etc. Louisiana.
the throne, and Sophia is confined becomes 1685 Dissensions with the
and Brandenburg, by a pay¬ ditors lose 9,000,000 crowns. The “ Black Code” for the pro¬
in a convent. 1686 Buda taken by the Germans, after being 145 English in Bengal.
ment of 220,000 crowns. tection of French negroes
1688 Bank of Stockholm established. Frederic III., son, years under the Turks. promulgated by Louis XIV.
1688-1713. War with the Turks in Moldavia Russia declares war. 1686- 7 The conquest of the
Remonstrance of the nobility pre¬ Peter the Great,
1689 Convention of Altona, and Walachia. 1687 Decisive defeat of Mohacz in Hungary—Re¬ Dekkin completed by the re¬
sented by Patkul, who is outlawed Inherits a revenue of 650,000 dollars, alone, 1689-1725.
under the mediation of England and an army of 28,000 men.
volution in Constantinople, Mohammed dethroned. duction of Golconda and Be-
for so doing. (The Genevese Le Fort had been his tutor
and Brandenburg, with Hol¬ since 1684.)
japore.
stein-Gottorp —- General am¬ Solyman II. or III., brother, 1687-91.
nesty, and the sovereignty of 1692 First trade with China. 1687- 9 The English factories Influ¬
1688 Loss of Belgrade, Sclavonia, Croatia, and Bos¬ ence of
the duchies of Schleswick and Russia
nia, to the Austrians. suppressed in Bengal and
1691 Auxiliary troops sent the
Holstein confirmed and ac¬ 1693 The king: formally
1696 Capture of Azof from the 1689 Defeat of the Turks at Nissa—Mustapha elsewhere, but restored on
against the Turks in Hun¬ 1695 Great victory over the Crim Ottomans. their submission. Jesuits.
knowledged by Denmark. declared absolute:
Kioprili, vizier, reinstates affairs—drives the Aus¬
by the burghers and peasants, who gary. Tartars. greatly
1692
trians across the Danube, 1690, and recovers Bel¬
resign their owm liberty for the sake 1690 The Mahratta chief, Sam- 1690
1694 University of Halle. 1696 Death of Sobieski, set. 66. 1697 The czar travels in England, grade, etc. Free¬
of humbling the nobles. bajee, taken and put to death.
Interregnum one year: then the Holland, etc. debilitated. dom
diet elect, in preference to the increases of
The trade and manufactures of the Ahhmed II., brother, 1691-5. 1692-1700 Reduction of the
prince of Conti, and the son of the Introduction of various manufac¬ religion
1691 Defeat and death of Kioprili at Salankaman in Carnatic. de¬
kingdom now at their greatest late king, tures : equipment of a fleet of
Hungary. clared.
height of prosperity. men-of-war, etc. Shah Sultan
Frederick Augustus I., in The ivar in Hungary languishes for several years. Hussein,
The fleet and army Elector of Saxony, 1697-1733. 1698 Revolt of the strelitzes at the 1694 Ohio taken by the Venetians—recovered, 1696. son, 1694-1722.
Discontent of the Poles at the intro¬ instigation of Sophia : they are cut Greatest height of the
in the best
1699 Death of Christian—con¬ duction of Saxon troops : the king to pieces, and replaced by regiments Mustapha II., son of Mohammed IV., 1695-1703.
sidered by the Danes as the condition. obliged to become Catholic. of disciplined troops. Heads his own armies in Hungary—victory of Mogul power and territory :
1697 Acquisition of Qued- Leaves the
greatest of their modern kings, linburg, Nordhausen, etc.,
Order of St. Andrew instituted. Olach, 1696.
both in peace and wrar. Charles XII., son, 1697-1718, 1699 Peace of Carlowitz : Poland Peace of Carlowitz ; the Porte cedes 1697 Defeat of Zenta by prince Eugene : 30,000 government in the
from Saxony. annual revenue £32,000,000.
15 years old : the other powers en¬ regains Podolia and Kaminiek from Azof. men and 15 viziers slain.
couraged by his youth ; hence arises Turkey. 1700 A 1697 Half of St. Domingo
Frederick IV., son, 1699-1730. power. 1699 Peace of Carlowitz: the Porte cedes—to hands of the church ceded by Spain to France at
1699 Alliance of the northern powers, Denmark, Russia, and Poland, against Charles XII. of Sweden— Austria, all Hungary, Transylvania, and Croatia, built the peace of Ryswick.
except Belgrade and Temeswaer—Kaminiek and eunuchs.
Denmark on account of the alliance of Sweden with Holstein-Gottorp—Poland aiming at the recovery of Livonia, etc.—and Russia of the provinces on the Baltic. in the
Podolia to Poland—Azoph to Russia—the Morea 1698 A second English East palace
Crown debts paid, Negotiations with the Em¬ and the Dalmatian fortresses to Venice. India Company—united to the by the 1699 Discovery of gold mines
peror for the title of king. The power of the Ottomans broken. old one, 1702. Jesuits. in Brazil by the Paulistas.
and money in the treasury. 1700
 r

42 Table xvi.
SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Eighteenth

TJoMPACT. GREAT BRITAIN ACQUIRES INCREASING IMPORTANCE IN THE AFFAIRS OF EUROPE.

BOURBON FAMILY
Great Britain and Ireland.
Portugal. Spain. France.
Internal. Policy and Constitutional History.
1700 House of Anjou. House of Orange.
House of Bourbon. The Act of Settlement, by which par¬
Pedro II. -1706. Philip V., grandson of Louis XIV., 1701-46. William III.—1702.
Louis XIV.-1715. liament settles the crown upon a new
1701 Act of Succession, entailing tbe crown on the electress Sophia of Hanover, grand-daughter of James I., and her descendants, being Protestants.
1701 Philip acknowledged in Spain, the Netherlands, and
the Colonies : cardinal Portocarrero minister. family, putting aside the Pretender and his
THE SPANISH SUCCESSION 1701-14. sister, the duchess of Savoy, and several of
1 7 O 1 - 1 •£ w A o r the palatine family, all nearer by inheritance,
Eiialand Holland and Austria, joined, 1702, by the Empire, and, 1703, by Portugal and Savoy—to place the archduke Charles on the Spanish throne, and prevent the union of France and Spain.
1701 Grand Alliance of the Hague is the grand complement of the revolution
Allies of France : Bavaria, Cologne, Mantua, and Portugal and Savoy till 1703. and the Bill of Rights. The choice of a
1701 Death of James II. at St. Germains’—Louis XIV. acknowledges his son successor to the throne was made by par¬
,... • „nnmP(i kv nrince Eugene—victory of Fridling on the Rhine gained by Villars over the prince of Baden. The French invade
1703 Methuen 1702 War commenced in Italy—Catinat and V' illeroi successf > 1 1 as James III. of Great Britain and Ireland; he is attainted by parliament. liament— and the right of the House of
Hoya^d under Boufflers: is repulsed by Marlborough, commander-in-chief in the. Netherlands, who takes Liege and
Treaty of commerce Brunswick resting solely upon an act of the
Venlo and drives the French out of Guelderland—Rooke destroys the galleons at Vigo. National debt £46,000,000 at the death of William.
with England : 1703 Fall of the Portocarrero ministry: influence 1702-4 Revolt of legislature, no one of its princes can talk
Portuguese wines to be 1703 Victories of Stollhafen, Hochstedt, and Spires, gained by the French over the Imperialists.
of the princess Orsini. the Huguenots of Anne, 1702-14,
of divine or imprescriptible right without
exchanged for British 1704 Marlborough enters Germany to assist Leopold, and gains the battle of Blenheim (Hochstedt).
manufactures. 1704 The archduke Charles lands at Lisbon, the Cevennes (Ca- younger daughter of Janies II., wife of prince George of Denmark.
branding his own forehead with the name
1705 The French maintain their superiority in Italy.
and enters Spain with a Portuguese army—op¬ misards) under Ca¬ of upstart and usurper.
1706 Great but vain efforts of France—Battle of Ramillies gained by Marlborough over Villeroi, nearly all Flanders
1705 Pedro imbe¬ posed by the duke of Berwick.—Gibraltar taken valier—reduced by 1703 Methuen treaty of commerce with Portugal: Portuguese wines to be ex¬ Other securities for liberty made in this Act were,
submits to'the conqueror—the French driven from Italy by prince Eugene—the English and Portuguese successful in
cile—Catharine, by the English under Rooke. marshal Villars— changed for British manufactures. that the monarch should join the communion of the
Spain Louis offers advantageous terms, which are refused through the selfishness of Marlborough, Eugene,and Heinsius. Machinations of the Jacobites. Established Church—that no foreigner shall be a
queen-dowager of 1705 Charles takes Barcelona, and is acknow¬ the last religious
1707 France successful in Spain—decisive victory of Almanza, gained by the duke of Berwick over the English and privy-councillor, member of parliament, or have any
England, regent. ledged in Catalonia, Murcia, and Valencia: war. 1704 Gibraltar taken by Sir George Rooke. office or grant from the crown—that no one holding
earl of Peterborough in Spain. Portuguese. place or pension under the crown shall be capable
1708 France has the advantage in Italy and Spain, but loses in Flanders—victory of Oudenarde, Marlborough over 1706 Treaty of Union with Scotland (fruitlessly attempted in 1702) : of sitting in the Commons—that judges shall only be
1703 General introduc¬
1706 The English and Portuguese enter Madrid—Philip retreats. tion of bayonets in
16 Scotch peers, and 45 commoners, to sit in the United Parliament: reciprocal rights of removeable upon an address from the two Houses_
trade, &c.; accepted by the Scotch parliament, March 1706, 7, after violent opposition :— that no pardon under the great seal shall be plead,
'Charles loses all his conquests, except Catalonia. the infantry. 1709Void's again offers liberal terms, which are again refused. Bloody battle of Malplaquet—Louis again in vain applies £398,000 granted to Scotland as an equivalent! able to an impeachment by the Commons. Thus
John V., son, 1708 Minorca captured by the English. 1707 The first United Parliament of Great Britain meets, Oct. 23. were now solemnly laid upon a broad and firm
1710 1706-50. 1710 Victory of Stahrenberg over Philip's troops Financial distress. basis the foundations of English liberty.
1710PUnsuccessful conference at Gertruydenburg. France successful in Spain—victory of Vendome at Villaviciosa. 1708 Unsuccessful attempts of the Pretender to land in Scotland, frustrated
at Almenara—Charles enters Madrid, hut is The clause respecting places and pensions was re¬

soon expelled by Vendome. 1709 Famine and 1711 After an inactive campaign, preliminaries of peace secretly opened, through Tory influence, at London, on the death by admiral Byng. pealed 1705, when it was enacted that all members

exhaustion in of the emperor Joseph—conferences opened at Utrecht, after the disgrace of Marlborough—duke of Ormonde commander accepting office should vacate their seats, and a new
1711 Charles leaves Spain on becoming Emperor Intrigues of the Jacobites, in which many of the clergy and some of the ministers engage, writ be issued ; and that no person holding any office
France. in the Netherlands. endanger the Hanover succession. created since 1705, shall be capable of being elected
—but the Catalans hold out till 1714. or re-elected at all.
Tt H

Portugal acquires PerpLdrepnLon of the crowns of Fiance an^pai" acknowledgment ofthe Hanoverian succession in England: Dunkirk dismantled : England acquires from Spain, Minorca, Gibraltar and the right of trading with its colonies ; from France, Newfoundland, Acadia, and The Act of Succession was the last great
part of French Hudson’s Bay ; France renounces all right of trading with Spanish colonies, signs a treaty of commerce with England and Holland, and acknowledges Prussia as a kingdom. statute restraining the power of the crown :
Guiana, and fixed Disgraceful Act of1700 against the government now falls almost entirely
1714 Factions at court—disgrace of Harley—death of the queen.
boundaries in South 1714 Peace of XLastadt: the Emperor acknowledges Philip in Spain, on the cession of Lombardy, Naples, and Sardinia the growth of Popery, intended
to compel the catholic proprietors
into the hands of the aristocracy; and par¬
America. House of Hanover. liament becomes the arena in which the
1714 Barcelona taken by Berwick— National debt, 2500,000,000 livres: annual revenue, 160,000,000,
of land to sell their estates.
The Catalans stripped of their remaining privileges: Na¬ £100 to any informer against factions of whig and tory battle for place
George I., elector of Hanover, great-grandson of James I., 1714-27.
varre and Biscay alone retain their ancient freedom. a priest exercising his function, and power.
whom it adjudged to perpetual
Bong Succession settled on males and females, but females not to Louis XV., great-grandson, 1711 •74. The Tories and church party oppose the government, and favour the Pretender—manifesto of the Pretender—- imprisonment—all persons not
inherit till the failure of the remotest male branch.
impeachment of Bolingbroke, Oxford, and Ormond. taking the oaths of allegiance 1708-10 Whig ministry: the junta—
Regency of the duke of Orleans, the king’s uncle- -Dubois, minister. and supremacy, incapacitated
Alberoni minister, till 1719. 1715 Insurrections of the Jacobites in Scotland and England: battles of Sheriffmuir and Preston—the Pretender lands in Somers, Halifax, Wharton, Oxford, and
from purchasing, holding, or in¬
1717 Patriarchate Second marriage of the king, to Elizabeth of Parma: Disorders of finance. Scotland, but returns (1716)—suppression of the revolt, and execution of Lords Derwentwater and Kenmure. heriting lands. This Act rendered Sunderland—force themselves into the
of Lisbon schemes for recovering the ceded territories in Italy, &c. Law’s Mississipi bank : made Royal Bank, 1718. ineffectual by the lenient con¬ cabinet. Harley and St. John, who now
War against Sweden (in Germany), for supporting the Stuarts. A standing armye secanty of struction of the judges—a bill,
established. 1717 War with the Emperor : attacks on Sicily 1705, to render it effective, was
become tories, dismissed.
and Sardinia. 1718 Unsuccessful conspiracy of the Spanish ambassador, Cellamar, thrown out. Proclamation, 1711,

1717 Negotiations with Sweden against England. to imprison Orleans, and transfer the regency to the king of Spain. 1717 Trial and acquittal of Harley, earl of Oxford, for high treason—Act of Indemnity, excluding Harley and others. to enforce tiie laws against Ca¬
1709 Great collision of whig and tory
tholics. The catholic gentry are
peace. principles upon Sacheverell’s trial.
France, England, and Holland, against the designs of Spain: treated as a separate and half-
17 18 Quadruple Alliance o f tbe Emperor,
proscribed class during the
1720 171t) Vigo attacked by the English—a French army under Victory of Sir George Byng over the Spanish fleet off Cape Passaro: twenty-one ships taken or destroyed out of twenty-seven. greater part of this century.
1710-14 Tory ministry—Harley (earl of
Berwick crosses the Pyrenees, and takes Fontarabia and
1720 Law's “Mississippi” scheme bursts—depreciation
1719 Unsuccessful attempt by a Spanish squadron to effect an invasion of Scotland in favour of the Pretender.
St. Sebastian. X719 Th© South Sea scheme, originated by Sir John Blount, who proposes, (in order to consolidate the national debt,) that the South Sea
The high church party Oxford) chan, of exchequer, and St. John
of paper money, and ruin of public credit.
1719 Full of Alberoni—dies in Italy, 1752. Company shall become the sole public creditor! favours the tories and (Bolingbroke) sec. of state. Whigs dis¬
Ministry of Grimuldo. 1720 “ Bursting of the South Sea bubble”—Aislabie, chancellor of the exchequer, and others, punished by parliament as projectors of the fraud, 1721. Jacobites by preaching a- missed through the duchess of Marlborough’s
1720 Spain accepts the conditions of the Quadruple Alliance—Peace: reversion of Tuscany, Parma. and Placentia, to the king’s second son, Carlos. 1720 London and Royal Assurance Companies. gainst whig principles, the abuse of her power over the queen, and her
ilg-e of Venal Adventures and Speculations. expulsion of the Stuarts, being supplanted by Mrs. Masham—thus
1722 The Infanta of Spain, betrothed to the king, six years old, ar¬
the least concession to Dis¬ the fortunes of Europe are changed by the
1724 The king resigns the crown to his eldest son, rives in France. 1722 Jacobite plot, discovered and rendered abortive: Habeas-Corpus suspended for a year: Layer executed, and Atterbury, senters, &c. 1709 Sa- insolence of one waiting-woman, and the
Louis : but resumes it on the death of Louis in 1723 The king assumes the government—duke de Bourbon minister bishop of Rochester, banished. cheverell’s sermon in favour cunning of another.
less than a year. .—death of the ex-regent Orleans, and of cardinal Dubois. Riots and bloodshed in Scotland, on account of the malt-tax.
of divine right and passive
1724 Congress of Cambray for the general adjustment of differences between France, Spain, Austria, and Sardinia : obedience, and consequent 1711 Qualification of county members
abruptly dissolved, 1725, on Louis XV. sending back the Spanish infanta, and marrying Maria Leczinska. impeachment. fixed at £600 a year, landed property, and
1725 Alliance of Vienna with Austria, negotiated by RipperdaLeague of Herrenhausen, to counterbalance that of Vienna, between England, France, Prussia, and, 1726, Holland. borough members at £300 [tory measure].
1717 Convocation finally
offensive and defensive : mutual right of succes- 1726-43 Ministry of cardinal Fleury—strict domestic economy, neces¬ War with Spain till 1728, hut languidly carried on by both sides: squadrons sent to the West Indies and the Mediterranean. prorogued.
cession : Spain acknowledges the Pragmatic g sary from financial embarrassment—moderate and pacific foreign 1727 Death of George I. by paralysis in Hanover. 1714 Whigs-in power, and monopolise
Sanction. policy; (Chauvelin minister of foreign affairs till 1737) 1719 The whigs repeal the king’s confidence—cabinet ministers:
1725 Troubles in Aragon for the recovery of Ruin of the marine. National debt upwards of £50,000,000. the Act against occasional duke of Marlborough, earls Nottingham,
their ancient rights—suppressed. conformity, and make some Sunderland, lords Halifax, Townshend, and
1727 Preliminaries of Paris between Austria, Spain, and the Herren¬ George II., son, 1727-60.
1726 Short ministry of Ripperda—Blockade of attempts to promote religi¬ Somers, and general Stanhope. Mr. Pul-
1728 Discovery of Gibraltar. hausen League, England excepted. ous liberty; but Walpole,
1728 Peace of Pardo with Spain. Peace for twelve years. teney sec. at war—Walpole leader in the
the diamond mines 1728 Peace of Pardo with England, without any 1728 Congress of Soissons for the final adjustment of differences—- to propitiate the Church, House of Commons.
of Brazil. fresh stipulations. dissolved without effecting anything, 1729. The history of England at this period barren of all events of importance. is obliged to suspend the 1716 Septennial Act passed by the
1729 Treaty of Seville with England, France, and Holland, for the garrisoning of Tuscany and Parma by Spanish troops. repeal of the Test Act. whigs, forced upon them by circumstances
An Act to receive the —the sitting parliament to continue seven
1730 The king a confirmed hypochondriac, governed by 1729 Birth of the Dauphin, which deprives the king of Spain of his affirmations of Quakers in¬ years.
his queen, Elizabeth of Parma. hopes of the French succession. 1731 The use of the Latin language in records and pleadings discontinued by act of parliament. stead of oaths, 1722, and
1731 Don Carlos, second son of the king, suc¬ Religious disputes occasioned by the bull “ Unigenitus,” 1721-42 Ministry of Sir Robert Walpole
the principles of toleration
ceeds in Parma and Placentia. against Jansenism. ■ministerial influence in the House of
1731 Treaty of Vienna between England, Holland, and the Emperor : become gradually establish¬
1733 War of the Polish Succession: ed. Commons maintained by direct bribery—
England acknowledges and guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction, in return for the abolition of the Ostend Company pacific foreign policy.
Alliance of France, Spain, and Sardinia in favour of Stanislaus, (father-in-law of Louis XV.,) against Austria and Russia.
as a favour to Flolland, by the Emperor. ’
1734-5 Conquest of Naples and Sicily by Don 11734 War with the Empire: Lorraine invaded—successes of the 1727 Walpole and the whigs continue
Carlos, [see Italy,'beef] | French and Sardinians in Italy. m power under George II., notwithstanding
England neutral, notwithstanding the treaty of 1731, in the “ War of the Polish Succession,” a violent opposition—the Civil List fixed
1735 Preliminaries of Vienna (peace not finally ratified till 1738) : Lorraine and Bar ceded by the Empire to
France, but to be enjoyed for life by Stanislaus : the duke of Lorraine to he indemnified by the reversion of Tuscany: at £800,000 per annum.
Don Carlos established in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies : Parma and Placentia surrendered to Austria, against the , r-, i c n v 1736 The Porteus riots in Edinburgh. The parliamentary debates present during
1736 Dissensions
will of the queen : France guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction. 1737 Death of queen Caroline. b this period an annual routine of the oppo¬
with Spain in
America. 1739 War with England, from infractions by 11738-40 The Corsican revolt against Genoa suppressed by French 1739 Complaints of the outrages of the Spaniards in South America on British Commerce—Convention of Pardo, by which the Spanish kin°- asrees to sition endeavouring to reduce the taxation
both of the Asiento treaty. | auxiliaries. and the standing army, uniformly frustrated
pay £95,000 compensation—hut the popular clamour drives Walpole to declare war : admiral Vernon in South America: takes Portobello " B
by the unscrupulous corruption employed
1740-48 WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION by Walpole — Pulteney and Windham
1 7 4 0 - 4 8.
leaders of the opposition.
1741 Alliance of Spain and France with the elector of Bavaria: France at first only as an auxiliary in the war. 1740-4 Anson’s voyage round the world, and capture of the Manilla galleon.
1740 A motion of censure on Walpole’s
Philip lays claim to the whole Austrian succession : the French troops in Germany under Broglio and Belleisle—Maillebois in system of bribeiy brought forward by
real aim of Spain was the acquisition of a territory in
1741 Subsidiary treaty with Maria-Theresa, in pursuance of the treaty of Vienna—£300,000 sent to Presburg : but the king is overawed bv the French Sandys, but rejected through the ministerial
Italy for Philip, younger son of the king; and the re¬ Westphalia overawes Hanover. threatening Hanover. &
majority.
covery of Parma and Placentia, the inheritance of the
queen Elizabeth Farnese. 1742 New parliament—elections vio¬
1743 Death of cardinal Fleury—cardinal Tencin in power: sets on 1743 British troops sent to Germany in aid of Austria—Victory of Dettingen over the French, the king of England present lently contested, majority against the whigs
in person.
foot schemes for a Jacobite insurrection in Britain, but the French
[See events under Italy.] —Walpole resigns, from fear of an impeach¬
1740 auxiliary fleet is destroyed in the Channel by a storm.
ment—Ministry of Carteret, afterwards
1744 Warformally declared against England and Austria: naval victory of the English under Matthews and Lestock over the French and Spanish fleets in the bay of Hieres earl Grenville, 1742-44—Pulteney, created
earl of Bath, loses his influence.
1744 Alliance of Versailles with Prussia against Austria—Alsace in¬
vaded by the Austrians under prince Charles of Lorraine—invasion of The “secret-service money” in the last
Flanders by the king in person. England maintains the dominion of tbe seas. ten years only of Walpole’s ministry
£1,453,400 !
1745 Victory of Fontenoy over the allies under Cumberland.
Ministry of Pelham, 1744-54—William
Influence of the king’s mistresses, particularly Pitt paymaster general.
! CkArlA Edward S!fart (the y°ung Pretender) lands in Scotland—he routs the roval
Madame de Pompadour.
Dangerous inroads upon the constitution
Ferdinand VI., son, 1746-59 1746-7 The French arms victorious by land [see Germany and Italy] under marshal Saxe; hut unsuccessful of ,l,e power of ,h, of UrtfESS'L™S? during this half century—seven years’ par¬
by sea and in the colonies against the English: liament instead of three—frequent suspen¬
1748 Assumption The Jacobite party henceforth powerless.
of the title of the French navy, both mercantile and national, ruined. sions of the Habeas Corpus Act—repeal of
1746 Unsuccessful attempts to land on the French coast.
“Most Faithful 1746 The Austrians in Provence: retreat on the loss of Genoa. | clauses in the Act of Settlement—votes of
Majesty.” credit—standing armies.
1747 War with Holland: invasion, and victory of Lafeldt over the Anglo-Dutch army under Cumberland. -JleS:1 successes aSainst France : victories of Anson and Warren off Cape Finisterre, and of Hawke off
The dominant faction of the aristocracy
1748 GENERAL P E ACE ^ — OF maintain power by the squandering of public
w H ** A” X. Aj Aj XS
17 4 8. money, by multiplying places and pensions,
at first between France and the maritime powers, who were weary of a war in which they had no longer any direct interest: acceded to afterwards by the others. Mutual restitution of conquests by France and En >hnd f a by systematic corruption of parliament and
Dunkirk to remain fortified on the land side—the Pragmatic Sanction guaranteed—Don Philip receives Parma, Placentia, Guastalla, with remainder to the junior princes of Spain— ^ menCa’ indla> “■c0 the people. Still, in spite of all this, the
the Asiento question with Britain settled by the treaty of Buen Retiro, 1750, by which Spain pays Britain £100,000 in full of all demands. F
principles of popular government become
Joseph Emanuel, Though the acquisitions in Italy were an inadequate com The subsidies of England were the moving power of the Austrian and allied armies throughout the war Ccven Russin i . , . . more firmly established, and the practice of
1750 son, 1750-77.
pensation for the expenses of the war, Spain was The commerce, marine, and finances of France were ruined by the war,
uncontrolled and undisputed-bat the directing influence now possessed on the contiwniZaTtj°f ** WaS nOW petitioning parliament grows gradually into
the only final gainer, excepting Prussia. from which she reaped no advantage. vast expense, and was productive of little solid advantage. amtained at
use.

e
 Century.
The United Provinces.
William III., king of England,
stockholder, -1702.
1701-14
1701 Grand Alliance of the Hague
1702 Death of William III.,
childless—authority vested in the
States-general and the grand-pen¬
sionary Heinsius—Marlborough
declared generalissimo.
Holland
makes
extraordinary
exertions
in the
war of the
Spanish
Succession.
1713 Peace of Utrecht—Regu¬
lation of the frontier with France, ad¬
vantageous commercial treaty, &c.
Lille and other frontier towns restored
to France:—the Spanish Netherlands
left in tlie hands of the Republic till the
conclusion of a barrier treaty.
Peace for Thirty years:
11715 Barrier treaty of Ant¬
werp with Austria, by English which had
mediation: the Emperor receives the
Spanish Netherlands ; the Republic to
hold garrisons in Namur, Dornik, from St. Gall
Warneton, Menin, Ypres, Fort-Knocke,
and Ruremonde.—But what are for¬
tresses without soldiers ?
National debt 550,000,000 guilders,
reform of internal abuses:
1718 Quadruple alliance with France, England, and the Emperor, against Spain;
The Emperor renouncing all claim to the Spanish succession.
by t
Emperor for trade to the East and West
Indies—vehemenly opposed by Holland,
which joins the League of Herrenhaus-
en, 1726, against Austria, in order to
check it—finally abolished, 1731.
confiscated property
restored, fyc.
fl 728 The prince of Orange elected
provincial stadtholder of Gronin-
B gen and Gueldres.
||1733 Neutral in the war of the
Polish succession.
trj- 1734 Marriage of the prince of
Orange with the princess Anne
HM of England, dau. of George II.
y
| Holland sinks
to a
second-rate
power.
1740-48 WAR
:alpola The Pragmatic Sanction falls to pieces on the death of Charles VI.
aid —Spain claims, as heir-general, Bavaria, under the will of Ferdi-
aislrifl nand I.; and Saxony, from the Electress being dau. of Joseph I.
ierwari 1743 Alliance with England in
favour of Austria.
744 Invasion of the Austrian
Netherlands byLouisXV.in pers.
Lille, Ypres, &c. taken—1745 Defeat of
the Anglo-Dutch army at Fontenoy by
.v marshal Saxe—1746 Brussels and Bra¬
bant occupied : marshal Saxe gains the
battle of Raucoux : 1747 invades Dutch
Flanders, and gains the victory of La-
ill'll feldt—in great extremity the States-
general declare
William IV.,
prince of Nassau-Diez,
-re]
stadtholder, 1747-51.
_vott=
The dignity made hereditary.
It®8
747 Bergen-op-zoom taken by
the French.
Jltfe
1 7 4 8 G E
Prl': ll,
!(3* lolland recovers the barrier fort¬
resses, though mostly
demolished.
a §
OF MODERN HISTORY. 43
WARS OF THE SPANISH AND AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION.
Switzer¬ Germany. Hereditary Hungary. Italy.
land. States. Transylvania reunited-
Genoa, Lombardy
Leopold I.-1705, Emperor, and king of Bohemia. Venice. Tuscany. Savoy. & Milan.
1701 Frederic, elector of Brandenburg, king Joseph I., son of the Republics. Spanish.
of Prussia. emperor, -1711.
WAR OF THE SPANIS H SUC E S S 1 0 N 1701-14.
between Holland, England, and the Emperor, (joined 1702 by the Empire, and 1703 by Portugal,) to place the Archduke Charles on the
Spanish throne, and prevent the union of France and Spain.
The electors of Cologne and Bavaria side with France. 1701 Revolt of Francis Cosmo III. de Victor Ama¬
1703 Defeat of the Imperialists by the elector of Bavaria Racoczi— Medici, grand deus II. -1730.
at Hochstedt. duke, -1723.
1701 Alliance of
1704 Great victory of Hochstedt (Blenheim) by the Tranquil and Savoy with
English and Imperialists under Marlborough and Eu¬ 1705 he is assisted by
prosperous. France.
gene over the French and Bavarians—12,000 killed, France—1707 The diet
1707 The 14,000 prisoners—the French driven back to the Rhine. of Onod, under his in¬ 1702 Victory of
king of fluence, declares the 1703 Savoy joins the Grand Alliance, Luzzara gained
Prussia suc¬ Joseph I., son, 1705-11. throne vacant—he is when it is overrun by the French, and by Philip and
ceeds to the Revenue of the he-
the duke stript of nearly all his do¬ Vendome over
principality 1706 The electors of Bavaria and Cologne reditary states of minions. the Imperialists
of Neuf- put under the ban of the Empire. guildersf0,000’000
under prince
chatel. 1706, 7 The Swedes in Saxony. Eugene.
1708 Bohemia admitted
1707 Dis¬ to a place in the Diet. 1710 defeated and driven 1706 Victory of Eugene at Turin; French driven out
turbances in
1710 Treaty of the Hague between England, Hol¬ out of Hungary : dies of Italy—occupation of Milan and Mantua by the
Geneva. land, and the Empire, for the neutrality of the Swedish in Turkey, 1735. Austrians, 1707.
provinces in Germany. 1711 Pacification of
1711 Death of the Emperor, which changes the state of Szathmar with the mal¬
European politics by calling to the Empire the claimant contents : 1713 Peace of Utrecht:
1712-18 the duke of Savoy acquires
of the Spanish throne, as the allies would not allow the Amnesty, restoration of pri¬
Sicily, with the title of king.
Disputes union of these two powerful monarchies.
vileges, religious toleration, 1714-18 War of Venice
election, self-protection, &c.
between the with the Porte.
1715 Corinth taken by the
1714 Peace of Rastadt:
protestant the Emperor acquires Milan,
Charles VI., brother, Emperor, and king of Bohemia and Hungary, 1711-40. Turks—loss of the Morea—the
and catholic Emperor joins Venice, 1716— Naples, Sardinia, Mantua, and
The ban against Cologne and Ba¬ Ministry of Count Zinzendorf. the Stati degli Presidi.
cantons, on varia rescinded at the demand siege of Corfu by the Turks :
1713 Pragmatic Sanc¬ The country finally raised on the news of the battle
account of of the other electors. tion : vesting the undivided of Peterwardein.
the county of 1713 The peace of Utrecht succession to the hereditary The German branch
states of Austria in the daugh¬ tranquillized.
Toggenburg, leaves the Empire alone in 1718 Peace of Passarowitz: of the
ters of Charles, according to
seniority, in case of his dying
the war with France. Venice cedes the Morea and House of Austria
revolted without male issue.
1716 War with the Porte Cerigo to the Porte, and re¬
1714 Peace of Rastadt and Baden icith France: ceives Vonitza, Butrinto, and again -paramount
The Empire obtains the restitution ot' the two electors, the acknow¬ in conjunction with Prevesa, in Dalmatia.
and em¬
ledgment of the Hanoverian electorate, and a general restoration of Venice. for a short time
braced affairs to the state they were in before the war.—Austria obtains Vietorv ofnrinrp Tuo-pno The last war in which Venice
Belgium, Naples, Milan, the Stati degli Presidi, and Sardinia. ,( I o in Italy.
Protestant- near Peterwardein, 1716. engaged.
1714 George, elector of 1714 Bank of Vienna.
1717 Victory, and cap¬
Hanover, king of 1717 Commercial com panies at Trieste, 1720 Spain accedes to the Quadruple Alliance, on the
ture of Belgrade.
Great Britain. which is made a free port, 1728.
1718 Peace of Passa- fall of Alberoni, and gives up Sardinia and Sicily on
rowitz with the Porte : being assured of the reversion of Tuscany and Parma,
Turkey cedes Belgrade, on the failure of the House of Medici, for the king’s
_ . „ . . Temeswaer, and part of younger son, Don Carlos.'
1720 Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily " " - -
Servia, Bosnia, and Wa¬
with Savoy. lachia; and commercial
rigiits to all the hereditary
states of Austria.
The acknowledgment of the Pragmatic
Sanction the chief aim of 1722 The Pragmatic
Sanction accepted by the John Gaston
Diet of Presburg. de Medici,
Austrian policy.
son, 1723-37,
1723 Establishment of in Tuscany.
the Concilium locum-
1725 Peace and alliance of Vienna with Spain :
tenentiale (or Council
Mutual succour—acknowledgment of the mutual right of succession—
Spain acknowledges the Pragmatic Sanction—Russia and Prussia of Lieutenancy) presided
accede to this alliance, 1726—England and Holland, 1731 (acknow¬ over by the Palatine. 1729 Spanish garrisons in
ledging the Pragmatic Sanction in return for the abolition of the the Tuscan fortresses.
Ostend Company—Russia and Denmark acknowledge it, 1732.)
1729 Revolt of Corsica 1730 Resignation ofVictor-
against the Genoese: Amadeus—dies, 1732.
Reforms in Pompiliana, Paoli, and
Ciaccaldi, leaders— Charles-Emanuel III.,
civil government Corsica independent, 17 35. son, 1730-73,
king of Sardinia.
1730 The king of Sweden becomes prince of Hesse
Cassel. and administration 1731 Don Carlos, infant
Four royal thrones, Great Britain, Prussia, Poland, and Denmark,
of Spain, succeeds to
filled at this time by different princes of the Empire. of justice. Parma and Placentia, as
fiefs of the Empire, on the
1735 Francis, duke of Lorraine,
1733 War of the Polish Succession: Austria, Rus¬ substituted for Don Carlos in extinction of the House of
sia, and Denmark for Saxony; France, Spain, and the Tuscan succession, on Farnese.
ceding his former territories to
Sardinia for Stanislaus; the Empire joins, 1734. Stanislaus, the dethroned king
1733-8 War of the Polish
1737 War with the Porte succession.
of Poland.
in alliance with Russia. Theodore Baron Neuhoff
1734-7 1734, 5, Russian and Danish auxiliaries on the Rhine. 1733 Joins France and
Disturb¬ 1738 Loss of Servia, elected king of Corsica by Spain against Austria—
ances in
Geneva.
1734, 5 Conquest of 1735 Preliminaries of Vienna :
Lorraine by the French not definitely concluded till
Bosnia, and Walachia. the revolters, 1736.
1739 Defeat of the 1737 Death of John Gas¬
Milan taken by the French
and Sardinians.
—ceded by the peace 1738—France guarantees the Austrians at Krotzka; ton, the last of the Medici
to Stanislaus for life, Pragmatic Sanction. siege of Belgrade by the family—succeeded by Peace, 1738: the provinces
with reversion to Franee: Turks. Francis, of Novara and Tortona in
1739 Peace of Belgrade:
Francis, duke of Lorraine, indemnified with the rever duke of Lor¬ the Milanese to Savoy—
sion of Tuscany. all the territories acquired
raine, 1737-65, Parma and Placentia to
in 1718, except Temeswaer,
restored to the Porte. husband of Austria.
Maria-Theresa.
0 F THE A U S T R I A N SUC CESSION 1 7 4 0-48.
Maria-Theresa, eldest daughter of Charles VI., wife of 1738-40 French auxiliaries Savoy at first against Aus¬
Francis, duke of Lorraine, succeeds in the hereditary states, in Corsica — the revolt tria, but on discovering
1740-80—associates her husband in the government. suppressed, 1740. the views of Spain on
Secret alliance of Nymphen- 1740 Invasion of Silesia by Milan, forms, 1743, the
burg, 1741 : France, Ba- the Prussians—defeat of 1741 Coronation of alliance of Worms with
varia, Spain, and Saxony. Mollwitz, 1741—Loss of Maria-Theresa. Austria against Spain.
Silesia. 1743 Maria-Theresa cedes
Declaration of the Hungarian
1741 Maillebois with a French army in Westphalia to keep the mari¬ nobles “ Moriamur pro re- Finale (Genoese since 1713) 1744 Savoy occupied by the
time powers neutral. ge nostro Maria-Theresia French and Spaniards,
to Sardinia: hence, 1745,
30,000 Hungarian volunteers under Don Philip and the
alliance of Genoa with
The French, Saxons, and Bavarians, under Belleisle, overrun march to the relief of Vienna prince de Conti.
under count Palfi. Spain, France, and Na¬
Austria and Bohemia, and take Prague: Charles crowned.
ples, against Austria.
1745 Parma, Placentia,
Charles VI. of Bavaria, elected Emperor, 1742-5. 1745 Genoa bombarded by
and Milan, taken by the
1743 Bavaria occupied by the Pragmatic army, which gains a victory Luxury and extra¬ the English. French and Spaniards.
at Dettingen: the French are driven across the Rhine—Peace and
alliance of Austria with Saxony and Sardinia.
vagance increase.
The court party becomes
Bohemia reconquered stronger, and the 1746 The Austrians under Botta
1746 The peace of Dresden
1745 Charles recovers Bavaria—dies
— Coronation of
country party take Genoa, but are expelled strengthens the Austrian
Maria-Theresa— by a rising of the people—siege
at Munich—peace of Fussen be¬ again invaded by declines. troops—the French and
and gallant defence of Genoa,
Frederic
tween Austria and Bavaria—Austria victory at Soit, 1745.II., 1744— The Protestants 1747, raised by French aid. Spaniards driven from
oppressed. Lombardy — invasion of
restores her conquests.
1746-8 Fresh revolt in Provence.
House of Xiorraine. Corsica—appeased.
Francis I., Emperor, 1745-65, (husband of Maria-Theresa.) 1747 Defeat and death of
the French general Belle-
1745 The Prussians invade Saxony, battle of Kesselsdorf, take Dresden.—Peace of Dresden.
1749 Con¬ 1747 Alliance of Austria with Russia—37,000 Russian troops under Repnin on the Rhine, 1748. isle at the pass of the Ex-
spiracy of illes.
N E S A L PEACE O P A X X X< A CHAPEX.X.E 17 4 8:
Ilenzi in Austria retains all her dominions unbroken, except Silesia, ceded to Prussia : a portion of the Milanese to Sardinia (by the treaty of Worms,
Berne— as the price of her alliance) : and Parma, Placentia, and Guastolla to Don Philip, to be held as an appanage by the younger princes
suppressed. of Spain. Finale restored to Genoa by Sardinia. The Pragmatic Sanction finally confirmed and guaranteed by all parties.
44 Continuation of Table xvi. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Eighteenth

KINGDOM OF PRUSSIA ESTABLISHED—BECOMES A FIRST-RATE POWER.

Naples & Sicily. Popes and Church History. Prussia. Denmark. Sweden. Poland.

Philip V., Clement IX. (Alhano). 1700-21. Frederic III. —1713. Frederic IV. Charles XII. Frederic Augustus I.
of Spain, —1730. —1718. (elector of Saxony),—1704.
The differences of religious faith 1701 Prussia erected into a
acknowledged in kingdom, and acknowledged WAR 0 F HE NORTHERN POWERS.
now begin to lose their importance
Naples 1701. by the Emperor in considera¬ 1700 War with Hol- 1700 Invades Livonia with a del
with the people, as they already
had with the rulers. tion of its help against France. stein-Gottorp. Saxon army; siege of Riga.
1701 Conspiracy Crowned at Konigsberg as
in favour of the Protestant missions Whiston in Charles XII. lands in Zealand to aid his brother-in-law, the duke of Holstein, and com¬
Frederic I. pels the Danes to yield by the help of a Dutch and English fleet—Peace of Tra-
Austrians de¬ sent out to India by England sup¬
tected and sup¬ the English, Dutch, ports the Count de Wartenberg minister—army, vendahl. 1701 Invades Poland—victory of Riga—Courland and Lithuania overrun.
pressed. and Danes. Arian doctrines. 24,000 men. 1702 Enters Warsaw—defeats the Saxons (abandoned by the Poles) at Clissau—
1702 Joins the grand alliance takes Cracow.
1702 Philip arrives 1705 Publication of the bull" Vineam against France. Denmark again acknow¬ 1703 Decisive victory of Pultusk: the diet of Warsaw, at the
in Naples. Domini”—cardinal Tournon, legate Institution of the order of the ledges the independence instigation of Charles, and the Sapieha party, declares the throne
in China, imprisoned by the emperor Black Eag'e, and of the Berlin of the House of Holstein-
Academy under Leibnitz. Gottorp in Schleswick. vacant, and elects Stanislaus Leczinski,
1707 Naples occu¬ Kam-hi; dies, 1710.
pied by the Im¬ The people impoverished
1708 The Rise of the Herren- Great advance 1706 Victory of the Swedes under 1704-9.
perialists. by the profusion and
Jesuits expelled hutters or Moravian Renschild over the Saxons and Russians at Travenstadt.
1708 Sardinia sub¬ from Holland. Brethren in Ger¬ 1702 Unsuccessful claim to In manufactures, Invasion of Saxony : Peace of Alt-lianstadt: Augustus cedes the
dued by the Eng¬ many. the principality of Orange, throne of Poland.
lish fleet for arch¬ on the death of William III.
duke Charles. The disputes concerning Jansenism
etc., 1707 Patkul given up to Charles, and broken on the wheel.
of England.
distract the French church—dis¬ 1708 Charles invades Russia; crosses the Dnieper to join Ma-
splendour of the court. 1709 War with zeppa ; defeated at Pultowa, May 9, 1709: takes refuge five
persion of the Society of Port-
Royal, 1709. 1707 Acquisition of Neuf- Sweden. years iu Turkey.
chatel by inheritance, on the 1710 The Danes driven out of Sweden by Steinbock. Frederic Augustus,
1713 The famous bull “ Unigenitus,” death of the duchess of 1709-33.
1711 Invasion of Swedish Pomerania by the Danes and
against the French Jansenists and Nemours.
Saxons.—1712 Victory of Steinbock over the Danes, reascends the throne after
Peace of Utrecht. the New Testament of Quenel, pro¬ the battle of Pultowa, and
Poles, and Saxons, at Gadebusch in Mecklenburg.
duces violent debates and divisions Frederic William I.,
is acknowledged by the
1714 Seizure of Perplexity and distress of the Swedish admi¬
in the Gallican church for many son, 1713-40. nistration: the regency offered to the Poles.
years—the Jesuits defending the bull, The army increased to 50,000 men. Holstein-Gottorp.
1714 king's sister, but refused.
1712 The Russian troops
Victoe-Amadeus, the Jansenists opposing it. 1713 Prussia acknowledged as 1715 Bremen and 113-13
1715 Charles returns to Sweden— withdrawn from Poland,
duke of Savoy, Many of the High-Church a kingdom by France and Verden sold to Ha¬
Stralsund capitulates. but Russian influence
crowned king of party in England refuse Spain at the peace of Utrecht. nover.
to take the oath of alle¬ Prussia and England join the alliance continues henceforth
Sicily at Palermo. Seizes Stettin under pretence I Mi®
giance to the Hanoverian
of holding it in pledge. 1716 The king of against Sweden. paramount.
dynasty — hence called
Nonjurors. Sweden repulsed in 1716 Ministry of baron de Gortz. The luxury of the king,
1715 Joins in the Northern an invasion of Nor¬ Loss of the German provinces.
and suspicion that he in¬
1715 Bull “Ex ilia die” against the War against Sweden. way. 1717 Negociations of Gortz and
1717 Spain, tends. to make the crown iiEJtit-
Jesuits allowing the Chinese converts Radical reform: all unnecessary Alberoni against England, and for
in pursuance of during hereditary, occasion
to perform religious ceremonies in show and expense done away with ; the re-establishment of the Stuarts.
Alberoni’s policy, honour of their ancestors. and the kinydom strengthened by a 1718 Charles XII. invades Norway, and is killed at the
seizes on Sardinia vigilant care for the working classes
REVOLTS, 1715-17,
siege of Frederickshall.
and, in 1718, 1717 Bangorian con¬ and population: erection of Cham¬
bers in the Royal Domains: aboli¬ which the king resists by
on Sicily. troversy in England Ulrica Eleonora, sister, 1718-20, fl'Dis
tion of fiefs and hereditary leases : declared queen by election, and obliged to re¬ his Saxon troops.
1720 The bull —the Nonjurors at¬ the military system carefully im¬ this reign:
store the ancient free constitution. 1718 Diet of Grodno against
1720 Sardinia “ Unigenitus” at tacked by Hoadly, proved and extended. 1719 Execution of Gortz by the influence of the dissidents.
given, as a king¬ length accepted bishop of Bangor, the aristocracy.
The country, higlily
dom, to Savoy, in by the parlia¬ defended by Snape revenue
Peace of Stockholm with England : 1720 Peace with Sweden;
exchange for Si¬ ment of Paris. and Sherlock. 1720 Peace of Stockholm with Bremen and Verden ceded to Hanover on the • Frederic Augustus ac¬ t®ti J
cily, which is re¬ the Swedes. payment of 1,000,000 dollars. knowledged king of Poland. let.
united to Naples 1720 Peace between Denmark and Sweden :—
Innocent XIII. (Conti), 1721-4. flourishing,
Sweden pays 600,000 dollars, and consents to pay tolls for the navigation
Ml Mi
under the Em¬
peror.

Charles VI.,
1721 Legation of Mezzabarba to
China unsuccessful. Christianity
obtains great

1724 Foundation of Potsdam.

influence in
1721 A fresh colony h720 The
sent to Greenland. husband
flueen
of the Sound—Schleswick to Denmark.
abdicates in favour of her
Internal dissensions,

1724 Dissensions between the Pro¬

'triiiis.

Hesse-Cassel, testants and Catholics, fomented

Emperor, king of forbidden by the Chinese emperor, Frederic, prince of
by the Jesuits—massacre of the
min
ill lit ii
1723. 1725 League of Herrenhau- three to four 1720-51. Protestants in Thorn. 1*0 Hi
Naples and Sicily, sen : England, France, and elected by the States—authority further limited {IMHSt
1720—35. 1724 Fresh Fruitless efforts of by the Act of Royal Assurance.
Prussia against Austria —
edicts against the Pfaff, a German di¬ 1721 Peace of Nystad (see Russia.)
Prussia secedes from it, and millions Mis
Protestants in vine, to reunite the a corrupt aristocracy
joins the Imperial party by a Peace for twenty years.
France—many Lutheran and Cal¬ [jlmis-i
vinist churches. secret treaty at Wuster- 1728 Great fire in Sweden
emigrate to Copenhagen ; 1700 Stredi
Sweden. hausen, 1726. Sweden now more an aristocracy than crouching to Russia,
houses, and the a monarchy: origin of the parties “Hats"
the general
great public library, and “Caps’." the former under French 111® He
1728 Disputes with 1724 The Jesuits forbidden to receive
the Pope as to the novices, with a view to their suppres¬ affairs of with 20,000 manu¬ influence, and favourable to war; the latter
for Russia and peace:—extensive foreign cor¬
immunities of the sion ; the design is frustrated by the Europe. scripts, destroyed. ruption from the poverty of the kingdom and 1733 The dissidents de-,
of both parties.
Church, and rights death of the Pope. clared excluded from alii
1731 Arrival of 16,000 emi¬ of dollars.
loses
offices, embassies, and} mta, C
of legation, finally Freethinkers in England, 1724 League with Russia, through
Collins, Chubb, etc.; an¬ grants at Salzburg, enticed public employments under Ifa-iaii
settled. swered by Gibson, But¬ thither to reinforce the popu¬ the “ Caps,” in favour of Holstein-
ler, and Sherlock. Gottorp. the crown.
lation. Christiern VI.,
1734-5 Don Carlos son, 1730-46. tbe predominancy Power
conquers Naples Benedict XIII. ( Orsini), 1724-30. The narrow parsimony of 1727 Sweden joins the league of an enslaved population, i
and Sicily—vic¬ 1725 A council at the Lateran for the reforma¬ Frederic I. A peaceful and prosperous Herrenhausen against Austria, in ClTBii
tory of Bitonto tion of morals and discipline in the church.
lays the foundation of reign.
consideration of a subsidy. Prim
over the Austrians. The “ Appellants” in France, headed by the Frederic Augustus II..
cardinal de Noailles, appeal from the bull Prussian greatness: of tbe North,
“ Unigenitus" to a general council: but fruit¬
son, 1733-63.
he leaves 1733 Bank of Copenhagen 1730 The king inherits Hesse-Cassel. The diet unanimously elect Stanis¬ tie Sot
Don Carlos lessly. established.
a flourishing revenue, 1731 East India Company established. laus Leczinski, but are compelled I
crowned at Pa¬ 1727 Death of the Mystic sect of Hutchin- The Isle of St. Croix in by a Russian army to elect Fre-I
the West Indies pur¬ and declines
lermo, 1735. Jansenist Abbe- sonians rise about 1727. an accumulated treasure, deric Augustus, whose pretensionfl
Paris—miracles said chased from France. Flourishing state of commerce; and | Paul
are supported by the Wic^aiowifki|
to be wrought at and an army of 70,000 men, party.
Independent king¬ of science under Linnceus, etc. tan*
his tomb. surpassing any European
dom of the Two Into a 1734 Stanislaus besieged in j Pitt®
Sicilies. Clement XII. (Corsini), 1730-40.
troops in discipline :
1734 A new code of laws promulgated. Dantzicby the Russians—
House of
by availing himself of which 1736 Settlement of second-rate escapes to Konigsberg.
1732 Fanatic Frederic II. raises Prussia the ancient disputes 1738 Renewal and confirmation of fellHi
Bourbon.
exhibitions of Rise of the Methodists in with Hamburg : 1736 Diet of Pacification—j
Charles III.,
the Convulsion- England under Wesley, to a first-rate power. the ancient alliance with France, in Vita!, n
and another division 1,000,000 silver Stanislaus resigns—the fo¬ melt
1735-59. naires at the under Whitfield — First Frederic II., son, 1740-86. marks paid to Den¬ consideration of a subsidy of
Confirmed by the Pre¬ reign troops, Saxons and| PH:
liminaries of Vienna tomb of the separation of the Wesley- mark. 2,000,000 francs. Russians, evacuate the
ans from the church about Pltei
in possession of Naples, Abbe-Paris — 1737—“ Rules of Method¬ 1740-42 First Silesian war power. kingdom.
Sicily, Elba, and the
Stati degli Presidj, on prohibited 1733. ism ” drawn up, 1743— against Maria Theresa. *
the first “ Conference,” Negligent
ceding Parma and or synod of the sect, 1744. 1741 Victory of Mollwitz; Stormy debates in the diet—ascend¬ fe/e;
Placentia to the Em¬ 1739 The bull Both Whitfield and Wes¬ conquest of Silesia.
peror :—the succession ency gained by the Hat party, who and general Indifference j Not
to Spain by secundo- “ Unigenitus” ley gain many con¬ Joins the anti-Austrian confe¬ 1740 Danish East India aim at the recovery of all the pro¬
verts in North America.
geniture, the two accepted by the Whitfield dies, 1770; deracy : alliance with France. Company. vinces ceded to Russia: hence “iiiiit
crowns never to be 1741 Biron deposed by the]
united. university of Wesley, 1701. 1742 Peace of Breslau, after 1741 War with Russia: opposed
Paris. by the king. Russians and sent to Si ]
1738 Marries the the victory of Czaslau :
Austria cedes Silesia (except the county Defeat of the Swedes by Lascy at beria—Courland occupietl
daughter of Fre¬ Benedict XIV. (Lambertini), of Teschen) and Glatz. administration by Russian troops.
deric Augustus of Willmanstrand in Finland.
1740-58. 1744 Second alliance with ““i Won
Saxony, king of France and union of Frank¬ 1742 Helsingfort lost, and the Swedes
Poland — institu¬ 1740-3 Mystic sect of the driven out of Finland.
fort with Charles VII.,Hesse-
tion of the Order of Swedenborgians Death of queen Ulrica Eleonora.
Cassel, and the Palatinate, and anareby,
of St. Januarius. commenced by Ema¬
nuel Swedenborg of The against Austria:
selfish policy of Frederic aimed finances. 1743 Peace of Abo with Russia by
1742 Naples com¬ Upsal, who pretends steadily at his own aggrandisement. British mediation : Ilk, ^
pelled to neutral¬ to supernatural re¬ 1744-5 Second Silesian war. Finland ceded as far as the Kymen—and duke prepare tbe way
ity in the war velations, etc. General toleration. Adolphus Frederic, bishop of Lubeck
and administrator of Holstein, declared by
of the Austrian 1745 Victories of Hohen- Frederic V., son, Russian influence hereditary prince of
succession, by an 1745-8 The sacraments refused in friedberg and Sorr over the 1746-66. Sweden, with succession to his heirs male.
English squadron France to those who will not sub¬ Austrians. for tbe dissolution

threatening to scribe the bull “ Unigenitus.” Peace of Dresden with Aus¬

bombard her tria and Saxony: Commercial treaty (nee
capital.
Ifti
Silesia confirmed to Prussia: Saxony
pays 100,000 dollars : Prussia recog¬ with Spain, and of the
nises Francis I. as Emperor.
ratification of the 1749 Institution or - revival of the
Arts, Sciences,
*it]
1747 Building of Sans-Souci. former alliance orders of the Seraphim, the Sword,
and the Polar Star. Polish kingdom.
and Literature, with Russia. Ni,
encouraged and protected.
'V
»bici
a
 Century. OF MODERN HISTORY 45

INCREASING CIVILISATION AND POWER OF RUSSIA. PROGRESS OF CIVILISATION IN AMERICA.

Russia. Ottoman Empire. .Persia. India. China. America.
Peter (the Great), —1727. Mustapha II., —1703. Shah Sultan Hussein, Aurung-Zeb, Kam-IIi, 1701 Philip V. acknowledged as
1700
Wonderful increase —1722. or Alemghir I. —1707. —1722. king of Spain by the American
1702 Revolt of the Janizaries on colonies.
1700 Invades Ingria—siege of Narva—great 1703 Teeg-Bahadur,
the execution of the vizier
defeat by Charles XII. at Narva. chief of the Seiks of
Daltaban—Mustapha resigns 1702 Rice introduced into Caro¬
in the power the northern provinces,
the throne to lina from Madagascar.
Abolition of the patriarchate: the czar head of the church. put to death—hence
1704 Revolt of Goorgeen
and civilisation long Seik wars.
Ahhmed III., in Georgia : he is par¬
The English possessions 1705 A papal
1703 Petersburg founded—conquest of Ingria brother, 1703-30. doned on turning Mos¬ limited to Bombay, Madras, legate arrives
and Karelia. of Russia: lem ; and made governor Fort William (Calcutta) in in China. Increasing importance
of Kandahar. Bengal, and Bencoolen in
Sumatra.—Fort William the
1704 Successes in Livonia: Narva and Dorpat presidency.
Peace for some years : of the English trade
taken. military and The Mogul power
1705 University of Moscow. with the
naval forces Bahadur Shah, or
the Janizaries
Shah-Alim I., son, West Indian
1706 Victory of Kalisch by Mezarikoff over
1707-12.
the Swedes. greatly improved ; The influence
rapidly declines and North American
curbed and reduced of Christianity
1707 Revolt of the Cossack hetman Mazeppa. after the death of
the empire extended; 1708 The chout, or fourth of greatly colonies.
1709 Revolt of the-Ghilji the revenue, ceded to the
1708 Invasion of Charles XII.—defeated at to obedience. Mahrattas, on condition of shaken by
Pultowa—Viborg, Revel, and Riga taken from Afghans in Kandahar, ceasing their devastations.
and death of Goorgeen the disputes
Sweden. arts and sciences Khan—their chief, Meer-
Aurung-Zeb.
of the Jesuits 1711 Incorporation of the English
170!) Charles XII. of Sweden takes refuge at Bender after the battle of Pul¬ Wei's, makes himself in¬ Ravages of the Seiks South Sea Company. 1710
towa: hence War with the Turks, 1710—the Russians, defeated and surrounded dependent. Succeeded under Gooroo Govind. with the Newfoundland, Acadia, and
ml on the Pruth, bribe the vizier Baltaji for the Peace of Falczy, 1711 : Azoph by Meer Mahmood. The Mahrattas missionaries Hudson’s Bay ceded by France
* restored to the Porte. to England at the peace of
masters of the Dekkin.
1711 Establishment of the Directing Senate, the highest I 1710-13 Unsuccessful at¬ of the other Utrecht, 1713. Spain cedes
tribunal of the empire. tempts to reduce Kan¬
Jehandar Shah, orders and the disputed settlements on the
1712-13 Dissensions with the Porte: accommodated by the wily ambassador dahar.
;
son, 1712, a few months. Rio de la Plata to Portugal;
!1« Tolstoi, the first of the school of Russian diplomacy. the legate. Louisiana to France : and gives
)rti introduced; 1713 Charles XII., refusing to leave
Turkey, is confined till 1714. Furruksir, England the Asiento, or right
Catharine (privately married in 1707) declared czarina. of supplying negro slaves for
1715 Fortunate war with Venice: nephew, 1712-17.
ii: trade and A puppet in the hands of the thirty years—whence arises an
the Morea conquered by the
1714 Naval victory over the Swedes in the vizier Ali Koumourdji. brothers Abdulla and Hus¬ extensive smuggling trade.
sein Seid, by whom he is
Baltic—Finland overrun—Aland conquered. put to death: —after two Prosperity of Brazil: the royal
1716 Unsuccessful war with
■manufactures Hungary—defeat and death of
reigns, occupying together
only a few months, the 1719 fifth from the gold mines
1716-17 Fresh travels of Peter in Holland, Denmark, and
Koumourdji at Peterwardein ; throne is filled by Commercial 25,000,000 cruzados annually.
France—introduction of French manners and regulations.
loss of Temeswaer, etc. embassy of 1717 French colonial regulations
protected and Mohammed Shah, Ismailoff
1717 Disaffection of the czarowitz Alexis, who 1717 Defeat of Cruscanear Bel¬ 1719 Herat taken by the grandson of Bahadur from Russia. — great commercial liberties
given to the West India islands,
escapes to Naples, but. returns and is put to grade : loss of Belgrade. Abdalli Afghans, who Shah, 1719-39.
especially Martinique — The
at 1720 An
death, 1718. encouraged ; 1718 Peace of Passarowitz: become independent. Puts the Seids to death. imperial edict, Mississippi Company.
The Porte cedes Belgrade, Temeswaer,
1720 Naval victory over the Swedes : the and part of Bosnia to Hungary: and to Persia attacked at the forbidding 1718 The coffee tree brought
The reigning families in
coasts of Sweden devastated by the Russian Venice some frontier fortresses in Al¬ same time by the Abdalli the mission¬ from Java to Surinam.
bania : but retains Cerigo and the Morea Dekkin and, Oude, founded
conquered from the latter. and Ghilji Afghans, the aries 1720 Fresh restrictions on the
®eet- foreign artisans by Nizam-al-Mulk and to preach. 1720
Usbeks, and the Arabs Spanish-American trade—New
1721 Establishment of the “Holy Synod,” under the con-
trol of the emperor, for the government of the church. of Muscat. Saadut Khan, become vir¬ and higher tariff.
Yong-tching,
invited and 1720 Mahmood invades tually independent.
son,
it Pr. Peace of Nystadt, 1721 : 1721 Muhammed-Effendi the Persia, but is defeated. 1722-35.
Sweden cedes Karelia, Esthonia, Ingria, Livonia, Viborg, first Ottoman ambassador to Amazing increase of
o/i and the islands of Oesel, etc., to Russia: Russia re¬ Paris, whence he brings the 1722 Mahmood again in¬ 1723 Christ¬
stores Finland, pays 2,000,000 dollars as an indemnity, and vades Persia, gains a
guarantees the new Swedish constitution. first printing-press to Turkey, ianity pro¬ the European colonies
1726. battle at Goolnabad, be¬ Indolence of the
patronised. sieges and takes Ispahan: scribed, and
racj
Russia succeeds Shah Hussein resigns. the churches in population
Tlie czar assumes the title of “ Emperor of all the Russias.” razed, except
Emperor at Canton. and cultivation
Sweden as Peter,freed from the Meer Mahmood, 1722-5.
1723 The Turks and Russians attempt to dismember Persia during the contest—1725 Partition treaty 1727 Treatyv during this century.
between Russia and the Porte for seizing the north and west provinces of Persia. the Mahrattas of friendship
the dominant patriarch and nobility, Tahmasp, son of Shah Hussein, with Russia—
holds out in Armenia—Mab- a Russian
1723 Peace with Shah Tahmasp— mood dies mad, succeeded by 1728 Discovery of diamond
Daghestan, Ghilan, Shirwan, and Mazanderan ceded to his cousin, overrun India. envoy mines in Brazil.
Russia—retained till 1735. resident at Coffee introduced into the French
s Meer Ashraf, 1725-30.
reigns despotically. Pekin. West India islands from Surinam,
1724 Alliance with Sweden. 1726 The Turks penetrate into the heart of Persia, and Great
Power In Russian army 108,000 men. threaten Ispahan, but are repulsed by Ashraf. 1730 An
1727 Peace of Bagdad with Ashraf: 1732 Guzerat and earthquake at 1732 Charter for colonising
Catharine I., widow of Peter, 1725-7. He cedes Azerbijan, Khuzestan, and part of Irak, with the cities of Hama- Pekin
dan, Sultaniah, and Teheran ; and is acknowledged king of Persia by the Malwa finally subdued Georgia, the southernmost of
Prince Menzikoff sole and absolute minister. Porte: but this peace is disavowed by Tahmasp and Nadir-Kouli. destroys the thirteen states—Savannah 1730
by the Mahrattas.
1726 Alliance with Austria. 1729 Ashraf defeated and driven 100,000 men. founded, 1733.
from Ispahan—again defeated,
the Worth. and killed, 1730. increase 1733 A tax imposed by England
Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg. 1732 The on the importation of sugar into
Tahmasp, 1730-2, missionaries North America.
son of Hussein. of the expelled from Denmark purchases from France
Peter II., grandson of Peter, 1727-30.
1730 War with Persia on the expulsion of the Afghans— Canton : the island of St. Croix.
Fall of Menzikoff—rise of the Dolgorucki family. 1735 The Mahrattas
the Turks driven from Azerbijan by Nadir-Kouli—Revolt retire to
1727 Treaty with China. defeated at Agra
of the Janizaries—Ahhmed dethroned. Macao.
Establishment of a supreme privy council of eight members. by Saadut Khan. 1739 War between Spain and
Mahmood I., nephew, 1730-54. | England respecting the Asiento
Anne, niece of Peter the Great, 1730-40. The first war for colonial iutcrests. The
1732 Peace of Erivan with Persia:— English Kien-Long, real point of contest was the right of
itKfr Capitulation, limiting the imperial power in favour of the Shah Tahmasp cedes all the territory beyond the Araxes, but Nadir refuses
son, 1735-96. search claimed by Spain as consequent
•tie) nobles, exacted by the Dolgoruckis, but immediately to ratify, and deposes Tahmasp : War renewed.
East on her exclusive dominion in the Indian
broken by Anne: Ministry of foreigners: Ostermann, sea.
Miinnich, Biron. Abbas III., 1732-6,
1736-7 Per¬
t 1732 Treaty of Copenhagen with Austria : the son, 8 months old. 1738 Protection to the secution of Porto-Bello taken by admiral
Pragmatic Sanction acknowledged. Nadir-Kouli regent. Kandahar Afghans— Vernon.
the native
Interferes in the affairs of Poland. 1734-5 The Turks driven from their Persian conquests— a Persian ambassador Christians. 1740-4 Anson’s American expe¬
1735 Restoration to Persia of the territories ceded in 1723. Peace, 1736 : Armenia and Georgia restored to Persia. murdered. dition against the Spaniards—he
ttd
1736-9 War with the Porte, in alliance with Austria 1737. 1736 Death of Shah sails round the world and takes
Abbas : the Manilla galleon.
The Russians in the Crimea : take Azoph, and 1737 Oczakow, but retreat 1738.
End of the Soofi 1741 Powerful British force in
1739 Defeat of the Turks near Choczim : loss of Choczim and Moldavia dynasty: India
Revolts of South America — unsuccessful
to Russia. Nadir Kouli succeeds as
attack on Carthagena.
Peace of Belgrade, from the losses of Austria : Nadir Shah, 1736-47. Conspiracy of the negroes in
the
Russia restores all her conquests except Azoph. But this war avenged the defeat on the Pruth.
Changes the national sect from Trade. New York, under Hewson, to 1740
Ivan, 1740-1,
Sheah to Sooni.
Eleuth burn the town and massacre the
1738 Conquers Kandahar and
Afghanistan; and repulses the whites, detected.
grand-nephew, (two months old).
Usbeks of Bokhara. Tartars. 1742 Invasion of Georgia by
Biron regent, but soon banished.
1739 Invades India: gains the battle of Kur- Spaniards and Indians, re¬
1741 War with Sweden. naul—takes Delhi, and carries of .£32,000,000 pulsed.
A revolt of the Preobraschenski regiment of guards places
on the throne in money and jewels—the Indus made the 1745 Louisbourg and Cape
boundary of the two empires. Breton taken from France by
Elizabeth, 1740-62,
1743-6 War with Persia: defeat of the Turks near The emperors of Delhi henceforth mere state the English.
youngest dau. of Peter the Great. puppets—the Nawabs independent.
Erivan, 1745: Peace, 1746: boundaries as in 1555. 1747 Act for the cultivation of
Fall of the foreign ministers. indigo in British N. America
1747 Nadir assassinated. 1744 Hostilities between the
ntw 1742 Peter of Holstein-Gottorp declared heir. 1748 Settlement of Acadia, now
Anarchy A confusion: French and English.
1743 Peace of Abo. Turkey remains inactive during Ali Adil Ahhmed
called Nova Scotia, by the
1747 Fall of Lestocq, the chief of the Prussian Shah, nephew Doorani,
1747 Ahhmed Doorani crosses the English, chiefly discharged
party, whence. of Nadir, (1748-73), Indus and sacks Sirhind. soldiers and sailors.
the Austrian war of succession. 1747- 8. chief of the 1749 The Mahratta rajahs supplanted by their
Alliance with Austria—Russian auxiliary Abdalli Afghans, ministers or Peishwas. 1750 Exchange of the Portu¬
Dethroned and founds a king¬
troops sent, 1748. put to death.
dom in Cabul, guese colony on the Plata for
The fanatical sect of the IVahhabecs Shah Rokh, Kandahar, and Ahhmed Shah, son, 1748-53. districts in Paraguay — War
First interference of Russia as a great grandson of part of 1750 The Mahrattas, called in by the vizier to with the Jesuits, who refuse to
Power in the affairs of Western Europe, Nadir, Khorassan. repel the mountain Afghans, make a perma¬ retire.
originate about this period in Arabia.
wliicli she never abandons. 1748- 51. nent settlement in Robulcund. 1750

a f
46 Continuation of Table xvi. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Eighteenth i ^

ENGLISH-AMERICAN WAR. FRENCH REVOLUTION.

Portugal. France. Great Britain and Ireland.

1750 1752 Disputes respecting the

Joseph Emanuel, Louis XV., —1774. George II., —1760.
—1777. privileges of parliament, oc¬
1751 Foundation of the Ecole 1745-57 1751 Death of Frederic, prince of Wales, father of George III. casioned by an appeal against
1750-77 Ministry militaire, for nobles only. Ascendency of the Westminster election.
of Carvalho, mar¬ Disputes respecting the bull “Unigeuitus’ the French in 1752 The importation of Irish wool to England opened, to two ports only. New laws—Game act, acts for jV
quis of Pombal, still continue: the parliament of Paris ba¬
nished to Pontoise, 1753, for refusing the
India, under The New or Gregorian style adopted—the 3rd of September being counted naturalising Jews, preventing I j»,e
the boldest and royal edicts, and a “ Chambre Royale” Dupleix and as the 14th.
clandestine marriages, etc.
most unscrupulous substituted: but the parliament is re¬ La Bourdon- 1753 Purchase of the “ British Museum” by parliament. 1754 Death of Pelham — mi¬
instated the next year.
of reformers. naye. nistry of his brother the duke
1753 The grants Profligacy of the court. the king’s 1754 Hostilities with England in N. America, respecting the boundaries of Nova Scotia. of Newcastle, 1754-56.
of the alienated mistress, madame de Pompadour,
1755 Naval hostilities : defeat and death of Gen. Braddock on the Ohio.
crown property directs all affairs : Bernis minister,
Ministry of William Pitt
Disputes between the ministry and the Irish parliament on the application chaucelor the elder, 1756-61—Legge
revoked. under her influence till 1756— of the exchequer.
then de Choiseul-Stainville, of the surplus revenue of Ireland.
1755 Lisbon destroyed 1761 Ministry of the king's
by an earthquake; 1758-70. 1756-63 Seven Years' War, connected by treaties with the Seven Years’ War on the favourite, the earl of Bute-
30,000 men perish;
the British parliament
continent. he retires 1763, but retains
vote £100,000 for the 1756 Capture of Minorca from the English—admiral Byng tried and
National debt £78,000,000.
his influence.
relief of the sufferers. shot, 1757, for failing to relieve it. 1756 Subsidiary alliance ivith Prussia.
1757 The “ Militia Bill,” making that force efficient. Grenville ministry 1763-65— ■
1757 The Jesuits Alliance with Austria, offensive and defensive directed against Wilkes expelled the house of
driven from court. England and Prussia. Victory of Plassey in India—the founda¬ commons for a seditious libel
1758 Mysterious 1757 The king’s life attempted by Damien—Invasion of Hanover: tion of British supremacy—further successes, in the North Briton.
conspiracy of the convention of Kloster-Zeven with Cumberland. 1760—siege and capture of Pondicherry, 1761.
1765 Rockingham ministry:
Aveiro and Ta- 1758 Defeat of Crefeldt on the Rhine—the En¬ England
general warrants declared
vora families glish repulsed in an attempt to invade Normandy. 1758 Abrogation of the convention of Kloster-Zeven—second subsidiary illegal—a result of Wilkes’
against the king’s Losses in N. America—Cape Breton taken by the treaty with Prussia—British troops sent to Germany—disputes with the case.
life—detected & English under Amherst and Boscawen Dutch, on the detention of their ships conveying stores to the French, and
severely punished Goree and the other settlements in Senegal taken trading with their colonies. 1766-70 Grafton and Towns-
on the pinnacle of hend ministry—at first under
1760 1759 Expulsion of by the English.
The English fleets under Hawke and Anson ride triumphant the influence of lord -Chat¬
the Jesuits. 1759 Defeat of Minden by the Anglo-Hanove-
in the Channel. Maritlme and Colonial ham (Pitt) — the duke of
1760 Marriage of rians—bombardment of Havre-de-Grace. Grafton retires on the Ame¬
the Infanta Maria, Attempt to invade Ireland with five ships under 1759 Victory of Quebec and conquest of Canada ; death of gen. Wolfe. rican question.
heiress-apparent, Thurot—defeated and killed, 1760. Naval victories—off Cape Lagos by Boscawen over the Toulon fleet—
Ministry of lord North
to her uncle Don Loss of Quebec, Montreal, and all Canada, 1760. off Brest, by Hawke, over the grand fleet under Conflans.
1770-82 — hostile to Ame¬
Pedro. 1761 The Jesuits denounced by the Abbe Chau- power.
rican liberty—Lord Chatham
1762 War (as an velin in the parliament of Paris. George III., grandson, 1760-1820.
in opposition; in the com¬
ally of England) 1761 The Bourbon Family-Compact:
Civil list fixed at £800,000.
mons Fox, Burke, Dunning.
with Spain—Spa¬ Spain, France, Naples, and Parma, agree to sup¬ 1761 Negociations with France ; broken off on the Family-Compact.
nish invasion—re¬ port each other against all enemies. 1762 War with Spain : conquest of Havana, Trinidad, and Manilla, with The right and practice of
form of the Por¬ 1761 Siege and capture of Belleisle on the French their dependencies, after the preliminaries of peace were signed in Europe. parliament on
r r o i public affairs firmly estabhsh-
tuguese army by coast by the English.
The unpopularity of the war since Pitt's retirement compels Bute to make ed and in constant use—
the count de la 1762 Capture of Martinico by the English.
peace in the full tide of success. numerous petitions about
Lippe-Buckeburg. Montesquieu fl.—Spread of infidelity—the Encyclopedistes. National debt increased to £146,000,000. 1780 for reform and retrench-
1763 Spain and France cedes Canada, Cape Breton, 1763 Peace of Paris between France, Spain, and England: ment—still more for the abo¬ ro "I
Grenada, Tobago, and other West India Islands: Senegal, etc., in Africa: and Minorca (restored) to England:—England
Portugal replaced restores to France, Pondicherry, Carical, etc., in the East Indies, a share in the Newfoundland fishery, and the isle of Goree:—to Spain, Havana, Trinidad, lition of the slave-trade 1787.
on their former and Manilla:—Spain cedes the Floridas to England; receiving Louisiana from France (a transfer not made till 1769). Public meetings first called to Bent: 1
footing. 1764 Expulsion of the 1765 The Isle of Man annexed to the 1765 Bengal, etc., in India, ceded to the E. debate public questions and
Jesuits—death of madame Voltaire, Diderot, Rous¬ Indi.T Company by the treaty of Allahabad
petition 1769.
crown—death of chevalier de St. —
Reform of the army, de Pompadour. seau, etc., combat arbitrary George, son of James II. Progressive power henceforth IK Acgnisil
navy, and universities : 1766 Lorraine united in India. The great influence which {judj take!
to France on the government and supersti¬ 1765 Stamp Act for America : partly as an assertion of power over the the crown had naturally ac-
abolition of the Index
Expurgatorius, the dis¬
tinctions between old death of Stanislaus tion — and combine, with colonies, partly to reduce the expenditure of the late war—revoked, 1766, quired by the power and re-
and new Christians,
etc. But all these
Leczinski — unjust the shameless profligacy of but the right maintained. 1 nen n r-- . tt i *. spect which England had ob-
reforms fell with execution of general the king {le pare aux cerfs, 17G(j-8 Wallis and Carteret's voyage My ore ^ Wltl Flyder ^ 1 m tained abroad, joined to her
Pombal. Lally. of discovery in the S. Sea—Cook’s unexampled domestic prospe-
etc.), ruined finances, first voyage of discovery, 1768-71—
176? Attempts at external taxation of the American rity_the Corrupt influence
1768 Genoa cedes
1770 1775 Hostilities Bruce discovers the source of the colonies by duties on the importation of glass, , -

with Spain in S. Corsica to France. civil and religious dissen¬ Nile 1768. paper, white lead, painter’s colours, and tea— which was now generally and
17G9 Letters of Junius.
America — final 1769 Ministry of the sions, and universal depra¬
and the establishment of an American civil list.
openly employed in securing
1771 Disputes between the court ms-o Wilkes’s riots. parliaments favourable to the
capture of Nova due d’Aiguillon—in¬ vity and corruption, to and the city of London, on the
Colonia by the fluence of madame pave the way for the ap¬ publication of parliamentary de¬ 1770 Abolition of the American duties, cour*' ,an<^ 'ts ministers the
Spaniards. du Barri, the king’s except on tea. great increase m places and
mistress. proaching Revolution. bates—two aldermen sent to the pensions, connected, as they
1770 Dissolution of the French E. India Company. Tower. 1772 The American judges salaried by naturally became in public
Maria I., 1772 Royal Marriage Act.
dau., 1777-1816. 1771 Abolition of the Parliaments after repeated the crown — a measure viewed with opinion with the enormous
disputes with the crown : the last shadow of li¬
UNEXAMPLED PROSPERITY suspicion by the Americans. growth of the national debt,
Disgrace of Pombal— OF MANUFACTURES
berty, or popular representation. 1773 The E. India Company exports tea to Ame¬ give rise to the idea of
release of 800 political FROM THE APPLICATION OF THE
prison ers. rica, but it is thrown into the sea at Boston by Parliamentary Reform.
Debt 4,000,000,000 livres: revenue 500,000,000 francs. STEAM ENGINE the Americans. ____ , ,
. . 1776 Wilkes’ attempt—Pitt’s motion,
1778 Pacification TO THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS. Trial and acquittal of lord Clive for supported hy Fox, lost by 293 to 148,
of St. Udefonso Louis XVI., grandson, 1774-93. SPINNING-JENNIES, ETC. misconduct in India. Burke’s carried 1782.

with Spain — Married to Maria-Antoinette of Austria.

1775-83 American Revolutionary War. (See America.)
American boun¬ Maurepas prime minister—Yergennes minister of foreign affairs English generals: Howe, Clinton, Burgoyne, Cornwallis—American: Washington, Gates, Sullivan, Lee, etc.
daries finally set¬ —restoration of the parliaments—emancipation of the serfs on
1775 Lord North’s “ conciliatory measures” for America rejected by the Colonies—remonstrance
the royal domains—Turgot comptroller-general of finance, 1774-G
tled. —the (f Physiocrats of the city of London against the war—17,000 Hessian mercenaries hired for the war in America,
The queen well- 1776-81 Necker comptroller-general—Franklin in Paris—conta¬
1776—the English evacuate Boston—Declaration of American independence, July A. fcAimed
gion of American enthusiasm—arms and money subscribed for
meaning but ineffi¬ the Americans, and many French volunteers join them, who, on 1777 Gen. Burgoyne surrenders with 10,000 men at Saratoga—1777 The American war violently
cient : governed their return, head the Revolution in France. opposed by lord Chatham, but supported by both houses of parliament.
by her confessor, | pl Inde.
1778 Alliance and co-operation ivith America- War with England— 177S Unsuccessful attempts to conciliate the Americans: com
who, from a missioners sent out to New York; but the Americans refuse fochhigham ministry 1782. P Off t!
Naval victory of the English under Keppel off Ushant—68 sail of the
to treat unless as independent—Lord Chatham seized with a "OX anil olielDume Secretaries
1782 Portugal line obliges the English squadron of 38 to retreat before them in the fit, while pleading for America, in the house of peers, and dies of State.
joins the Armed British Channel. soon after. Contractors excluded from parlia-

Neutrality. 1779 Scheme of invading England from Normandy 1779-82 Discontent of Ireland—armed associations of volunteers. from vomig01 at aeiect1onsS—useless

common soldier, with 400 flat-bottomed boats. 1780 The Armed Neutrality, aimed at the maritime supremacy of Britain : places, abolished—better government
of Ireland began—liberal and sound
had become a Naval war in America—capture of Grenada. — War with Holland. measures generally introduced. —
1780 monk, and thence 1781 Resignation of Necker. 1780-4 War with Hyder Ali in India. 1780 Captain Cook killed at Owbyhee. Rockingham dies, Shelburne prime
minister till June 1783—Fox resigns.
archbishop, grand- 1781 Naval victory over the Dutch off 1781 Discovery of a new planet by Her-
schel.
inquisitor, and Indecisive naval engagement between Hood and the Docoerbaiik.
North and Fox coalition mi¬
Peace clamorously demanded by the nation.
F® fact
prime minister : de Grasse in the W. Indies. nistry till Dec. 1783—gene- I >&: N,
an able and Ordinance declaring no person can obtain the rank of captain 1781 Capitulation of lord Cornwallis with his fleet and army at York-town rally reprobated—dismissed
honest prelate. unless ennobled for four generations — and interdicting every
military grade to plebeians—one of the secondary causes of the
in America—the American war henceforth hopeless—1782 Opposed by on the India bill—Sheridan |
parliament—lord North resigns. leader of the opposition. r'i'wiiai
French Revolution.
1792 Confirmed 1782 Acknowledgment of Pirst minIstry of William r 5**
1782 Great naval defeat of de Grasse in the West Indies, by the English under Rodney. •fi’OriJfcl
insanity of the the independence of Ire- Fitt, 1784-1801.
queen : the prince 1783 Peace of Versailles between France, Spain, England, and America: land and its parliament First lord of the treasury and chan-
of Brazil regent. England acknowledgesjthe independence of the United States; restores Tobago, Senegal, and the conquests in the E. Indies, from the authority of the ee^or °" 't16 exchequer, aged only 24
"
to France : Minorca and...... ~.
the Floridas to Spain—Holland cedes Negapatam to - -
England. tv ... , l* / —opposed at first by a majority of
LSntlsn parliament. the commons, but supported by the
Rise of French troubles. The American war, though ending in the loss of the colonies, showed that the maritime power nation in the general election of 1786. if II. as ti
1783-7 Calonne minister of finance—national debt now 6,000,000,000 livres! Assembly of of England was more than a match for the rest of Europe.
Pitt's Sinking Fund 1786 : ^tion of tht
Notables—Calonne obliged to flee. National debt £238,000,000
Affair of the queen’s necklace raises an outcry against her. 1784 Peace with Tippo Saib. established to support public credit,
now beginning to totter from the vast
1787 Brienne minister of finance—the parliament refuses to register the taxes, and de¬
clares that the etats-generaux alone can legalise them—Louis banishes the parliament to 1785 Agitation in Ireland for reform—determination to import nothing amount of the yearly interest of the
Troyes—recalled—further breach.—Due d’Orleans exiled, and two councillors of parlia¬ from England. national debt—for some time absurdly
ment sent to the Bastile—parliament increases its popularity by registering an edict held up as a sort of miraculous means
1780 Impeachment of Warren Hastings for corrupt government in India—his trial lasts till 1795.
giving civil rights to Protestants—project to create a cour pleniere to replace parliament Speeches of Burke, Sheridan, etc. !85 French
of paying off the national debt.
—parliament protests against its acts, and is supported by nearly all France—the minister
is dismissed, and Necker recalled—Public rejoicings in Paris and elsewhere,
England flourishing M,
The stability of the British ’WiUv
mixed with some excesses. Mirabeau. Attempt to assassinate the king by a lunatic. . , empire from this time mainly fPtllej »»
r ° J . in peace, and
French Revolution, 1789-99. 1787 First settlers in Botany Bay. dependent upon public credit. He ‘w
Pen
Meeting of the etats-generaux, lsf May, 1789—Frivolous details of etiquette irritate the 1788 The king insane — Pitt opposes the prince of Wales for regent— The funding system has so in- #8 tt
public—le tiers etat everywhere supported by the people—it proclaims liberty and
equality, and the throne totters—vexatious opposition induces the tiers etat, upon the
Death of Charles Edward, the last pretender. .. ,. , , terwoven the money affairs of
’ 1 its national debt
proposition of the abbe Sieyes, to declare itself the National Assembly.—Paris is government with those of the tPiJ
surrounded by troops—the people everywhere rise against them—the Bastile taken and 1790 July 14, Earl Stanhope and 600 gentlemen meet to celebrate the French Revolution.
1790 rased, June 14—Bailly mayor; Lafayette commander of the national guards.
nation at large ; and both so !*■ m
Burke on the French Revolution—Paine's Rights of Alan, x •
entirely depend upon an in¬ i."; *top(
General emigration of nobles and clergy. and Common Sense, widely circulated. decreasing.
Aug. 4. Declaration of the rights of man—abolition of privileges—liberty of the press. creasing national prosperity,
1791 Act to divide Canada into Upper and Lower — quarrel of Fox and Burke —riots at
Nov. 5. Palace of Versailles attacked, and the king brought to Paris.
Birmingham, the houses of Dr. Priestley and others destroyed by the mob.
without
...
which it would be im- ■3« "eel:
1790 Fete of the confederates in the Champ de Mars, the king swears to the new consti¬
tution—Jacobin club till 1795—confiscation of church property—municipalities established
, ^ iii i«.• r .. . , . . _ . , _ possible to pay the interest on re.
Liberty and Equality.
!792 Gradual abolition of the slave-trade agreed to.—Peace with Tippoo the debt, that the whole fabric
1791 Flight of the king to Yerennes—trial by Jury instituted. baib, by which he cedes half his dominions to England. of British society rests upon tea*
Legislative assembly, Oct. 1, 1791, till Sept. 20, 1792. People in favour of reform, but the government oppose Numerous emigrants
the preservation of industrial
rfc, ?'"l
Lafayette resigns—sway of the Jacobins—anarchy and riots—massacre at Avignon. every alteration—the old creed of the aristocracy. from France. 7 .7 . ■a,
1792 War with Germany—royalty abolished, and France declared a republic— TT , . -f and commercial superiority. «S If Util)
the king; beheaded, 1793—Reign of terror. Upon the execution of Louis X VI., England joins the Austrian alliance. ('tick i,ti'
a
 Century. OF MODERN HISTORY. 47

SEVEN YEARS’ WAR, 1756-63. SUPPRESSION OF THE JESUITS.

Holland. Swit¬ Germany. Hungary. Italy. Naples & Spain.
zer¬ Sicily.
The Empire. Austria. Bohemia. Genoa, Sardinia,
William V., son, land. Ferdinand VI. -1759.
House of Xiorraine. Tuscany. Venice, Savoy,
(three years old,) Republics.
Charles III. Efforts at internal reform and
&c.
1751-95, Francis I. -1765, Emperor, and Maria-Theresa,-1780. -1759. improvement—Ensenada minis¬
Milan, &c.
J creditary stadtliolder, under 1752-3 Attempts to pro- 1750-3 Systems of duties The electoral his brother, ter of war and finance; Carva-
under Austria, jal,and after him Wall,of foreign
|the tutelage of his mother, Charles
nne of England, daughter
cure the election of the aud commerce bar- vote of Bohe¬ Modena under don Philip, attairs : Influence of the Italian
archduke Joseph, only bour of Trieste. mia, disputed the House of Emanuel duke of Parma singer Farinelli.
of George II. eleven years old, king as held by a Este.
of the Romans, frus¬ 1753 Edict for the tole¬ female sove¬ III.,-1773. Placentia, and
trated through Prussian ration of Protestants. reign, was
The Em- 1753 Concordat with the
Neutral in the Seven influence: hence in¬ confirmed by peror Guastalla, Pope, giving the crown
creasing jealousy be¬ the peace of
Francis I. -1765. the nomination to all
Years' War, and in the tween that power and Aix-la-Chap.
Austria. grand duke, 1752 Building of benefices in Spain,except

war of France and ] 755-94 Ministry of the -1765. the palace of Ca-
fifty-two.
chancellor count Kaunitz. serta.
1753 Treaty between Spain, Sar¬
England. 1756-63 Seven Years' War of Austria and Prussia— dinia, and the Emperor (as grand 1754 Promulgation By economy, and the en¬
the war of England and France becomes mixed up with it by alliances. duke), for the tranquillity and of a new code of
laws—the Codex couragement of commerce
Continued disputes 1756 Invasion and 1756 Alliance with 1756 De- neutrality of Italy : negotiated by Carolinus.
the Spanish minister Carvajal. and agriculture, the re¬
with England conquest of Saxony France (the first), feat of
by Frederic II.— and renunciation count Increasing venue is so far restored,
on the capture of Dresden taken : of the English Brown at Peace in Italy till the French
prosperity that a surplus of £3,000,000
the Saxon army alliance : plan for Lowositz Revolution.
•neutral vessels— 1758 Assumption is in the treasury at the
capitulates atPirna. the partition of by Frede¬ from the
the French colonies of the title of 1754 The death of Ferdinand: the
1757 Prussia put to Prussia between ric II.
“ Apostolic Corsicans, residence of
entirely supplied the ban : victory Austria, Saxony, army and navy in good
1757 In¬ Majesty" Unpopular headed by Manu-
of the French in &c., 1757. the monarch.
by Dutch ships— vasion by as king of I’aoli, again order.
Hanover over 1757 Turkish em¬
Frederic: Hungary. government revolt factures and 1759 Charles
Cumberland at bassy to Vienna.
victory and
Hastonbek : con¬ against becomes king Neutral in the Seven Years’
siege of of the Genoa. Agriculture War, till 1761.
vention of Kloster-Zeven : abrogated : of Spain.
759 Death of the prin- Prague : Fruitless
defeat of the French and Austrians by
jeess Anne—prince victory of Since 1763 marshal attempts to flourish: Charles III.,
Frederic at Rossbach. Ferdinand
half-brother, (king of Naples,)
I Louis of Brunswick the Aus¬ reduce them
!'!. 1758 Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick German govern¬ IV., 1759- 1759-88.
J regent. trians di Botta, by French 1[02
defeats the French at Crefeld—1759 J - - enfranchising 1825, (eight Wall, minister of foreign affairs;
under ment, customs, aid,
victory of the Prussians and allies the serfs in years old.) Squilaci, a Neapolitan, of finance.
Daun at viceroy 1755-68. Savoy.
petty hostilities under duke Ferdinand at Minden.over and language, 1761 The Bourbon fa¬
Collin :
Contades and the French—victory of a mild mily compact
with the English Frederic are for the [see France.]
Maxen, by Daun, over the Prussians :
evacuates 1762 War declared against
in India : Dresden retaken—1760 Great victory gradually and paternal
Bohemia. Emperor. England and Portugal—
decline of trade 1765-6 at Torgau by Frederic: who maintains introduced :
himself in Saxony—1761 Defensive Invasion of Portugal.
Dis¬ government.
I from the superiority of war: Frederic maintains himself in Hungarian 1763 Peace of Paris:
turb¬
the British navy. ances Saxony, and Ferdinand in Hanover life-guards Peter-
Ferdinand,
Spain and Portugal re¬
in Ge¬ —1762 Victory of the Prussians at Leopold, m7 The son of don placed on their former
neva. Freiburg. at Vienna: second son of Venetian Philip, suc- footing [see France].
j 766 William V. in¬ 1763 Peace of Hubertsburg with Prussia : Francis, senate forbids
’ ceeds to the Grimaldi, minister of foreign
the nobles bequests for attairs, 1763-0.
stalled in the govern¬ mutual restoration : Silesia confirmed to Prussia. 1765-90, ecclesiastical Cllichy of
frequent the resides in
Parma, &c., 1766 Insurrection in Ma¬
ment : marries a Prus¬ Prussia and Austria hold Florence—
purposes.
1767 The drid—Squilaci forced to
sian princess. the balance of power on the Continent. Austrian court. mild and
beneficent 1768 Cor-l763-1802- king assumes retire.
Joseph II., son, Emperor, 1765-90, government. sica ceded the govern¬ 1766 Ministry of Aranda (till
[766 Acquisition of Ceylon:
] Candy taken 1767. co-regent with his mother in the hereditary states 1766 Great fa- by Genoa ment—able 1773) and Campomanes.
Reforms and improvements:
The restless and inno¬ 1770 Revenue 90,000,000 guilders. 1765-90 The Diet mine in Tus- to France, ministry of agricultural colonies settled on
vating spirit of this cany : the
never assembled, grand duke
in return for Tanucci till ivaste lands.
prince only restrained Austria increasing in wealth aid against
within bounds during and the office of popular from the rebels— 1777. 1767 Expulsion of the
Rise of the Orange the life of his mother. and prosperity, notxuithstanding his efforts to
palatine vacant: relieve it.
Paoli goes to Jesuits.
the evils resulting from the England, 1769,
1768 Expul¬ 1769Disputes with England
nd anti-Orange parties: the Hungarian dies there 1807.
Rapid advances abuse of paper money. sion of the relative to the Falkland islands,
constitution dis¬
1 the latter opposed to the of civilisation Jesuits from land which are finally ceded to Eng¬
1771-2 Fruitless attempt to regarded : the 1769 The
by treaty, 1771.
and literature mediate between Russia and country treated as Golden Book the Two Sici¬
late re-establishment of Venice 1770 New 1774 Unsuccessful attack
in Germany. the Porte. a colony of opened, and code of laws lies, Parma,
of the hereditary on Algiers—War with
1772 First partition of Poland: Austria. many new promulgated. &c., and con¬
families in¬ Morocco : Ceuta and
stadtholdership— Rise of the secret Austria acquires Galicia and Lodomiria. scribed in the
fiscation of
tier __1771 The county room of those their property Melilla besieged (1775)
the decay of society of the 1775 Disturb¬
become by the Moors.
1774 Abolition of judi ances of the - *
of Zip claimed and territories.
cial torture. extinct. 1775-92 Ministry of Florida-
aw foreign prosperity Illuminati peasantry from VlCTOR-
the corvees,
and occupied 1773 Acqui¬ Blanca, honest and patriotic.
Amadeus
increases the in Bavaria. &c. exacted from Poland, sition of 1775 Hostilities with Por¬
by the scig- III., son, 1774 Edicts
and reunited Castiglione tugal in S. America—
internal discontent. 1777 Extinction of the electoral line of 1773-96. for preventing
to Hungary. to Lom¬ final capture of Nova
1777 Bavaria by the death of Max. Joseph : defined in bardy from the corrupt
I Fresh succession of the Elector-palatine, and consequence, 1776 Acquisition the Gon- administration Colonia.
treaty
with union of the Palatinate with Bavaria. zagas. of justice. Fresh regulations for the
1778 Invasion of the Buckowina
France, 1778 Compact of Vienna with the by the'lVin government and trade of
1780-3 TFar with Eng¬ in which from the Porte,
Elector-palatine, for the annexation sians, Saxons, South America—[see
land, from the acces¬ the Pro¬ as an ancient
nee I testant of Bavaria to Austria ; Bavaria occu- alldbl^r8le“' America.)
sion of the republic to cantons dependency of
Filangieri fl.
n I the Armed Neutrality. are in¬ pied by Austrian troops : hence Transylvania. 1773 Pope Clement XIV. 1778 Pacification of St.
“ Scienza della
fl¬ cluded— 1778-9 War of the Bavarian succession: Legislazione,” Ildefonso with Portugal:
Glarus
abolishes the Order of Jesuits.
d. 1788. American boundaries finally
atly ! and Ap-
Austria against Prussia and Saxony.
settled: Nova Colonia ceded
|1781 Indecisive sea- penzel 1779 Congress and Peace of Teschen, guaranteed to Spain : consequent increase
submit to
by Russia: Austria gives up her claim on Ba¬ of trade in Spanish South
1782.1 fight off the Dogger receive America from the prevention of
Bank. subsidies. varia on receiving the district between the Inn, smuggling.
Salza, and Danube. 1778 Unsuccessful offers of me¬
781 Loss of the colonies— 1780 Death of Maria-Theresa : Joseph II. succeeds diation between England and
p«fr
Negapatnam, St. Eustathius, in the hereditary states—refuses to take the America—hence
Oiler 1 Tlic profound peace
BSftdl
&c., taken by the English, 177 9-83 War w ith Eng¬
and Trincomalee, 1782. coronation oaths.
imoflj land.
I soul 1781 Joseph II. arbitrarily abrogates the Barrier Treaty, Revenue 105,000,000guilders. which reigned in Italy 1779-82 Unsuccessful siege of
ic<d and forces the Dutch to evacuate the fortresses. Rasti reforms. Gibraltar, defended by general
1 print Elliot—1780 Naval defeat of
ttap* 1781 New forms of judicial process—punishment during this period, 1782 The In¬ Langara by Rodney off Cadiz,
1783 Peace of Ver¬ 1781 Dis- of death abolished 1782. quisition and relief of Gibraltar—1782
111 Wj sailles : Negapatnam turbances 1782 The Inquisition renewed attack with floating
in Ge¬ 1781 Edict of toleration for Protestants: ecclesiastics forbidden abolished in
abolished in Tuscany. batteries and red-hot shot: re¬
faej ceded to England. neva, be¬ to acknowledge any foreign superiors or papal edicts—dissolu¬
Parma and pulsed with great slaughter : re¬
itisd tween tion of the monasteries, 1732—severe administration and im¬
lieved by Howe.
eriiiai
the Ne- moderate taxes* offers not a single event Naples.
The discontent arising from oatifs 1781 Abolition of Great discontent from 1780 Capture of the English East
the unsuccessful war with
a. England encourages the
(aristo- villeinage. the sweeping changes and West Indian fleets by the
crats)and Flourishing state introduced by Joseph. worthy to be noted— French and Spaniards.
anti-Orange party, who the Re¬
illiam
accuse the stadtholder of 1782 Adhesion to the Armed Neutrality. ^regalia removed to 1783 Great 1781 Conquest of Florida from
i. presen-
correspondence with England. tans.
Pius II. visits Vienna to remonstrate ^ ienna, 1784. but this tranquillity earthquakes the English: invasion of Mi¬
ndebtf- against the ecclesiastical changes.
norca by a French and Spanish
in Calabria armament; conquered, 1782.
ionljtf of Austrian commerce and 1788—91 War with
iority 1784 Dispute with Jo¬ was only superficial, and Messina. 1782 Treaty of amity and
in* seph II. as to the navi¬ Commercial treaty with Russia, the Porte:
,oi If* gation of the Scheldt: Joseph commands in commerce with the Porte
1785. person: is routed at and the —the first with any Moslem
1786: settled by French mediation manufactures.
1789 Re¬ Lugosch; the Turks lay
1784 Ministry power.
1785: Joseph allows the waste the Bannat, and
■ crA Scheldt to remain closed on volution
at Gene¬
1785 Renewed project for the union of Bavaria in vade Lower Hungary.
1786 Code of criminal of Acton, the 17Q3 Peace of Ver¬
!hi«‘ law promulgated.
receiving 10,000,000 guilders. va, and and the Upper Palatinate to Austria, by Joseph 11. favourite of sailles [see France.}
lit# new con¬ and the Russian ambassador Romanzow :—
ii‘i4 1785 French Alliance. 1789 Insurrection spread of Jacobin principles the queen 1783-4 Two unsuccess¬
stitution. the Elector to receive the Austrian Netherlands in exchange,
;■ UK#
as the “ kingdom of Burgundy”—prevented by
of the magnates Caroline. ful expeditions against
*. m 1786 The
.. i.u m Belgium. The Confederation of German princes (Deutsche against the inno¬ with the Algiers—Peace, 1786.
atadthuldcr Disturbances from the
Britii
expelled innovations of the Em- Fiirstenbund) under Prussia (see Prussia). vations. £20,000,000 was added to the
iDiiiil? by the
peror, particularly in the 1789 Laudohn influence of secret societies, 1788 The Spavish debt by the late war,
democrats. Prussia henceforth the centre of the German and her navy almost destroyed.
cieft university of Louvain. takes Belgrade. feudal subjec¬
1787 federate system.
,50 if
Restored by 1789 Revolt of the patriot 1786 Promulgation of a new civil code. Joseph obliged to were the sure forerunners tion of the
Charles IV.,
Sirs# a Prussian party under Van der Noot
1789 Revolution in Liege against the prince- rescind all the late kingdom to
force. and Van der Mersch : the the papal see son, 1788-1808.
1780 imperial troops driven out bishop—reinstated by Austria, 1791. reforms, 1790. of the revolut ionary convulsions
annulled. 1789 Assembly of the Cortes, at
Alliance of of B<:l«ium' which is said to have taken
j England,
Leopold II., brother (grand duke of Tuscany), Emperor,
an 1790 The revolted provinces which followed. place the secret abrogation of
ipeiiifi Holland, Sf, declare themselves inde- and king of Bohemia and Hungary, 1790-92. the Salic law, by which Isa¬
Prussia, pendent and united, bella II. has succeeded.
bfia- for the gua¬ 1790 Congress of Reichenbach
1791 French emigrants Cabals against Florida-Blanca
■IfStd rantee of the l79* Dissensions of the
at Cologne. —Austria, Prussia, and Eng¬ Ferdinand III., set on foot by the profligate
stadtholder’s patriots—Belgium again
e&bi* rights. occupied by the Austrians. land, for the settlement of 1791 Peace of 1790-1824,
queen, and her paramour, Don
Manuel Godoy.
of* I Leopold grants an am- Belgium. Szistova with the (second son
l Holland nesty, and restores the
i Porte. 1791 Cession of Oran to
81'!?8 nP, anc*#*nt constitution, 1791 Conference of Pilnitz. of Leopold.)
iffy the French r_ .. , _ the Moors.
alliance United to I ranee, 179/. Francis II., son, 1792-1835.

A a d £
 48 Continuation of Table xvi. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Eighteen™

GREATNESS OF PRUSSIA—FREDERIC THE GREAT. FIRST PARTITION OF POLAND,

Popes and Church History. Prussia. Denmark. Sweden. Poland. Russia.
Benedict XIV. 1758, V.
Frederic II. (the Great), Frederic Frederic of Hesse- Frederic Augustus Elizabeth, —1762.
revered throughout Europe for piety and —1766. Cassel, —1751.
learning. —1786. II. —1763.
Ministry of the chancellor count Be-
Christianity begins to be attacked The cventsof the late war had elevated 1751-70 Ministry of Elector of Saxony.
by the •philosophers and encyclo¬ Prussia into a leading power, not only House of Holstein- stuchef-Riumin, till 1758.
pedists in France : Voltaire, in Germany, but in Europe, and from count Bernstorffthe Gottorp, 1751-1818.
d’Alembert, Rousseau, Helve- the jealousy thus roused resulted the elder. 1757 Russia led into the Seven Years’]
tius, Diderot (the advocate of Seven Years’ War. Anarchy and War by her alliance with Austria and
Manufactures, Adolphus Frederic,
materialism), etc. Publication Saxony—Invasion of Prussia—victory
of the Dictionnaire de VEncy¬ 1752 Disputes with Hanover re¬ trade, and 1751-71.
clopedic, 1759. lative to East-Friesland. of Gross-Jagersdorff.
1752 Publication of a Swears to the Constitution of 1756 The king flees
1753 Concordat with Spain : Settlement of Prussian Pome¬ code of naval laws. 1720.
from Saxony on the 1758 Army of observation in Poland—
the Pope cedes to the king the right of rania with French Protestants invasion of the Prus¬ Dissensions at court, from the opposi¬
presenting to all benefices except fifty- and other emigrants. agriculture The power of the king
two, on the receipt of a gross sum of A supreme court of sians, and continues tion of the grand-duke Peter to the war.
reduced to nothing: the ex¬
1,200,000 crowns. 1756-63 The Seven Years’ at Warsaw till the
War with Austria. justice for Schles- ecutive power solely with
wick and Holstein peace of 1763. 1759 Signal victory of Soltikof over the
Disputes on the bull Unigenitus Alliance with England for the erected at Gluck- the senate, the legislative
king of Prussia at Kunnersdorf.
still continues in France. In maintenance of the German stadt. with the diet of the four
an assembly of clergy (1755) system—invasion of Saxony. confusion 1760 Berlin taken by the Russians and
orders.
fifteen French bishops declared 1757 Russian invasion of Prussia: encouraged: Austrians.
the refusing it to be a mortal sin! battle of Gross-Jagersdorff— 1756 Execution of Russia gains nothing by this war, but establishes
increasing 1758 A Russian army
1755 The Jesuits in Spain and Prussia in the hands of the count Brahe, baron the fame of her arms in the west.
Russians till 1762. of observation in Po¬
Portugal banished from court. prosperity: the Horn, and six other land.
An Auto-da-fe in Lisbon : Jews burnt Silesia secured by the victory of nobles, on suspicion of House of Holstein-Gottorp.
alive in consequence of the earthquake, Leuthen over the Austrians. finances reformed Peter III., nephew, 1762—six months.
to atone for the sins of the people!
having advised the
1758 Victory of Zorndorf over by Schimelmann, king to make himself continue.
the Russians—defeat of Hoch- 1762 Abandons the Austrians—peace
Clement XIII. (Rezzonico), absolute. and alliance with Prussia—offends the
kirchen by Daun : but Silesia and the army
1758-69. still held. 1757 Sweden joins in 1764 Diet of Election : clergy by confiscating church property,
by Germain:
1759 The work of Helvetius, entitled 1759 Great defeat of the king the Seven Years’ War Disputes : civil war ou the and the army by attempting to intro¬
point of commencing—con¬
De l*Esprit, (published 1758) con¬
demned and prohibited by a Letter- at Kunnersdorf by the Russians. the crown debts paid: against Prussia, thro’ vention between Russia and duce Prussian discipline—deposed by a
Apostolic. 1760 Victory of the king at the influence of the Prussia for the election of a revolt: dies a few days after (murdered ?) I
an army
Expulsion of the Jesuits from Liegnitz—Berlin taken by the Hats, or French party, native Pole.
of 40,000 men, and against the will Catharine II.,
Portugal—breach of Portugal Russians and Austrians — de¬ Stanislaus Ponia-
with Rome. fensive war 1762. of the king. widow of Peter, 1762-96.
and a fleet of TofKi, 1764-95.
1762 Peace with Russia and Fruitless invasion of
1761 Louis XV. in vain demands Elected under the control of Neutrality in the Seven Years’ War—
of the Pope the suppression of Sweden after the death of thirty men-of-war. Prussian Pomerania. a Russian army, which con¬ ministry of Gregory Orloff; and Panin
the Jesuits — banished from Elizabeth — victory over the 1762 Peace of Ham¬ tinues to occupy the country. in foreign affairs.
France, 1764. Austrians at Burkersdorf in Neutral in the Seven burg with Prussia.
Years’ War. 1766 Claims of the 1764 Death of Ivan—election of Ponia- |
Bull “ Apostolicum ” approving Silesia. The Caps gain ascend¬ Dissidents to equality tofki, paramour of Catharine, to the
the order of Jesuits. The country wasted ency in the diet through of privileges, supported Polish throne.
1767 The Jesuits arrested 1762 Threatened
by the Seven the influence of the by Catharine; unsuc¬
throughout Spain and deported 1763 Peace of Hubertsburg with war with Russia, English and Russian cessful. The administration of church property |
to Italy. averted by an ad¬ vested in a college, or Board of Com- I
Austria and the Empire : ambassadors.
1768 Disputes with Parma, and Silesia finally ceded to Prussia: general justment. 1767 Confederation of missioners: the clergy paid by fixed \
the other Bourbon courts, on economy restoration as before the war. The 1766 The press de¬ the Dissidents under salaries.
of Frederic enabled him to Christiern VII., dared free. Radzivil at Radom. I ft r
the restraints imposed on eccle¬ sustain the war without a debt or a new II B i
siastical jurisdiction — Jesuits tax 1 son, 1766-1808. Diet of Warsaw : the 1767 Project for a general code of laws.
1768 The king, by a KCI'
expelled from Naples. Years' War, is Abolition of villein- threat of abdication, claims of the Dissi¬ Will

1769 The Pope dies suddenly, the night 1764 Alliance with Russia— age, and gradual extorts from the senate dents carried by force. frGil
ItoDt
before a Consistory in which the sup¬ mutual defence, mutual guaran¬ m
pression of the Jesuits was to have been emancipation of the the convocation of an 1768 Counter-confederation of the patriots at Bar, under
debated. tees. Secret articles relative serfs. extraordinary diet, in I.
Krazinpki, Potofki, and Pulapki, supported by the Porte :
to Poland.
1768 Travels of the which the Hats regain for the dethronement of the king and expulsion of the IIM
Clement XIV. ( Ganganelli), restored by the
king in Prussia, the ascendant. Russians.
1769-75. 1765 The bank of Berlin established. Ida
France, England, 1769 The Caps again
hold and enlightened reformer, untram¬ great care and 1768-71 Civil war be¬ 1768-74 War with the Porte.
melled by the bigotry of the cloister. etc. procure the enforce¬
activity of HI
1770 Reconciliation with Portu¬ 1770 Dismissal of ment of the restric¬ tween the patriots and three armies—on the Dniester, Cauca- \
the king, who Bernstorff — minis¬ tions of 1720. the Russians—Poland sus, and Crim Tartary : fleets in the i ton
gal — Discontinuance of the encourages new horribly devastated. Black sea and Mediterranean.
annual publication of the bull try of Struensee, the rfShu
“ In Coena Domini.” settlers, favourite of the Gustavus III., son, 1771 A Prussian army 1771 Plague and 1769 Gallitzin takes Choc- | fit
manufactures, zim.
queen, Caroline Ma¬ 1771-92. joins the Russians. riots in Moscow.
Increasing reclamations of the 1770 Naval victory of IE! I
Bourbon courts against the and agriculture. tilda, of England.
Tchesme -— conquest of
ns del
Jesuits. 17 7 2 FIRST PARTITION- O F POLAND: Moldavia aud Walachia.
1773 Suppression of the Jesuits Polish-Prussia, except Dantzic and Thorn, Rash and injudicious 1772 The king, sup¬ East Gallicia and Lodomiria the territory between 1771 Conquest of Azoph :
and Great Poland as far as the Netze, to the Dwina, Dnieper, and Crim Tartary.
by a papal brief, July 21. Prussia. reforms: liber ty ported by the army to Austria. and Drutsch, to Russia.
The Pope said, on signing it, “ But this and the people, over¬ 1773 Alliance with 1773 First passage of the I
suppression will prove my death.” 1774 The Bromberg canal for the union of the press. 1773 The diet com- Denmark. Danube by Romanzoff.
of the Vistula with the North sea. throws the constitu¬
1774 Restoration of civil rights pelled to ratify the Revolt of the cossack 1774 Romanzoff again j
1778 War ivith Austria on the 1772 Revolution at tion of 1720, and com¬ partition. Pugatscheff, who per¬ crosses the Danube, and S
to the French Protestants. court, headed by the pels the senate to ab¬ sonates the czar Peter: surrounds the vizier’s j
Construction of the Museum of the question of the Bohemian suc¬ dicate their power. taken and broken on army near Shumla.
Vatican. cession—invasion of Bohemia— dowager-queen Ju¬ 1775 Reform of the the wheel, 1775.
peace of Teschen 1779. liana Maria—Stru¬ constitution, guaran¬ 1774 Peace of Kutchuk-Kainardji with
1775 Death of Clement XIV., supposed New Constitution: pn
to have been poisoned by the agents of ensee and Brandt fixing the relative powers of teed by Russia— the Porte,
the Jesuits. 1781 Joins the Armed Neu¬ beheaded — queen the king anti the other orders Right of election and libe¬ which cedes Azoph, Yeni-kali, Kil-bournou, and llahi
trality. Caroline divorced names nearly as in 1680—the party rum veto confirmed—Per¬ Kertsch; the steppes between the Bog and the
Rapid diminution of the power of Hats and Caps manent Council of thirty- Dnieper, and the free navigation of the Black sea:
and privileges of the church by 1785 Confederation of the and imprisoned, dies prohibited—torture abolished eight, under the presidency and declares the Crim Taitars independent. pw
1775 — Guldenburg in judicial proceedings. of the king—the Dissidents 1776 Division of the empire into go-, IP5 Ct
the progress of reform in some German Princes against the 1775 Brandy a royal mo¬ abandoned by Russia a3 no
countries, and of revolution in exchange of Bavaria, concluded minister, till 1784. nopoly. longer useful — the virtual vernments: 200 new towns.
others : the nepotism and im¬ at Berlin under the influence of 1773 Exchange of authority henceforth in the 1778-91 Ministry of Potemkin, a former
hands of the Russian am¬
prudent prodigality of Braschi Prussia — Saxony, Brunswick, Holstein for Olden¬ 1777 Visit of the king bassador. paramour of Catharine.
lost the respect which Clement Mentz, Hesse-Cassel, Mecklen¬ burg and Delmen- to Catharine II. at 1779 Russia guarantees the peace of
XIV. had gained for the holy burg, Anhalt, etc. horst. Petersburg. Teschen in Germany.
see. 1780 Declaration of the Armed Neutrality, for the protection of neutral flags against the right of maritime i<*llial
Prussia the support of the Ger¬
man constitution. search claimed by England—joined by Denmark and Sweden—Prussia and Austria 1711—Portugal 1782.
Pius VI. (Braschi), 1775-99. 1783 Commercial 1787 A French ambassador in 1782 The Jesuits in Russia.
Warsaw — the first during
treaty with the the reign of Stanislaus. 1783 Occupation of Crim Tartary—He-
1780 Abolition of the inquisition The Prussian monarchy
1784 The prince- United States. 1788 Poland prevented raclius prince of Georgia puts himself WTm
in Modena.
Frederic William II., royal joined in the 1788 War with Russia by the reclamations of under the protection of Russia. ftlutu
1781 Joseph II. abolishes the nephew, 1786-97. government with in aid of the Porte ; Prussia from joining Fleet in the Black Sea: secret project fori
founding a Greek empire, on the ruins of \ \ 'Mu
papal jurisdiction in the Aus¬ the imbecile king— and with Denmark as Russia against the the Porte, under a Russian prince, in Const an- |i lit i
loses its mainspring in
trian states—dissolves the mo¬ ministry of Bern¬ an ally of Russia. Porte. tinople.
1788-91 The last general diet 1786 Bank of Petersburg established — the army i
nasteries, 1782 — the Pope 1787 Expedition to quell the storff the younger, Revolt of the Swedish —abolition of the Permanent 264,000 men — commercial treaties: with Den¬
troubles in Holland. till 1797. officers at Frederick- Council. mark 1782; Austria 1785; France 1787; all on the,
journeys to Vienna to remon¬
Frederic the Great: sham, refusing to in¬ 1790 Treaty with Prus¬ 1787 principles of the Armed Neutrality.
strate against these changes,
but without effect. 1788 Alliance with England and 1778 War with vade Russia without sia through the influ¬ viewJourney of Catharine to Taurida, and inter- j|
with Joseph II., hence
1782 Draining of the Pontine marshes. Holland: defensive with the Siveden, from the orders from the States. ence of the anti-Rus¬ 1787-92 War (in alliance with Aus-r
Progress of infidelity, of the former, and to guarantee the alliance with Russia. 1789 Act of Union and sian party — Poland tria, 1788,) against the Porte.
Invasion of Sweden Safety passed by the other frees itself from Rus¬
deistical sect Theo-philantliro- stadtholdership in the latter.
by a Norwegian orders in the diet in spite
sian guardianship, and
1788 Choczim taken by Coburg—Ocza- 1111-93 J
pists, and the Martinistes, a Edicts against Jacobinism and of the opposition of the
revolutionary tenets. army : siege of Got- nobles, giving the king abso¬ reassumes the attitude kow stormed by Potemkin, Dec. 17
branch of the illumines, in lute power of war and peace, 40,000 Turks killed !—1789 Victories of
tenburg. of a sovereign state.
France. in the profuse and and abolishing the senate. Suwarow in Moldavia—Bender taken 1;
1785 Ordination of Dr. Seabury, 1790 Alliance with the Porte 1790 Unsuccessful attempt to 1791 New Constitution
1789 Armistice with seize Petersburg — naval by Potemkin—1790 Ismail taken by!
bishop of Connecticut, by five of May 3, guaranteed Suwarow, 45,000 slain!
non-juring Scotch bishops. and Poland. Sweden by British defeat off Viborg, July 3—
1786 The English archbishops Naval victory of Svenkasund, by Prussia.
allowed by parliament to ordain irresolute rule of his mediation. July 10: 42 Russian ships The crown hereditary in the War with Sweden, 1788-90.
American bishops without the Convention with Austria and and 4000 men destroyed. electoral house of Saxony: 1790 Naval battle with the Swedes, who*
oath of allegiance — bishops of Peace of Werela : the liberum veto abolished :
England for the settlement of threaten Petersburg—Peace of Werela. j SuiJit I],
Philadelphia and New York Mutual restoration: Russia the king and council exe¬
ordained 1787. Belgium. acknowledges the reformed cutive : legislative diet in 1791 Alliance with Sweden to oppose thejl
two chambers.
1790 Monastic vows prohibited constitution. ® frefea
successor may be traced 1792 Confederation of revolution in France.
in France. 1792 Defensive alliance ia»s,
1792 Peace of Yassi with the Porte:
1791 The oath required of the 1791 Conference of Pillnitz with Russia against Targowitz for main¬ Acquisition of Oczacow and the territory betweei J«fGl
taining the old consti- n
French clergy to the new con¬ with Leopold II. and the elec¬ France. the Bog and the Dniester : foundation of Odessa.
stitution is refused byT nearly tor of Saxony on French affairs 1792 Opening of a canal The king assassinated by tion—invasion by the
between the northern and Ankarstrom, a tool of the Russians—useless re- Poland occupied by the army withdra- !),/’<
all—the recusants are expelled gains Ansprach and Baireuth. eastern seas. discontented nobility. sistence by Kosciusko, from the Turkish war. 1 “face
from their benefices; and com¬ the germ of its Poniatopki, etc.—the The new internal organization
Gustavus IV., F&i
pelled to quit France, 1792. king joins the confe¬ Catharine renders the government con
1792 Confiscation of church pro¬ New system of jurisprudence. son, 1792-1809.
deracy at Targowitz. pletely despotic, and increases the power
perty in France, Belgium, and future disasters. Denmark neutral in Regency of the duke of Su-
dermania, uncle to the king The New Constitution of the empire by rendering its vast re 1)3
Savoy. Prussian army 200,000 men. affairs of France. —war with France abandoned overthrown. sources more efficient and available.
pef;'Uroi
 Century. OF MODERN HISTORY 49

BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA. INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Ottoman Empire. Persia. Cabul, &c. India. China. America.

Mahmood I. -1754. Shah Rokh Ahmed Native Powep.s. Europeans. Kien- South. North.
Long, West Indies & Mexico. Population of the English colonics, 1,046,000.
1750
-1751, Shah
Ahmed Shah,
dethroned Doorani, -1796. 1751 Disorders in 1750-4 Disputes between France and
I Abdul-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabi sect. emperor of Delhi, The French
and -1773. Paraguay from the ex¬ England on the boundaries of Nova
-1753. supreme in the 1752
blinded. change of the Jesuit Scotia.
I Encroachments of Russia on Crim Tartary. Contentions of the Acqui¬ Reductions. Discoveries of Franklin.
vizier Seifdar J ung, Dekkin and
sition 1754 Major Washington with a small
1753 Con¬ and the emir-al- Carnatic, of 1755 Emancipation of body of militia repulses a superior
quest of omrah, Ghazi-o- North
Otiiman III., brother, 1754-7. 1745-57, the natives of Brazil. French force.
Anarchy Cashmire, deen, grandson of Thibet.
&c. Nizam-al-Mulk— 1756 Incorporation of 1754 Congress of delegates from seven
11755 First Prussian embassy to Constantinople under
till the end in the deposi¬ the Maranham Com¬ colonies, at Albany, against the French
—first Turkish embassy to Berlin, 1763. tion of the emperor. La Bourdonnais pany, and of the Per¬ encroachments.
Great mosque of Noor-Othmani founded. nambuco Company,
attainment Alemghir II., and Dupleix. 1755 Hostilities: Monckton conquers
11756 French influence declines, from her alliance 1759,for tradeto those
son of Jehandar Nova Scotia—Braddock cut off in an
with Austria. provinces—the rest of
of the Shah, 1753-60. 1755-65 expedition against fort du Quesne.
80,000 houses destroyed at Constantinople by a fi^r. of the Brazilian trade
1756 Invades India: and takes Establishment thrown open. 1756 War declared: invasion by the
Mustapha III., 1757-74, sovereignty and sacks Delhi.
1761 Compact for the French from Canada.
first cousin, son of Ahhmed III. 1756 Calcutta taken by the nawab of exchange of the Re¬ 1757 Fort William-Henry taken by the
by Bengal- imprisonment of the garrison ductions annulled— French.
11757-62 Ministry of Mohammed Raghib Pasha-
cultivation of literature - -the Astronomical Tables of
in the Black Hole. hence fresh disputes 1758 Cape Breton taken by the Engl.
Cassini translated—
Kherim 1757 Victory of Plassey by the of Spain and Portugal.
khanZund, English over the nawab of Bengal 1759 Invasion of Canada: victory and
1759-79— 1762-3 War between death of Wolfe on the heights of Abra¬
—foundation of the British supremacy.
Flourishing state of Commerce rules by 1760 The Spain and England: ham : Quebec taken.
1759 Victory over the Mahrattas Eleuths conquest of Havanna
the title of under Holkar.
of a 1759 Capture of Niagara, Crownpoint,
and Finances. Wakeel, complete¬ and Trinidad from 1760
and Ticonderoga, by the English.
or regent— 1760 Alemghir put 1757-61 Lally, ly sub¬ Spain, and Martinico
to death by Ghazi- governor of Pondi- dued : from France. 1760 Conquest of Canada.
Shiraz
seat of o-deen. cherry. but 20000
1763 Peace of Paris: see England and France.
government. Shah Alim II., 1760-1 Siege and families
EGYPT. son, 1760-1806. capture of Pondi- migrate The British parliament attempts to tax
Revival of the power of the Gradual relaxations the unrepresented colonies for the ex¬
1761 The cherry by the to Russia
Mamelukes under Rodoan, and English 1761 Swims the Indus with his
English. by Spain penses of the war—hence
Ali Bey, who makes himself abandon their whole army, and utterly routs the
factory at
Mahrattas under the Bhow at 1764 Re¬ 1767-71 War in Mex¬ 1765 American Stump Act: resisted in
independent in Egypt, 1766, Gombroon,
but afterwards Paniput; 60,000 killed, and
British Empire, volt of the ico with the Califor¬ Massachussets, Virginia, &c.
and conquers Syria, 1771.
establish one 20,000 prisoners. White- nian Indians—disco¬ First Colonial Congress, at New-York
at Abuskehr. 1764 Victory of the caps, or
1762-3 English at Buxarover very of the gold mines —the Stamp Act repealed, 1766 : but
The discipline of the troops and artillery 1761 Incursions
KINGDOM OF MYSORE, the nawab of Oude— converts of Sonora & Analoa. the right of taxation by parliament
Rebellion of the Seiks 1760-99, English supremacy to Mo¬ expressly asserted.
improved by Baron de Totl. and death of founded by estailisi^. central hammed¬ of the restrictions
in the 1767 Fresh taxes: on importation of
Mohammed Punjab. Hvder Ali, anism—
upon intercourse glass, paper, tea, &c.—Boston occu¬
Hussein, 1760-82. after a repressed.
pied by British troops.
1768-74 War with Russia, in behalf of Poland. father ofAga 1767 Great 1765 Treaty of Allahabad: with America :
Extension 1769 Non-importation resolutions en¬
The Turks under the Tartar khan Krim Gherai (poisoned, Mohammed victory over
1769) cross the Dneister on the ice, and drive the Russians Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa ceded to the English tered into by all the colonies.
the Seiks. Company. and 1774 The trade of the
out of New Servia. Wars 1770 Affrays with the troops at Boston,
1769 Indecisive campaign on the Dneister—Choczim taken ten years’ war. Spanish American co¬
by Gallitzin. 1768 Invasion of Kho- and loss of life—abolition of the duties,
1770 Defeat of Kahoul—Loss of Bender, Moldavia, and
1767 Confederacy of the English, the 1767-73 lonies among them¬
rassan by Nassir-allab, except on tea.
Walachia—the Turks driven across the Danube. Mahrattas, and the Nizam, against Unsuc¬ selves thrown open.
son of Shah Rokh— 1773 Riots at Boston : three cargoes of
1770 Revolt of the Moreote Greeks, under defeated at Meshed by Hyder Ali. cessful
1768 The Nizam deserts the English, war with consequent advance tea thrown into the sea.
Benakhi and Papas-Oghli, suppressed. the Dooranis.
Destruction of the Turkish fleet by Orloff at and concludes a separate peace. Birmah & of the colonies 1774 Canadian Constitution—full tole¬
Tchesme. with 1769 Hyder advances to Madras— Cochin- ration to the Catholics.
peace—conquests mutually restored. China. 1777 The colony of 1774 The port of Boston closed by
the
Exploits of the Turkish hero Ghazi-Hassun pasha. 1773 Act for the
1769 Hyder re¬ Government of India:
St. Sagramento finally order of parliament. 1770
Turk- influence ceded by Portugal to
1771 Loss of Azoph and of Crim Tartary—Lines pulses the Mah¬ governor of Bengal Congress at Philadelphia:
Spain.
of Shumla fortified by Hassan pasha. manns rattas under Madoo made governor-gene¬ of Declaration of Rights:
ral, with power of war
a«l 1772 Conferences of Bucharest; unsuccessful Rao from before and peace, &c., as¬ in knowledge
and Revolutionary War, 1775-83.
mediation of Austria. Seringapatam. sisted by a supreme 1770 War
1769-79 Coorg, council: high court of and refinement. 1775 Skirmish of Lexington—battle
1773 The Russians first cross the Danube, but Arabs. judicature erected— with the
are defeated and driven back by Ghazi-Hassan. Timur Calicut, and nearly directors to hold their Miao-tse, of Bunker’s hill—invasion of Canada
Shah, the whole of Mala¬ seats only four years. or moun 1777 Buenos Ayres by the Americans under Montgomery.
1773 Ali Bey deposed by his son, bar subdued in made a fourth vice¬
taineers— Washington, American commander-in-ch.
adopted son, Mohammed Abou- 1773-93, succession by Warren Hastings,
royalty—1. Peru. 2.
subdued 1776 Capture of Boston by the Ameri¬
Dahab: dies of his wounds- tranquil and Hyder. 1774-85, New-Spain (Mexico).
first British governor- 1776, cans—indecisive battle ofWhitePlains.
Egypt and Syria again subject to indolent. 3. Quito and New
general. but they
the Porte. Granada. 4. Buenos Declaration of Independence of
1774-82 War between the English and have con¬
Ayres. the United States, July
Mahrattas—at first unfavourable to tinued
Abdul-Hamid, brother, 1774-89. 1775 Inva¬ turbulent 1778 Diminution of 1777 Lafayette in America—Philadel¬
the former.
sion of Irak:
1778 Pondicherry ever since duties in the Spanish phia taken by the English—surrender
1774 The Russians cross the Danube—panic Bassorah taken by the English colonies by a new of Burgoyne’s army at Saratoga to
and rout of the Turks. taken from secret tariff: still further Gen. Gates.
—retai nedtilll783.
the Turks— societies. lowered 1784.
1780 Second war of the English with Articles of confederation adopted.
Peace of Kutchuk-Kainardji, 1774 [see Russia]. restored
1779. Mysore—Hyder desolates the Carnatic 1779 Free trade from 1778 Alliance with France concluded
1776 Cession of the Buckowina to Austria. up to the gates of Madras. 1771-2 by Franklin—French fleet under
Spain extended to
1779 Death 1780 Unsuccessful march of Goddard Emigra¬ d’Estaing—Philadelphia recovered.
Chili, Peru, Buenos
of Kherim against the Mahratta capital Poonah— tion of the 1779-80 Successes of the British in the
The Forte henceforth sinks khan— capture of Gwalior by Popham. whole Ayres, and Guatimala. southern states—success of the American
Fresh 1780-1 Invasion of Mysore by the Tour-
1780 Progress of the Wahhabi sect in Arabia troubles: gouth 1780 Revolt of the privateers at sea.
English under sir Eyre Coote—vic¬
and Irak. Aga Mo¬ nation native Peruvians un¬ 1780 French fleet and army under
1781 tories of Hyder over Baillie and
hammed from the der the Inca Tupac- Rochambeau in America.
Victory at Brathwaite. 1780
khan inde¬ coast of Amaru — siege of 1781 Cornwallis and his army capitu¬
into a defensive policy. Moultan 1782 Peace and alliance with the
pendent in Mahrattas—Rise of Sindia, who dis¬ the Cas¬ Cuzco by the insur¬ late at York town to the Americans,
over the gents—repressed
Mazan- pian to and the fleet to the French.
Seiks, who ciplines his forces in the European 1782, and Tupac- 1782 Treaty of the United States with
1783 Troubles in Crim Tartary— deran. manner. China.
are driven Amaru put to death.
The last khan, Shahin Gherai, deposed, and the country Holland.
Aboul from the
seized by Russia—the Porte obliged to ratify the transfer, Tippoo Sultan,
Fatteh, Punjab. 1783 Peace of Versailles: Britain achnoivledges the independence
1784: but most of the Tartars abandon their country.
1782-99. of the United States.- restores Tobago to France, and Florida to Spain.
1779- 80.
1783 The French under Bussy and 1780 National debt of the United States £9,000,000.
Saduk Fresh 1784 Sweden acquires
Suffrein in alliance with Tippoo— 1786 Convention at Annapolis for
1786 Revolt of the Mamelukes Khan, Cuddalore taken by the English. conquests the island of Bartho¬ settling the government.
under Ibrahim and Mourad Bey 1780- 1. in Thibet lomew from France.
1784 The French separate from Tippoo 1787 General Convention at Philadel¬
—repressed by Ghazi-Hassan. Ali —the
on the peace of Versailles—Peace 1785 Philippine Com¬ phia (under the presidency of Wash-
Mourad, empire
between Tippoo and the English- ington)_/5w«es the
1781- 4. extended pany formed in Spain
conquests mutually restored. on the ruin of the Federal Constitution of America:
to the
a free democracy: Government in a president
1787-92 War with Russia and with Austria, 1783 1785 Sindia be- 1784 Establishment Himma- Caraccas Company, and vice-president, elected for four years by
1788-92. Georgia comes master of of the Board of lah, to trade with Manilla universal suffrage—all legislative powers in
1787 Unsuccessful invasion of Crim Tartary: places itself Delhi and pro¬ Control in Eng¬ by way of Peru—lan¬ congress, or two houses of representatives,
guid in operation. chosen every two years by universal suffrage.
naval defeat off the Dneiper. under the tector of the Mogul land for the regu¬ Power in one supreme court appointed by
1788 Victory over Joseph II. at Lugosch: inva- protection emperor, who con¬ lation of the Com¬ establishment, full
congress. Religion, no establishment.
1786 Settlement of Sierra toleration. Freedom of speech and of the
sion of Hungary—capture of Choczirfl and Oc- of Russia. tinues a Mahratta pany’s administra¬ Leone in Africa, chiefly press—trial by jury—right of every citizen to
zakow (40,000 men killed) by the Russians Jaafar pensioner till 1803. tion, and for keep by the negroes of the petition and bear arms.
ing it subject to emigrant American 1788 Cotton first planted in Georgia.
Khan, 1786 Tippoo’s royalists.
fisj Selim II., son of Mustapha III., 1739-1807. 1784-8. the general 1789 The Constitution ratified, except
1788 War power consolidated government.
Seid with the by the failure of a 1788 Commencement by Rhode island and North Carolina.
1789 Defeats in Walachia by the Austrians and Marquis Cornwallis X789 George Washington,
Mourad, Usbek Shah combined attack of the efforts in Eng¬
Russians, who take Belgrade and Bender— governor-general, first president.
1788-9. Murad Bey by the Nizam and 1786-92. 1792-3 land for the abolition John Adams, vice-president 1790
death of Ghazi-Hassan.
the Mahrattas. Lord Ma¬ Cabinet, Jefferson, Knox, Hamilton,
1790 Alliance with Prussia—Ismail taken by Lute Ali of Bokhara. of the slave trade— Randolph, Jay.
Suwarow, 45,000 Turks killed ! Khan, 1790 War with Tippoo from his ag¬ cartney's
Societe dcs Amis des Noirs Parties of the Federalists fy Democrats.
1791 Peace of Szistova with Austria—of Yassi 1789-95, of gressions on Travancore—invasion of embassy in Paris.
1790 The national debt funded.
with Russia, 1792, with new losses. the Zund Mysore, in conjunction with the Mah for the Death of Franklin.
1792-1800 Revolt of Osman-Paswan-Ogli, pasha family. rattas, 1791—attack on Seringapatam, regulation 1791 Vermont admitted into the Union
of Widdin, who possesses himself of all the 1791 De¬ 1792—Peace ; Tippoo cedes half his of British 1791 Revolt of mulat¬ and Kentucky, 1792.
/«# country between the Balkan and the Danube. feated by dominions. trade— tos and negroes in St. United States’ Bank—capital,10,000,000 dollars.
f)(« 1792 Organisation of new regiments disciplined Aga Mo¬
Sir John Shore, ineffec¬ Domingo—Port au 1791 Defeat of general St. Clair by 1792
governor-general,
nt rt 1792-8. tual. Prince burnt.
in the European manner. hammed. the Indians.

a
50 Table xvii. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Nineteenth

| FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WAR-BUONAPARTE-NELSON—WELLINGTON.

France. Great Britain.

1793 House of Brunswick—George III. -1820.
The French Revolution, 1789-99. Tbe French Republic.
National Convention, Sept. 21, 1792—Oct. 26, 1795. 1790-92 Third war with Tippoo Saib. Fruitless embassy to China, Lord Macartney.
Decree of fraternisation, offering assistance to all nations struggling for freedom.
1792 Convention of Reichenbach with Austria and Prussia. |
King brought to trial—executed Jan. 21, 1793. War against England, Holland, Spain: con-
Question of the Regency. Alien Act, 1793. i
The party of the Mountain, headed by Robespierre, and the quest of the Austrian Netherlands by Du-
Jacobin clubs, prevail over the Girondists (or moderates)— mourier—occupation of Savoy and Nice. The French Convention declares war, Feb. 1, 1793. j
assassination of Marat. _' _ „ ; . _
1793 First Coalition against Fra nee : directed by England,
who forms alliances with Russia, March 25—Sardinia, April 25—Spain, May 25—Naples, Ju y 12—Prussia, July 14—Austria, Aug. 30—Portugal, Sept. 29—Tuscany, Oct. 28—
besides subsidiary treaties with several German princes: name hy, all Europe except Sweden, Denmark, and Turkey. Tobago captured_Pondicherry. !
Reign of Terror, May 1/93, to July 1794—revolutionary vy b nf Ynrlr nnrl nrinee of‘vi Yn-f Vduiro reduce V
tribunal—temple of reason-the people murdered in masses LmJce 01 x ork ana Pnnce 01 Saxe-CODurg reduce V alenciennes and Condd, but are foiled at Dunkirk—victory of the duke of York at Tournay,1794.
—civil war in Vendee—forced loan of 1000,000,000 francs— Successes of the Austrians at Aldenhoven and Neerwin- Great efforts made to maintain the dominion of the sea.
execution of the queen, duke of C rleans, Bailly, Dan ton, etc. den—the Netherlands reconquered—Dumourier goes over
Committee of Public Safety: Robespierre, Carnot, etc. with to the enemy—Valenciennes falls; while the Prussians 1794 Treaty with the United States of America. Toulon surrenders, and the French fleet carried off
dictatorial power over life and property—Lyons declares retake Mayence, and invade Alsace. The Spaniards take r, • j tt 11 1 1 "i* 1 or destroyed—Buonaparte commands the Re-
1 russia and Holland subsidised. publican artillery, the first scene of his glory.
against the National Convention—besieged and captured by Roussillon—
the Republicans. 1794 Victory of Pichegru at Tournay—of Jourdan at 1795 War unth Holland: capture of its colonies:
1794 Revolution of the 9th Thermidor (July 27)—Robespierre Fleurus—the allies everywhere driven back— Ceylon, Malacca, and their establishments on the Malabar coast—the Cape of Good Hope.
and twenty-one of his associates guillotined. Franco froorl from enemies Marriage of p. of Wales with Caroline of Bruns. Naval victories: of If owe at Usliant, June 1,
End ofthe Reign of Terror-Jacobin clubs suppressed. Prance rreetl irom enemies. Warren Hastings’ trial, 149 days—cost z£70,000. 1794—at Savona by Hotham, 1795.
The Press declared free. Tri-coloured flag adopted. 1795 Peace with Tuscany—with Prussia at !-9LDe,T.erara'.^equibo-the Moluccas captured. L,0rient by Bridport-Hieres islands.
„ ..... .7 ,. Ts- . Basic—Sweden acknowledqes the Republic—at- 1796 M ar with Spam—Trmidad capt., 1797. Martinique, Guadaloupe, and St. Lucia captured. i
1795 Discontents in Ireland from 1794—attempt of the Corsica, by lord Hood. |
French upon it, 1796, under gen. Hoche, with 18,000 1795 Pellew takes fifteen and burns seven, out of a
Of ancients, 250 members. Forced lo an, 60ii OOOdXKif. 17g6 Celebrated campaign of Buonaparte in Italy men, fortunately fails—Napper Tandy. . fleet of thiity-five transports. ,
Rise of the royalists—war of the Parisian sections, 30,000 in- p Toiirdnn and Moreau on the Rhine Great dread of French invasion. Saldanha bay over the Dutch by Elphinstone, 1796.
surgents against the Convention, suppressed by Bounaparte. ~ot J OUTdan and IViOieau On tile Rldne.
1796 Princess Charlotte born. At Camperdown by Duncan, 1797.
Wise government of the Directory, who 1797 Buonaparte's Austrian campaign. 1797 Suspension of cash payments. Cape St. Vincent by Jervis, 1797. j
pursue moderate measures, and wish to restore order. Belgium, Ionian isles, and Genoa acquired, 1798. Mutiny at the Nore, suppressed in June—Riots in Scotland—vain negotiations for peace by
General amnesty. Peace of CampoFormio-Cong, of Rastadt till 1799. lord Malmsbury—Commercial treaty with Russia.
1798 Xrisll Rebellion: society of United Irishmen organised throughout the country—send depu¬
1796 Alliance with Spain—negotiat. with England. m)f, Buonaparte-s expedition to Egypt, with ties to the French Directory for help—Dublin proclaimed in a state of rebellion—Martial law—numerous
1797 Revolution of the 18th Fructidor (Sept. A)—three 30 000 men—Malta occupied—war with Turkey, engagements between the rebels and the king’s troops—general Humbert lands with a French force of 1150
directors: the first step towards military government. men—defeated and captured—insurrection suppressed in Sept.—col. Burke and major Bellow executed.

1798 Second Coalition against France: alliances of England with Russia, Naples, Sicily, Turkey, and Austria—Prussia, Holland, and Belgium, neutral.
1799 Maladministration of the Directory —France falling again into anarchy . Income tax of 10 per cent. French armament, destined for Ireland, by adm.
Expedition to Egypt. Warren, Oct. 12.—Minorca taken, 1798.
Losses of the French in Italy—Piedmont taken possession of.
Return of Buonaparte—Revolution of 18 th Brumaire (J\ov. 9.) 1799 Fourth war with Tippoo Saib. Battle of the l\Tile, Aug. 1—Nelson—
Fourth Constitution : Buonaparte, (the new Ceesar,) first consul; Cambacdres, second ; Le Brun, third a conservative T, . . .. , n .y t* • , „ , secures the dominion of the Mediterranean. !
senate and state council—the legislative power in the tlibunal of 100, and the corps legislatif, of 300 members. I- ruitless attempt of the Russians and English Surrender of the Dutch flect at the Xexel. ,
Talleyrand, foreign affairs; Fouche, police—municipal governments dissolved, and prefects appointed by the govern¬ upon Holland. Capture of Malta, Sept. 5. ,
ment, which also reserves to itself the initiative of ail bills in the legislative body the Republic m effect annihilated.
1800 Buonaparte at the Tuilleries: the infernal machine—0migrants may return. 1800 Union of England and Ireland: carried by the most shameful corruption of the Irish
1800 Glorious campaigns Of Buonaparte in Italy (Marengo) May 5 to July 2. parliament—Ireland to send twenty-eight peers and a hundred commoners to the Engl. pari.—Castlereagh.
Moreau in Germany—Hohenlinden. Buonaparte*s letter to the king for peace.
Russian ambassador at Paris. Peace of Luneville, Jan. 1, 1801 : Peace of Campo Formio
inoi y, , . .., r, r< ,, the basis—left bank of the Rhine, with Belgium, ceded to 1801 Armed Neutrality of the North, against the maritime laws of England in\
1801 Concordat With the 1 ope—Catholic rell- France_the Batavian, Helvetian, Cisalpine, and Ligurian re¬ respect to neutral powers: joined by Russia, Sweden, Denmark—Peace of Petersburgh.
gion restored. publics acknowledged.
Great improvements in roads, canals, bridges, etc. Peace of Florence: hartiours to be closed to England and 1802 Governor Wall executed. Nelson destroys Danish fleet at Copenhagen, Ap. 2.
1800 Turkey—Tuscany, Elba, and Piombtno to France.
Peace with Portugal and Russia. Convention with Spain: Parma and Louisiana to France. Colonel Despard’s conspiracy discovered—be is executed, with six others. j

1802 Buonaparte president of the Italian Peace of Amiens, 1802 (glorious for France) betwe ;n England, France, Spain, and the Batavian republic. Conditions: England restores all conquests, except
... ¥ r 7 ii /• i-i . Trinidad and Ceylon—integrity of the Turkish empire to be pres erved—Republic of the Ionian islands acknowledged by France—Malta to revert to the order, and its inde-
Republics he forsakes the cause Oj liberty, pendence guaranteed by France, Russia, Spain, and Prussia.
and from this time seeks only to concentrate all power „ Tur«u« t?
in himself, and to rule by his own will- England refuses to evacuate Malta—I ranee takes poss<jssion of Piedmont—benee England declares war. May 18, 1803.
Consul for life—Legion of honour-army 600,000. British detenus at Verdun—the French take possession of Hanov er, Holland, and Naples; threaten to invade England from Boulogne.
English yeomanry and volunteers augmented to 379,943 men.
1803 Buonaparte mediator of Switzerland. 1803 Expedition to St. Domingo. Bank of France.
1804 Conspiracy of Georges and Pichegru against Buonaparte—(capt.Wright)—duked’ Enyhien seized and shot, March-1. 1803-5 New and successful war in India.
France replaces itself under the yoke which it had shaken off by such dreadful exertions. Military force 615,000 men.
NAFOXiEOXf X., Emperor of the French, 1804-14. War with Spain. >
Crowned by the Pope at Paris—the republics created by France become monarchies, with new forms of government. National debt £500,000,000. St. Lucia reduced—Demerara, Essequibo, and Ber-
Rupture with Russia and Sweden, who refuse to acknowledge the new imperial dignity. King again ill—recovers. bice captured from the Dutch—St. Domingo.
1805 Buonaparte king of Italy.
1805 Third Coalition against Trance formed by England; all iances with Sweden, Russia, and Austria—Prtissia unfortunately neutral.
1805 Austrian Campaign with the Grand Army—Buonaparte, and his generals Bemadotte, Marmont,
t-v 1 .• . . . , 1805 Victory and death of Nelson
Davoust, Soult, Lannes, Ney, Augereau, Murat, St. Cyr, Massena, etc. advance from victory to victory Resolutions against the slave-trade. at Trafalgar, Oct. 21 —
—Austerlitz, etc.—Peace of Presburg : France acquires Venice and Dalmatia. English force, twenty-seven, the French, thirty-
three sail of the line, etc.—CollingWOOd.
NAPOLEON PROTECTOR OF THE CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE. IT ar with Turkey. sjr Robert Calder’s victory off Ferrol. j
1806 STapoleon’s Federative System: Italy joined to the Great Empire—Murat, hereditary duke of Sir R Strachan captures four French ships of the
Cleves—Joseph Buonaparte, k. of Naples and Sicily—Pauline Rorghese, p. of Guastalla Rerthier, hered. prince of line, Nov. 4.
Nenfchatel—Imperial Family Statute—Louis Napoleon, king of Holland. 1806 Cape of Good Hope captured, Jan.
1806 Fourth Coalition against France : England, Russia, Pi- ussia, Saxony, and Sweden. Sir T. Duckworth captures a French squadron ofFSt.

Victory of Jena—Napoleon in Berlin and Warsaw. Napoleon’s Continental System B erlinDeere e against English commerce, declaring all harbours in a DorninS0' .
1807 Battles of Eylan and Friedland—“ten days* cam- state of blockade from Brest to the Elbe—answered by the English Orders in Council, Jan. 7, 1807—Milan ”uenos_^yres captured retaken by the Spaniards.
paign”—Peace of Tilsit: erection of the duchy of Decree, and new English Orders in Council. 1807 Duckworth forces the Dardanelles. Attack on Copenhagen, before the declaration of
Warsaw—Jerome Bnon. king of Westphalia—occu¬ Unsuccessful exped. against Egypt and Turkey. surren** of the D““h fleet’
pation of Erfurth, Dantzic, and the Prussian fortresses Acquisition of the Ionian islands, . . u 1809 Cayenne and Martinique taken,
of Stettin, Custrin, and Glogau. n ar with Russia. Street gas-lights. ^ „
& B Victory of lord Cochrane in the Basque roads—four
1807 Publication of the Code Napoleon—the tribunate abolished—occupation of Spain, and treaty for the partition of 1809 Peace with Turkey. ships taken.
Portugal—Invasion of Portugal : Junot at Lisbon [see Portugal], 1808 New hereditary nobility—Treaty of Bayonne: Unfortunate exped. to Walcheren under Id. Chatham. Capture of the Ionian islands.
Joseph. Buon. k. of Spain—Congress of Erfurth : meeting of Alexander and Napoleon—Nap. in Spain till Jan., 1809.
Jubilee, fiftieth year of the king’s reign. 1810 Reduction of Guadaloupe, Isle of Bourbon, and
1809 Fifth Coalition against Frances England, Austria, Spai)l, and Portugal— the Mauritius—the French without a single colony.

1809 Victory of Wagram—Peace of Vienna: the Illyrian provinces to Italy—divorce of Josephine. 1810 The king’s malady returns—death of the p. Amelia. Embargo on British vessels in U. S. of N. America.
1810 Marriage of Buonaparte and Maria Louisa of Austria. Peace with Sweden : Great commercial panic in London—thirty to fifty bankrupts in every Gazette— 2000 during the year.
Arbitrary government: Napoleon’s special and pre- Rome, Holland, and the coasts of north Germany, Tl ar with Sweden. Amboyna, Banda, and Ternate, from the Dutch.
votal laws—restrictions on the press. from Wesel to Lubeck, joined to France. George IV., 1811, as prince Regent. Victory of capt. Hoste in the Adriatic.
Tariff of Trianon, for colonial produce—Decree of Fontainbleau, for burning all goods of British manufacture in
Bank notes voted equal to goid ! Comet in England. 8to S’ AU“H
France and her dependencies-Licensing System. Continental peace, except with Spain.
1812 14 T\ar with the United States. 54,517 prisoners of war in England.
1812 Russian Vfar : 500,000 men, the flow er of the nations of Europe—Alliance with Austria and Prussia— Riots in the manufacturing districts occasioned by the denial ©f reform, the French Continental System,
Smolensko, Moscow, Berezina, etc.—of the French army only 40,000 returned. and the Orders in Council (suspended in July)—eight rioters executed at Manchester.
Mallet’s conspiracy frustrated—Buonaparte returns to Paris, Dec. 18.
Napoleon repeals the Berlin and Milan Decrees. England joins the alliance between Russia and Sweden.

1813 Sixth great Coalition against France, and general nsurrection of tlie nations of Europe against French dominion:
England, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Austria after the Congress of Prague, with 800,000 men ; ago inst France, Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine, and Denmark, with about 400,000 men.
Victories of Lutzen—Bautzen—Dresden—Leipsic. Hanover recovered. 1813 New charter to the E. India Company,
The duke of Wellington invades France from Spain in Oct.—the allies cross the Rhine, Dec. 0, compelling the Fren ch armies to retreat before Custom-house destroyed by fire.
them—peace offered the Emperor, with the Rhine, the Alps, and the Pyrenees for boundaries.
1814 Junction of the allied armies, 400,000 strong, in Champagne—victory of Blucher at Brienue—Congress of Chatillo n, Feb. and March : an in- Treaty of Chaumont, March 1, 1814, between Austria, Prussia,
dependent throne still offered Nap.—victory of Blucher at Laon—Nap. repulsed at Arcis sur-l’Aube—manouvres in the rear of the allies, threaten- Russia, and Great Britain, against France.
ing to cut off their retreat to the Rhine, leaving open the road to Paris; to which, after defeating Marmont and Morti er, they proceed— Emperor of Kussia, king of Prussia, etc, visit England,
IViarch 31, the Allies enter Faris—Abdication of Napoleon, April 2—retires to Slba
Peace rvith America at Ghent.
House of Bourbon restored—Louis XVIII.,-1821. 1815 Riots in London upon the passing of the Corn Laws,
First Peace of Paris: England restores all the colonies she had taken from France, except Tobago, St. Luci e, and the Isle of France— Candy and the whole island of Ceylon captured,
retains Malta—the exclusive protection of the Ionian isles. Boundaries of France as in 1792, with some addition on the side of Savoy, and the 18,6 Income tax abolished.
possession of Avignon—French Guiana restored by Portugal. Marriage of the princess Charlotte and Leopold, May 2.
. 1817 Riots in various parts of England ; increased by the agents of government
June 4 The French Charter. 1815 Buonaparte returns from Elba--the hundi et* clays. —Oliverthe spy— Spa-fields mob— HabeasCorpus Act suspended—^Thistlewood,
Declaration of the allies (all Europe) against Napoleon, 1,000,000 men—he takes the field against them—defeats Blucher at Ligny—but tire Watson, etc. tried and acquitted of high treason.
Battle Of Waterloo, ( Wellington), June 18, decides his fate—Louis and the allies enter Paris—Buonaparte ba Ashed to St. Helena. 1817 Lord Exmouth’s expedition to Algiers—captives set free—
First ministry—Talleyrand. Second ministry—Richelieu.
Second Peace of Paris: the northern and eastern frontier with eighteen fortresses to be occupied by 150,000 o f the troops of the allies— Christian slavery abolished. Waterloo bridge opened.
France to pay a contribution of 700,000,000 francs—monuments of art to be restored. Execution of Ney. 1817 Death of the princess Charlotte, Nov. 6. Resumption of cash payments.
1818 Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle—France joins the Holy Alliance—foreign troops withdrawn. Expedition to discover the North-West passage. 1819 Grant of £1,000,000 to build new churches.
Third ministry—Dessoles. 1819 Fourth Ministry—Decazes—law in favour of the press. 1819 Disturbances in the manufacturing districts—Revival of a popular party—Burdctt, Hunt, Cobbett.
1820 Assassination of the duke de Berri by Louvel—reaction against liberty—birth of the duke of Bourdeaux.
George IV., son, 1820-30.
Fifth Ministry—Richelieu—restrictions on the press—new law of elections. r,. , • r>„
1821 Death of Napoleon, May 5-Military conspiracy at Saumur. Disturbances %n I arts. 1819 Cato-strect conspiracy—Thistlewood and his associates executed—many others imp. for sedition.
Sixth ministry—Villele, 1822-28—still more retrograde—General discontent in France—Numerous conspiracies. Bill of Pains and Penalties against the queen.
1823 Manuel excluded from the Chamber of Deputies—War in Spain: duke of Angouleme, with 100,000 men. 1824 English troops defeated by the Ashantees. Great improvements in London—new Post-Oftice, etc. j|
1824 Septennial parliaments—censorship of the press, etc. Army of France, 1(30,000—national guards, 650,000. War with the Burmese—Commercial treaty with Denmark. Mechanics’ Institutions begun, i
Charles X., brother, 1821-30. Convention with Austria, ^£’2,500,000 received in full of all demands, amounting to £30,000,000.
1825 Acknowledgment of and treaties with the South American republics {Canning.)
Bigoted favourer of the old regime—of the Clergy and Jesuits.
1825 1000,000,000f. indemn. to emigrants—law of sacrilege—reduction of interest—Hayti acknow.—Disaffection increases. Commercial treaty with Russia.
1S27 The Parisian national guards dissolved for desiring the dismissal of the ministry—restraints on the press. Commercial panic.
Troubles in Paris—foundation of the Society of Aid toi. Seventh ministry—Martignac. 1826 Peace with the Burmese: see India. Thames tunnel began. J

1827 Treaty of London in favour of Greece: between England, Russia, an d France—battle of Navarino—French expedition to the Morea.
1830 Eighth ministry—Polignac—parliament dissolved—Expedition to Algiers, 30,000 men under Bourmont. 1827 Duke of York dies. 1828 London University opened—Colonies founded on the Swan river.
July 25 Ordonnances of CharlesX.: suppression of the public press—Cham, of Dep. dissolved—law of election changed. 1829 Riots in the manufacturing districts—new London police established—York minster set on fire.
Distress general among all the productive interests of the country.
Three days’ Revolution, July 27, 28, 29, 1830—Lafayette commander of the national guards—duke
d’Or leans lieutenant of the kingdom—Charles X. abdicates—the crown accepted by Louis Philippe. William IV., brother, 1830-37.

House of Orleans—Louis Philippe, king of the French, 1830. Opening of the Liverpool railway—Huskisson killed, Sept. 15.
Incendiary fires. Disputes at Canton with the Chinese.
Continual change of Ministry—but the king always rules in the cabinet. Great disturbances in Ireland, caused by distress and hatred of tithes.
1834 Riot at Lyons : 2000 military, and 8000 rioters slain—Quarrel with America respecting ^1,000,000 indemnity. New London bridge opened, Aug. 1.—Proclamations respecting cholera.
1834 Quadruple alliance of England, France, Spain, and Portugal, for the pacification of Sp ain and Portugal by the expulsion of Don Miguel and Don Carlos from Portugal.

1835 FieschVs infernal machine—Mortier killed, forty others killed and wounded—Fiesclii and two accomp. exec. Troubles in Canada—see America. Hungerford market opened. Incendiary fires.
Death of Lafayette. Severe laws against the press, theatres, etc. Trade Unions. Houses of parliament destroyed by fire. 1
1836 Insurrection attempted at Strasburg by L. Nap. Buonaparte—another at Vendome—suppressed. Troops permitted to be raised in favour of the queen of Spain. Death of W. Cobbett.
1838 The king fired at by Meunier. 1837 Marriage of the duke of Orleans to princess Helena of Mecklenburg.
Victoria, niece, aged 18, 1837.
The people still struggling for a larger share in the government. Hanover goes to the duke of Cumberland.

a b
 Century. OF MODERN HISTORY. 51

PERIOD OF GREAT INTERNAL COMMOTION AND DISCONTENT IN ENGLAND.

Great Britain. Portugal. Spain.
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY. House of Braganza. House of Anjou,
Pitt ministry till 1801—Fox, Sheridan, Grey, in opposition. Burke, North, and other whigs, support the Maria. Charles IV. -1808.
ministry against the French Revolution and liberal movement, 1792. Prince of Brazil regent.
Society of the Friends of the people : founded to promote reform—lord Lauderdale, Grey, Sheridan, its leaders— X793 First Coalition against France : see France.
it complains of “royal prerogatives injurious to the public interest, a servile peerage, a rapacious and intolerant clergy, 1794 Invasion of the French.
and a corrupt representation.” Peace with France, 1795: negotiated by
1793 Society of United Irishmen—Scotch National Convention—Fox’s motion against the French war lost by 277 to 44— Godoy, hence called prince of Peace—loses St.
numerous persons tried and punished for political offences : Home Tooke, etc.—Habeas Corpus Act suspended. Domingo.
1795 Increased disaffection—the Corresponding Society; with ramifications all over the kingdom. Mutiny of the 1796 Alliance with France—war against
Oxfordshire militia, joined by other regiments, for increase of pay. England—naval defeat off Cape St. Vincent by
Loan of £4,000,000 to the Emp. of Germany. the English, and complete destruction of Span¬
Prince of Wales’s income increased on his marriage to £125,000 a-year; with £27,000 for preparations, £80,000 for ish commerce.
jewels, £26,000 to furnish Carlton house. Loan this year £18,000,000—National debt £245,000,000.
The king insulted in going to open parliament—great scarcity of provisions—Act for suppressing seditious meetings. 1799 Second Coalition against France : see France.
1798 Mr. Wilberforce loses his motion for the suppression of the slave-trade—Fox’s name struck out of the list of 1799 The prince de- Peace of Amiens: loses Trinidad and
privy councillors—Habeas Corpus Act suspended till 1803—many arrests—1799 Restrictions on the press. clares himself king. Louisiana.
1800 Numerous riots, in consequence of the high price of provisions—the opposition to the address, supported by Fox and
1801 Peace with France.
Whitbread, lost by 265 to 64. 1803 Purchases neutrality with the French by
Alarming1 and critical state of England--disaffection at borne, and all Europe enemies. 1804 Portugal compell¬ a subsidiary treaty—declares war against
1801 Pitt resigns on the Catholic question—Addington ministry. ed to join with Eng¬ England, 1804.
1803 New rebellion in Ireland—lord chief justice Kilwarden and his nephew killed by the Dublin populace. land.
1804 Pitt again minister, with lords Hawksbury, Harrowbv, Melville, and Camden, Messrs. Dundas and Canning. 1807 Treaty between France and Spain for the partition of Portugal:
Disputes on the Regency question—1805 Impeachment oi lord Melville. a French army to march through Spain and take possession of Portugal;
1806 Grenville ministry on Pitt’s deatb : Fox, earl Spencer, and Windham, secretaries; lord Erskine, chan¬ another to occupy the Spanish frontier—Revolution of Aranjuez:
cellor ; lord Sidmouth, privy seal; lord Petty, chan, of the exchequer; duke of Bedford, lord lieutenant of Ireland; 1807 Napoleon declares G?do7 in8“lted and imPrisoned by the people—
Ponsonby, chancellor—Mr. Fox dies in Sept.—1807 Ministers dismissed on the Catholic question. that “ the house of Bra- Charles abdicates.
Portland ministry: duke of Portland, premier; Percival, chan, of the exchequer; Castlereagh, lord Hawksbury, ganza has ceased to Ferdinand VII., son, 1808-33.
and Canning, secretaries—Whitbread’s motion respecting the Poor Laws. reign:” flight to Brazil— Murat, with a French force, enters Madrid—
1808 Numerous petitions for parliamentary reform, against sinecure places, and for peace—Manchester riots. Junot in Lisbon. Charles IV. protests against his abdication—
1809 Duke of Wardle’s charges against the duke of York—duke of Portland dies—Mr. Percival premier till 1812. appeal to Napoleon, who decoy the royal
Will. Cobbett, the champion of the peasantry and operatives, fined £1000 and two years’ imprisonment for libel. 1808 Revolt: format, of an family to Bayonne, where they cede the throne
administrative Junta to Napoleon.
1810 Disputes on the power of parliament to commit for breach of privilege—Gale Jones—sir F. Burdett sent to the Tower. —League with England:
Insurrection in the south at Cadiz: war of the
Petition from Dublin to repeal the Union. Percival shot by Bellingham. arrival of a British army-
Spanish patriots—Junta of Seville.
Liverpool ministry: Vansittart, chan, of exchequer; lord Sidmouth, Castlereagh, secretaries; Eldon, chancellor; victory of Vimiera—
sir Vicary Gibbs, att. general—In opposition : Ponsonby, Whitbread, Brougham, Hume, sir F. Burdett, etc. Joseph Napoleon, June 1808-13.
Sir Hugh Dalrymple con¬ league of the Junta with England—Joseph
Disaffection general among tbe middle and lower classe s, 181 3-3 O: cludes the Convention of leaves Madrid (Aug.)—Nov. Napoleon in
Causes: distress of the agricultural and manufacturing population, in want of bread and employment—a depreciated Cintra, which gives great
currency—the acknowledged existence and abuses of rotten boroughs, and an intense craving of the people for a greater dissatisfaction. Spain—inquisition and feudal privileges
portion of civil and religious liberty—a general mistrust of the ministry, whose measures are characterised by despotism, abolished—and monasteries, 180.9.
extravagance, the most cruel oppressions of the people for daring to complain, or petitioning for relief: their wretched 1810 Sir John Moore lands—forms a junction with Sir David Baird at
spy-system, gagging acts, ex-officio informations, render them generally odious. Saldanha—retreat—Soult repulsed at Corunna: d. of sir J. Moore.
Tithes, rack-rent, and religious persecution drive the Irish to madness. Soult enters Portugal Joseph again enters Madrid—second siege of
1816 Spafield riots—Platt shot by young Watson, who escapes to America—Cashman executed. takes Oporto. Saragossa : 54,000 of the besieged said to have
Sir Arthur Wellesley ge¬ perished by sickness, famine, or the sword.
Petitions for Reform : 600 presented this session (Spafields’ signed by 24,000 (lord Folkstone), Manchester by 30,000,
neralissimo of the allied
Leeds 7000, Portsdown hill 30,000) praying for universal suffrage, annual parliaments, decrease of expenditure, etc.—sir War of the Guerillas—assembly of the
armies: defeat of Soult—
F. Burdett’s motion lost, 265 to 77—sale of Cobbett’s Register increased to 50,000 weekly. Cortes at Cadiz—constitution, 1812.
the French troops driven
Prosecutions of Hone for libel—Thistlewood, Watson, etc. for high treason—Brandreth, Turner, and Ludlam, executed
for riots at Derby, Worcester, etc. over the frontiers—Wellesley advances into Spain—victory of Talavera.
Manchester meeting, of 100,000 persons dispersed by the yeomanry, several killed and 100 wounded. 1810 French, Italian, Polish, and German troops poured into the penin¬
1821 Hunt and others imprisoned for Manchester affair—sir F. Burdett fined £2000 for a letter against the Manchester sula—Massena, commander: enters Portugal—Wellesley defeats the plans
massacre—W. Flower, £1000 and three months’ imprisonment for libel on Peel—numerous prosecutions of Carlisle, of the enemy, whom he drives to the frontiers.
his wife, and adherents, for political and religious libels. 1811 Marmont succeeds Massena—1812 Wellington storms Ciudad
1822 Great distress in Ireland: 99,639 in county of Clare,and 132,000 in Cork, absolutely without the means of subistence Rodrigo—Badajoz—victory of Salamanca, July 22—Wellington
—the king’s coronation costs £238,000 : his dress alone £24,000. captures Madrid—junction of Soult and Joseph’s armies—Well, retires.
1822 Peel succeeds lord Sidmouth at the home office—lord John Russell’s motion for reform lost by 367 to 161—
Castlereagh’s suicide, Aug. 12.—Canning succeeds—more liberal system in foreign and domestic policy. Wellington appointed generalissimo by the Cortes, Dec. 1812.
1823 Yorkshire meeting for reform, on requisition of 2000 freeholders—Hume’s motion for reform of the Irish protestant 1813 Victory of Vittoria, June 21, over Jos. Buon.—Pyrenees,
church. 1827 Lord Liverpool attacked by paralysis. July 28, over Soult, again Aug. 4—enters France—passage of the Neve,
Canning1 ministry, partly supported by the whigs: the duke of Wellington. Peel, and six other cabinet ministers Dec. 10 and 13. Ferdinand released, Dec. 11, 1813—annuls the
resign-—secretaries: marquis of Lansdowne, Sturges Bourne, and lord Goderich (Mr. Robinson); Copely (lord Lynd- Entirely tinder constitution of the Cortes—absolutism, etc.
hurst), chancellor; Tierney, master of the mint—Canning dies, Aug. 8, and is succeeded by lord Goderich. English influence. Mexico declares itself independent.
1828 Jan. Wellington administration: Goulboum, chan, of the exchequer : secretaries: Peel, earl of Aberdeen, Beresford generalissimo, 1817 Spain accedes to the Congress of Vienna.
lord Palmerston, sir G. Murray; Lyndhurst, chancellor; sir C. Wetherell, att. general; marquis of Anglesey, lord 1815-20. 1819 Floridas in North America lost.
lieutenant of Ireland. (Mr. Huskisson, lord Dudley and Ward, and Mr. Grant, go out on the East Retford bill.) 1820 Jan. Revolution by the army intended
John VI., son, 1816-26, for America: Riego, Quiroga—the king swears
More vigour, straightforwardness, and virtue, but no liberality. Public feeling forces the repeal of the Test and Corpora¬ in Brazil.
tion Acts; opposed by Peel, Huskisson, and Palmerston. Brougham’s motion on the state of the law—Penryn and 1820 Revolution by to the constitution of 1812—inquisition abol.
East Retford disfranchisement bill lost in the Lords. 1821 Reaction of the Camarillas, monks, and
the army at Oporto. nobility—massacre of the people at Cadiz.
Catholic Emancipation gradually makes friends: 1813 bill thrown out in the Commons by a majority of four—1817 Government of the Cortes. Peru declares itself independent.
lost by 245 to 241—1824 Catholic rent £1052 7s. 6d., O’Connell—1825 petition signed by 100,000, presented by lord 1822 Brazil independent. 1822 The anti-constitutionalists successful—
Donoughmore—bill for putting down Catholic Association, 226 to 94—Catholic Bill passes (sir F. Burdett’s) 273 to 238; 1823 Counter revolution army of faith—1823 Occupation of Spain by
lost in the Lords by a majority of 48—carried again, 1828, by a majority of six. by Don Miguel. a French army for the suppression of constitu¬
O’Connell elected member for Clare—riots in Ireland—Catholic Association resumes its sittings. Upon the death of John, tional government—the king retires to Seville—
Kent large county meeting on Penenden heath for church and state. 1826, Don Pedro, the provisionary government at Cadiz—opposition
1829 Sir Robert Peel resigns his seat for Oxford University—the clergy by great exertions and excitement return sir eldest son, cedes the —Mina and Quiroga escape to England ; Riego
Robert Inglis in opposition to him. The Catholic Relief Bill carried. throne to his daughter, taken and executed—the king is restored—
1829 Riots in the manufacturing districts and Spitalfields—machinery and goods destroyed. despotism and bigotry prevail.
Maria da Gloria, 1827,
Distress general among all the productive interests of the country. (seven years old,) The Apostolic Junta.
1830 Continued struggle of the opposition in parliament, backed by the people, for reform, and more liberal foreign policy. the infanta Isabel regent. 1826 The last possession on the A merican
Nov. 2. New parliament, opened by the king—Wellington declares himself opposed to all reform—ministry defeated Rebellion of the ab¬ continent lost.
on the civil list (sir H. Parnell) 233 to 204, resign. solutists in favour of 1828 French troops entirely withdrawn.
Grey ministry (whig)—Grey, premier ; Althorpe, chancellor of the exchequer ; secretaries : Melbourne, Don Miguel, supported by the marquis of Chaves and Spanish troops, but
Palmerston, Goderich; lord Brougham, chancellor; Durham, privy seal; Grant, Lansdowne, sir J. Graham, lords put down by a body of 5000 men from England—Miguel appointed regent
Holland and Auckland; marquis of Anglesey, lord lieutenant of Ireland; Plunkett, chancellor; Stanley, secretary; —he swears to observe 1829 Vain expedition to Mexico and Cuba.
lord John Russell, P. Thompson, Denman, etc.—Conditions upon taking office: Peace, Economy, and Reform. the constitution, 1828—
1831 Reform Bill introduced by lord John Russell—ministers defeated on it, March 21. but immediately gets 1830 Abrogation of the Salic law in favour of
himself declared king. the king’s daughter, setting aside Don Carlos.
New parliament, June 14. The Reform Bill rejected by the Lords, Oct. 7—various outbreaks in the country
Reign of Terror. Oct. The French Revolution gives a new impulse
thereupon—dreadfiil riot and fire at Bristol, upon sir C. Wetherell, a violent opposer of reform, ehtering that city.
Don Pedro’s proclamation to the liberals—vain attempt, Mina and Valdez.
1832 The Reform Bill carried in the Commons, 355 to 239—obstructed in the Lords—ministers resign—lord Ebrington’s agst. Miguel’s usurpation.
motion, and meetings all over the country in favour of reform—the duke of Wellington cannot form a ministry— Dreadful persecution of 1831 New and vain attempt at Cadiz to shake
Grey ministry reinstated. The English and Irish Reform Bills pass. off the yoke—Torrijos betrayed, and, with Mr.
the constitutionalists.
Boyd and fifty others, shot at Malaga.
New Parliament, Jan.'; very large majority for the whigs: Irish Coercion Bill, Irish Church Temporalities' Bill, Re¬ 1829 Constitutional re¬
duction of Assessed Taxes and of Stamp duties on Advertisements—Abolition of Slavery; £20,000,000 indemnity to gency at Terceira, etc. 1832 King ill—regency of the queen—general
the slaveholders—new India Bill—Bank of England Charter. 1831 A British squadron de¬ amnesty, and adoption of a more liberal system.
mands and obtains satisfac¬
1833 May 13. Coldbath-fields’ meeting, to adopt measures for calling a National Convention—dispersed—a policeman k. tion for insults, etc. to 1833 Anti-liberal ministry of Zea—intrigues of
the Carlists—Don Carlos banished.
1834 May. Mr. Stanley, sir J. Graham, earl of Ripon, and the duke of Richmond leave the ministry on Mr. Ward’s British subjects—French
fleet forces the Tagus. The Cortes sivear allegiance to the infanta prin¬
motion “that the Protestant Episcopal Establishment of Ireland exceeds the spiritual wants of the Protestant population, 1832 Don Pedro lands at
and ought to be reduced"—earl Grey retires—lord Melbourne, premier. cess, as heir apparent to the throne.
Oporto—1833 sails to Vil¬
The Poor Law Bill passed. Numerous incendiary fires. la Real—victory of adm. Isabella, 1833-
Feb. Meetings in favour of the Established Church, to counteract the Bill for throwing open the Universities. Napier off Cape St, Vin¬ daughter, (aged 3)—the queen-dowager regent.
Six Dorchester labourers transported by a straining of the law—much excitement occasioned thereby, and numerous pe¬ cent—capture of Lisbon.
Insurrections in Biscay, Navarre, etc. in favour
titions in their favour—30,000 of the Trades’ Union assemble at Copenhagen-fields, and march in procession to deliver Maria II, generally ac¬
of Don Carlos.
a petition, signed by 266,000 persons, to lord Melbourne in their behalf. Objections to Church Rates. knowledged—Don Pedro
Spain divided into forty-three departments.
Bills in favour of Dissenters, the Jews, against Irish tithes, etc., pass the Commons, but are obstructed by the Lords—a regent.
Bill for the admission of Dissenters to the Universities passes the Commons 321 to 147, and 164 to 75 ; lost in the Lords 1834 Quadruple alliance of England, France, Spain, and Portugal,
102 to 85. against Don Miguel and Don Carlos.
Great outcry among the liberals against the Lords, and of “ the Church in danger" among the tories. Don Miguel capitulates, Don Carlos retires to Portugal—visits England,
Nov. Ministry dismissed on the death of lord Spencer. and retires to Italy. and returns.
Peel’s administration (four months) : sir Robert Peel, premier; Wellington, Aberdeen, Goulboum, etc.— Dissolution of the moyiasteries. Estatuto real: first meeting of the Cortes,
principles: anti-reform and conservative, with profession of granting what is reasonable. Death of Don Pedro. Proceres and Procuradores—new financial re¬
Ministry of duke Palmella. gulations, and settlement of the national debt.
rirtt' 1835 General excitement and display of party spirit on the dissolution of parliament, and during the election.
Marriage of the queen Continued civil war, wltb dreadful
The ministry, beaten on lord John Russell’s “ appropriation clause” to the Irish Tithe Bill, resign April 8. with the duke Leuchten- atrocities.
Melbourne ministry restored; lord John Russell, home secretary, and leader in the house of Commons; lord berg,d. 1835—she marries Cholera at Madrid—riots caused by suspicion.
Mulgrave, lord lieutenant of Ireland.—Animated debates on Orange lodges, Canadian affairs, Irish Poor Law, Education, (Jan. 1836) Ferd. Aug., British legion under sir Lacy Evans—proclama¬
taking off the duty on newspapers. Church Rates, Dissenters' marriages, etc. duke of Saxe Coburg. tion of Don Carlos that all strangers taken
The substitution of a Declaration to be taken by students entering the University of Oxford in lieu of subscription to the 1836 Revolution—con¬ prisoners should be shot.
Articles, lost in Convocation by 459 to 57. New Poor Law causes great discontent. stitution of 1820 de¬ Revolution—the constitution of 1812 pro¬
manded and agreed to— claimed and sworn to by the queen.
The Municipal Corporations Reform Bill passed, much damaged by the Lords; who throw out the Irish
attempt at a counter re¬
Church and Tithes’ Bill, and some others. Canadian affairs occupy much attention. Cortes assembled, Oct. 24.
volution, Nov., suppress¬
Duties on paper, Assessed taxes, and newspaper stamps reduced—Registration, Dissenters’ marriage, and other Acts. ed—renewed attempt, Carlists repulsed by gen. Evans at St, Sebastian
Ministers, crippled by the opposition of the court and the house of Lords, are unable to carry out their plans of reform ; 1837, by marshals Ter¬ —Espartero defeats them and relieves Bilboa,
the accession of Victoria brings them court favour, and their plans of reform become more moderate and lifeless. ceira and Saldanha, like¬ again at Hema, 1837—gen. Evans carries Irun
1839 Rise of the Chartists—Agitation against the Com Laws. wise defeated. by assault—he leaves Spain.
52 Continuation of Table xvii. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Nineteenth: $

RISE AND FALL OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE. BUONAPARTE’S GREAT EMPIRE.

Germany. Italy. Naples & Sicily. Popes and
Holland and Switzerland.
Belgium. Sardinia and Church History.
House of Xiorraine. House of Anjou.
I (3S*1
Republic. Savoy.
Joins the first coalition Francis II., son, 1792-1835.
Prus VI. -1799.
1792 Ferdinand IV. -1814.
against France.
1792 Neutral. 1792 The French under Custine seize Mentz—retaken, 1793. The French Republic
1792 Victory of Dnmourier at The French
Jemappe, and conquest of Bel¬ excommunicated, 1793.
Declaration of war' against France, 1793: Dumourier joins seize Savoy
gium by the French. 1794 Revolution in Foundation of the great I He
1793 Reconquered by the Aus¬ the Austrians. and Nice. 1793 Joins the first English Missionary Society
trians under Coburg—victory of Geneva. Coalition. at London.
Aix-la-Chapelle. 1794 Battles of Lautern—the French possess all the left bank
1794 Victory of Pichegru at of the Rhine. Great influence of Kant’s phi¬
Tournay—of Jourdan at Fleuras losophy upon religion in Ger¬
—the whole of Belgium reduced, 1795 Invaded by three French armies: Jourdan crosses the many—rise of the Rational¬
and joined to France, 1795. lower Rhine, and invades the Palatinate—Moreau the upper 1796 Buonaparte’s first campaign from Nice: victories of
Monte Notte, Millesimo, Mondovi—truces with Sardinia
ists.
Rhine into Bavaria : truce of Baden and Wurtemberg—vic¬ and Parma—victories of Lodi—conquest of the whole of 1798 Revolution- -Ber-
1795 Pichegru crosses on tories of the archduke Charles at Amberg and Wurtzburg over Lombardy, except Mantua, besieged from July, 1796, to thier at Rome.
the ice, and conquers Hol¬ 1797-8 General Feb. 1797—victories of Buou. at Brescia, Lago di Garda,
Jourdan—Moreau’s celebrated retreat. Roveredo, etc. over Wurmser ; of Areola over Alvinzi—-
Roman Republic—the
land — the stadtholder Revolution—the Pope retires to Val—dies in
1797 Buonaparte again defeats Wurmser at Rivoli—Mantua [see Germany.']
French invade France, 1799.
flees to England ; dies, capitulates—another victory at Tagliamento—he crosses into 1797
1806—the French re¬ Berne. Cisalpine Republic: Pius VII. (Chiaramonti)
Helvetian
Austria—Hoche and Moreau’s famous passage of the Rhine. Modena, Milan, Bologna, 1798 Invasion of the
ceived as deliverers. Preliminaries of peace at Leoben, ratified at Campo Ferrara, Romagna, Mantua, French—insurrection at 1800-23.
Republic. Elected at Venice.
Formio: part of Venice, the other Naples.
Batavian Republic. Central government part to Austria.
Belgium and Milan ceded to France ; Austria gains Venice as a set off, and 1801 Concordat with
ScHIMELPENNINK
for the fourteen acknowledges the Cisalpine Republic. France—where Napo¬
Genoa formed into the The Parthenopeian
at its head. GenevTincmporated1,797-®9 Congress of Rastadt-murder of the French am- Xigurian Republic Republic, 1799. leon restores the Catho¬
. . u nacccinnvc ((April).
bassadors A nri I t —constitution democratic. The king flees to Palermo. lic religion.
Alliance with, France— with France.
opening of the Scheldt— Joins the second Grand Coalition against France. Secularisations of reli¬
war with England. gious principalities and
Victories of the archduke over Jourdan at Ostrach and Stockach—he penetrates into Switzerland against Massena: victorious till
monasteries in Germany
1799 Unfortunate invasion separated from the Russians (Sept.)—Suwarrow generalissimo of the Russian and Austrian army in Italy (April)—victories of
by the peace of Luneville.
of the English (under the Cassano, Milan and Turin taken—the French leave Naples—victory of Suwarrow at Trebia and Novi—the French are driven from
Mantua, Rome, and only retain Genoa—misunderstanding between Austria and Russia respecting Ancona, 1804 The Pope crowns
duke of York) and Rus¬
sians. etc.—the Russians under Suwarrow withdraw to Switzerland to join Ivorsakow (defeated two days before by The old government restored Buonaparte at Paris.
by card. Ruffo, aided by
Massena)—famous retreat of Suwarrow over the Alps to Upper Suabia—the French, disheartened, Brit., Russ., and Turks. Foundation of tbe
maintain themselves in Switzerland with difficulty. British and Foreign
Surrender of the Dutch Corfu taken by Russians. Bible Society.
fleet at the Texel to Eng¬ Campaign of 1800—Buonaparte in Italy, Moreau in Germany—Buonaparte crosses Mount St. Bernard
1806 Congress of the
land. (while Genoa, long defended by Massena, falls)—enters Milan—restores the Cisalpine Republic—gains the Republic of the
Ionian islands, under Jewish nation at Paris,
victory of Marengo (June 14) over Milas (death of Desaix)—truce: all Lombardy to Mantua restored the protection of Turkey and by Buonaparte.
Russia till 1807.
Peace of Amiens — cedes to the French—Moreau in Alsace repeatedly defeats Kray—enters Bavaria—takes Munich, etc.—repeated
arnnstices- victory of Hohenlinden—victory of Brune on the Mincio in Italy. Minorca, 1798, and Malta,
1809 The papal dominions
Ceylon to the English.
1800, to England. annexed to France.
Peace of Luneville and Florence: see France.
The Pope carried to Sa¬ (Mi!
1803 Occupied by
the 1802 Struggle of the 'fetm
Secularisations. Italian Republic, vona, and 1812 to Fon¬
French. democratic cantons 1803 Declaration of neu¬ [fett?:
1802: tainebleau.
under Reding for 1803 Sessions of the Empire, and settlement of the plan of in¬ trality—the French oc¬ mi
Buonaparte President.
War against England. federative govern¬ demnities. cupy Naples under St. 1810 Church property in
ment, against 1805 Joins the third Coalition against France. Cyr. Prussia taken possession
Louis Napoleon, king, centralisation. Buonaparte attacks and defeats Mack, and destroys his army, before the of by the state.
1806-10. Invasion of the Russians can join it — the French enter Vienna—victory of 1805 Buonaparte, 1805 Neutral in the Aus¬ 1814 The Pope reinstated
Austerlitz over the allied armies. king of Italy—coronation trian war—French troops by the allies.
French—patriots
1809 Unfortunate expe¬ Peace of Presburg: France retains its possessions in Italy—acknow¬ at Milan. withdrawn—English and Restoration of the Jesuits,
disarmed—n e w ledgment of Buonaparte as king of Italy—Bavaria and Wirtemberg erected
dition of the English to constitution of into kingdoms—Austria cedes to Bavaria the Tyrol, Brescia, Eichstadt, Russian troops land from of monasteries, and the
Walcheren. Passan, Lindau, etc.—Breisgau, Ortenau, and Constance to Baden—Wirtem- Corfu—
nineteen cantons, berg part of Austria. Austria obtains Salzburg and Berchtolsgaden— Spanish inquisition—
1810 Holland joined to Buonaparte 1800 Murat grand-duke of Cleves. Proclamation of Buonaparte bull against Freemasons.
mediator, 1803. from Schunbrun, “ The Dy¬
France. Dissolution of the German Empire. nasty of Naples has ceased 1817 Union of the Lu¬
1813 Insurrection against Alliance with to reign.” theran and Reformed
CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE till 1813.
the French. France.
Napoleon Frotector. 1806 The English and churches in Prussia. Wifi
William, son of the here¬ 1806 Berthier prince Russians withdraw. Inlet
After the battle of Jena all between the Elbe and the Rhine to 1817 Concordat with Ba¬
ditary stadtholder, sove¬ of Neufchatel. att-
France—suppression of the houses of Hesse Cassel 4' Brunswick varia and France—1818
reign prince. Joseph Buonaparte, i Coj
The king of Saxony be¬ with Sicily—1821 with
king of the Two Sicilies, Prussia. Iteirac
18X4 Union of Jerome Buonaparte, comes duke of Warsaw.
Holland and Belgium. 1810 Valais in¬ king of Westphalia. 1806-8.
corporated with 1808 Austria accedes to the Con¬ Leo XII., 1823-9. ma
Treaty with England: [The king (Ferd.) retires to
France. 1808 Congress at Erfurt. tinental System.
cedes Cape of Good Hope, Es- 1809 The archduke John Sicily, where he maintains The native Missionary
sequibo, Demerara, and Ber- 1809 Metternich minister. himself with the assistance Society of N. America. uit-
bice. For the last three colonies 1813 Entrance of of Austria penetrates of the English.]
England builds a series of for¬ the Allies—abroga¬ War with France:—
into Italy and defeats Struggle of Rationalism
battles of Abensburg, Echmuhl, and Ratisbon—Vienna capi- rithout
the French at Sacile— Abolition of feudal privi¬ with
tresses on the French frontier. tion of the Act of
pitulates to the French—insurrection, in the mean time, in the Supernuturalism
Mediation. retires to Hungary. leges. lit $71
William X., 1815, king: Tyrol, under Hofer, aided by the Austrians, suppressed— and Mysticism in Ger¬
of tlie Netherlands, 1814 Newfederative Joseph king of Spain. many, etc.
and grand duke of Luxem¬ compact at Zurich.
Buonaparte repulsed at Aspem by the archduke Charles, but
1827 Tholuck, at Halle, and
fa
burg. defeats him in the decisive battle of Wagram, July 5 Murat, king of Naples, Hengstenberg, at Berlin,
Restoration of the con¬ and 6, which leads to the Unfortunate attempt of the British editors of the Evangel. Kirch- (itjni
Campaign of the allies federacy, with three 1808-15. zeitung (Evangelical Mag.)
new cantons: Valais, Peace of Vienna : at Walcheren.
against Buonaparte— heads of the Supematuralists
Waterloo, etc.
Neufchatel, and Ge¬ Salzburg, etc., to Bavaria—Illyrian provinces to France—West Galicia, etc.
neva; sanctioned by to Saxony.
and Mystics—Gesenius and
Wegscheider at Halle,Pau-
• ft,
1810 Vain attempt upon lus of Heidelberg, editors of Wirit
Aug. 24. Constitution 18i?°n^1 GSS 0^*enna, Chivalrous retreat of the duke of Bruuswick-Oels from Saxony to England Sicily. the Denkglaubigen, chiefs of %|
for the Netherlands Cantons. 1810 The north of Germany from the Wesel to Lubeck united Rationalism.
1. Zurich. to France. 1811 National bankruptcy of Austria. 1812 New Constitution for In France, only thirteen years
— liberty of the press. 2. Berne. Sicily by lord W. Bentinck. from the Restoration, are
3. Lucerne• 1812 Alliance of Austria with Queen Caroline falls out with 3000 religious houses for fe¬
1820 The sultan of Pa- 4. Uri. the English, and goes to males, and 21,000 nuns—the
limban subdued at Su¬ 5. Schweitz.
France against Russia Vienna, d. 1814.
1813 Prince Eugene in Illyria great activity of the Clergy
matra—abdicates, 1823. C. Underwalden. 1813 War of German Independence opposes the Austrians—re¬ and Jesuits to regain their
7. Glaris. treats to the Mincio—truce, Murat returns after the battle former influence and power.
8. Zug. The French hold the Elbe and Saale, opposed to the armies of Russia and April, 1814.
1824 Treaty with England 9. Fribourg. Prussia—battles of Lutzen and Bautzen—armistice, June 4 to Aug. 10—Lu- of Leipsic.
1828 Repeal of tbe
—cedes Bencoolen (Su¬ 10. Soleure. beck and Hamburg taken by the French — Congress of Prague
Austria joins the alliance against France—Bernadotte with the Swedish
By the Peace of Paris : 1814 Alliance with Aus¬ Test Act in England,
matra) for Malacca. 11. Basle. which, up to this time, had
12. Schaffhausen. army in the north of Germany—Blucher defeats Macdonald on the Katsbach Victor Emanuel returns to tria—occupies Rome deprived Dissenters of the
13. Appenzell. —the French again defeated at Grosbeeren—Ney at Dennewitz— Turin—king of Sardinia, to
1827 Concordat with the which Genoa is united. and Florence. rights of citizenship.
14. St. Gall. Battle of Xaeipsic, Oct. 16, 18, and 19—
Pope. 15. Grisons. Kingdom of Lombardy and 1815 Calls upon the people of Emancipation of tbe
1829, 30 Insurrection in 16. Aargau. Buonaparte driven to the Rhine, with the loss of his whole army—the Venice to Anstria. Italy to maintain their in¬ Catholics in Ireland,
17. Thurgau. German population rise en masse—the princes of the Confederation join the dependence. 1829. 113 His
Java—Diepo Negoro, chief Grand Alliance. Ferdinand, archduke of Aus¬
18. Tesin. tria (brother of Francis IV.),
of the insurgents, im¬ 19. Vaud. War with Austria—Bi- Pius VIII., 1829-31.
1815 German League: is reinstated in the grand
prisoned . 20. Valais. Congress at Vienna, duchy of Tuscany. anchi compels Murat 'iiokei
21. Neufchatel. Thirty-nine states—a federative diet to be Nov. 1814—June 1815. 1830 The priesthood «ft! rel
1830 Discontent of the Bel¬ held yearly at Frankfort on the Maine—all Francis IV. in Modena. to retreat—Murat flees
22. Geneva. of France again over¬
gians—the opposition in the states to have representative govern¬ Austria gains the Lombard- Maria Louisa, wife of Na¬ to France. Way.
ments—equality of civil and religious rights Venit kingdom, with the Val- poleon, duchess of Parma and thrown by the revolution fcre,
the states so powerful as Numerous emigra¬ for all Christian sects—liberty of the press— telin—possessions in Ferrara Piacenza. Maria Louisa, Restoration of Ferdinand of three days.
to withhold the supplies. and Piacenza—kingdom of ex-queen of Etruria, obtains Hill®-
tions to America, free trade. IV., June.
Illyria, with Dalmatia and Lucca, in behalf of her infant Sect of tbe St. Simo-
1830 Potter tried for a se¬ 1816-33. 1816 First diet opened at Frankfort. Ragusa and Cattaro—the son Don Carlos. nians: in France, (from
Constitutional Charter for Weimar. Tyrol and Salzburg—and loses
Murat makes a descent (St. Simon, d. 1825), under
ditious conspiracy, and —is taken and shot.
1818 Constitutional Charters to Bavaria— West Galicia, Belgium, etc. their Pope the father Enfan- HlJlltli
banished. another to Baden—liberty of the press. Republic of tbe tin.
Ionian Islands— 1816 Union of Naples Ne,
Belglc Revolution Sep. Kotzebue murdered by Sand. Joins the Holy Alliance. Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, and Sicily into one French Catholic church of the
23-7. The prince of Orange A bbe Chatcl at Paris.
1819 Cong, of ministers at Carlsbad St. Mauro, Ithaca, Paxo, kingdom.
driven from Brussels—provi- Cerigo—Constitution,
sionary government. Prince
Pri 1830 Revolution— resolution against political discussions—cen- 1818 Congress of mon- 1818 Concordat with the Pope. Gregory XVI. -1831. ■Way t
1817: lord commissioner
Frederic with an army enters change of the aristo- sorship of newspapers and pamphlets. as protector for the king 1820 July. Revolution of the {flic'of
Brussels, but is compelled to cratical archs at Aix-la-Chapelle. Carbonari At Nola: Morelli, Revolution in the papal
government Constitutional Charter to Wirtemberg—to of England.
retire—National Congress, 200 into democratical. Hesse, 1820. Pepe.
deputies—appeal of William to Austrians forbidden to go The king swears to a free con¬ states, suppressed by
1821 Revolution in Sardinia: hVd
the five great powers, who Suppression of the 1830 Revolution in Brunswick— to foreign universities. for a more liberal govern¬ stitution, but is summoned to Austrian armies.
effect an armistice. the Holy Alliance at Laybach. Fiedetic
flight of duke Charles—William of
The National Congress formally patricians of Berne. 1820 Congress of mon- ment—put down by an army
of Austrians. The king re¬ Turkish edict of tolera¬ l8H Tie
assembled, Nov., proclaims the 1831 Separation of Brunswick-Oels succeeds. Riots in Sicily, which desires
archs at Troppau. signs in favour of his brother to separate from Naples. tion for the Rayahs.
independence of the .. si
Belgians, excludes the the rural common Political commotions at Dresden Jesuits recalled.
Charles Felix, 1821-31. 1821 An Austrian army enters 1833 Reform of tbe iikRii,
house of Orange from the and Cassel. The Austrians withdraw, 1823. Naples.
of Berne from the Foreign journals prohibited. Protestant Churcb
throne, forms a new constitution, city. 1831 Constitutional Charter for the electorate Leopold II., son, 1824, Despotism triumphs—thirty- in Ireland
1831, and elects to the throne of Hesse. 1821 Congress of mon- grand duke of Tuscany. one patriots sentenced to ^ Sir,
Troubles in Neuf¬ Church Commission for
Leopold I., Troubles in Gottingen. archs at Laybach. Charles Albert (prince of death.
prince of Saxe Coburg,
chatel : Bourquier. Carignan) succeeds Charles The Jesuits obtain all of¬ the better distribution of
Constitutional Charter for Saxony. 1822 Congress of mon- Felix in Modena, 1831. fices of public instruction. Church property in
king of the Belgians. 1832 Revision of 1832 Act of German diet for the mainten¬ archs at Verona. tie
the Act of Con¬ ance of peace and order—chiefly directed General desire for liberty England.
against the liberty of the press. throughout Italy: insurrec¬ Francis I. son, 1825-30.
1832 Marries Louisa of federation. tions in Bologna, and revolu¬ 1838 Disputes with
Constitutional Charter for Hanover. 1831 Cholera at Vienna. tion in Modena and Parma 1827 The Austrian troops
France—Nov., entrance Samar. all put down by Austrian withdrawn. Prussia.
1836 Rupture with 1833 Riots at Frankfort. 1833 Congress of mon-
of French troops. troops—the Giovane Italia
France : extraor¬ archs at Toplitz. of Lombardy—military con¬ Ferdinand II. s. 1830- Great dissensions among
Capitulation of the citadel 1837 On the death of William IV. Ernest of
dinary diet—adopts spiracies and executions in the clergy of the
of Antwerp. Cumberland succeeds to the kingdom of 1834 Congress ofGerman Sardinia—new insurrections 1832 Eruption of mount Ve¬
conciliatory Hanover, and immediately issues a pro- ministers at Vienna, Church of England.
Conference. in Bologna, 1832: Austrian suvius and of mount ./Etna,
measures. clamation to abrogate the Constitution troops again interfere—the by which Bronte is destroyed. Tracts for the Times.”
1834 Riots in Brussels. granted by his brother. French occupy Ancona, 1833.

a
g
 Century. OF MODERN HISTORY 53

ARMED NEUTRALITY AGAINST BRITAIN. BUONAPARTE’S DISASTROUS RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN.

Denmark. Sweden. Prussia. Poland. Russia.

Christian VII.-1808. Gustavus IV.—1809. Frederic William II. -1797. Stanislaus Poni Catharine II.-1796.
Duke of Sudermania regent till 1796. ATOfKI.-1795. |
Lucrative 1792-1801 French Revolutionary War.
1792 The Prussians invade Champagne and 1793 Alliance with England against France :
1794 Alliance with Sweden for the maintenance of an Armed take Verdan—but are defeated at Valmy, commercial treaty with England—a still more favourable
Neutrality and freedom of commerce in the Baltic, from and forced to retreat. one 1797.
which the fleets of the belligerent powers are to be excluded. 1793 The Prussians enter Poland under pretence of suppressing Jacobinism, and seize Dantzic.
1795 Recognition of the French Second partition of Poland, by Russia and Prussia only:
Russia takes half Lithuania, half Volhynia, Podolia, and the Ukraine—Prussia obtains South-Prussia, (Posen, Kalisch, Petrikau, See.)
Republic. with Dantzic and Thorn.
commerce with 1793 Treaty of union with Russia:
1797 Gustavus marries Frederica of Subsidiary treaty with England, 1794. Russian troops, after a bloody engagement, occupy Warsaw—Igelstrom Russian
ambassador and commander-in-chief.
Baden, sister-in-law of Alexander of 1795 Peace of Basle 1794 General revolt at Cracow under Madalinski: 1795 A Russian squadron,
France as Russia, which introduces Russian with France: Kosciusko general-in-chief—bloody defeat of the Russians at Warsaw—
unsuccessful siege of Warsaw by the Prussians—Kosciusko defeated
under Kanikoff, joins the
influence. France left in possession of English fleet against the
the left bank of the Rhine, and taken prisoner by Fersen at Maczieiowicz—Storm of Praga by
a neutral flag. and a line fixed for the neu¬ Suwarrow—20,000 of the inhabitants slaughtered. French.
trality of Northern Germany. War with Persia for Georgia.
1795 Final partition of Poland—Extinction of tbe Polish name and kingdom:
Austria takes W. Galicia, with Lublin and Cracow—Russia, Courland, with the remainder of Lithuania and Vol¬
hynia—Prussia, Warsaw, Bialystock, and their territories.—Stanislaus dies at Petersburg, 1798.

1796 Secret compact with France for the secularisa¬ Paul, son, 1796-1801.
tion of Munster, &c. 1797 Succession to the throne settled on heirs male and female
Strict economy in finance.
by primogeniture.
Frederic William III., son, 1797-
1797 Peace of Teflis with Persia—acquisition of Derbent and
Reform of the court and ministry, and economy the country as far as the Kur.
in the finances, drained by the prodigality of the 1798 Joins the second coalition against France.
last king. 1799 Russian armies in Italy and Switzerland, under Suwarrow
and Korsakow—Russian fleets in the Mediterranean and on the
1799 Neutrality in the coalition against France. coast of Holland—occupation of Naples and the Ionian islands,
1 jointly with the Turks and English—Alliance with Sweden.
Paul withdraws in disgust from the alliance with England and
Austria, and sends an ambassador to Paris.
1798, 9 Capture and condemnation of Danish and Swedish vessels trading to France by British cruisers: hence defensive alliance of Denmark, Sweden, and Russia against the
maritime law of England ; and
1800 Convention of the Worth for an Armed Weutrality, between Russia, Denmark, Sweden, and (1801) Prussia, aimed against England.
1801 Occupation of the banks of the Elbe and Weser by Prussians and Danes—and of Hanover by Prussians 1800 Embargo on English vessels.
Battle of Copenhagen— 1801 Paul murdered.
Destruction of the Danish
fleet by Nelson. Alexander, son, 1801-25.
Peace of Petersburgh (on the death of Paul), between England, the Northern Powers, and Prussia—the
British maritime laws recognised. Change of policy—peace with both France and England.
1802 New censorship of the press. 1803 Acquisition of various states (in exchange Georgia incorporated with the Empire.
for Cleve, &c., on the left bank of the Rhine) by 1802 University of Dorpat founded.
1804 Refuses to acknowledge Na- the decision of the “ Deputation Extraordinary of 1803 Russia joint mediator with France to the “ Deputation
poleon as Emperor. the Empire.” Extraordinary of the Empire,” for the indemnifications after
1805 Bernadotte violates the Prussian territory— the peace of Luneville.
1805 Alliance with Russia and the Russians march through Silesia—Occupation War with the Lesghi mountaineers on the Caspian—hence
England against France. of Hanover and Bremen by Prussia.
Treaty of Vienna concluded by Haugwitz with War with Persia, 1804-13.

1806 Disputes with Prussia for France after Austerlitz—Acquisition of Hanover

for Anspach and Neufchatel. 1805-7 War, in conjunction with Austria, against France_
Lauenburg.
1806 Wesel, Elten, Essen, and Werden seized by Alexander at Austerlitz—retreats after the battle.
1807 War with England, France—England declares war on the occupation 1806 War with the Porte—occupation of Moldavia and
under French influ¬ 1807 The French in Pomerania— of Hanover—negotiations by Knobelsdorf in Paris. Walachia.
ence — Bombardment siege of Stralsund—capitulation of War with France In alliance with Russia—defeats of Saalfeld, Jena and Auerstadt, Oct. 14—the French
of Copenhagen and the Swedes at Rugen. cross the Vistula—Insurrection of Poland—the French take Warsaw.
destruction of the 1807 The Russians in Poland—defeat of Preussisch-Eylau—fall of Dantzic—defeat of Friedland—Konigsberg
Danish fleet. taken, the king flies to Memel—Conferences of Alexander and Napoleon on the Niemen.
Alliance with France and Russia against Sweden and England— Peace of Tilsit between Russia, Prussia, and France :
82,000 French auxiliaries under Bernadotte occupy Den¬ Prussia loses, 1. The provinces between the Elbe and Rhine for the new kingdom of Westphalia—the Polish provinces for the duchy of Warsaw_
mark—the Russians invade Finland, and take Sweaborg by Dantzic, &c., and joins the “ Continental System.”—Russia cedes the Ionian Islands, and joins the “ Continental System,” receiving Bialystock.
treachery—11,000 English auxiliaries in Sweden ; dismissed Prussia reduced to a second- Duchy of Warsaw. 1807 Armistice of Sloboja with the Turks—evacuation
without effecting anything—fruitless invasion of Norway by rate power— of Moldavia.
the Swedes. prostrate before France. Frederic Augustus, 1808 War with Sweden—occupation of Finland,
1809 The Russians take Tornea, and king of Saxony, duke, and capture of Sweaborg.
1808 The French levy a contribution 1807-14. Conference of Alexander and Napoleon at the Congress
Frederic VI. son, the Aland Isles.
1808- Revolution—the king becomes in¬ of 140,000,000 francs, and keep gar¬ 1809 Warsaw taken of Erfurt.
sane, and is deposed. risons in Stettin, Custrin, Glogau, War declared against England after the bom¬
(regent since 1784).
and Dantzic, though the last is de¬ by the Austrians bardment of Copenhagen.
clared a free city! under the archduke
Charles XIII. uncle, 1809-18.
1809 Peace of Jonk'up- Ferdinand — they 1809 Capture of the Aland Isles from Sweden—war
ing with Sweden—all Revision of the constitution—crown hereditary New regulations for the resuscitation oj retreat, and the with the Porte renewed.
things as before the in the male line—issue of the late king ex¬ the kingdom, by the ministers Harden- Poles take Cracow. Russian troops against Austria in Galicia.
war. cluded;—state-council advisers of the king- burg and Stein—privileges and ex¬ Peace of Fredericksham with Sweden :
diet every fifth year. Peace of Vienna. acquisition of Finland, E. Bothnia, and Aland—Austria cedes W. Ga¬
1809 Peace of Fredericksham with emptions of the nobles abolished—
Russia: military organisation for all in rota¬ 1812 The Poles in licia to the duke of Warsaw, and Tarnopol in E. Gallicia to Russia.
1810 Repulse at Shumla—capture of Rudshuk, Giur-
Loss of Finland, E. Bothnia, and Aland : one- tion. vain hope for a re¬ gevo, and Silistria.
fourth of the kingdom. Universities of Berlin 1810, Breslau 1811.
storation of their New organisation of the dignitaries and council of the
1810 Peace with France: kingdom by Napo¬ empire.
Pomerania and Rugen restored to Sweden on
her adopting the “ Continental System.” 1812 Compulsory participation in leon. 1811 Reconciliation with England—peace concluded
Bernadotte, elected crown-prince, Napoleon’s Russian campaign. 1812—victory of Rudshuk over the Turks.
arrives in Sweden. 1812 Alliance with Siveden against France—Peace of Bu¬
War declared against England under 1813 The king throws off the French yoke—Alli¬ charest ivith the Porte:
French compulsion, but no hostilities. ance of Kalisch with Russia—the Russians enter acquisition of Bessarabia, and Moldavia as far as the Pruth.
1812 Pomerania and Rugen seized Berlin—War with France—levies of militia and Invasion by Napoleon witb 500,000 men—capture of Smolen-
1813 Negotiations with by Napoleon on Sweden refusing to volunteers — the whole nation rise in arms — sko—Kutusoft', Russian commander-in-chief, defeated at Borodino—the French
enter Moscow—1VIOSCOW burnt—retreat of the French in winter—flight
England and Sweden declare war on Russia. Alliance of Reichenbach with England. of Napoleon, 240,000 French perish, 36,000 in crossing the Beresina.
•—broken off on Den¬ Russian and Prussian troops in tbe German war of liberation, 1813-14.
mark refusing to cede Peace of Orebro with England Prussian commanders, Blucher, Gneisenau, Bulow. 1813 Peace of Goolistan with Persia:
Norway—hence —Conference of Abo between the 1814 Prussian troops in France—battle of Laon, &c. acquisition of Daghestan, Shirwan, &c.—the succession of Abbas Mirza guaranteed
Alliance with France— crown-prince and Alexander — 1815 Prussian troops in Belgium under Blucher—
and War with Sweden. Alliance with Russia against France. battle of I.igny, &c. vide France. 1814 Russian troops in Amsterdam and Paris.
The Swedes and Rus¬ 1813 The Swedes, under Bernadotte, Congress of Vienna:
sians overrun Holstein in Germany, against Napoleon at Prussia acquires—1. The Rhenish provinces lost in KINGDOM OF POLAND: formed of the duchy of Warsaw, &c.—united
| Leipsic, &c. 1795 and since; 2. half of Saxony; 3. grand duchy of
and Jutland. Posen with Dantzic and Thorn; 4. Swedish Pomerania to Russia, but with separate administration, and free press.
1814 Peace of Kiel with Sweden and England: and Rugen from Denmark in exchange for Luxemburg. The grand-duke Constantine viceroy.
Norway ceded to Sweden in exchange for Pomerania and Rugen—Heligoland
to England. # , . .
1815 The “ Holy Alliance between Russia, Prussia, and Austria; and in 1818 France.
Norway refuses to submit to Sweden—prince Christian rre- 1818-27 New tariff. 1819 Military colonies established—standing army (?) upwards of
deric of Denmark declared regent; and proclaimed king 1820 A Rhenish West Indian company. 1 ’°°?’°T00 during peace. University of Petersburg.
May 19—blockade of Norway by the English, and invasion 1820 The Jesuits expelled.
by Swedes—Convention of Moss, Aug. 14—Christian General Nicholas I., br., 1825-
Frederic resigns. the elder brother, Constantine, refusing the crown.
_
1814 Treaties of‘ am¬ Union of Sweden and Norway as 1821 Concordat with the pope. Military commotion at Petersburg suppressed—execution of Pestel, &c.
two kingdoms under one crown; the succes¬ 1826 War with Persia.
nesty and commerce sion alike for both—Constitution for Norway,
with Russia and Prus¬ Nov. 4. desire of 1827 Treaty with the Porte respecting Greece—Paskewiteh takes
sia. 1816 The Norway Storthing entirely Eriwan and Tauris—battle of Navarino.
1815 Swedish Pome- abolishes nobility. 1823 Introduction of provincial parliaments. 1828 Peace of Turkmanshai with Persia, who cedes Eriwan and
rania and Rugen ex- Nakidschiwan.
Charles XIV. 1818-
changed with Prussia representative War with Turkey, (200,000 men)—peace of Adrianople.—See Turkey.
( Bernadotte ). Free navigation of the Black sea and Dardanelles.
for the Duchy of Coronation at Stockholm and Dron- government. Revolution, Nov. 1830, at Warsaw—the army declares for the people—the
Lauenburg at the theim. grand duke Constantine retires—1831 25th Jan. throne declared vacant—decree of the
congress of Vienna. 1822 Protestation of the Noway 1831 The cholera in Dantzic and Berlin. cmp. confiscating the estates of all who take part in this revolt—the lower orders to be
sent to Siberia—150,000 Russians to 52,000 Poles—Skrzynecki defeats the Russians under
Builds a new fleet. diet against the creation of an offi¬ Diebitsch at Wurz. Dwernifki, expedition into Volhynia—Warsaw capitulates, Sept. 7.
1831 New constitution cial nobility. Favour and assistance to the Russians .in Decree—Poland to be completely united to Russia—citadel of Warsaw founded—70,000
for Denmark, Sles- 1824 The Norway Storthing de¬ their attempts to put down the Polish I Russian troops occupy Poland.
ctriicrcr}f> fnr lihprtv iThe struggle of the Poles has completely subsided—the ebuntry is governed as a conquered
wick, and Holstein— clines the royal offer to change the ®trubbiU 1U1 province—the Polish language suppressed—and 5000 of the highest families forcibly re¬
with representative constitution, and to introduce a new moved into Asia.
local councils. Disputes with the archbishop of Cologne 1833 Treaty with Turkey (See Turkey).
nobility. and the pope. Cracow occupied by Russia and Austria.
1884 Cholera. 1832 The Gotha canal opened.
54 Continuation of Table xvit. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES The Nineteenth!

NEW KINGDOM OF GREECE. EXTENSIVE EMPIRE OF THE BRITISH IN INDIA.

Ottoman Empire. Persia. Cabul, etc. India. China.
Lutf Ali Khan, Shah Zeman, son, Tippoo, sultan of Mysore, -1799. Kien-Long,-1796.
Selim III. -1807. -95. 1793-1800. Shah-Alim II., emp. of Delhi, -1806.
1793 Embassy from Tippoo inviting him to invade India. 1794 Dutch em¬
1795 Lutf Ali tak¬ 1794 Mahmood, brother, 1793 War with France—Pondicherry bassy under Van
Egypt and Africa.
en and put to death. revolts, is defeated, and occupied by the English till 1802. Braam.
1798 War tvith France: 1798 Invasion by the French under Buonaparte flees into Persia.
Kadjar dynasty 1794 Death of Mahadajee Sindia—con¬
alliance with Russia—an —victory of the Pyramids over the Mamelukes—Cairo ( Turkmans.) 1796 Kien-Long _,,
taken—the French fleet destroyed by Nelson at the tests of the rival houses of Sindia and
auxiliary Russian fleet at battle of tbe Nile. abdicates at the ;P
Buyukdere. 1799 Invasion of Syria with the view of marching to Con¬ Aga Mohammed Holkar, and consequent decline of the
age of eighty-seven^]1'
stantinople—foiled by the gallant defence of Acre—de¬ Shah,1795-7. Mahratta power.
1799 Alliance with England feat of the Turks at Aboukir—Buonaparte returns to Teheran capital. 1795 Crosses the Indus —dies 1799.
Europe.
and Naples against France. 1800 Kleber murdered—Menou in command—landing of 1796 Defeats the —and again, 1797,
Marquis Wellesley, governor-gen., Kia-King, son,
two British armies from India and England—victory when he takes Lahore, 1796-1820.
1800 Malta taken by the at Raraanie—death of Abercrombie. Russians and 1798-1805.
but is recalled by re¬
English. 1801 Capitulation of Cairo—the French evacuate Egypt. Georgians, takes
1799 War with Mysore, fomented by
Teflis, and massa¬ volts at home.
1802 Peace with France on the evacuation of Egypt. France—storm of Seringapatam, and
cres the inhabitants
1801-18 War in Arabia with the Wahhabis, death of Tippoo—
who take Mecca 1803—and Medina 1804. 1797 is assassinat¬ fall of the Mysorean kingdom.
1804 Insurrection of the Ser¬ ed for his cruelties,
vians under Czerni George. 1806 Mohammed Ali, pasha of Egypt. and succeeded by The English sole masters of
1803 Conspiracies
Organisation of Nizam-Jedid, or regular troops— Futteh Ali Shah,
Southern India,
in the imperial ■ Fit
except the Mahratta states.
nephew, 1797-1834. family, and revolts
discontent of the Janizaries.
in all directions.
1799-1800 Invasions of Khorassan, 1802 Pondicherry restored to the French.
1806 Sebastiani, French ambassador—Revival of French influence repulsed. 1802 Treaty of Bassein with the Peish-
—hence War with England and Russia.
1800 Shah Zeman de¬ wah, who receives a subsidiary force :
Occupation of Moldavia and Walachia by the Russians—and of Belgrade by Czerni George. hence
1801 Georgia in¬ posed and blinded by
1807 The English force the Darda- 1807 Landing of the English, who take Alexandria but corporated with Great Mahratta War, 1803-5.
nelles, but obliged to retreat. are defeated at El Hamed and forced to capitulate. Mahmood Shah, br.,
Russia. 1803 Poonah taken.—Wellesley in the
1807 Revolt of the Janizaries against the new troops—Selim deposed and 1800-2.
Dekkin—victory of Assaye—Lake in
imprisoned. 1801-2 Civil wars with Central India—Delhi and Agra taken
Mustapha IV., son of Abdul-Hamid, 1807-8. the Ghilji tribes. —Peace with Scindiah and the Rajah Continual wars
Truce of Sloboja with Russia—the army marches to Constantinople to re¬ 1801 Conquest of Khorassan, except Herat, of Berar: acquisition of the Dooab,
store Selim, but he is put to death by Mustapha—it then sets up from Cabul. Delhi, and Agra—the emperor pen¬ with the
sioned by the English.
1802 Mahmood de¬
Mahmood II., brother of Mustapha, 1808. pirates,
1804-13 War with throned by a popular
1808 Great revolt of the Janizaries, who massacre the new disciplined troops. Russia. revolt. 1804 War with Holkar continues—he
attacks Delhi—routed by Lake—In¬ headed by
1809 Peace with England—war with Russia renewed—
Shuja-al-mulk, dore, Holkar’s capital, taken.
1810 Rudshuk, Giorgevo, and Silis- Ching-yih,
tria taken by the Russians—Ka¬ (uterine brother of 1805 Unsuccessful siege of Bhurtpore
minski repulsed at Shumla. 1810 The Wahhabis penetrate to Damascus.
Shah Zeman), 1802-9. by Lake—fresh rupture with Sindia.
1811 The Vizier drives the Russians and
across the Danube, but is after¬ 1811 Massacre of the Mameluke beys at 1806 Erivan taken 1804 Rccouquest of Lord Cornwallis, governor-general,
wards routed at Rudshuk. by the Russians.
Cairo by Mohammed Ali. Sind. 1805—dies in two months—Sir George after his death
1812 Peace of Bucharest
with Russia : 1812 Mecca and Medina retaken from the
1805-9 The Afghans Barlow administers till 1807.
expelled from the Pun¬ by his widow : JjiiH
w
Bessarabia and part of Moldavia 1805 Pacific system:
ceded—the Pruth the boundary. Wahhabis. jab by the Seiks under
Runjeet Singh. Peace with the Mahrattas. revolts
1813 Suppression of the Servian revolt.
1808-9 Elphinstone’s Akbar Shah II., son, emp. of Delhi,
Reform of tbe military organisation- embassy to Cabul. in Fokien,
1806-36. tat
advancement of arts, public instruction, etc.
1809 Revolt of Futteh
Lord Minto,governor-general, 1807-13.
Khan, who expels 1816 Embassy for
1815 Fresh troubles in Ser- 1815 The Egyptian army disciplined on the
Shuja. Pacific policy—rise of the Pindarees commercial pur¬
via—conclusion of a treaty European model.
securing to the Servians the 1816 Algiers bombarded by the English. Mahmood restored, under Cheetoo and Amir Khan. poses under lord
free exercise of their reli¬ Rival intrigues 1809-18. Amherst—unsuc¬
1818 Subjugation of the Wahhabis. 1809 Invasion of Berar by Amir Khan,
gion and liberties. cessful from his >i 'it.'
1S19 The Mahmoudiah canal cut from Alexandria to of France Futteh Khan engrosses repulsed. refusal to perforir
the Nile. the whole power. 1810 Conquest of Bourbon and Mauritius. KO-TOU.
Creek Revolutionary War, 1821-9. 1811 Invasion of Khorassan—defeat at 1811 Batavia conquered by an armament from ■
Herat by the Afghans. Bengal—retained till 1816.
1821 Revolt in Moldavia under Alex. Ypsilanti—battle of Dragatschan—
suppressed—revolt of the Morea—massacre of Greeks at Constantinople, 1811 Defeat at Chooch Intrigues of the Mahrattas, who begin
1813 Peace of by the Seiks. Shensi,
and execution of the patriarch. to reconsolidate their power.
Goolistan with
1822 Nubia conquered. and other
Russia: cession Lord Hastings, governor-general,
1822 Greek Declaration of Independence—Napoli taken, and of the provinces
1813-23. ■
the Turks driven out of the Morea—arrival of numerous Philliellene on the Caspian 1818 Conquest of Cash- provinces.
1814 New charter for twenty years to the Company fto:
foreigners—massacre of Scio : 40,000 Greeks slain, 30,000 sold as slaves. (Daghestan, Shir- mire and Moultan by —monopoly restricted to China—Indian trade
1823 Turkish invasion repulsed—naval superiority of the Greeks. wan, etc.) the Seiks. partly opened—bishopric of Calcutta erected.
1824 Arrival and death of lord Byron at Missolonghi—naval victories of
Miaulis—Ipsara taken by the Capitan-pasha. 1818 Murder of Futteh 1814 Ghoorka war in Nepaul—unsuc¬
and England
1825 Landing of the Egyptians under Ibrahim pasha in the Morea—recap¬ Khan by order of the cessful campaign—victories of Ochter-
ture of Navarino, Tripolizza, and (1826) Missolonghi—the Greeks every¬ at the king—general revolt— lony, 1815—Peace, 1816 : acquisition
where defeated. Mahmood abdicates, of Kumaoon and the mountain passes. Don
Persian court.
1826 Revolt of the Janizaries in Constantinople, suppressed: 15,000 and flees to Herat. 1815 Conquest of the native kingdom of Candy in
Ceylon.
slaughtered, and the corps proscribed—a new army organised on the Taou-Kwang,
European model. Ayub, brother, 1818-23,
1821-3 War with 1817 Pindaree war—the British force son, 1820.
1826 Convention of Akerman with Russia. the Porte—Peace Continual weakened by the cholera—war with F®
1827 Lord Cochrane in Greece—defeat of the Greeks at Athens, and of Erzroum, 1823. civil wars the Mahrattas on their joining the
Acropolis taken—Capo d’lstria elected president of Greece—Treaty of Pindarees—all overpowered in detail
and anarchy.
July 6, between England, Russia, and France, for the settlement of Greece —the Peishwah defeated and deposed,
—battle of Navarino: Turco-Egyptian fleet destroyed. 1823 Defeat of Nushero and the Pindarees annihilated—Holkar
by the Seiks under stripped of two-thirds of his territory. Revolts of the
Greece. Moslems in
1828 War with Russia . Runjeet Singh—the 1818 Revolt of the Nagpoor Rajah, who
1828 Morea eva¬ The Russians repulsed from before Shumla, but take Varna at the 1826—8 War with kingdom falls to is overpowered and deposed. Western Tartar' I I
pieces, only Herat re¬ under
cuated by the E- cost of 20,000 men. Russia—the p Fo¬
maining, in the pos¬ The Mahratta power overthrown— Chang-ki-hur,
gyptians — provi¬ crown prince, session of Mahmood. suppressed about1.:
sionally occupied 1829 Fall of Silistria—Paskevitch takes Erzroum in Asia—defeat of
Prevadi—Diebitsch crosses the Balkan—defeat of Kirk-Klisseh— Abbas Mirza, British influence universal.
by 15,000 French the Russians take Adrianople, and advance upon the capital. 1827.
penetrates to
troops. Lord Amherst, governor-general,
Elisabethpol.
1829 Peace of Adrianople : 1823-8.
Powerful
The Porte cedes to Russia fortresses in Asia, Anapa, etc.—Moldavia and Walachia under Rus¬ 1827 Eriwanand 1824 War with Birmah—conquest of
sian protection—Miloseh declared prince of Servia—7,000,000 ducats paid to Russia for the Tauris taken by Seik kingdom
expenses of the war—the Greek boundaries settled (changed in 1830 for a line from Anatolico the Russians.
Arracan, and capture of Rangoon and UlM
to Thermopylae.) of the Punjab,
Prome, 1825—Peace of Yandabu,
1829 The first newspaper in Egypt.
1828 Peace of under 1826 : Birmah pays .£1,500,000, and ■ -Not
1830 Troubles and 1830 Algiers taken and occupied by the Turkmanschai:
Runjeet Singh. cedes Arracan, Mergui, Tavoy, and
dissensions. French. Eriwan ceded—the Tannaserim.
1831 The Greek fleet 1830-1 Revolts in Albania, suppressed. Araxes made the 1825 Revolt of Bhurtpore—besieged
burnt at Poros by Mi¬ 1831 Turkey ravaged by the cholera. boundary—the 1829 Death of the ab¬ and taken by lord Combermere.
aulis, to prevent its sovereignty of the
seizure by the Russians. 1831 The Moniteur Ottoman—the first Turkish newspaper. dicated king Mahmood Treaty with Siam.
Caspian ceded to at Herat—succeeded Stoppa
1831 Revolt of Mohammed Ali, pasha of Egypt, who
1831 Assassination invades Syria—is put to the ban of the empire, 1832.
Russia. by his son Kamran, Lord W. Bentinck, governor-general, trade at Cantorl
(as a vassal of Persia.). 1828-36.
of Capo d’lstria. by the Chinese.1
1832 Ibrahim pasha takes Acre, defeats the Turks at
on lord Napier’s
Homs, and occupies Aleppo and Damascus—enters 1834 Death of Fut¬ 1833 The Chinese and Indian trade thrown open,
Otho, of Bavaria, on the expiration of the Company’s Charter, to all proceeding to
Asia Minor—decisive battle of Koniyeh : 30,000 teh Ali Shah—
declared king of British subjects, who are allowed to settle and Canton without
Turks slain. civil wars among possess lands in India—First admission of the
Greece, by the permission—re¬
natives to the magistracy.
London Confer- 1833 The sultan calls in Russian troops—Peace with his numerous sons, opened after son|
ence. the pasha of Egypt, ceding Syria amd Adana. but England and 1834 Revolt of the Rajah of Coorg— violence.
Russia secure the which is put down, and he deposed.
1833 Arrival of k. Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi with Russia: offensive throne to
Otho—the French and defensive—the Porte, in case of need, to close the 1835 The Nawab Shumsodeen executed
troops evacuate Dardanelles against any foreign vessels whatsoever. Mohammed Shah, The state of these countries at Delhi for the murder of Mr. Fraser. 1835 Great fir-J I
1834 Posts established. grandson, 1834. excite much interest, from at Canton—30( |
Greece. their forming the bulwark Lord Auckland, governor-general,
Extensive insurrections in Syria against the govern¬ of the British possessions houses destroye
1836.
ment of Ibrahim pasha. Siege of Herat, in India against Persia
1838. and Russia.
1838 Dignity of grand vizier abolished. 1830 Affairs very unsettled as regards the Bur¬
mese, and Cabul, and other states in the north.
 Century. OF MODERN HISTORY. 55

PROSPERITY OF THE UNITED STATES. FORMATION OF NEW S. AMERICAN REPUBLICS. BOLIVAR.

United States of North America. Central and South America.

•13 Washington, president, -1796. The Spanish-American colonies, soon after the French invasion of Kingdom of Haytl.
Proclamation of neutrality as to France. Spain in 1808, begin a series of struggles for independence. 17912
1794 Commercial treaty of London with England. Morillo, with an army of 10,000 men, is sent against them, but Island of St. Domingo.
Commencement of the navy—six frigates built against the Algerines. after a long and bloody contest, the Spaniards are expelled, and Revolution 1771.
1795 Treaty with Spain. their possessions now form the republics of Mexico, Central Ame¬
1796 Washington resigns—his farewell address—dies, 1799, aged 63. rica, and Texas in North America; and New Granada, Vene¬ Negroes declared free, and
Tennessee becomes a Stale of the Union.
zuela, Equator, Peru, Bolivia, Chili, La Plata, Uruguay, and maintain possession of the island
elected president, 1797—1801.
John Adams
Paraguay in South America. against the whites and the
1798-1800 Disputes with France. English, 1793-97 -whites
% 1800 Seat of government transferred to Washington.—Population 5,300,000. Leading events of these revolutions :
1810 First revolt—confederation of Venezuela formed by Mexico,
Jefferson, president; elected by the democratic party, 1801-9. Peru, Buenos Ayres, and Carraccas. Independent republic under
sot,
1802 Ohio joins the Union—17th State. 1811 Bogota, or New Granada, independent. Toussaint l’Olverture,
1803 Louisiana purchased from France for 60 millions of francs : 1813 Bolivar. Commander-in-chief, 1816. 1793-97.
of immense importance to the U. S. as commanding the outlet of the mighty Mississippi, united
with the Missouri and Ohio rivers—the great highway for the produce of the western states. 1818 Chili freed by San Martin. French expedition.
1805 Disputes with England respecting the trade of neutral Powers—right Republic of Colombia, 1819, Declaration of the independence
of search, and seizure of British seamen in American vessels—1807 The formed by the union of Venezuela and Carraccas—Bolivar president. of the kingdom of Hayti, 1803.
U. S. frigate Chesapeake resists this claim—British ships of war forbidden
to enter the harbours and seas of the U. S.—Embargo Act passed—Non- 1820 Morillo returns to Spain. Des3alines, king, 1805, 6.
Intercourse Act, forbidding all trade with England and France till the 1821 Peru and Guatemala independent. New constitution.
French and Berlin Decrees, and the British Orders in Council, should be 1822 Brazil declared independent of Portugal—Peter I. emperor.
Christopher, chief of the ne¬
repealed. Mexico independent—Iturbide emperor—banished 1823. groes, president 1806—becomes
Fulton’s first succesful trial of steam boats, on the Hudson.
1823 Mexico a republic—Bolivar commander-in-chief in Peru. king, as Henry I. 1811-20.
1808 Slave trade abolished by Act of Congress. 1825 Upper Peru independent, under the name of Bolivia. Petion president of the Mulat-
toes in the north, till 1818—
James Madison, president, 1809-17. 1826 Paez rebels against Bolivar. Boyer succeeds.
1810 Intercourse re-opened with France—Napoleon relaxing bis system, 1828 Bolivar dictator of Colombia — arrests Santander
for conspiracy. 1820 Insurrection—Henrj' kills
Third census of U. S.—Population 7,239,903.
Oriental republic of Uruguay (Banda Oriental) independ. himself—Boyer president of the
1812-15 War with Great Britain: whole island.
The American navy, under Hull, Decatur, Bainbridge, Lawrence, Porter, Chauncey, Perry, and 1829 Contest between Colombia and Peru referred to the U. S.
Macdonough, gains glory, capturing 13 British frigates and ships of war at sea, and flotillas on Revolution in Peru— Gamarra president.
lakes Erie, Champlain, and Ontario. On land, the Americans are defeated at Detroit, French-
town, &c.; but, under Johnson, Dearborn, Macomb, &c., victorious at Queenstown, the Spanish invasion of Mexico defeated by Santa Anna. Tbe Canadas
Thames, Chippewa, and Plattsburg. ceded to England by France at the peace
Venezuela separated from Colombia—Paez president. of Paris, 1763.
1814 City of Washington burnt by the British.
Slavery abolished in Mexico.
1815 Battle of New Orleans—Gen. Jackson defeats the British under Sir 1830 Bolivar resigns all his offices, but is rechosen president of Test Act repealed, 1764.
Edw. Pakenham, who loses 2600 men, Jan. 8. Colombia—dies, Dec. 13.
Peace of Ghent (signed 1814) ratified, Feb. 17 : I The colony thrives under
1831 First congress of Venezuela.
boundaries to be adjusted—all conquests restored. a mild goveminent,
Brazil made a federative monarchy, with a legislative assembly.
This war leads the Americans to think of and the blessings of civil
New Granada made a separate state— Gen. Santander president.
manufacturing for themselves, and religious liberty.
1832 Revolution in Monte-Video, Uruguay.
and shows them the necessity of a navy. Slave trade abolished in Brazil.
Santa Anna president of Mexico. Colonisation of Upper Canada.
Attack on Algiers for breach of treaty—advantageous peace made July 4. 1835 Texas, having been settled chiefly bv adventurers from the Representative constitution, 1791.
1816 United States bank incorporated—Capital 35,000,000 dollars. U. S., revolts against Mexico on the slave-holding question. These colonies remain faithful
Indiana received into the Union—18th State. to England during her struggle
1836 Texas declared independent of Mexico.—In the course of with the United States, 1812-15.
Monroe, president, 1817-25. the struggle, the Mexican president, Santa Anna, is taken pri¬
Mississippi received into the Union—19th State. soner, and sent home, via Washington. 1834 Ferment in Lower Canada
Great canal fund in state of New York—planned by Dewitt Clinton. on account of the unpopularity
1818 Illinois received into the Union—20th State.—1819 Alabama—21st State.
Chiefs of the Republics formed in the Spanish, Portuguese, of the legislative council—
as;: First passage of the Atlantic by steam and French possessions in America. seventy resolutions passed in
ialjt effected by the Savannah, of New York, to Liverpool. the legislative assembly con¬
leu
1820 Maine received into the Union—22nd State. demnatory of lord Aylmer the
Florida ceded to U. S. by treaty with Spain.
-w 1821 Missouri received into the Union—23rd State. governor, and of Mr. Stanley’s
(tii 1824 New Tariff adopted, protecting American manufactures of cotton goods. despatches.
pf:' Convention with Great Britain against the slave trade, March 13.
Visit of La Fayette, and his triumphal progress through the U. S.—Congress votes him a town¬ :
■ a a
1835 Earl Gosford goes out as
ship, and 200,000 dollars. ’ n «
B Z governor and head of a commis¬
Opening of the great Erie canal, 393 miles in length, connecting the waters z 5 sion to investigate and redress
of the great western lakes with the Atlantic ocean at New York.
their grievances.
John Quincy Adams, president, 1825,
chosen by the ‘ federal republican* party—equivalent to the ‘ Whigs’ of England, and opposed
1836 May, house of assembly
to ultra-Democracy. dissolved by Sir F. Head, for
stopping the supplies — new
1826 Death of ex-presidents Adams and Jefferson, on the same day, July 4.
session opened by earl Gosford
1828 Modification of the Tariff (superseded 1832).
in Sept., dissolved for its oppo¬
sition to government.
Andrew Jackson, president, 1829-37.
Resolutions of the British par¬
head of the democratic party, whose system he favours—opposes the banking system.
liament.
Chesapeake and Delaware canal opened.
1830 Treaty with Turkey—securing the free navigation of the Black sea. 1837 Extraordinary session, con¬
U. S. ports opened by law to British vessels from West India islands and voked by earl Gosford, dis¬
other colonies. solved, as impracticable.
Population of the U. S. 12,856,171.
1831 Commercial treaty with Mexico.
Rebellion :
Death of ex-president Monroe, July 4.
Riots at Montreal, between the
1832 Piracy of the Malays in Sumatra punished by the U. S. frigate partisans of Papineau and roy¬
Potomac. alists — Dec. conflict at St.
New Tariff, increasing the protecting duties, passed June 28—resisted by <C> Eustace, rebels lay down their
the ‘ Nullifiers’ of S. Carolina, who finally rescind their protest. arms—insurgents in Upper
Commercial distress: Canada, under Mackenzie, de¬
The president vetos the renewal of the charter of the U. S. bank on the ground of its being a
jA “dangerous and powerful monopoly*'—failure of 96 local banks, and universal embarrassment
feated by Sir F. Head.
—the war on the banks is supported by the house of representatives, but opposed by the Sir Geo. Arthur appointed go¬
senate. vernor of Upper Canada in
M 1835 President’s message on the refusal of France to pay the acknowledged place of Sir F. Head.
it
claims for indemnity to U. S.
tM
France shuffles, on various pretences ; but a war is prevented by the indem¬ 1838 Earl of Durham governor-
nity being paid through the mediation of Great Britain, 1836. general, and “ Her Majesty’s
Great fire in New York, Dec. 13th, 600 large buildings and property to High Commissioner,” with full
the amount of 20,000,000 dollars destroyed. powers to redress grievances,
1836 Death of ex-president Madison. punish rebels, &c., in both pro¬
vinces.
The national debt having been fully paid off, the surplus revenue of the
April 12. He decrees the execu¬
U. S., amounting to about nine millions of dollars, is apportioned by con¬
tion of two of the rebel leaders,
gress among the several states.
and banishes the other prisoners
Martin Van Buren, president, 1837.
to Bermuda.
Continues the policy of his predecessor; opposes the banking system, and advocates an universal This and other acts having been
and exclusive specie currency—great Commercial Distress—congress rescinds the ‘ Specie- censured and annulled by the
Circular,* 1838, the banks generally resume specie payments, and confidence is again restored. British house oflords, Durham
1838 President’s proclamation against all connivance with the rebels in resigns and returns home, Nov.
Canada. I, leaving
Condition of the United States in 1839. Sir John Colborne at the head
nC^
of affairs in Lower Canada.
0. Generally peaceful and prosperous. W
Several new insurrectionary
Population (estimated) 15,500,000 movements in Nov. and Dec.
•jiit'1’ Square miles of territory 1,570,000 aided by considerable numbers
> Exports, in 1836, . . . 128,663,040 dollars. of volunteers from New York
sir' Imports, 1836, 189,980,085 „
Government revenue, 1835, 35,430,000 „ and other border states—the
A**'
„ expenses, includ lg army and navy, 17,005,000 „ rebels defeated at Prescott, and
Banking capital, 1835, 140,000,000 „ about seventy taken prisoners ;
Ships in navy 52 and again repulsed at Malden,
Standing army . ' . . 8,221 Upper Canada.
Miles of railway 1,671
Miles of canal 2,757 1839 Nine Canadian prisoners,
5? Miles of post roads
Number of colleges ...
27,578,620
95
taken as rebels in 1837, tried in
the court of Queen’s Bench in
Pupils in common schools, in proportion to the population, 1 to 7. London.
56 Table xix. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF A. C. to 1450.1*
Government. General Legislation and !fl
Politics. Jurisprudence.
First Period: Republican Patriarchal System, to the introduction of kings in the fifth century.
The great German nation, divided into numerous tribes, had nothing more than a kind of democratical clan government. The highest power resided in the great body 10 League of the I First Patriarchal Period. ,\«i
of the people — every freeman had a share in legislation—all took part in questions of war and peace. They had kings or chieftains chosen by the people from pi • fi p .• % i • * .• .
particular families, forming a kind of honorary nobility, but with no positive privileges : other chiefs, both for war and the administration of justice, were elected by the '~meiUSKl in tile xlimevai legislation among trie
people solely on account of their merit. The power of the warrior chiefs expired at the close of the war or expedition which they had been chosen to conduct [p. 2, b c]. north, and Marco- ancient German tribes upon the
No fixed division of lands existed.
manni in the south. principle “ every one is master
The people, in this period, were all in all.
of his herd.”
200 Great league of The supreme right of judgment resided (tat
Second Period i Monarchical, Patriarchal, and Feudal System, upon the formation of new kingdoms in the fifth century.
Alemanni, Goths, in the body of the people.
Upon the settlement of the German tribes in the conquered lands, the warrior chieftains became permanent military leaders; and, after the foundation of various
kingdoms, and the union of various tribes and people into settled states, they soon became chief civil magistrates also—Monarchies became effectively established.
Franks, and Sax¬
Second Period.
w
The beneficial or feudal system now took the place of the ancient republican system. According to the former, every freeman had his share (allod, allotment) in the ons. | trla
division of the conquered country—all took part in the general assemblies (the JVittenagemots of the Saxons, the fields of March of the Franks, the Althings of Scan¬ ie a
The kings obtain the highest ju¬
dinavia, &c.), as well as in the election of kings, making of laws, deciding on war and peace, judgments, &c. According to the new system, the king grants to the
nobles, his nearest companions, the possession of lands as loans for life, upon condition of their affording him certain aid in war. These, his vassals, obtain likewise the dicial power, but the making and
highest offices at court, as well as baronies, governorships of provinces, marches, and counties, as marquisses, counts, dukes, &c.—all however as loans, and only for life administration of the laws still
or during pleasure. Origin of aristocracy as a power in the state. Complete formation of four distinct classes of society—nobility, freemen, proprietors, slaves.
Thrones at this period were elective in certain families. To the family of the founders a preference was naturally given, and, unless there was some defect of mind or remain in the hands of the people
body, the eldest son was usually elected, and thus by degrees hereditary succession grew into use. and public judges.
In this period the supreme power was divided between the king, the nobles, and the people. 449 Anglo-Saxon The fundamental principle is that every lftlt
conquest of one shall be tried by his peers or equals.
The old inhabitants of the conquered countries, Romans, Britons, &c. are everywhere degraded to an inferior caste.
England. Written laws are compiled among
11 iw
476 Overthrow of the Western Empire: gradual formation of new kingdoms by the German and Slavonian settlers upon the
!#
ruins of the Roman empire. the nations of German origin
486 Rise of the feudal system in France under Clovis. The Khalifs have —first by the Visigoths in Spain, and
Saiian Franks in the fifth century—the Itlefc
561 Decline of the Merovingian kings of the Franks, and rise of the Mayors of the palace : these, from mere officers of the court, become dominion in three
Burgundians and Anglo Saxons in the
chief ministers of state, of the army, and treasury ; they are elected by the people, and stand as mediators between them and the crown. parts of the world. sixth—the Bavarians, Alemanni, and
Lombards in the seventh.
568 Rise of the feudal system in Italy upon the invasion of the Lombards, who entirely overthrow the old Roman municipal system, which
the Ostrogoths had preserved—the kingdom of the Lombards was the first regularly formed feudal state of the West. 711 Kingdom of the The Salic laws of France were pro-
Arabians in Spain. ; bably compiled under Clovis. m
632 Establishment of the Khalifat.
In this dignity the highest spiritual and worldly powers were united. A principle which prevails in the East to the present day—while in Christendom the emperors I so**
aud kings have often been opposed to the Roman pontiffs.
533 The Justinian code.

732
litliA
Charles Martel stays the progress
progress of the Arabs in Europe by his victory at Tours, 723.

779 Institution of Tithes by IP*

755 Arabian Kha¬ Charlemagne—for the maintenance of
752 Overthrow of the Merovingian dynasty by the Mayors of the palace, and elevation of the Carlovingian. :W«i
lifat in Spain. the church, schools, and the poor.
\m
800 REVIVAL O F THE WESTERN1 EMPIRE B T CBARX.EnXA.GNE. pi
The Emperor supreme lord and protector of the Western Empire.
827 Egbert first king of England—840 Piast, first duke of Poland—862 Rurik, first grand-prince of Russia—863 Gorm, the elder, first Pope head of the 800 Laws (capitularies) of Char¬
king of Denmark—Eric Edmundson, first king of Sweden-—875 Harald Harfragre, first king of Norway. church. lemagne [see p. 8 g].
Third Period: Aristocratic Feudal System, from the ninth century.
843 Dissolution of Third Period.
The nobility, first in France under the weak successors of Charlemagne, make their estates, offices, and titles hereditary. The ancient republican government gives
the empire of
place to a new system, the principal feature of which is an hereditary nobility, which, with the clergy, become the dominant order in the state [p. 8, e f]. 847 Territorial jurisdiction under
Charlemagne by the feudal system:
884 The French nobility obtain from Charles the Fat the right of resistance to the king, when his acts are illegal.
the treaty of the great barons, independent of the
887 Epoch of the feudal system in F ranee : fiefs, duchies, &c. declared hereditary—the dignity of earl hereditary in England about the same time.
Verdun : formation monarch, settle their disputes by private
warfare. In lesser affairs the holders of fciei
962 Second revival of the Western Empire under Ot ho the Great. of new Christian fiefs have the right of jurisdiction in
feudal kingdoms. different degrees: the greater barons Mr
Germany had become split into six great duchies, Saxony, Thuringia, Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria, and Lorraine, and many lesser nobles.
have the power of life and death ; the iBOIE
987 Overthrow of the Carlovingian dynasty in France, and establishment of the Cupetian—the French monarchy is divided among forty lesser fiefs can not judge in capital
pjkt
great nobles, the king nothing more than the first among them. cases, but send their criminals to the
court of the superior lord. Introduction Win
Rise of free republics in Italy—1056 Milan constitutes itself into a free republic—Lombardy, Tuscany, and Romagna are in a short (but slowly) of Roman and canon law. iM
space filled with free cities, in which the republican municipal system prevails over the feudal—see p. 10, f. Tbe Crusades,
1096 900 Laws of Alfred the Great:
1066 Norman Conquest of England under William—introduction of the feudal system—England is divided into 60,000 great [see p. 13 a b, England divided intq counties, hundreds, ita
and tithings. The county courts, held
baronies and under fiefs, of which the king retains 1400. The kings from this time have been feudal chiefs (sovereigns) of England ; to 15 e, 17 i], monthly, become the great safeguard of
unh, a
them belong all the land and soil: the people subjects [see p. 12 c]. the civil rights of Englishmen. Here in
the bishop, the earl, or sheriff, admi¬
1077 Great temporal power of the Pope [12 c, 13 a, etc.] token
Beginning of the nistered public justice—trial by jury (?)
Frank-pledges. fan si
rivalry between
Fourth Period: Representative Government, from the time of the Crusades—feudal system continued.
France England. 1050 Laws of Edward the Con¬ SB ti
Emancipation and gradual restoration of the third estate from the time of the crusades—called with the clergy and nobility to parliament. Cities, growing rich by fessor — probably the customs
trade and indusfry, are favoured by the kings, as a check to the too great power of the nobility, and for purposes of taxation. Subjection and oppression of the fourth
order, the agricultural labourers, over whom the aristocracy exercise almost supreme control—they only obtain political rights in the three northern states.
1204-1261 Latin and usages of the Anglo-Saxons, fcptise
kingdom of the the foundation of the English ibasei
Crowns hereditary—A sort of balance arises between king, lords, and commons, but the aristocracy greatly predominate. common law.
Crusaders. us
1101 First Charter of Corporation granted by Henry I. of England. Study of the civil law revived by mid
1238 Two hundred the discovery of the Pandects at a link:
London obtains the right to elect its own sheriff and justice, with many other commercial and fiscal immunities.
years’ dominion of Amalfi, 1135. It comes into
Representative government: William the Conqueror, 1070, causes twelve persons skilled in the customs of England, to be chosen from
the Mongols in use in Germany and Italy, partly A tti
each county, to instruct him respecting their laws.
Russia. in France, &c., but is rejected in •si of
1125 The German emperor Lothaire is pre-elected by forty nobles from the four nations of Franks, Saxons, Swabians, and Bavarians.
England, where the common law 1
City deputies (the first of all Europe) are called to the national assembly of Aragon before the middle of this century. 1250-1517 Empire prevails—see Glanville,p, 15 b. tiavii
Rise of City Corporations in France under Louis VI. of the Mamelukes Institution of Justices of ;W#tl8
in Egypt. Assize, about 1177.
1172 Formation of the Grand Council of Venice, the real sovereign of the republic. As in most other feudal countries, so in
Composed of 480 members chosen annually by twelve tribanes, or grand electors, who are chosen by the people, two in each of the six sections into which the England there had been a standing coun¬ ifeiti
republic is divided. More than four members could not be elected from one family. As corporations tend naturally towards aristocracy, the same persons were 1258 Overthrow of cil, called the king's court, which assist¬
generally re-elected, and were succeeded by their children. The councillors moreover having the appointment of the doge and magistrates, and being mostly of high ed the kings ot England in the collection
birth, easily usurped the right of nominating their own electors, and also of confirming or rejecting their successors before they resigned their office. Thus the the Khalifat of US Sfiti
and management of the revenue, in the
annual elections soon became nugatory, and the democratic spirit of the Venetian government gradually changed into aristocracy (see 1297). The Grand Council Bagdad by the administration of justice, and other: iEjjliiK
gave the first example of the creation of a body of judges, nnmerous, irremovable, and independent. public business. It was composed of
Mongols, who rule ihiilia
1179 The doge is deprived of the executive government, which is now given to the senate, composed of sixty members, over which he presides—this has the right the great officers—the chief justiciary,
of peace and war, of imposing taxes, and the management of all domestic and foreign affairs, submitting them for deliberation to the great council.—The election in Persia Sc China. the chancellor, the constable, marshal, iii t
of the doges, councillors, and magistrates was an intricate system, partly by lot, and partly by ballot. chamberlain, steward, treasurer, and
Commencement of the consolidation of the great fiefs in France under Philip August, the first step towards hereditary despotism. others. Tbe business of this court be¬
came divided and done in different
1215 Magna Charta signed by king John : complete triumph of the baronial aristocracy in England under this king and the next [see p. 16 e]. places, whence grew the separate courts Sito)
1265 Struggle of King's Bench, Exchequer, aud
1220 and 1232 The privileges of the temporal and spiritual princes of Germany extended by Frederic II.
Common Pleas.
1222 Charter of Hungary granted by Andrew II., the foundation of Hungarian liberty [see p. 17 g]. between the Em¬ As few could bring their cases from
perors and Popes distant parts of the kingdom to this eisitdil
1223 The peasantry, for the first time, called to parliament in Norway.
place for trial (and perhaps because the
for dominion in (•fetal
300 years’ struggle of the Guelfs and Ghibelines in Italy. English loved to be tried by their
Italy. neighbouring freeholders,) Henry II.
About 1250 the power of the Emperor of Germany declines, and the empire becomes an aristocracy, in the hands of many hundred greater established itinerant judges to try'
1295 First Letters of
and lesser princes—the higher aristocracy of seven electoral princes soon pre-eminent—increasing power of the German cities. civil and criminal cases within each
*»( of]
Marque granted to pri¬ county. Twelve judges go the circuit
1265 First regular parliament in England, in which two knights for each shire, two members for each city, and burgesses for every borough vateers against the For twice a year. 4«tin
tuguese by Edward I.
are summoned—in 1225 parliament had connected the redress of grievances with the granting of supplies. Increase of the power of the 1179 Formation of a body o: Wptrl
landed aristocracy. 1305-76 Residence of the
Popes at Avignon de¬
independent judges, in Venice
City deputies, and (about 1280) country deputies, called to the Danish parliament. Introduction of hereditary nobility in Sweden. pendent upon France— The Council of Forty.
1266 Democratic government in Florence.
1273 First patent of nobility granted by Philip the Hardy in France [see p. 16 f]—first blow at the landed aristocracy. Decline of Papal 1180 The Vehm in North. Germ.
1282 First charter (handveste) in Denmark [see p. 17 b]. predominance over About 1200 Inquisition process—
1287 The barons of Aragon obtain the right of resisting the king if he attacks the liberties of the nation. Europe. at first against heretics.
!%ki
1291 City deputies called to the German parliament—1309 Three imperial colleges, an electorate, a princely, and one for the cities. 1308 Republic of 1234 Decretals of pope Gregort
Switzerland. IX. published by Pennaforte.
1297 Decree, closing the Grand Council of Venice: which changes its democratic government into a close hereditary aristocracy.
The right of electing, or rather of re-electing the Grand Council, is transferred from the tribunes to the Council of Forty; but no one can be elected whose paternal 1328 Struggle for the
1220 Legislation of Jangez Khai
ancestors have not enjoyed the same honours—thus the whole power remained in the hands of the aristocracy, the doge a mere cipher—no new man to have power— French crown between in Mongolia. Hes,
the golden book, containing the names of the privileged class, only opened in times of great necessity, in order to obtain money by the insertion of new names. the kings of England, 1240 Legislation of Waldimir ii
1311 Council of ten in Venice, appointed to watch over the nobles. and the French house of
Valois-—120 years' war, Denmark. f
1308 Revolution of the Swiss, who revolt from Austria.—1309 First national assembly of nobles, burghers, and peasants in Sweden.
which ends with the loss
1246 Institution of the Council q * first
1320 New Handveste (charter) of Denmark. Aristocratic [see p. 19 c]. to the English of all
their French possessions. Castile as a high court of justice "‘in
About 1341 English parliament increases in power, and establishes several important privileges [see p. 18 f]. 1343 It is divided into two
1247 Aragon code of laws.
houses, and takes nearly its present form. Ministers answerable to it for their conduct. First speaker chosen 1377.
1357 The Turks in 1200 The civil law translated and brough
1348 Victory of the king of Aragon over the disaffected barons—right of resistance anulled—thejustiza become mediators between the king into use in Fiance by St. Louis—Cod
Europe. of St. Eouis, the foundation of th
and the states, as the mayors of the palace had done in France, and the elector of the Rhine in Germany.
French laws, 1270.
1350-1474 Disputes between the barons and crown in Castile, from Peter the Cruel to Ferdinand and Isabella. Change of the republics Institution of justices of the peac ^eoi
1355 Capitulation of Louis of Hungary upon his election to the crown of Poland. of Italy into hereditary
principalities.
under Edward III. OH
Formation of .the Polish Constitution, a. republican monarchy—complete equality of the nobles, who exclude all burghers and peasants from civil rights. 1302 The parliament of Paris, the suprem
1356 Golden bull of the German empire [see p. 18 g h]. 1357 Great outbreak in Paris, headed by Marcels. court of justice for the crown domain?
becomes permanent. Fourteen simila
1397-1524
Insurrections of the peasantry : the Jacquerie in France, 1358—struggle of the aristocracy and democracy in Germany, 1376—the peasantry parliaments become by degrees forme,

under Wat Tyler in England. John Bull, at this time desirous of liberty and equality, sang, “ When Adam delved and Eve span, where
Union of Calmar—
Sweden, Denmark, and
was then the gentleman”—1382 Subjection of the third estate in France by Charles VI., after the great insurrection of the Maillotins— Norway u nder Margaret. 1320 No laws without parliamen
in the provinces.
S
r"6 a
insurgent Flemings under Artevelde suppressed. in Denmark. *{I
327 Code of laws for Sweden.
Municipal corporations and guilds suppressed in France—restored 1415. 1419 Rise of the
great quarrel be¬ The civil law comes into almoi Win
1405 Representative.government in Hungary [see p. 21 k]—no feudal system, but still an overpowering influence of the landed aristocracy.
tween Catholics and general use [see p. 19 b].
1410 Struggles of the houses of Orleans and Burgundy in France—similar to that of the Roses in England.
Protestants. Judicial torture comes into use.
1429 Electors for counties in England limited to forty shilling freeholders, excluding the great majority of the people who had hitherto
1425 Portugal code.
voted (see Hallam, iii. 165.) 4 tf fa
In Sicily the barons obtain nnlimitc
1454-85 Wars of the Red and White Roses—houses of York and Lancaster—destruction of the ancient noble families of England. power over their subjects.

a
 A. C. to 1450. THE CIVILISATION, ETC. OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 5/

Finance, Taxes, etc. War, Marine, etc. Agriculture, Peasantry, etc. Architecture.

First Period. First Period. The emigrations and wars which overthrew First Period—Early Christian Architecture.
the Roman empire destroyed agriculture, and
| No freemen among the an¬ The earliest system of public defence called upon left the finest provinces of Europe unfruitful Modern Greek style in Constantinople—Ancient Gothic
cient German nations paid every man, and especially every landholder, to and desolate. or Lombardic in Italy—Saxon in England.
taxes. It was only the protect his country. The origin of the pointed arch of the Christians wa3 the semi-circular
slaves or conquered who Among the ancient German and Slavonic tribes all of ancient Roman architraves.
agricultural and handicraft labour was done by slaves.
did not take part in the Second Period : 325-334 Splendid churches, etc. of Constantine the Great at
wars, and of whom have About 476, etc., rise of soccage tenants, or Constantinople—the Capitol, Forum, Hippodrome, etc.—
the feudal system, which compelled every man
been formed our present
holding lands to perform military service for such as were allowed to hold some portion of Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem.
tradesmen and peasants, their lands in the conquered countries on con¬
them to his suzerain.
who paid and provided for Fourth and fifth centuries : celebrated Basilica at Rome,
This system did for the petty quarrels of nobles, but was dition of performing certain services, or yield¬
the army by husbandry and no way fitted for national wars. Customs, founded upon ing up a certain share of the produce: they churches of St. Peter, (burnt down 1504,) of St. Paul, etc.
handicraft. the poverty of the lesser nobles, limited their martial duties
were bound to the soil. This was the state Period of the Ostrogoths in Italy 493-553—Buildings of
to forty days—hence they could undertake an expedition, but
not a campaign; could burn an open town, but not besiege a to which the superior and noble classes were Theodoric by Greek artists ; especially Aloysius of
fortress. This led to the hiring of soldiers, and the receiving reduced, the poorer were all made slaves.
of fines (scutages) from tenants in lieu of their attendance. Padua. Palaces at Ravenna, Pavia, Verona, etc.
1 Upon settling in the con¬
quered land the kings lived From the fifth to the eleventh centuries land 538 The present church of St. Sophia at Constantinople :
812 Heerban of Charlemagne : by which every
upon their private and royal built by Justinian at an incredible cost—Anthemius the architect—It
landholder is compelled to serve in the army was the least costly of all gifts—large grants was called the second Solomon’s temple. It was the first church in the
domains, the tribute of the were made to monasteries—the church lands shape of a cross ; has a splendid cupola and four arcades ; and became
when called upon.
subjected nations, protec¬ were the best cultivated ; the monks especially the finest specimen of the modern Greek style.
tion money and tolls, and 890 English fleet of Alfred against the Danes. did good service to agriculture.
the free-will offerings of the Period of the Lombards in Italy, 568-774—Semicircular
people in the yearly national Third Period.
700 Mines worked in Bohemia and Hungary. arches, with much grotesque sculpture — Principal
assemblies. churches: St. Giovanni at Borgo, and St. Michele at
Hired troops became substituted for the feudal. 800 Agriculture and horticulture encouraged
Pavia.
and protected by Charlemagne-both
Under the feudal system the Canute and Harold II. are said to have had Danish soldiers The modern Greek Lombard style was spread by the monks over the I
flourish in Spain under the Khalifs. west of Europe.
sovereign received pay¬ in pay—William the Conqueror and William Rufus both
hired soldiers, but they formed but a very small part of an
ments from his vassals for army till the French wars, when Henry II. and Richard I. Gold mines worked in Spain. Contemporary were the church of St. Germain des Pres\.
reliefs, fines upon aliena¬ retain their followers, at a stipulated payment, after the ex¬ Fine Arabian breed of horses in Spain, espe¬ by Childebert at Paris, 557—of St. Deny (the burial j|
piration of their forty days’ feudal service, and both they and
tion, and escheats ; and Philip August hire large bodies of mercenaries (Brabacons), cially the Andalusian—the most noble racers place of the French kings) by Dagobert, 630.
besides these, aids, which which, however, were always disbanded at the conclusion of of Europe have been produced by mixture
he was entitled to call for the wars. In England, under the Saxons: church of Lindis-
with the Arabian and Persian blood. farne, Noithumberland, with circular arches, 635—at I
upon certain occasions;
such as for expeditions to Great fleets of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, during Canterbury : Glastonbury : St. Albans : Winchester, etc.
the Holy Land, marrying the Crusades—serving as transports for men and The Saxons built many small, and some large churches and monas¬
his sister, eldest son, or his provisions to the Holy Land.
teries in England.—Ecclesiastical architecture, though far more advanced |
‘ A respectable class of free soccagers, having, than any other art, evinces the rudeness and poverty of the times.
daughter, the taking posses¬ Burgher troops of the Italian cities in their con¬ in general, full rights of alienating their lands, In civil architecture the most ancient buildings we can trace in Britain I
sion of his land, to redeem test against the Emperor, and in their quarrels and holding them probably at a small certain are the forts, duns, peels, and castles, built on a natural eminence or an i
his person from captivity, etc. w'ith each other. artificial mound of earth: as Conisborough castle in Yorkshire, and
rent from the lord of the manor, frequently Castleton in Derbyshire: the castles of Cornwall, etc.
In these cases the cities seem to have poured out their occur in Domesday-book,” (Hallarn)— but
(Besides these, in England whole population as a loosely organised militia—at the battle the working peasantry still slaves, and sub¬
of Arbi, 1260, the Guelf Florentines had 30,000 foot and 3000 Second Period—Arabian and Saracenic Architecture.
I and some other countries, horse. About this time they begin to hire regular troops, ject to great oppressions. English agriculture
the lord had the wardship which afterwards gives rise to the free companies. Genoa in a very low condition. The characteristic of this style is the horseshoe arch : it flourished in '
hires the count of Savoy with 2000 horse, 1225—Florence the eighth century in Bagdad, etc., and was introduced into Spain and
of his tenants and the profits 500 French lancers, 1282, etc. Sicily upon the conquest of these countries—785 Great mosque at Cordova ; I
,flM;
r teal of their estates during their Richard de Rules improves agriculture about in the tenth century it attained its highest perfection [see p. 10, c.]—cele¬
brated palace of the Alhambra (completed 1348).
minority; and the marriage, 1224 Army of 10,000 Arab troops in the pay of Spalding, etc.
ill to* or right of tendering a hus¬ the emperor Frederic II. in Sicily. About 800 Buildings of Charlemagne, churches and pa¬
band to his female wards, laces, at Aix la Chapelle, Ingelheim, Tribur, and Niincguen. I
002 in whom they could not reject 1229 Immense army of Octai. great khan of the First inclosure of lands at Spalding; soon
without forfeiture—this was Mongols, consisting of 1,500,000 cavalry. after at Croyland. Buildings in England towards the end of the Saxon and \
rai: I
MJWl afterwards extended to male the beginning of the Norman period:
[
wards, and became a very 1247 First fleet of war in Castile at the conquest The state of agriculture wretched under the 970 The celebrated cathedral of Ely—1041 The oldest part of Westminster I
lucrative source of extortion of Seville by the Moors. feudal system—but as that declines improve¬ Abbey—1060 Commencement of Canterbury cathedral by Lanfranc—
•n. I
ment takes place. 1078 The Tower of London—1086 Church at Lincoln.
iff, el to the crown.—As extraor¬
dinary means, often had re¬ 1260 Burgher troops in Aragon for the protec¬ Origin of Freemasons' lodges in England:
course to by the kings of tion of the public roads. From the time of Henry II. the villein, so 926 General assembly of masons at York—from this beginning lodges I
England and France, were called, was absolutely dependent on his lord’s spread all over Europe during the middle ages.
the persecution of the Jews 1315 Battle of Morgarten : the first modern in¬ will, compelled to unlimited services, and Numerous churches, minsters, etc., built in Germany, France, Spain, !
Italy, Venice, etc., 919—1024.
—debasement of the coin— stance of the superiority of infantry—1300 Swiss neither had, nor could acquire any property—
exactions from the com¬ foot defeat 20,000 Austrian cavalry. he could not buy his freedom, all he had or Foundation of baronial Castles throughout
mons, and particularly from could earn belonged to his lord. In Aragon
jtiai •v Christendom during the feudal system.
niton the inhabitants of towns. some villeins were so unprotected, that, as
1339 Rise of Free Companies ( Condottieri) in Vitalis says, they might be divided into pieces 1067 The watch tower of Louis the Springer, etc. Numerous Norman |
mes Italy: the citizens remain at home and hire troops by the sword among the sons of their master. castles built in England during the twelfth century.
IjiP The feudal aids were the
—habit soon renders pay and plunder the great Something of a fresher spirit arose in Italy with its re¬
>jects origin of taxation, whose
motive of the latter, hence companies become , • ,. c , publican institutions after the time of the emp. Henry IV.
purpose they served, till tnrmpn r . . . . ., 1 . p Gradual emancipation or slaves, a consequence
formed wi willing to ontpr
hner tn enter into the sptvipp
infn thp service of
nt any
anv ~ r ’ 4
Pisa, favoured by its trading connections with the East and
the craving necessities of of the Crusades.
■f party, and to go from one to the other without the remains of antiquity found within its walls, particularly |
ices monarchs and states sub¬
shame or regret. After a time, from lack of em¬ excelled.
un. stituted heavier burthens
ployment in times of peace, they set up for
About 1100 excellent agriculture in the Ne¬
DllWi* in their stead. therlands— many Dutch and Flemings are Cathedral of Pisa 1063—the Baptistory 1153—Hanging tower 1174, etc.
indite* themselves, and levy contributions where they
vhicitf | settled as colonists in Germany and England,
can. Formation of a proper style in the Norman part of Lower
tiectl ; 1154 Scutages introduced where they obtain grants of land at fixed
eno«,a>| Italy during the twelfth century.
iti *1
in England by Henry II.— rents.
a feudal tax by w'hich men The Bands of Guarnieri 1348—Fra. Moriale and A mixture of the Norman, Gothic, and Saracenic elements—Roger’s chapel I
rfjxtfl relieved themselves from Conrad Lando, 1353—but the most famous was ) 200-1300 Much waste land brought into in the palace at Palermo—the cathedral of that city 1185, and that of j|
ilerB*| Monreale 1170.
I personal service in the wars. Sir John Hawkwood, [see p. 18 i,] an English¬ cultivation in England.
jiiCSBtO man, and the first distinguished commander in
Third Period.—The English, or modern Gothic :
M Second Period. Europe since the fall of the W estern Empire : Lombardy, though verv populous, exports
the earliest military genius of modern times large quantities of corn/ With its characteristic pointed arches, thin, highly ornamented columns, 1
Free grants or taxes, with —New school of tactics in Italy, introduced. etc—The change into this style, at nearly the same time, in every part
of Europe, remains to be accounted for. It seems to have received its
iio** the consent of the states or by Albaric di Barbiano, who forms the Com- , c.. . ,, , , , first character in England among the Normans, and to have been spread
parliament. pany of St. George, about 1379, famous for a 1236 Statute of Merton-the lord may enclose over the continent by lodges of freemasons, 13th to the 16th century.
ito*1 the waste lands of his manor, provided he Minsters, etc., in England—St. Botolph’s priory, Colchester, 1110 I
id H * succession of great generals.
) Hit1 j ] 1215 Magna Cbarta and leave sufficient common pasture for the free —Temple church, London, 1183—York, the largest church in this style,
1187-1462—Westminster, 1220-1285, the burial place of our kings and
¥.*1 Statute of Edward I., 1297 1340 Naval victory of Helvoet Sluys — esta- holders. great men—Salisbury cathedral, 1220 —St. Stephen’s chapel, 1347, etc.
5k *1 —No taxes without con- j blishes the English superiority at sea [18 e]. Germany.—Celebrated minster of Strasburg, 1015-1439—of Cologne, I
sent of parliament. About 1300 nine or ten bushels of corn to the 1248-1322—of Vienna, 1100-1433—of Nuremberg (completed 1477.)

Superiority of the English armies in the French acre was considered a full average crop— Fra nee.—Notre-Dame, 1161 — Rouen, 1100 — Rheims, 1211 — Amiens, |
sixpence an acre the average rent for arable, 220—Abbeville, etc.
wars—Battles of Cressy 1346, Poitiers 1356,
! 1222 and 1234 Two decrees and a shilling or eighteen-pence for meadow Spain.—Splendid cathedral of Burgos, 1217-1442—Toledo, 1132, finished
and Agincourt 1415 [see p. 18 e, 20 d]. 1217—Barcelona, 1299.
of Andrew II. secure the land—Exportation prohibited till the time of
Hungarians from taxes— Won, not by the nobility of England who Henry VI., when it was allowed so long as Cathedral of Upsal, in Sweden, 1287-1435.
apt**] the king binds himself to were fully matched in the ranks of France, but
the price of wheat did not exceed six shillings Italy.—Magnificent church at Sienna in layers of black and white
& live upon his domain — by the intrepid steadiness of the English soldiers, marble; dedicated, 1180 ; the splendid portal, 1284—Church of the Holy |
and eightpence, or barley three shillings the
Franciscan at Assisi, 1228.
jpe^l The nobility of Sweden and the bold yeomen who drew the bowr with quarter.
anjfe* f free from taxes after 1276 strong and steady arm.
New style of architecture formed in Italy, after the Gothic,
No taxes without consent In the reigns of Edward III. and Henry VI. in the thirteenth century, in which the architects of Pisa
of parliament in Denmark About 1350 great strength of the burgher armies English peasants were better paid than at and Florence followed the rules of the ancient architects.
^‘1 1320—in France 1338. in Germany—Aix la Chapelle and Strasburg
present—a labourer earned one shilling and
20,000 strong, Nuremburg 50,000.
1345 First salt-tax (the sixpence a week, with which he could buy Arnolfo di Lapo of Florence, the father of modern

heC^il Gabelle) in France on ac¬ a bushel of wheat and twrenty-four pounds of architecture in Italy ; architect of the Palazzo Vecchio, \
1362 The Janizaries formed by sultan Murad,
til of count of the wars against meat—1350 Wages of reapers fixed at three¬ the church of S. Croce 1294, and the magnificent duotno
the most formidable body of infantry in Europe.
flaft the English—long struggle pence a day, equal to five shillings of our at Florence, 1298, finished by Giotto and Brunelleschi.
*gS| of the states-general and
monarchs on this subject—
Gunpowder comes into use.
money ; in 1444, at fivepence, common la¬
bourers at threepence halfpenny, equal to six Beautiful church, S. Maria Novella, at Florence, 1279.
the latter conquer and be¬ shillings and eightpence and four shillings and
[See p. 19, b.] 1385 Church at Batalha in Portugal, by David Hacket, |
come absolute — the last eightpence at present. The yearly wages of
Ml an Irish architect.
stand made by the states )n 1411, John duke of Burgundy had 4000 hand a cjjjef hind or shepherd was oquaf to twenty
1 * . -» , ^
was under Louis XI. cannonsn as they were called—1449
n 11 sw 4 1 1 JfHhn l\l . onnen
the Milanese ... 1 ....
pounds, with meat and drink
4 »
The great church at Antwerp, 1422.
20,000 muskets—these were supported on a
| Taxes, with consent, in the rest, and charged with great delay. 1350 Agriculture and the peasantry protected Italian Architects of the fourteenth and fifteenth
various states of Germany in Poland and Hungary by Casimir and Louis centuries.
during the fifteenth century 1419—36 Paid militia in the wars of the Empire the Great.
—Bavaria, 1425—Saxony, against the Hussites. At Florence.—Giotto, 1276-1330; Andre* di Cions, 1329-1389; Filippo I
Brunelleschi, 1373-1444, under Cosmo de Medici, of the palace
1438—Wirtemberg, 1487 The infantry of the'Hussites composed of enthusiasts, and Pitti, etc.—Benedetto da Majano, 1444-98.
by the celebrated generals Zisca and Phocop— General discontent of the peasantry in most
—Brandenburg, 1472. The commanded
these boorish churls, as the Emperor called them, repeatedly parts of Europe occasioned by the insolence Home.—Leon Battista Alberti, 1398-1472, architect to pope Nicholas |
|f»? first imperial tax was the defeated the imperial cavalry. V., beautiful church at Rimini, and a celebrated writer on architecture—
and oppression of the nobles : Giulio da Majano, 1455, palace of St. Marco at Rome, triumphal arch
94 general penny levied for to the Castel Nuovo at Naples.
The Jacquerie in France, 1358—Wat Tyler’s rebel¬
*0* the Hussite war, 1427. 1428 The fleet of the Hanse towns, 248 ships, lion in England, 1381—Flemings under Artevelde, Venice.—1304-7 the arsenal—1355 the Palazxa Nuovo, by Filippo ]
manned by 12,000 marines. 1382, troubles in Germany and Switzerland. Calendakio.

ii»*"

a -
 58 Table xx. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES A. D. 1450—1650.

Government. Politics Legislation Finance.

and Foreign Relations. & Jurisprudence.
Fifth Period—From about 1450 to 1789 most of the sovereigns of Europe attain to absolute Third Period—Permanent and ar¬
power, by the depression of the nobility. Formation of a political balance of
1455 In Poland no bitrary taxation from the fifteenth
Causes: 1st. The discovery of the new world and its treasures—the reformation, and consequent seizure of church power in Italy by the Medici in Flo¬
new law without century—rise of national debts.
property, furnish princes with money, independently of the people. 2ndly. After the discovery of gunpowder, cities no rence, the Papistry and Sforza in
longer safe behind their walls, nor nobles in their armour; and fortified castles are more easily reduced under the
Milan and Venice. parliament.
authority of princes, whose despotic sway is, 3rdly, greatly aided by the introduction of standing armies, permanent 1445 The Faille perpetual in France
taxes, etc. The wise state-policy of Venice is
under Charles VII.
National liberty and parliamentary government decline. proverbial. Period of absolute The first permanent tax—levied to expel the
For just eleven centuries, from the election of monarchies. English : it amounted at first to 1,800,000
Monarchs draw around them the fallen nobility, who, deprived of their former warlike power, leave their baronial
its first doge (697), and from the firm establish¬ The nobility and people livres. Aides also permanent under this
halls to seek places and distinction at court, (now settled in the capitals,) or appointments in the standing armies.
ment of its hereditary aristocracy by the great lose their power in monarch.
The luxury of the court and nobility rises to a high pitch : the latter in most of the states, already freed from council, the black nobles of Venice steered, matters of legislation,
knightly service, find means to exempt themselves, partly or altogether, from military service and taxation. with wonderful dexterity, amid stormy seas which now falls into
The lower orders, unfortunate in their attempts for liberty, both in the struggles of the cities and peasantry, are forced the state bark : not even the League of the hands of the mon¬ 1463 First regular tax in Venice.
to bear nearly all the burdens of the state—taxes, oppressions, military services, etc. The power of despotic kings Cambray, by which it had to contend against archs. The Roman
and ministers, joined to much that is still left of the aristocratic tyranny of the feudal system, shut them out from all half Europe, turned it from its course—it was and canon law is for¬
the rights of citizenship, and leave them little else but slaves. only wrecked in the violent sea of the French mally adopted as sub¬ About 1464 Taxes in Hungary under Matt.
Revolution. Corvinus: the nobility and clergy free,
In this period the king is nearly all: the aristocracy little: the people nothing. sidiary law in the west only the poor and wretched people that
1453 Conquest of Constantinople and south of Europe.
England forms scarcely an exception; for though her free institutions are preserved, parliament becomes first the pay ; this system continued till lately.
by tbe Turks. The secret tribunal of
tool of the monarch, and then of the aristocracy.
1476 Russia free from the Moguls. the inquisition greatly
In Sweden, Poland, and Hungary, the aristocracy still maintain the upper hand. aids the progress of 1480 Improvement of the state in¬
Rivalry of Trance and Spain despotism.
Russia, with its unlimited despotism, enters into the European system, still adding by its example and influence to come in Spain and Portugal by the
till 1756 : —the Frenchman’s thirst for England alone main¬
the evil principle already too rampant.
glory, and the Spaniard’s vain desire for uni¬ tains its ancient free resumption of crown lands.
versal monarchy, deluge the countries of institutions: its com¬
1461 First depression of the aristocracy in France—the states rarely assembled. Europe with blood and misery. mon law, trial by jury,
1477 The rich Netherlands, upon the extinction right of impeachment,
1468 First meeting of the Polish county-deputies at Petrikau— of the male line of Burgundy, and the mar¬ etc. No inquisition,
Instead of the former assemblies of 100,000 nobles on horseback in the election-field near Warsaw, they are now re¬ riage of Maria and Maximilian, became the or use of torture—see 1515 Sale of state offices began in
presented by a body of 400—see p. 22 g. central point of French and Austrian policy, p. 19 b.
as Italy does 1494.
France by Francis I., in order to
1472 Ivan of Russia takes the title of sole ruler and czar of all the Russias : oriental despotism. raise money for his Italian wars—
1492 Discovery of America.
1475 Sten Sture, protector of Sweden, favours the cities and peasants, in order to humble the in Spain by Charles V.
Conquest of Granada: Spain drives 1486 The Star-
aristocracy and clergy. This was strictly forbidden in England in
the Saracens completely out of Europe. Chamber establish¬ the time of Edward VI.
Depression of the aristocracy, 1479, etc.: Arrival and power of the Spaniards in ed in England— Under Francis I. the Italian wars raised the
1479 In Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella, under whom the twelve principalities are united into one—1481 In Por¬ the West Indies, and of the Portuguese taille to above 14,000,000—In Spain, also,
tugal by John II.; many nobles beheaded—in England under the Tudors, especially Henry VIII. ; the wars of the
this arbitrary court
taxes much increased under Charles V.
Roses had greatly thinned and impoverished the old English peerage—14S7 in Naples by Ferdinand I.—1491 etc. in the East—Goa the principal seat, exists till 1641.
In the papal dominions, pope Borgia—1495, etc. Germany, by the perpetual peace—1502 in Norw'ay, by John, king 1510. Gold falls about one-third in value, in con¬
of Denmark, who, after the battle of Opslo, puts a great part of the nobles to death : since this time the nobility has sequence of the large quantities imported
by degrees entirely fallen off, and Norway is now the only country of Europe without nobles—1523 in Sweden, see
1500 Brazil colonised by the Portu- 1488 Establishment
from America.
below, 1520. guese—1508 Cuba by the Spanish. of public peace in Spain said to bring over 80, and Portugal
1508 Empire of the Soofis in Persia. Spain by Ferdinand 60 millions of gold livres annually.—It has
1495 Poynings’s Act in Ireland—private hostilities declared illegal—all statutes of the English 1509 Foundation of a Spanish king¬ and Isabella—the been reckoned that the gold in circulation
parliament up to this time to have effect in Ireland—no future parliament to be held in Ireland dom on the north coast of Africa by in the fifteenth century amounted to 400
holy Hermandad millions of guilders, in the sixteenth to
without the king’s license. cardinal Ximenes. is made the highest 1600, in the seventeenth to 3200, and in the
Insurrection of peasants in Germany: in Alsace, 1502—in Wirtemburg and Hungary, 1514. eighteenth to 4750 millions.
1516 Machiavelli, Cil Principe),founder of law tribunal for the
the new Italian policy, which, adopted by redress of wrongs.
1515 Unlimited monarchy in France under Francis I. after the consolidation of the great fiefs. France and Spain, after being improved by 1536 The kings of England, Den¬
Richelieu and Mazarine, generally pre¬ mark, and the protestant princes of
The progress of royal power in France was exactly the reverse of what it was in Germany; in the latter, during the vails in the cabinets of Europe till the 1495 Perpetual
Saxon dynasty, there were one mighty emperor and only six great dukes, but upon the fall of the Hohenstaufen French Revolution. Germany greatly improve their ex¬
many hundred independent nobles under a very limited emperor; while France, under the weak Capetians, had forty public peace in
great vassals, but under Francis only one unlimited king. 15X7 Tbe Reformation. Germany at the chequers by confiscations of
Vast Turkish empire upon sultan Se¬ church property.
1519 First Capitulation upon the election of Emperor in Germany, at the election of Charles V. diet of Worms—
lim’s great conquests in Asia and it Ci
-see p. 23 b. establishment of
Egypt—acquires the khalifat. the imperial cham- About 1540 Commencement of re¬
1520 Great insurrection of the Santa Junta of the Castilian cities—suppressed the following year gular taxation in the papal states by
Rise of the rivalry between the berand aulic coun¬ Mi
by Charles V.—the nobility side with the Emperor. Paul III.
Turkish Sultans and the Persian cil as high courts JfciTE!
Suppression of the aristocracy in Sweden by the massacre of the nobility at Stockholm under the Soofis, which lasts till 1639. of justice.
Danish king, Christian the Bad. 1546 Establishment of Farmers
1525 Extensive empire of the Great 1501 Severe state-
The Danish kings lost Sweden by this massacre, as Gustavus Vasa secured the throne to himself by the revolution general (of the taxes) in France :
of 1523—new counts and lords were introduced by his son, Eric XIV.—see p. 28 f. Mogul in the East Indies. inquisition at
first for the salt tax, next for the tobacco
Venice. monopoly, etc.—At the French Revolution
1,524, 5 Great insurrection of the peasantry in Germany : 1526 Bohemia and Hungary united to 1514 The Tripartit there were forty-four of these leeches
Miinzer at their head—the great oppression of the nobles and clergy its cause. The peasants demand the choice the House of Austria. quartered upon the state, and drawing
of their own clergy—abolition of tithes, or, if continued, a part to the poor—the rivers and woods to be open to all of Werbocz : an
1529 First siege of Vienna by the Turks. from it 186 millions of francs yearly—im¬
persons—meadows, etc. to revert to common pasture—feudal servitude to cease : 50,000 to 100,000 said to have been assemblage of the mense increase of financial places from the
slain. 1533 Algiers and Tunis submit to the customs and com¬ time they began to be sold: Neckar »i
1528 Genoa, an aristocracy with a doge elected every two years. Turks—Tripoli, 1550. mon law of Hun¬ reckoned them at 250,000.
1535 Spanish expedition of Charles V. gary, which, with
1530, etc. Absolute monarchy in England under Henry VIII., etc. The creation of a to Tunis—1541 to Algiers. 1555 Perpetual tax in Germany for
the Corpus Juris
variety of new and unheard-of treasons places the life, liberty, and property of every individual within the power of the maintenance of the imperial
the king. 1539 The king* s proclamations to have the force of laws. The parliament sinks to the 1535 France, under Francis I., enters, Hungarici, con¬
lowest pitch of cowardice and servility, becoming the passive instrument of the blind, fierce, and fantastical Henry,
army.
for the first time, into relations with taining the written
in the enacting of penal laws, which for number, severity, and inconsistency, are unequalled in the annals of juris¬
prudence. Turkey—1542 with the Northern laws, is still in 1556 From the time of Charles V., and his iwl;
force. expensive wars, dates the great national
1531 The republic of Florence erected into an hereditary duchy by Charles V. for the Medici. powers, Denmark and Sweden ; lll/tt,01
debt of Spain.—The French national debt
all Europe by degrees sides with
1536 The protestant princes of Germany, England, Denmark, and Sweden, seize upon Church
France or Spain.
took its rise about the same time. ffifc
property, and, quite in opposition to the original principles of the Reformation, usurp supreme 1532 Charles V.’s
spiritual authority. 1541 Great political power of Turkey penal ordinance— 1569 Alba levies the tenth penny3 ■Si Hu
This leads to the overthrow of the ancient Church aristocracy in Denmark and Sweden—in England it maintains, or in Europe under Soliman the Magni¬ introduction of the in the Netherlands—the immediate !miril
perhaps increases its power. ficent—conquest of nearly all Hun¬ inquisition. cause of their revolt from Spain.
1538 Last meeting of the Spanish Cortes of the first government—the king absolute—see p. 27 f. gary—-Germany threatened.
1544 Swedish crown settled upon the male issue of Gustavus Vasa. 1544 Peace of Crespy between France 1534 Tyrannical
1546 Smalkaldic war of the German protestant princes and cities against the Emperor.
and Spain—France shut out of Italy. laws against trea¬ 1578 Permanent excise in Holland, l
Foundation of tbe European son of Henry VIII. to pay the expenses of the Spanish Mi
Charles V. breaks his election capitulation by making, of himself, a treaty with the Pope ; by publishing a ban
against the Elector of Saxony, without a trial ; and by the introduction of foreign troops. balance of power.
—1539 The king’s
Predominance of the House of Hapsburg.- proclamations
war.
l\m
1556 The Russian peasantry glebe adscripti, and declared to be the property of their lords. which, in addition to the imperial throne, pos¬
The system of permanent in¬
sesses Spain, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, England have the direct taxes comes intof
Milan, Hungary and Bohemia, besides the force of laws. general use: Hi
1560 Despotism in Spain and Italy under Philip II.
immense territories in America: uniting the
1572 Overthrow of the Huguenot nobility of France by the massacre of St. Bartholomew’s eve, largest and richest provinces of the old and These taxes, laid chiefly upon food, clothing
new worlds under one sceptre : “ an empire 1578 Institution of and other consumable commodities, from Ph
in which most of them are murdered. in which the sun never set.” three supreme tribunals this time forth furnish the most consider j Hu
in Poland for the trial able means to governments. Seemingly fait I
1574 First Pacta Conventa in Poland, upon the accession of Henry of Valois to the throne. Progress of Charles V. and Philip II. to- of causes affecting the in its operation, by taxing all alike, this sys j
The first foreign prince who reigned over the Poles since Louis of Hungary. By this compact the right of resist¬ wards universal monarchy. nobles—judges chosen tern presses most heavily on the masses by
ance was legalised—diets to be assembled every two years, etc.—see p. 33 a. 1552 First blow at the predominance of the every fifteen months raising the prices of the necessaries of life
German House of Hapsburg, by Maurice, by the nobles them¬ The cheapest commodities are taxed highei
1576-98 Wars of the League in France: pretensions of Guise to the throne as descended from Elector of Saxony, who, in league with the selves—the king by in proportion than the expensive and lux
the Carlovingians. protestant princes and Francis, compels this loses liis high ju¬ urious, so that it will be found almost uni
Charles to concede the treaty of Passau. dicial authority. versally to hold, that the poor are taxec
1579 Revolution in the Netherlands, and separation from Spain : 1556 Division of the dominions of Hapsburg much more heavily than the rich.
It forms into an aristocratic republic under stadtholders, the sovereignty not being in the people bnt in the provincial into the Austrian and Spanish families under
Ferdinand I. and Philip II.—still however 1641 The Star- 1598 Philip II., whose income, upon his en-j
states, the body of knights, and the magistrates of the cities.
closely allied by politics. Chamber abolished. tering upon the government, was equal t<
599-1611 Ministry of Sully in France : that of all the other European princes pu
One of the greatest and most noble statesmen of modern times, and that in the most comprehensive sense of the word.
1558-1721 Struggle of the northern together, died destitute, and dependen
powers, Russia, Poland, Sweden, and 1649 New code of upon the clergy. Notwithstanding tin
1602 In Spain the two higher ranks are no longer called to parliament, except upon extraordinary Denmark, for the possession of the laws for Russia, colonies, he left a debt of 140,000,00'
great revenue he drew from his Americai j
under Alexei.
cases (to take the oath of allegiance, etc.)—the third estate only to grant taxes: in the Spauish Balticprovinces, Livonia, Esthonia, etc. ducats. ’"uapn;
principalities of Naples and Italy national assemblies gradually cease in the same way. Poland predominates and maintains Livonia,
®MC[f
till 1660.
1614 Last meeting of the states-general in France. 1599 Sully reforms the financial sys
1559 Decisive dominion of Spain in Italy from tbe peace of tern of France.
1618 Great insurrection of Bohemian nobles against the house of Austria, which gives rise to the Chateau-Cambresis till the Mantuan war of succession 1631.
Thirty Years’ War. Gloomy policy of Philip II., who, from his court at Madrid, rules over 1601 First Poor-Laws in England
1621 Overthrow of the aristocracy of Bohemia, after the victory of the emperor Ferdinand II. at the White mountain. half the world—1580 Conquest of Portugal and its great colonies in
Nearly all the nobles of Bohemia emigrate or are executed—their property confiscated, and bestowed on Austrian the East Indies and Brazil—project upon England and Scotland with Several regulations had been earlier mad pflBtl
nobles. the Spanish Armada—1595 Project for the partition of France,by for the collecting
mg of charitable donation;
the help of the Holy League. for the poor. Upon the introduction c1
1621 Rise of the great struggle in England between the king and parliament—the rights of the Christianity into England, one-fourth c
1579 First blow at the predominance of the Spanish House the tithe was allotted to them—the kin
people against the divine right of kings—between the Puritans and James I.—formation of a and nobles having shared among themselvt
of Hapsburg—Revolt of the Netherlands. fWi
regular opposition in the House of Commons—see p. 34 a, 38 a, 42 e. the church property, out of which the pool
Establishment of the republic of Holland as a naval power. It seizes had been mostly maintained, now by thi
Second humiliation of the aristocracy of France, under the administration of cardinal Richelieu, the Spanish-Portuguese colonies in the East.
1622-42, and rise of unlimited ministerial government—1634 First appointment of intendants, 1584 First English colonies in North America- 1604 first for them.
French.
law compelled the community to providi
r;* i
see p. 34 a : set aside in the time of the Fronde—re-established 1653 [which see]. ttii
1627 Austrian despotism in Germany: 1595 Power of the Dutch in the East Indies—at the ex¬ 1604 Tax-Pauleite in Franc*\\
Ferdinand II. foregoes the general assembling of the states of the empire, and only summons the princes and electors
devoted to himself—he keeps up an army of 160,000 men to support him in his attempts to obtain absolute power.
pense of Spain and Portugal—they get the Spice Islands. (from its inventor, Paulet.)—
a sixtieth of the income for the inheritanci
1600 War of succession betw. Poland Sweden in Livonia. of state offices—sixty years from this tirn
$
there were 50,000 saleable finance and ji
1609 Favourite project of the Jesuits to place all Europe under the
1642 First great Revolution in England—the nobility and high Church party for absolutism; the dominion of Spain. dicial offices in France. IN Adoli
third estate for the parliament and constitutional government—see p. 34 a. 1624 Resident ambassadors and complete formation of a 1624 Stamps and stamp taxes bega
647 Revolt in Naples under Masaniello, on account of excessive taxation—suppressed next cabinet policy from the time of Richelieu.
in Holland.
year—14,000 executions. Increasing influence of ministers and diplomatists.
1625-1725 Holland mistress of the sea.
1648 The independence of the republics of Holland and Switzerland acknowledged in the peace 1642 Charles I. seeks to establis JjH
1631 Further depression of Spanish power in Italy— arbitrary taxation in England—on
of Westphalia. Mantuan war of succession, and peace of Chierasco : end of Spanish
1648-53 Disturbances of tbe Fronde in France: tbe last struggle of the nobility against royal dictatorship in Italy—French influence established by Richelieu. chief cause of the Revolution.
power—completely suppressed by Louis XIV. and Mazarine—34 b, 39 c. 1648 Further depression of the German house of Hapsburg
%
by THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR. 1643 The excise introduced into
1649 England a Republic—Charles executed—no House of Lords till 1656. TW
The German protestants, France, and Sweden against Austria. The England.
peace of Westphalia becomes the foundation of practical politics. 36 c.
 A. c. 1450 to 1650. MODERN CIVILISATION, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE. 59
War and Marine. Agriculture, Trade and Manufactures. Political Science. Civilisation in General.
Peasantry, etc.
Fourth Period: Rise of standing armies in Continued from p. 24. First Period—the Middle From p. 22 b, and p. 24.
the fifteenth century. The discovery of America, 1492, and the Ages to Machiavel.
lugustine period of Arts
11445 First standing armies in France—raised to new route to India, 1498, entirely alters The struggle beticeen
and Science in Italy.
the state and course of trade. spiritual and temporal
expel the English. P ainters : Raphael, Correggio, Mich.
authority.
| Institution of the ordnance companies, a body of 9000 horse. About 1470 Introduction of The trade with the new world a monopoly in the hands of Angelo, Titian, the Caracci—Poets:
To these were added, 1448, the French archers, a corps of Spanish sheep into England the rulers. Ariosto,Tasso, Guarino—A rchitects:
10,000 infantry. 1497 The Emperor Maximilian confirms the Second Period—Machia¬ Bramante, Palladio, Vignola—A rtist :
under Edward IV. Benvenuto Cellini—Musicians: Pa¬
Introduction of military uniforms. three imperial fairs at Leipsic, which becomes
1471 Discovery of rich silver vel and the Reformation. lestrina, etc.
1458 Standing army in Hungary under Matt. Cor- the seat of trade for the north of Germany.
mines in Saxony. Discovery of the Laocoonstudy of the
vinus: corps of hussars, and the celebrated black 1498 Portuguese under Vasco de Gama in the antique—rise of the Opera.
guards, 1464, which he is obliged to disband, 1492. East Indies—see p. 26 a. Nicolas Machiavelli,
Great Statesmen and Historians: Ma¬
Goa the seat of the viceroy—the trade a royal monopoly. 1469-1527. , chiavelli, Guiccardini, Paoli Sarpi—
1477 Swiss first taken into the service of the kings Philosophers: Cardanus, Patricius,
Zaisbon the great seat of European Secretary of state at Florence,
of France. and ambassador at several Telesius, Campanella.
commerce:
|The Swiss infantry became the best in Christendom, as was the flourishing period of Portuguese commerce lasts till courts. He published Dis¬
proved in the Italian wars : they gave the first example of the end of the sixteenth century, when it goes to Holland. courses upon Livy, a system of
their power in 1315, at the battle of Morgarten, against politics drawn from the study of Learning flourishes in England:
Charles of Burgundy [p. 18 h]. Decline of the Arabian trade to India. ancient history; and the Prince, Erasmus says, England, at this time, was
1501 Portugal acquires Brazil. a system founded on what he next to Italy, and superior to France
1490 The German Lanzknechte (lancers) divided had seen and learned in modern or Germany : Grocyn, the patriarch of
1503 First transportation of negroes to America. Europe. In these works are English learning, died 1519—Linacre,
into regiments by the emperor Maximilian and his
displayed and recommended, translator of Galen, 1521—Lilly—Smith
general, Georg Von Frundsberg (d. 1528). The Fugger and Welserfamilies in Augsburg: —Cheke, etc.
descended from a weaver near Augsburg—the Fuggers be¬ with much talent, that wretched
The name of Lanzknechte, during the sixteenth century, caused came the Medici of Germany, and the richest merchants system of policy called the English printers : successors of
dread and fear from the banks of the Garonne to the Tiber. and princes of the time. They lent large sums to the Em¬ Machiavellian, the leading fea¬
ture of which is, that the end Caxton :
perors—Charles V., when viewing the royal treasury at
11490 No war in Hungary without the consent of the Paris, said, * There is a linen-weaver at Augsburg who sanctifies the means, and that Wynkin de Worde, Rich. Pynson, Peter
states. About 1500 Sheep-breeding could pay as much as that with his own gold/ princes may trample under foot
religion, honour, and justice, Trcveris, etc.—In Scotland, Walter
flourishes in Spain under whenever they stand in the way Chapman, about 1508, and iiis partner,
|l514 No war without the consent of the states in 1515 The celebrated tapestry after Raphael’s of their interest. And. Miller, were the first printers.—
cardinal Ximenes.
Wiirtemberg—soon adopted throughout the Ger¬ Cartoons wove in the Netherlands. 26 books printed in London between
Decline of agriculture in 1500 and 1510.
man empire. 1516 Flourishing period of Spanish silk and
Sir T. Elyot’s boke of the
11514—17" Glorious expedition of the sultan Selim Italy through the depopula¬ stuff manufacture: the Spanish Moors one of English writers:
against Persia and the Egyptian Mamelukes : tion caused by the French Governor, 1531. Latimer, Fisher, Thomas More, d. 1535—
the most industrious class of weavers—16,000
and Spanish wars. Sir Thomas Elyot, d. 1546—W. Caven¬
Ibis army of 40,000 janizaries gained the three great victories silk and woollen looms in Seville alone. dish, d. 1557—Leland, (John), d. 1552,
of Tauris, Aleppo, and Cairo, subjecting Armenia, Meso¬ 1523 Spain acquires Mexico and Peru. Sir Thomas More’s, 1480 English Antiquities—John Bale.d. 1563,
potamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and part of Arabia, to the 1514 Great insurrection of Lives of British Writers—John Knox,
Ottoman sceptre. -1535, Utopia.
the peasantry in Hungary— 1530 Jbrgens, a German, invents the spinning- the Reformer, d. 1572.
1516 Burgher-militia in Castille: followed by still greater op¬ wheel for spinning flax. St. Paul’s school founded by Colet—
Erasmus teaches Greek at Cambridge,
Card. Ximenes forms a corps of 30,000 men in order to keep pression. 1536 Foundation of the celebrated silk manu¬ Vast influence of the Re¬ 1510.
the nobility in check.
facture at Lyons. format uni upon political 1514 Richard Croke, an English¬
1519 Charles V. swears, on being elected to the em¬ Much land goes out of tillage 1550 Commercial treaty between England, man, teaches Greek at Leipsic.
pire, to begin no war without the consent of the in England: Sweden, and the Netherlands. opinions—greatly extend¬
Law of Henry VIII. against turn¬ 1517 First Greek lecture at Ox¬
states [p. 28 b]. ing arable land into pasture—no ed by the aid of the press
flock of sheep to consist of more
Flourishing period of the Hutch linen ford by Fox—Greek professor¬
1520 Rise of the great Turkish navy under Selim I. titan 2000—hitherto some farmers manufacture. and pamphlets. ship founded, 1519.
under his successor Soliman the Turkish fleet became very had kept as many as 24,000.
formidable. Flourishing period of the Polish trading city Lutheranism led men to think
1521 The celebrated Spanish infantry, formed by the 1517 The Reformation gives a
Dantzic—at this time one of the richest cities of their political relations, but
1524 Great war of the pea¬ new impulse, to learning :
great generals Ferdinand and Charles V., Gonsalvo of Europe. did not oppose or propose any
santry in Germany, caused it calls out tlie genius of Reuchlin,
de Cordova, Pescara, Alva, etc. 1553 The English drive a considerable trade form of civil government—Cal¬ Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, d. 1535,
by the oppressions of the Ulrich, V. Hutton, etc.—Luther, by his
vinism undisguisedly tended to
Muskets brought into use in the army of Charles V. nobility and the exactions of in Archangel—and with Persia across the translation of the Bible, becomes tiie
Caspian sea. republicanism, as it sought to father of German prose—Melanchthon
by duke Alva: the feudal system. promote practical equality.
the great victory of Pavia, 15*25, was chiefly gained by the ■ Rise of great trading companies (1492-1560) improves the Protestant
schools.
well-directed fire of the Spanish musketeers. Hops and garden fruit-trees in England.
Machiavelli, arte della guerra: he brings together the brought into England. Flourishing period of German
whole experience of antiquity. Decline of the Russian trade with the Hanse The religious disputes of painters:
1532 Spanish gold mines of towns. France turn men’s minds Albert Durer, Lucas Kranach, Holbein.
1522 Bombs first made use of at the siege of Rhodes.
Zacotecas in Mexico—of 1560 Cosmo de Medici becomes the richest upon politics, and pro¬ 1524 Political pamphlets have a
1527 Sack of Rome by the Spanish-German troops Potosi in Peru, 1545. prince in Europe by trade and commerce. duce great influence in promoting the
under Bourbon. Lace-making in Saxony. Reformation.
[Albert Duber, Instructions for fortifying cities—the first About 1540 Salads, carrots, Jean Bodin’s (1530-96,)
work upon military architecture. 1567 English manufactures much improved by great work, De la Republique, 1^80 etc. Advance of natural
and turnips, first cultivated
11537 Tartaglia’s Nova Scienzia—the first application of ma¬ in England: the protection Eliz. affords to the Dutch refugees. in which he gives the first com¬ science by Tycho Brahe, Kepler,
plete essay towards a scientific
thematics to the science of defence: he discovered the curved Galileo, lord Bacon.
such of these vegetables as had 1569 The Royal Exchange built in London by treatise on politics—he strikes
path of cannon balls. hitherto been used were brought Sir Thomas Gresham, the Royal Merchant. out a middle path between
11543 First standing army in Sweden—1800 German from Holland or Flanders. Queen monarchy and democracy, with Advance of science and literature
Catharine, when she wanted a Great increase of English commerce a strong leaning towards re¬ in France under Francis I.,
troops under Gustavus Vasa. salad, was obliged to send a mes¬ publicanism.
and maritime power, called “ the father of letters.”
senger thither for one.
About 1550 Formation of the Russian Strelitz corps Hubert Languet's (1518-81) The royal college founded—the great phi¬
1584 Virginia and other English colonies in Vindicice contra Tyrannos, lologist, Scaliger, d. 1558—the learned
of 40,000 men, under Czar Ivan, the Dreadful. 1549 Great distresses of the North America (see p. 33 f)—carried on by published under the name of printers, Robert (d. 1539) and Henry
common people in England: Junius Brutus. Stephens, 1528-98—Rabelais, Marot,
1563 Institution of the French guards by Charles IX. the enclosing of lands and oppres¬ companies—First East India Company, 1600. Comines, Montaigne, Charron, etc.
sions of the gentry cause com¬ The English obtain from Russia the exclusive
11571 The united fleet of Spain, Venice, and the Pope, plaints and rebellion. George Buchanan’s
right of trading on the Wolga, and over the Literature, Science, Navigation,
under the command of Don John of Austria, ob¬ (the great historian) He
Caspian sea with Persia.' Jure Regni apud Scotosfli and Trade flourish in England,
tains the victory of Lepanto over the Turks. 1556 The Russian peasantry
lit consisted of 280 galleys and 8 galeasses, bearing a heavy under Elizabeth, 1558-1604.
1585 Decline of Antwerp—rise of Hamburg. favour of national liberty.
weight of cannon, by which it mainly secured the victory, are attached to the soil, and Roger Ascham, preceptor to the queen,
and 26,000 soldiers. The Turkish fleet consisted of 3U0 large declared the property of the 1589 William Lee, of Cambridge, invents the 1515-68— Sir P. Sidney—Marlowe—
galleys. Justus Lipsius, 1547- Shahspeare—Ben Johnson—Massinger
nobles. stocking-weaving frame.
1606, Vl-libri politicorum, —Raleigh—Sir Francis Drake—Hol-
11580 Philip II. of Spain maintains an army of lingslied—Buchanan.
1592 Leipsic Easter Catalogue: against Machiavel.
280,000 men. Leipsic becomes the chief seat of the book trade for Ger¬
|1S88 Destruction of the Spanish Armada 1586 Potatoes brought to many and the north of Europe—hitherto Frankfort on Universities founded: Eton
[sec p. 30 c.] Europe by Sir F. Drake. the Maine—19 foreign booksellers attended the Leipsic Juan Mariana,1537-1623 college, 1440—Wittenburg, the chief
fair as early as 1667. (one of the best of Jesuits) seat of Protestant theology, 1502—
Rise of the English naval power wrote De Reye et Regis In-
under Elizabeth. Frankfort on the Oder, 1506—Stras-
Agriculture encouraged in 1595 Dutch colonies in the East: Java, etc.— stitutione: burned at Paris as a burg, 1538—Geneva, by Calvin, d. 1561,
1595 Formation of the Dutch navy during the strug¬ revolutionary work, as it ad¬ and Beza, d. 1605—Kbnigsberg, 1544—
England by queen Elizabeth. [see p. 32 a, and 36 a.] mitted that a tyrant might be
gle for independence against Spain. Mexico, 1551—Jena, 1558—Milan, 1565
The breeding of sheep much The colonial trade carried on by companies.—Holland destroyed. — Leyden, 1575 — Helmstadt, 1576—
gains wealth and power by the conquest of the Portu¬
The stadtholder, Maurice, forms a new system of attended to—the English Edinburgh, 1581—Dublin, 1591—Giesen,
guese colonies: 1607—Groningen, 1614—Utrecht, 1636
military tactics, which gives him great ad¬ race-horse much improved Amsterdam tbe seat of general trade. —Kiel, 1665.
vantage in the Spanish war : close and deep order of upon the accession of the British Schools: St. Paul’s, 1509—
battle—ten or more ranks in close and deep order Stuarts. 1600 Whale-fishing of the English in the North Third Period—from Shrewsbury school, 1551—Christ’s Hos¬
behind each other. seas—Greenland, Spitzbergen, etc. Grotius to Rousseau, pital, 1553—Westminster college, 1560
— Merchant Taylor’s, 1561 — Rugby,
He was regarded as the greatest general of infantry since the 1589 At this time not above 1604 French colonies: Arcadia in Newfound¬ politics of t he 1567—Harrow, 1571—Charter House,
time of the Romans.—Spinola, (d. 1630,) was his opponent, land the first. English Revolution. 1611.
and the last great general of Spain.
one third of the land in
France in cultivation—po¬ First canal in France, Br'utre, between the Brilliant period of Spanish litera¬
Rise of light cavalry:
lancers fall into disuse—formation of dragoons and carabineers, pulation fifteen millions— Seine and the Loire, by Sully. Hu go Grotius, 1583-1645 ture and art, from the end of the
who are taught the first evolutious by duke Alva and Maurice. agriculture encouraged by Henry IV. promotes arts and manufactures, at once a theologian, jurist,
philosopher, classic, poet, his¬ sixteenth to the end of the seven¬
Rise of fortifications, in the wars of the Netherlands. Henry IV. and the great especially the silk-trade. torian, statesman, and diplo¬ teenth centuries.
Sully. Sully was opposed to the establishment of manufactures in matist, laid the foundation of Lope de Vega, Cervantes, Calderon, the
1601 Improvement of the French artillery by Sully. France, as likely to draw people from agricultural pur¬ national law by his book De
Jure Belli et Pads, 1625. Escurial—the great historians, Mariana,
suits and the country to live in towns, which he believed
1601-4 Great siege of Ostend by the Spaniards English population said to would weaken and ruin the land.
Herrera, de Solis.
under Spinola : it held out three years and a half. decrease from the number The Portuguese Camoens.
1609 Bank at Amsterdam—at Hamburg, 1619.
1610 Henry IV. of France maintains at the time of of enclosures and the decay Thomas Hobbes, 1588- 1582 Academia della Crusca at
his death a standing army of 40,000 men. of tillage — it probably Flourishing period of the Hutch carrying, 1679, his Leviathan, in Florence, for the Italian language.
arose from the prohibition of ship-building, and spice companies. which, tracing society from a
1615 First standing army in Denmark—5000 men. exporting corn. state of nature, where he places The Gregorian calendar.
1610 Exportation of English wool finally pro¬ all men in a condition of per¬
1627 Formation of a French navy by card. Richelieu: petual war, he makes their de¬ 1588 The first English newspaper,
1604 Exportation of English hibited—see preceding column, 1604.
in 1640 the French fleet consisted of 38 large ships, and 18 sire for peace lead them to The English Mercury, by Lord
galleys. wool prohibited: Hecline of Spanish manufactures upon the expul¬ form a social contract, which,
Hitherto the Hanse towns had Burleigh.
having once entered into, they
1630 Swedish army of Gustavus Adolphus : drawn immense quantities of raw sion of the Moors. are bound for ever to observe.
this great general effected a great change in the art of war, by wool from England, much as 1618 First Hanish colony: Tranquebar, in the Absolute power on the part of
Flourishing period of Hutch lite¬
making fire-arms the principal weapon instead of the pike England does now from Germany. government, and implicit obe¬ rature and science, during the
and sword. From this time the extended line of battle, six East Indies. dience on the part of the go¬
men deep, with the wings covered by cavalry, displaced the 1610 Decline of agriculture Rise of Swedish and Danish trade upon the aboli¬ great political power and pros¬
verned, he held as necessary to
old dense columns: he also made great use of light cavalry. tion of the Hanseatic-league monopoly. the well-being of a state—and perity of Holland.
He gained the victories of Leipzig and Lutzcn by the well- in Spain upon the expulsion the best of all forms of govern¬ Rubens, Rembrandt, Vandyke—Holland
kept-up fire of his light moveable regiment of musketeers, of the Moors : its native mines 1622 The English obtain the silk-trade with ment is therefore the monarch¬
are left unworked after the ship¬ becomes the principal scat of classical
who, when attacked by cavalry, retreated behind the pike- Persia upon the expulsion of the Portuguese ical. literature and philology: Heinsius,
men, and by the charges of his squadrons, which he placed ment of American gold, and the
land becomes depopulated. from Ormuz—First silk-manufactory in Eng¬ Vossins, Gronovius, Grotius, the Elze¬
among his infantry. virs—Leyden and Utrecht the chief
Gustavus Adolphus was the first who kept up a permanent land, 1625. Salmasius [Claude Sau- universities.—The Dutch gardens.
general start—generals Torsteusohn, Horn, Banner, Wrangel, 1648 Decline of German East India cotton trade in England, 1631. mise], 1588-1653, He-
and duke Bernhard of Weimar, belonged to bis school. agriculture—a consequence J'ensio Regia pro Carolo I. New impulse to political science
1632 Wallenstein generalissimo of the imperial of the Thirty Years’ M ar. 1630 Fall of the Hanseatic League—see p. 17 a.
The company lost its privileges in Russia, 1478—Sweden, —answered by
and general literature, by the
troops : About 1650 Great and hurt¬ 1530—Norway, 1560—England, 1507. John Milton, 1608-74, struggle between the Stuarts and
in a few weeks assembles an army of 150,000 men under his
ful change in the condition 1636 Flourishing period of the flower trade in
standard—the countsTilly and Pappenheim, Isolani, etc. in his celebrated first and the parliament.
The Puritan theological writers and
1643 Defeat of the celebrated Spanish infantry near of landed population in most the Dutch cities, especially Haarlem. second Hefensio pro po- commentators in England and Scotland.
Rocroi by Condc—be and Turenne become the of the countries of Europe. Tulip roots, brought by Busbecq, the Austrian ambassador,
from Constantinople, became objects of the greatest extra¬
pulo Anglicano.
Progress in France under Henry
The nobility, leaving their country
greatest generals of the age. dwellings, seek for favours and vagance : 20,000 francs were once given for a single root IV.—Cardinal Richelieu.
Swarms of political tracts
1648 The princes of the German empire obtain the distinction in the splendour of —hyacinths became afterwards a favourite article. during the English civil
1631 First regular French journal, the
courts, and resort to the capitals: Gazette de France—1635 Foundation
right of making war and peace in the treaty of hence farmers and bailiffs take the About 1640 Fir.st manufactories in Siveden—by wars. of the French Academy.
Westphalia. place of proprietors. Germans and Belgians.

C C
a
GO Continuation of Table xx. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF A. C. 1450 to 1650. Il<

Luxuries, Manners, etc. Philosophy. Physics. History, etc. Architecture. Music.

The study of Magic, Alchemy, From p. 57, d. Seep. 24, c.

Decline of Chivairy. Continued, from p. 24, a. English Historians.
and Astrology prevails during 1500-1650. About 1450 counterpoint
the dark ages. The Chronicles of Englode,
Fourth Period.— Roman Ar- rapidly improves—canons
1515 At the court of France eight The sixteenth century is the golden with the fruit of Timis, St. and fugues come into use, by
in the morning was the hour for period of philosophic study in Improvement in medical Albans, 1483 — Caxton’s chitecture. the compositions of J. Dun¬
dinner; and about six people went Italy. science by Chronicle — The Chronicles I. Italian Architects:
Fr. Bazzarl Bramante, stable, an Englishman, d.
to bed—the beautiful English Ant. Benivieni, of Florence, of England, with the Dedes 1444-1514. 1468—Dr. John Hambois,
princess, Mary, is said to have The ancient systems are renewed d. 1502, Alessand. Bene- of Popes and Emperors, and Giul. da Sangallo, d. 1517, and fl. 1470—Dr. Robt. Fayr-
by neo-Platonists, and the ca¬ detti, of Padua, d. 1525, also the description of Eng¬ Michael Angelo, revived the ele¬ fax. Sir Thos. Phelyppes—
changed this custom.
balistic, magical, and religious struggle against the Arabian land — Wynkin de Worde, gance of the Grecian, and the John Taverner, organist of
Magnificent and brilliant court of philosophers—the scholastic phi¬ system; while Nicolaus 1528 — another by Pynson, splendour of the Roman architec¬ Cardinal (viz. Christ Ch.),
Henry VIII. losophy of the middle ages goes Leonicenus, d. 1524, re¬ 1516 — another by Byddel, ture in Italy. Oxon—John Macbeck, or¬
vives that of Hippocrates. 1539 — .another by Thomas St. Peter's, at Rome, the most mag¬ ganist of Windsor—John w*
Luxury prevails in the court of quite out of vogue. Corn. Agrippa and Para¬ Petyt, 1543 — and several nificent building of modern times, White, MS. in Christ Ch. [•I*-
Francis I.: great influence of celsus, (see col. a) physici¬ others. 1513-1614—various palaces, &c.
courtezans—rise of court intri¬ Cabalistic and magical system : Oxon, famous in choral
ans, and chemists, also aid Chronicles by Ralph Ilolin- Other Italian Architects:— I Jd»‘
gues. John Reuchlin, 1455-1522, de Arte this science by their writings. shed, d. 1581 — Froissart,
Raphael, the painter — Bald. 200 composers, mostly
Cabalistica, a restorer of philosophy translated by Berners—Fa- Peruzzi, d. 1536—Giul. Romano
Splendid tournament in the flelcl and classical literature—F. Geo. Zorzi German and French, fl. 'ID*
s,n
of the cloth of gold, at the meet¬ —H. Corn. Agrippa, 1486-1535, de Great change in natural byan, d. 1512 — Grafton — —Ant. Sangallo, d. 1546—And. 1450-1480—fugues and
Hall, d. 1547 — Hardyng's, d. 1570 —
ing of Henry VIII. and Francis I. Occulta Philosophia : a system of ex¬ philosophy from the &c. collected and republished Contuccio, Galeazzo canons in the severe style.
Alessi, d. 1572—Pirro Ligorio, d.
1519 Ferd. Magelhaens, a Portu¬ travagant chimeras, in which he re¬ time of Copernicus. in Bond. 1807, &c. 1580—G. B. da Vignola,1507-73: I. Flemish School: —
guese, makes the first voyage presents magic, the key of all the Astrology and magic are John Stowe, 1525-1605, Sum- his writings had considerable influ¬ WilljErt, 1490-1563,
round the world. secrets of nature, under the three driven out by astronomy, marie of English Chronicles.
mathematics, and mecha¬ ence—Bart. Ammanati, d. 1592— founder of the Venetian
forms of natural, celestial, and reli¬ Arthur Kelton's Chron. 1547.
Chocolate brought into Spain — And. Palladio, d. 1580—Dom. school — Orlando Lasso,
gious. His work on the vanity and nics, as is alchemy by che¬
increased use of foreign spices uncertainty of science had great re¬ mistry, and demonology by John Leland, d. 1552, English Fontana, d. 1607—Al. Vittoria, 1530-94, the greatest mas¬
general in Europe. antiquarian. d. 1608—V. Scamozzi, d. 1616— ter of this Flemish school.
pute—John Wier, 1515-1588, his fol¬ natural history. John Bale, 1495-1563, Lives Car. Maderno, d. 1629—Nigetti, II. Germans : — Martin
Looking-glasses and carpets first lower, like Agrippa, opposed belief in Now about begins the period of British Writers.
come into use in England. d. 1649. Luther, revives psalmody,
witchcraft. of great discoveries in phy¬ Geo. Buchanan, 1506-82, Sculptors:—Lorenzetto—Mich. and makes congregational
1532 Protestant clergy adopt black sics, and of deep calcula¬ History of Scotland. Angelo — Giul. and Ant. da
clothing. The modern Theosophists : at the tions: mathematics give 1587 John Fox, Book of Mar¬ Sangallo — Bandinelli — Bene- singing an essential part of
the liturgy ; Ludg. Senfl
1535 Tobacco smoking first becomes head of whom stood Theophras¬ life, vigour, and cer¬ tyrs. venuto Cellini, d. 1570, &c.
known in Europe. was his favourite composer.
tus Paracelsus, 1493-1541. tainty to the study of N. Fitzherbert, d. 1617, Bio¬ Discovery of Antiques:—The
1538 The diving bell invented. He blended chemistry and therapeu¬ natural philosophy. graphy. Apollo at Antium—the Laocoon in III. Italian :—C. Porta
1553 Sealing-wax comes into use tics with the neo-Platonic and ca¬ founds the Lombard school
Nicholas Copernicus, Sir T. North, translation of the baths of Titus.
in Europe. balistic mysticism, with much extra¬ 1473-1543, the creator Plutarch. — Viola, Zarlino, author
II. English Buildings under
About 1558 the first masked ball at vagance ; as did also Valentine Weigel, I. Pits, 1560-1616, Biog. of of Instituzioni Harmoniche,
the French court—in England under 1532-1588, his follower—Jerome Car¬ of modern astronomy. Kings, Bishops, &e.—Rich.
the Tudors and Stuarts:— embodying all the systems
Henry VIII. Born at Thom—discovers, Richmond palace — Henry VII.'s up to this time, 1571—
dan, 1501-76, a celebrated physician, Knolles, d. 1610, Turkish Hist.
1559 Tournaments done away with in naturalist, and mathematician, resem¬ one hundred years before William Camden, 1551-1603, chapel in West, abbey', 1502 Philip of Neri, b. 1515,
France upon the unfortunate death bled Paracelsus in his vagaries, but the use of telescopes, the history and antiquities. Abbey church, Bath, 1507—King’s invents sacred oratorios;
of Henry II. pierced by a lance— was much his superior in information. true system of the universe. Henry Spelman, 1562-1641. Coll, chapel, Camb. finished 1517 and Giov. Animuccia, d.
banquets come in instead. His great work, de Orbium -—Hampton Court, by Card. Wol- 1569, first composes them.
Ccelestium Revolutionibus, Walter Raleigh, 1552-1617,
sey—Colleges in Oxford and Cam¬
The English nobility still keep up Revival of Aristotle's system and was only printed a short History of the World, and bridge — Old Somerset House, Palestrina, 1529-94,
founder of the Roman school
the ancient magnificence in their its opposers. time before his death. His other works. Strand, by John of Padua, 1549 and of modern Ital. church
hospitality and the number of re¬ In the fifteenth and sixteenth cen¬ system was condemned by John Speed, 1555-1629, Hist. -—John Shute publishes the first
of Britain to James I. music, brings choral har¬
tainers : turies the Aristotelians divided a pope’s bull 1616, which Sam. Daniel, d. 1619, Hist, of scientific work on architecture, 1563 mony to the highest perfec¬
Queen Elizabeth’s visit to Leicester at was not revoked till 1821. —Theod. Haveus, fl. 1570—John
into two sects : the Averroists, England — John Hayward, Thorpe—Robt. Adams, fl. 1590 tion—his disciples Nanini,
Kenilworth Castle—365 hogsheads of
who held to the commentary of The study of Botany and d. 1627, the same. the Gabrieli.
beer drank at it—the earl of Derby — Ralph Simons — Gerard
kept 240 servants. Averroes, and the Alexanclrists, Zoology begins torevive. II. B. Cotton, 1570-1631, Christmas. Gesualdo, principe di Ve-
or followers of Alexand. Apliro- 1533 Botanic gardens at Antiquities. Thos. Holte, the Schools, Merton nosa, d. 1615, founder of
At this time only two carriages in Lord Herbert, 1581-1648, Life the Neapolitan school—
Paris— disiensis. Padua 1577, Leyden, &c. and Wadham colleges, Oxford.
Peripatetics: P. Pomponatius, of Man¬ of Hen. VII.—Rich. Baker, celebrated madrigals.
One for the queen, Catherine, and one Mansions:—Burleigh, Line. 1580
tua, d. 1530—Paul Jovius, 1483— Natural historians: d. 1645, Chronicles. Cremona violins, the
for the king’s natural daughter — — Kenilworth, 1575 — Knowle,
1553—Jul. Cces. Scaliger, 1484-1559, Conrad Gesner, 1516-65, of Thomas Fuller, 1608-1661, 1570—Penshurst, 1570. best by Stradivari,
horses and litters were commonly Church History, Worthies of
the celebrated philologist—And. Cces- Zurich, the German Pliny Inigo Jones, 1572-1652, Amati, Guarneri.
used—a hundred years later there
alphius, 1509-1603, the most famous —Ulysses Aldrovandus, of Devon, &cv Introduces the Roman style, and About 1600 castrati in
were above 300, and two hundred
Aristotelian of his period—Melanc- Bologna, 1522-1605,. zoo¬ Voyages and Travels. ranks as the greatest architect of the pope’s chapel at
years later above 20,000 equipages in
thon, d. 1560—and others. logy—Andreas C'asalpinus, Francis Drake, 1545-96, the England next to Wren—Palace of Rome : castrationes ad,
Paris.
Its opposers were—F. Patrizzi, Bruno, d. i603, botanist—the first first Englishman, and the Whitehall — St. Paul’s, Covent honorem Dei expressly IMty
The profligacy of the French court Berigard, Magnenus, Telesius, Cam- who ranged plants in classes second commander, who sails Garden: the ancient part of Green¬ recommended by a
increases to a dreadful pitch under panella, and chiefly and orders—Geo. Agricola, round the world. wich Hospital, part of Wilton papal bull. uk
Catherine de Medici and her Peter Ramus, d. 1572, one of its ablest d. 1555, mineralogy—Bart. John Haivkins, 1520-95, voy¬ House—Town Hall of Abingdon
three sons—Francis II., Charles opponents—a distinguished mathema¬ Eustachi, d. 1574, Anatomy age to Guinea, —beautiful river-front of Somerset
IX., and Henry III. tician, and father of modem logic. —Gab. Fallopio, d. 1563, John Davis, d. 1609, three House, now no more, &c. From the end of the Six¬
Catherine keeps crowds of beautiful Revival of Stoicism: by Just. Comparative Anatomy — voyages for the discovery of Sculptors:—Mausoleum of Hen. teenth to the middle of the
women, wives and maidens, at her Lipsius, 1547—1606. Hieron. Cardano, d. 1575, a north-west passage. VII. fin. 1519 by Piet. Torri- Seventeenth Century :
court in order to ensnare men to her Mathematics—And. Vesa- Richard Hakluyt, 1553-1616, giano—Ri. Stephens, ab. 1590, First attempt at recitative
I
purpose—Nightly orgies of Hen. III. Attempts to found new systems lius, of Brussels, d. 1564, Collection of Voyages by earl of Suffolk’s tomb at Boreham style—rise of the opera and
Bull fights and Autos de Fe' in Spain. and particular combinations of his celebrated work on ana¬ Englishmen. —Maxim. Powtran (or Colte) of concerted church music
I* Ihn
The etiquette of the Spanish court was various doctrines. tomy, with plates from Samuel Purchas, 1577-1628, fl. 1607—Nich. Stone, 1586-1647 —afterwards of dramatic I Mr'A'
so strict under Philip II. that the Nic. Taurellus, 1547-1606, endeavours nature by Titian — Nic. his Pilgrimages. —Edw. Pierce, d. 1598—Hubert melodies and songs, instru¬
queen could only see the princes and to separate philosophy from theology, Tartaglia, d. 1557, founder Soeur, (Frenchman), &c.
mental accompaniments, £e. I AM Oiffft
princesses at particular times. of the science of gunnery— The earl of Arundel, d. 1645:
and regards reason as the proper Italian Historians :
1560 Snuff first brought into France source of philosophical knowledge. Gian. B. de la Porta, d.
Machiavelli, d. 1527, the
a great patron and collector of works Italian:
from Portugal by Nicot—‘ herba Ni- Bern. Telesius, 1508-88, a Neapolitan, 1615, Natural Magic—Ca¬ first of modem classical his¬ of art — the Amndelian marbles Establishment of tbe
mera Obscura — and De and statues at Oxford. opera at Florence:
cotiana.’ and founder of an academy at Cosenza, torians—Storie Florentine.
Humana Physiognomia, III. Spanish buildings under Vinc. Galilei, Jeremiah’s
Knives first made in England— to oppose the Aristotelians. whereby he became the
Fran. Guicciardini, of Flo¬ Lament, with violin acc.—
Forks not yet at all in use here. Franc. Patrizzi, 1529-1593, author of father of physiognomy. rence, d. 1540, Storia d'Italia. Ferd., Charles V., Philip Jacopi Peri, Dafne, the l«ft
II., III., IV.
1576 Judicial astrology much in vogue a new theory of emanation. Tycho Brahe, 1546-
Pietro Bembo, Venetian, d. first serious opera—Orazio
during the sixteenth and to the midst Geord. burnt at Rome for 1547, History of Venice. Cathedral at Seville, 1506-12—at
heresy, 1600—his system was an ex¬ 1601, a Dane, and cele¬ Paul Jovius, d. 1552, Hist, Salamanca, by IIontanon, 1513 Vecchi, first opera buffa,
of the seventeenth century. 1597.
Card. Richelieu consulted astrologers—Nos-
tension of that of the Eleatai and brated astronomer—he ad¬ sui Temp. —palace Medina Celi at Seville,
Cl. de Monteverde,
Plotinus—a species of pantheism. hered to the Ptolemaic Geo. Vasari, the painter, d. 1520—palace of Charles V. in the 1570-1651, Venetian, dis¬
trodamus—Seni,( Wallenstein’s astrologer)—
William Lilly, 1602-81, and Aubrey during system, which he greatly 1574, Lives of Painters, &c. Alhambra, by Machuca, after
covers the harmony of the
the civil wars in England. Sceptical ivriters : improved. Carl. Sigonio, d. 1585. 1527—the Escurial, 1563-86, &c.
dominant, compound dis¬
Pocket watches first in use in Of these Michel de Montaigne, 1533- Paol. Parnta, d. 1598. Sculptors .-—Felipe de Borgona,
1592, author of the celebrated essays,
Telescopes invented about Ca;sar Baronius, d. 1607, 1516 — sepulchre of Ferd. and cords, &c., the greatest IVik
England. composer of his time.
1577-80 Sir Francis Drake makes was the first of modem times—he this time— improved by Annales Eccles. Isabel, at Granada, 1516—the
affirmed that all experience led him Galileo de Galilei, Paol. Sarpi, d. 1622, History Arfe family celebrated for their At Rome: — G. Caccini,
the second voyage round the
world. to believe in the uncertainty of all
1564-1642—
of the Council of Trent. works in gold and silver. 1600 — Greg. Allegri, Hi
1577 Stroganoff, a Russian, dis human knowledge, and in the feeble¬ the father of modem physics Davila, d. 1631—Bentivog- IV. French Architecture 1590-1640.
covers Siberia. ness of all human reason. He was —founder of statics—dis¬ Lio,d. 1644—Strada, d. 1619. from Fra. I. to Louis XIV. L. Viadini, of Lodi—first
coverer of the laws of fall¬
1589 Gallantries of the court of followed by Etienne Bottie, d. 1563, ing bodies—pendulum, &c. Fontainebleau, by Serlio and Pri- gives a melody to the bass
Henry IV. of France. and Pierre Charron, 1541-1603, maticcio—commencement of the —invents figured basses—
The fair Gabrielle—marchioness of Vernenil
author of a Traite sur la Sagesse. Spanish Historians : Louvre at Paris, after the drawings founder of church concerts. |r*»Ki
—Henry had sixty mistresses—Sully was
William Gilbert, cele¬ Sepulveda, d. 1572 — Diego of Lescot, d. 1571—Hotel de Ville Giacomo Carissimi,
scandalised at the dissipation of the court. WEodern Philosophy. brated English physi¬ Hurtado de Mendoza, d. 1575 at Paris, 1533 — Philibert de 1528-1674, of Padua —
1590 Telescopes in use in the A free and progressive spirit of cian, d. 1C03—discovers ■—Ocampo, d. 157 8—Gomez, Lorme, d. 1578, began the Tuil-
father of dramatic melody.
hb‘'■■’It
Netherlands. electricity. d. 1580—Zurita, d. 1580— leries—the Luxemberg, 161.5—the Benevoli, masses for sixteen
inquiry into the principles, the Morales, d. 1590—Ant.Perez, Palais Royal, by Le Mercier, d. voices — Cesti, operas —
1595 House of correction at Am¬
laws, and limits of human know¬ 1660, who also built the Sorbonne Cavalli, of Venice, or¬
sterdam. John Kepler, 1571-1G30, d. 1614—Sandoval, d. 1621. ganist and singer, 45 operas
ledge ; with attempts to systema¬ Juan Mariana, d. 1623, the and church of St. Roch.
1598 First regular theatre in London, the greatest astronomer of —his Jason, 1649.
tise and combine them. the sixteenth century'. He first great Spanish historian— Sculptors:—J. Goujon, d. 1572 \% ft
the Globe, in which Shakspeare per¬
formed, opened—in Paris about the First Period—from Bacon discovers the Kepleran
the second was ■—Pilon, d. 1590-—statue of Henry English Musicians of Vtc.
same time. to Kant. laws of the elliptical course Ant. Herrera, d. 1625. IV. on the Pont-Neuf at Paris. this period:
Great magnificence displayed in the of the planets, &c. — the Joao de Barros, d. 1570, the V. German and Dutch Ar¬ Thos. Tallis, d. 1585,
Portuguese Livy. chitecture.
Turkish, Persian, and Mogul courts: Fresh and independent attempts of foundation of the New¬ father of English musicians fen*
court of Soliman the Magnificent at reason, with a more profound and tonian system of gravity— The Exchange at Antwerp, 1531— —one of the greatest com¬
Stamboul—of Shah Abbas at Ispa¬ systematic spirit of investigation. by his Dioptrica he founds German: at Amst. 1608-13—council house posers of Europe — cele¬ |{fe.
han, and of Akbar at Delhi. the science of optics. Cation's Chronicle, 1532 — at Augsburg, 1614-20—Hotel de brated song in 40 parts.
1603 Horse-racing comes into practice I. Attempts to ground philosophi¬ John Napier invents loga¬ Johan. Sleidan, d. 1556, de Ville at Amst. 1646, the master¬ Will. Bird, fl. 1575-1623, %U
in England—great attention paid to cal knowledge on experiment. Statu Religionis, etc. piece in this style, by Van Campen, famous church music
rithms, 1614. fe'G
the breed of racers. 1559-74 Historia Eccles. by the d. 1658. Non Nobis Domine.
1615 Coffee at Venice—in Paris 1672 Francis Bacon Xiord Verulam, Will. Snell, d. 1626, Dutch¬ Centurice Magdeburg. Sculptors:—Pet. Vischer, d. W. Blithf.man, organist of
H,/
—Leipsic 1694—first coffee-house in 1561-1626. man, refraction of rays of Busbeq, d. 1592, Epistolce. 1530-B. ENGELnURGER, 1508 — the chapel royal to queen
London 1636—at Marseilles .1650— The most celebrated philosopher of light. Alex. Colon, 1566. Eliz. — Dr. John Bull,
in Oxford 1650. modem times; and who, by substi¬
VI. Indian Architecture 1563-1622, music professor!
French Historians :
1620 Perukes first worn at the French tuting nature and experiment for the William Harvey, Mostly Memoirs from the time under the Great Mogul. at Gresham college—Thos.
court. d. 1657, Sepulchre of Akbar, near Agra — Morley, pupil of Bird, d.
vain speculations of the schoolmen, founder of modem physi¬ of Comines:
1604, his famous burial:
Thermometers invented by Drebel, and the method of induction for the Mart, and Guil. Bellay,A. 1559 that of Shah .Tehan—magnificent
a German—Barometers by Torri¬ old system of Aristotle, entirely ology by his discovery of and 1543—Tavannes, d. 1573 palace of red granite at Delhi. service. kin
the circulation of the blood.
celli, of Florence. changes the course of inquiry, and —Blaise de Montluc, d. 1577 VII. P ersiun, under the Sofls. Celebrated Virginal book fife.
1623 The court of Rome, under exercises the most important and be¬ Evangel. Torricelli, d. 1647, —Brantome, d. 1614—Mar¬ Splendid buildings of Shah Akbar of queen Elizabeth. Mir
Urban VIII., the most luxurious and neficial influence upon succeeding inventor of the barometer— guerite de Valois, d. 1615. atlspahan—thegreat bazaar, which Orlando Gibbons, 1583-
splendid of Europe — extravagant philosophers. discoveries respecting air, DeThou, 1553-1617, Historia Chardin calls the finest in the 1625, madrigals and church
magnificence of foreign cardinals and Principal works : De dignitate et A ug- light, and space. sui Temporis—the first real world—the great bridge, &c. music—he combined fine!
ambassadors, whom the Roman nobles mentis Scientiarum—Novum Orga- Helmont, d. 1644 — chemi¬ historical work of the French. In this period were founded the harmony, simplicity, and
endeavour to surpass. num Scientiarum. cal discoveries. Sully, d. 1641, Memoirs. principal museums of antiquities grandeur.
and sculptures in Italy, &c.

a
 v.c. 1450to 1650. MODERN CIVILISATION, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE. 01

Poetry and Works of Imagination. Education.

English. Italian. French. Education, which during the

dark ages had been confined
Poets during the Italian wars
English Poetry under the Tudors, Sfc. Poets during the Huguenot to monasteries, the clergy,
Uiyl of France and Spain; and and some few of noble rank,
%| jittle addition, and no improvement, in English poetry for a century after Chaucer’s wars, Sfc., to the reign of
during the predominance of receives a vast impulse by
'"‘I death. Louis XIV. the discovery of the art of
**1,1 the latter. printing, anil the Reforma¬
Vjir il/iam Dunbar, 14(15-1530—Gawin Douglas, 1475-1522, Virgil—Scottish ]>oets. Mich. Buonarolti, the great Florentine Clement Marot, 1495-1544, epigrams, tion ; the latter creating a
Igate, d. about 1446, ‘ The Warres of Troy,’ ‘ Fall of Prynces,’ &c. &c. painter, d. 1564—and songs, &c. new desire for knowledge
Piet. Bembo, d. 1547, lyrics in the style among almost every class,
James I. of Scotland, 1437,—Harry the Minstrel. and tlie former facilitating
of Petrarch : splendid prose writer. Margaret, queen of Navarre, d. 1549,
'ephen Halves,‘ Pastime of Pleasure,’ 1517—the best poem of this century. mysteries, farces, the ‘ Iieptameron,’ the means of acquiring it.
N. Machiavelli, comedies and novels. 100 novels.
The Nut-Brown Maid,’ a beautiful ballad, anon, about 1520. The foundations of Oxford
Matt. Bandello, d. 1562, 140 novels.
Pierre de Ronsard, d. 1585, called the and Cambridge, ranking
rohn Skelton, d. 1529, poet laureate. Jac. Sannazaro, d. 1530, ‘ Arcadia,’ a prince of French poets. among the foremost univer¬
fs.d
pastoral romance. sities of the world for
homas Wyatt, d. 1541, and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, beheaded 1546 : wealth, learning, and know¬
Etienne Jodelle, d. 1573,
Ithc first English poetry in blank verse—first English sonnets—their works produce a great effect
upon English literature. Agost. Beccari, d. 1590, dramatic pas¬ founder of the modern French drama, ledge, and the great schools
torals. upon the classic model — his ‘ Cleo¬ of Winchester, 1373, Eton,
Philip Sidney, 1554-1586, ‘ Arcadia,’ a pastoral romance, ‘ Defence of English 1440, &c., had raised the
patra,’ &c.
Poesy,’ &c. Giov. Ruccellai, d. 1526, ‘ Le Api.’ intellectual and moral cha¬
| Thomas Tusscr, 1520-80, ‘ Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry.’ racter of the English nation,
Luigi Alamanni, d. 1556, ‘Della Col- Other dramatists:—Rob. Gamier, and more especially of her
| tivazione,’ &c. d. 1601—La Peyrouse, author of
Rise of the English Drama. clergy, to a high point of
‘ Medea,’ the first tragedy in rhyming celebrity.
I Giov. Giorg. Trissino, d. 1550, Italia Alexandrines—Jean de Rotrou, d. 1650
The earliest dramatic productions of England were, miracle-plays, or mysteries, Liberata,’ &c.
founded upon scriptures, or lives of the saints. The earliest known piece —J. Mairet, d. 1680, the immediate
acted in Europe was The Miracle of St. Catherine, performed prior to 1119 forerunners of Corneille, &c.
Ludovico Ariosto, 1474-1533,
Erasmus, d. 1536—treatise de
at Dunstable. Orlando Furioso,’ and five comedies
und Francois Rabelais, 1483-1553, pueris Instituendis.
after Plautus and Terence.
Sot! 1268 Miracle plays performed at Chester {The Chester Mysteries') satirical romance.
ipescj till 1577 : Bernardo Tasso, d. 1569, Amadis’—he
supposed to have been translated from the French by Half Iligden—the clergy were the Francois deMallierbe, 1555-1628, father Colet, d. 1519, founder of St.
Par authors and actors of the earliest English mysteries; churches and monasteries the was father of
theatres.
of French lyric poetry. Paul’s school, 1509, tutor to
scho
Ml Torquato Tasso, 1544-1595, queen Elizabeth. He was so
nii John Bale, 1495-1563, his religious plays, printed 1538 ; he was the first ‘ Gierusalemme Liberata,’ ‘ Amynta,’ Ac. Regnier, d. 1613, father of classic French highly esteemed by Erasmus,
who applied the words tragedy and comedy to English dramatic pieces. satiric poetry. that he calls him the unicus
Giambattista Guarini, 1537-1612, proeceptor.
Moralities (moral plays), in which-the characters were allegorical represen¬ ‘ II pastor fido,’ &c., the last of the Au¬ Hon ore d' Urfe, 1567-1625, ‘ Astre'e,’ a
iid tations of vices and virtues, as Truth, Justice, Peace, &c., were first intro¬ gustine period of Italian poetry, which pastoral.
■-. I duced under Henry VI. and attained their highest perfection under Henry from this time begins to decline.
VII.—‘ Nature,’ and others, by Henry Medwall, about 1480—‘ Magnificence,’ About 1524.
1592 F oundation of the Theatre Frangoise,
to by John Skelton—and other moralities by W. Wager, Fulwell, T. Lupton, The burlesque poems of Barbier Burchi- and, 1600, of the Theatre du Marais— Luther and Melancthon, by
1.54,1 &c. about 1500. their writings and exertions,
ello, d. 1448—Fran. Berni, d. 1536— 1645 First Italian opera. promote the work of educa¬
Moralities resembling tragedy and comedy, after 1560 ;—‘ Tom Tiler and his and Folengo, of Mantua, d. 1544, are tion, especially in Germany.
Wife’—‘The Conflict of Conscience,’ by N. Woodes—‘The Disobedient highly celebrated. Luther’s letter to the magistrates
of all the cities of Germany,
Child,’ by T. Ingelend—‘ Cambyses,’ by T. Preston—and others.
Crocce, d. about 1620, the popular ro¬ desiring that everywhere Christ¬
1549 All kinds of stage plays forbidden by the council of Edward VI. mance ‘ Bertoldo.’ ian schools should be maintained.

iil'J
Latin plays acted at the universities, Eton, and other large schools. A less. Tassoni, d. 1635, founder of the German.
Nicholas Udal writes, about 1540, ‘ Ralph Roister Doister,’— mock heroic : ‘ Secchia Rapita.’
Leppi, d. 1644. Period from, the Reformation to the
the first English comedy.
Thirty Years' War.
John Still writes, about 1566, ‘ Gammer Gurton’s Needle.’ Fran. Bracciolini, d. 1645, ‘ Scherno
degli Dei,’ a mock heroic. Roger Ascham, 1515-68, tutor
Thomas Sackville, earl of Dorset, 1527-1608, poet and statesman, writes, in Melchior Pfinzting, 1481-1535, Tewr-
dannek,’ an epic. of queen Elizabeth, ‘ The
conjunction with Thomas Norton, d. 1584, ‘ Ferrex and Porrex,’ (or ‘ Gor- Giamb. Marino, 1569-1625, ‘ Adonis,’ Schoolmaster.’
budoc’), 1561— &c.: bombast instead of poetry.
the first regular English tragedy. Chiabrera, d. 1637, and Testi, 1646, two Sacred lyrical poetry cultivated
superior lyrics poets. by the protestant clergy, &c.
Wager's ‘ Life and Repentance of Mary Magdalen,’ 1567.
Filicaja, d. 1707, revives the national Martin Luther and his contemporaries.
<rge Gascoigne, d. 1577, poet, author of the first prose comedy, and of ‘ Jocasta,’ the taste and feelings.
second tragedy, in blank verse.
Formation of the German drama :
lohn Heyicood, d. 1565, author of various interludes, of which he may be considered the
inventor. He also wrote ‘The Spider and Flie,’ and other poems. Spanlsh and Portuguese. Hans Sachs, 1494-1576,
lasper Heywood, 1535-97, plays from Seneca. shoe-maker and meistersanger at Nu¬
The Drama. Flourishing pe r i o d of Sp an is h remberg—author of numerous facetious
I Edmund Spenser, about 1553-96. pieces and revels—founder of the Ger¬
1579 Mayor and corporation of London oppose Poetry, formed upon the man drama.
I1 lohn Davis, 1570-1626, ‘ Scourge of theatrical performances, and they are forbidden
by the council. Italian.
Folly,’ &c. Jacob Ayrer, d. about 1618, dramatist.
Whetstone's ‘ Promos and Cassandra,’ 1578, Foundation of Brasennose,
lohn Owen, d. 1622, Latin epigrams. Juan Roseau, d. before 1544, father of
on which Shakspeare founded his ‘ Mea¬ Corpus, and Christ Church,
sure for Measure.’ Castilian poesy, sonnets after Petrarch Many English comedians in Germany—
Fulke Greville, lord Brooke, 1544-1628, Oxford, as well as of other
plays at the Marrionet theatre.
poetical treatises. Garcilaso de la Vega, d. 1536, eclogues, colleges. Numerous free-
Numerous plays were written between
&c. grammar schools in va¬
1568-80—R. Edwards, T. Wilmot, Thos. Johann Fischart, 1511-1581, satirist and rious parts of England.
WE. Fairfax, d. 1632, Tasso. Gil Vincente, d. 1557 :
Hughes, and others. Said to have introduced the re¬ translator of Rabelais.
iiaoi'l gular drama into Europe —
i/«,l \\Iichael Drayton, d. 1631, ‘ Polyolbion,’
Golden period of the old English
Drama: founder of the Portuguese
-Ou ‘ Nymphidia,’ &c. drama by his ‘Autos’—trage¬ Rollenhagen, d. 1609, ‘ Froschmausler,’
Christopher Marlowe, d. 1593, a great im¬ dies, comedies, and farces. a mock heroic.
John Donne, (celebrated divine), d. 1631,
prover of dramatic blank verse: wrote
satires and miscellaneous poems. also poems. Saa de Miranda, d. 1558,
sonnets, the first Portuguese Catholic Lyrics:—Balde, d. 1608—
G. Sandys, d. 1643, ‘ Paraphrase upon the Robt. Greene, d. 1592, wrote also many classical poet. Von Spee, d. 1635, jesuit—Ang. Sile-
Psalms,’ &c. prose tracts interspersed with verses. sius, d. 1677, mystic poet.
Jorge de Montemayor, d. 1561, pastorals Foundation of Jesuit col¬
Fhineas Fletcher, d. 1650, ‘ Purple Island,’ John Lyly, the author also of ‘ Euphues.’ and novels.
Protestant Lyrics:—Paul Melissus, leges about the middle of the
&c. George Peele, d. about 1596; wrote also Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, d. 1575, d. 1602—Rud. Weckherlin, about 1651. sixteenth century, by the
'ieorge Wither, 1588-1677, satirical poems. father of Spanish prose in his humour¬ Paul Gerhardt, d. 1676, the finest sacred Pope, in opposition to the
ous novel ‘ Lazarillo de Tormes.’ lyric poet after Luther. Protestant schools.
poems, &c. Thos. Kyd.
Paul Flemming, d. 1640. The first at Coimbra, in Portugal
i01ji-;S William Browne, 1590-1645, ‘ Britannia’s Thomas Lodge, d. 1625 ; wrote also poems Fern, de Herrera, d. after 1578, odes. — the celebrated Aqua Viva,
d. 1B15, the planner of the Jesuits
the Pastorals.’ and prose tracts. Ant. Ferreira, d. 1569. Martin Opitz, 1597-1639, school system. This order re¬
[W William Habington, 1605-54, ‘ Castara.’ Thomas Nash, d. 1601; chiefly distinguished the father of modem German poetry— garded education as their great
Luis de Camoens, instrument; in Catholic nations it
ICO** as the author of satirical prose tracts. the French school introduced. fell almost entirely into their
1524-79.
’xancis Quarles, d. 1644, ‘ Emblems,’ &c. Portuguese poetry declines hands; the lower, as well as the
1598 Foundation of the Globe theatre, higher, and even the highest
Southwark, in which Shakspeare acted. upon the Spanish conquest. Andreas Gryphius, 1616-64, father of classes, were under their tuition.
lohn Harrington, 1561-1612, Ariosto. the modern German drama.
'William Shakspeare, 1564-1616.
The brothers Leon and Bart, de Ar gen-
•Samuel Daniel, 1562-1619, ‘Civil Wars,’
sola, 1613 and 1631. Logan, d. 1635, epigrams- -Lauremberg,
sonnets, &.c. George Chapman, 1634 ; celebrated also for Christ, de Castillejo, d. 1596, witty erotic d. 1659, satires.
Sir John Davies, ‘ Immortality of the his translation of Homer, &c.
songs.
Soul,’ &c. Thomas Dekker; also prose tracts, &c. Hoffmannswaldau, 1618-79, and Lohen-
Luis de Gonqora, d. 1627, ‘ Des Estilo
stein, d. 1683, bombastic writers.
Thomas Carew, d. 1639, love elegies, &c. Thomas Ileytcood; the author also of‘The Culto.’
Hierarchy of the Blessed Angels,’ &c. The circle of learning still too
William Drummond, d. 1649, sonnets, &c. Alonso de Ercilla, d. after 1590, ‘ La confined — men scarcely yet
Francis Beaumont, 1555-1615, Araucana,’ epic. dared to think as they would,
Hies Fletcher, d. 1623, ‘ Christ’s Victory's,’ (and) and still less did they dare
John Fletcher, 1576-1625. Miguel de Cervantes, 1547-1616.
to communicate what they
Don Quixote,’ poems, and novels. thought.
•Sir William Davenant, 1605-68, dramatist John Marston, d. 1614. Sundry Nations.
and poet, ‘ Gondibert.’ Lope de Vega, 1562-1635,
Ben Tonson, d. 1637.
author of eight hundred dramatic pieces—his
Vlichard Lovelace, 1618-58. Thomas Middleton. works, among which are some excellent Poles: — Kochanotcski, 1532-84, the
novels, fill 133,223 pages: more than any other
|ilex. Brome, 1620-60, songs and poems. John Webster. standard writer. Polish Pindar—Sarbiewski, 1595-1640,
Latin odes : the Polish Horace.
John Ford, d. ab. 1651.
lobt. Herrick, d. ab. 1660, ‘ Hespcrides,’ Pedro Calderon de la Barca,
| and other poems. Philip Massinger, d. 1640. 1601-87,
I numerous dramatic pieces of all descrip¬ Dutch Poets, 4'c- •'—Pieter Corn,
James Shirley, 1596-1666. Lord Bacon, d. 1626, re¬
Jobn Milton, 1608-74. tions. Hooft, 1581-1647, tragedy and pastoral. former of philosophy, by his
1625-40 Numerous masks at court, &c., A nt. de Solis, the historian and dramatist, ‘ Advancement of Learning,’
lohn Suckling, d. 1641—Ed. Waller, 1605- patronised by the queen of Charles I.
1687—Abr. Cowley, 1618-67, celebrated d. 1686—Aug. Moreto, about 1654, .lost van der Vondel, 1587-1679, the and other works, improves
Prynne's ‘ Histriomastix,’ 1633. another dramatist. greatest dramatic poet of Holland. the method of communicat¬
lyrics.
ing and acquiring knowledge.
Samuel 3utler, 1612-80, 1642-47 Ordinances of the Long Parlia¬ Villegas, d. 1669, the Spanish Anacreon.
‘ Hudibras.’ ment against stage plays.
Franc, de Quevedo, 1580-1645, the Jacob Cats, 1577-1660, the Dutch
Marvel, 1620-78, letters and The drama remains under a cloud till the Spanish Rabelais. Fontaine.
I ndrew
| poems. Restoration.
62 Table xxi. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF A. C. 1050 to 179:
Legislation Finance.
Politics and Foreign Relations.
Government. and Jurisprudence.
1652 Rivalry of England and Holland: Indirect taxation—prohibitive system—
Fifth Period continued—Absolute Monarchies. project of the Protector, upon gaining possession of Dun¬ rise of National debts.
kirk, to found a continental trading state in the Spanish
165-2 First breaking up of a Polish diet by the Liberum veto—the privilege of every noble ■
Netherlands. About 1650 The nobility of Germany and France
nn
up to this time the exercise of it had been respectfully restrained;
i and Stzinski, who hrst
tax-free: the ancient custom, by which the
brought it into use, has been generally denounced. Alliance of Cromwell with Mazarine against Spain. knights served personally in the army, and the
Foundation of English power in the burghers and peasantry were employed in handi¬
1653 Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector of England. 1660 The kings of Denmark craft and field labour, was completely changed,
West Indies, by the capture of obtain unlimited legislative to the great disadvantage of the people, of whom
Jamaica under Cromwell. authority. the armies were now principally formed, the
1653 Absolute monarchy established in Trance : the king declares in
itl*etat c'est moi” (I am the state.)
parliament, with a riding-whip in his hand,
places of command and profit being alone kept
for the nobility ; the people being also compelled
1659 Preponderance of France in the west and to pay the heavy taxes necessary to keep up the
1653 Re-establishment of Intendants in France, wholly dependent upon the south of Europe under Louis XIV., upon the large standing armies.
minister, as deputy managers in all military, financial, judicial, and police In England the principle of equal taxation was
peace of Westphalia and the Pyrenees.—Spain
very early established—the aristocracy have never
matters. . declines to a second-rate power. been tax free; yet having the power in their
The division of France into thirty-two general-intendancies continued till the Revolution, when
own hands, they have taken care to place the
Necker sought to place the government of the provinces under representative coi porations. 1660 Sweden obtains the balance in the east and great weight of taxation on the shoulders of the at
The Revolution created municipalities—Napoleon set them aside, and created prefects: and
north by the peace of Olivia : Livonia falls to Legislation of Louis industrious classes, to the relief of their own. at
the latter system of centralisation has also been preserved by the new regulations for the
1651 Origin of the prohibitive system in England
departments and municipalities of 1833. Sweden.—The superiority of Poland completely XIV. of France :
by the Navigation Act of Oliver Cromwell.
overthrown. civil causes, 1667; cri¬ 1655 First sinking-fund in Holland. (if Mi
In Germany the collegial system holds—the county colleges being composed minal, with torture, 1660 The Civil List first introduced at the Re¬
1677 Louis XIV. renews his attack upon the Spanish 1770. storation in England. Feudal tenures abolished.
partly of doctors and partly of the nobility.
Nether lands, and obtains by degrees considerable portions The king of Denmark obtains unlimited power of W 1
Unjust executions in France
of them—Franche Comte, 1681 ; also Strasburg, from
(the case of John Cal as, even
taxation. jfiaft
In England the ancient Anglo-Saxon system has been preserved. The affairs Germany, a place of first-rate importance.
in 1762, is rendered cele¬ 1661-83 Colbert’s Financial ministration
of the counties are managed by justices of the peace and grand juries, who England, after the Restoration, without influence in brated by Voltaire)—Incar¬
ceration of the Iron mask,
in France. The mercantile system: stkiwf
meet at Quarter Sessions. the affairs of Europe—both Charles and James despicable
pensioners of Louis XIV. (pretended twin brother of money the criterion of national wealth.
These justices are appointed by the minister of the day, who, of course, leans towards his
Louis XIV.) at Pignerol and Few men have possessed a higher spirit of enter-
* *'
party; but, whoever may be minister, the present system gives to the landed aristocracy 1675 Foundation of Prussian power laid by the in the Bastile. prise than Colbert: he introduced manufactures,
almost absolute power over all county affairs: they administer their own game and poor Hefti#
laivs, and return their own members to parliament.
victory of Fehrbeilin over Sweden. negotiated commercial treaties, and opened an
active intercourse with the East, sending ambas¬ tiplili*
1678 First war between Russia and Turkey. sadors to almost every monarchy. His plans and
1660 Absolute monarchy in Denmark, and depression of the nobles :
undertakings took in the whole earth ; and, but
The third estate confer absolute power upon the king—the nobles still enjoy all great state 1679Pondicherry the principal seat of the French in the
for the very expensive wars of Louis XIV., faiiflfi
places—new creations of nobility 1671. East Indies.
France must have been the most nourishing of milar-
Restoration of tlie Stuarts in England, 1660. 1681 The French language supersedes the Latin 1681 Legislation of William kingdoms. He raised the national income to
116,000,000 livres, and called into life the burgher
in diplomacy. Penn in America: founded
1670 Austrian despotism in Hungary under Leopold I. upon justice and perfect class, which has since overthrown the French' i
1682 Coalition of Austria, Poland, Venice, and liberty of conscience. aristocratic nobility.
1665 Arbitrary taxation in Spain from the time.j
1679 The Habeas Corpus Act establishes personal security in England. Russia, to stay the progress of the Turks. of the last kings of the house of Hapsburg.
1683 The Turks for the second time before 1683 Code of laws for 1670 Monopoly of tobacco in Austria—in France,
Arbitrary imprisonments (Lettres de Cachet) in common use in France. 1674.
Vienna—John Sobieski, another Charles Denmark by Christian. 1671 Imperial declaration that the princes of the
1687 Hungary an hereditary monarchy in the male line, under Leopold I. Martel, delivers Europe. No foreign laws have Empire should not impose taxes without the con¬
The crown declared no longer elective, and the right of resistance annulled. any force in Denmark. sent of the landed proprietors.
1689 The accession of William of Orange to the 1680 Increase of the national income in Sweden
English throne leads this power to interfere with by the confiscation of the alienated crown lands. B (m
1688 Second Revolution in England : Abdication of James II.—Accession of
William III., prince of Orange.—The people take little part in this change, and get nothing 1681 Excise, and, 1682, Stamp Acts, in Prussia. jlwpf
all its strength in the politics of Europe.
by it: the aristocracy are still all in all. 1687 Ordinance of Louis XIV. respecting duties 'tt)M
completely establishing the prohibitive system in
1689 Bill of Rights: legislation and taxation only by parliament—right of petition
France.
secured—no standing army in time of peace—freedom of speech in parliament—see p. 42 b. ((■0 i
1699 The Turks lose their predominance by the 1711 The Russian di¬ Increase of taxes in England during tht
1692 Liberty of the Press in England.— The surest guarantee of peace of Carlowitz. recting senate erected
French wars :
national liberty, which can never be destroyed while it lasts, but by want of 1700 Great Northern war between the rivals into the supreme tri¬ system of indirect taxation established by parlia¬
I .M
virtue in the people. bunal of the empire by ment; the excise, from which however the ne¬
Charles XII. of Sweden and Peter the Great. cessaries of life, as meat, corn, etc., are exempt.
The stamp duty, and the want of a national system of education, still deprive the third estate Peter the Great.
Coalition of Poland, Russia, Denmark, and afterwards 1690 Imposition of the land-tax; first at three
of this security.
England and Prussia, against Sweden. shillings in the pound—it continued after to be
nds ci
1720 By the new form granted annually, at different rates, but commonly
1697 Last meeting of the Cortes in Portugal. at four shillings in the pound, till it was made
The Eighteenth Century is remarkable of government the le¬
for the European wars of Succession : perpetual, 1798.
1701 Act of Settlement in England: limiting the power of the crown, and Two great Wars of Succession: the Spanish and Austrian. gislative power is se¬ 1694 Commencement of the English national debt iW

increasing*that of the aristocracy—see p. 42. Two lesser : the Polish and Bavarian. cured to the Swedish of the funding system, and of the subsidiary Sfckti
system, under William III.
1700 Extinction of the Spanish house of Haps- parliament—new code, The National Debt at William's death was
Whigs and Tories first heard of about 1704.—The great difference between these two
burg—Partition treaty for the Spanish monarchy, 1734. £16,394,702—the supplies annually raised during
parties, in principles, is, that the tory venerates all that exists, and fears to risk improve¬
the war about £‘5,000,000.
fcTits,
ment, lest he should destroy : while the whig is for lopping away abuses, and for safe and and Spanish War of Succession till 1714.
continuous progress towards social perfection—thus the tory dreads knowledge, lest it
Coalition of Austria, etc. against France [see p. 42, 43.] Fifth Period—Great Great increase of taxation in France, during the
should disturb society: the whig loves it, because it improves society. The liberty of wars against England, and war of the Spanish
the press, the right of free inquiry, toleration, and any extension of political power to the Partition of the Spanish monarchy between France and improvement in Euro¬ succession—1692 Sale of municipal offices—1695
people, are all violently opposed by the tory, and advocated by the whig—the former loves Austria: Spain to the French house of Anjou; Belgium pean legislation from the capitation, a general poll-tax upon the cities iotheport
his country, but in it he only sees the crown, the church, and the landed aristocracy ; the and Lombardy become Austrian provinces. freed from the faille—1710 Tax of the tenth and
patriotism of the whig includes all these, and professes to take in besides the great body of the time of Montesquieu. twelfth penny upon every kind of property. 1700 Vicl
the people.
1713 Britannia mistress at sea. Project for general codes of 1710 Increase of taxation in Austria, during the
I law in the language of the war against France: excise on bread, beer
1707 Union of England and Scotland [see p. 42]. people, after the French meat, etc. »Pe*r
1721 Russia predominates in the North: Swe¬ Revolution, and foundation 1715 The French revenue, which, at the death of
of constitutional govern¬
1713 Despotic monarchy in Spain : den declines: Henry IV., 1610, was only 30,000,000 livres, al
ments: restoration of the the death of Louis XIV. amounted to 160,000,000
ib ar
National liberty completely overthrown by the French house of Anjou—the Justizia in Aragon Peter obtains the Baltic provinces at the peace of Nystadt,
people to a share in legisla¬ The system of collecting the taxes by farming them n&i,
abolished—Salic law of succession established—Ministry of Alberoni till 1719. and takes the title of Emperor. tion and the administration was so wretched, that only one-third of what waf
1722 jFirst interference of Russia in Persian affairs : of justice. paid came into the treasury. Louis XIV. lef
Pragmatic Sanction in Austria, in favour of Maria Theresa [see p. 43 e]. upon the overthrow of the empire of the Solis by the
a debt of 2,500,000,000 livres. 1
The monarchy indivisible and hereditary in the first-born, of male or female descent. Afghans under Nadir Shah—the Caucasus now opened. 1748 Montesquieu’s
1718 Law, a Scotchman, tampers with the French fan hi
Spirit of Laws, by finances: a bank established under the name o;
1735 France, by the treaty of Vienna, obtains Lorraine—the
1716 The Bill of Rights infringed in England under George I. by seven year last portion of the ancient kingdom of Lothaire, the pos¬ which he becomes the Law and Co., its notes are accepted as sterling
parliaments and a standing army. session of which had been the cause of a struggle for cen¬ creator and founder of money—speculations of the most extravagan
turies between France and Austria. kind take place. He is made comptroller-general *ta!(
the new philosophy of 1720—reaction takes place, the people demanc] fekltf
1720-43 Swedish crown again elective upon the death of Charles XII. Rivalry of England and France in the East Indies, 1739, practical justice. gold, and the bubble bursts. Thousands of families
jwwi!
The supreme power in the hands of the states and the perpetual state-council—Diet every upon the overthrow of the great Mogul empire by Nadir are ruined, as also the credit of the government
three years, for three months—the states have legislative power, and of war and peace, in¬ Shah. 1755 Death of Cocceji, after this no paper money could be issued ir WMlt
dependently of the king. France. a ate
17&0 Pragmatic Sanction in favour of Maria High Chancellor of Great corruption and extravagance of the Frencl
1721-42 Ministry of Walpole, and systematic corruption of the House of Theresa, upon failure of male issue in the Haps¬ Prussia-the first court—the celebrated Beaumarchais obtains npoi
burg -house of Austria—War of the Austrian succession
Commons by the government [see p. 42 e]. till 1748—France, Spain, Bavaria, and Prussia, against Prussian reformer of one occasion 1,000,000 livres for secret service.
Austria: the administration of 1721 Poll-tax in Russia by Peter the Great—onl)
paid by burghers and peasantry, the nobility free
Peter the Great in Russia allowed arbitrarily to name his successor. Beginning of the rivalry between Austria and Prussia. justice, and compiler 1724 First stamped newspapers in England. Wilefe
Law in Russia respecting the fourteen grades of nobility, which are settled according to mili¬
tary rank : eight hereditary ; six personal.
1756 Celebrated alliance of Versailles between of a burgher code. 1747 The prohibitive system adopted in Hollanc
Austria and France, (after 300 years1 rivalry,) —in Austria, 1752.
1776 Abolition of tor¬ ® Pets
Administration of Fleury in France, 1726-43. against Prussia and England. 1758 Quesnay’s Tableau Economique : tliefounda
ture by Maria Theresa tion of the Physiocratic system. It makes agri ' HP
1756-63 Seven Years’war : France against Eng¬ in Germany—in Prance culture the only source of national well-being. ®®toS
Administration of Pitt the elder in England, 1757-61. land, and Austria against Prussia—Coalition of Russia, TuryoVs (the most celebrated of Quesnay’i
at the Revolution.
Austria, France, and Sweden, against Prussia. scholars) Recherclies sur la nature de Vorigiti I ft#*
des richesses nationales, 1774—the doctrines or
1764 Russian despotism in Poland under Catharine II. 1757 Establishment of the English power in India by the Filangieri begins his this school attacked the existing principles o
Si*

victory of Plassy in Bengal, gained by Clive—annihilation celebrated work, Scienza government, as they led to a system of politica 'fciea,
1770 Freedom of the Press in Denmark till 1799. of French power in this quarter. equality.
della Legislazione,
1763 National debt of England increased ft1
1771-74 Dissolution of the parliament of Paris. 1761 Rousseau's Social Contract gives birth to the notion which remained un¬ £164,000,000.—In order to pay the interest go ® Pirn
of the sovereignty of the people, and becomes for the finished at his death, vernment wishes to tax the North American?
1772 First depression of the aristocracy of Sweden by Gustavus III. favourers of popular rights what MacliiaveVs Prince had
1788. colonies, which leads to the revolution there.i
New constitution: the government restored to what it was in 1760—consent of the states been for nionarchs.
New house and window tax.
necessary for legislation, taxation, and offensive war—the imperial chamber to counsel: the In,
king to decide. 1780 Death of the cele¬ 1774 Income of France upon the death of Louis
1763 Full of French predominancy by the XV. 500,000,000 livres.
1775 Revolt of tlie English Colonies of Worth America: Declaration peace of Paris—Rise of the English sole do¬
brated Blackstone, 1775 Turgot finance minister in France.
of Independence, 1776.-1787 Constitution : the thirteen united states a federative republic author of Commentaries 1774-83 England prosecutes the war against *1 Foil
—a president every four years—a congress composed of two chambers, the senate, and house minion over the sea, and great power in the two on the Laws of England: North American liberty at an expense of about %
of representatives : the first example of the representation of a whole nation without reference Indies and North America. a clearer exposition and £130,000,000.
to rank or property—univ er sal suffrage—no qualification required for members, who
eulogy of the system as it A.dam Smith’s Wealth of Nations: an immortal!
are allowed six dollars a-day each for their expenses—Washington the first President, till
Prussian power firmly established by the peace then stood, but containing work !—Labour the basis of national prosperity
1797 (d. 1799): one of the greatest patriots that ever lived.
of Hubertsburg. little to advance the science. —free trade—free manufactures. Fr. Say
Each of the separate states, forming together the United States, has its separate government ((Economic Politique, 1803,) and Ricardo, (Po i tie
and constitution : in all, the government is divided into the three parts of executive, legis¬ 1764 Russian dictatorship in Poland. 1780 Legislation of litical Economy, 1823,) his principal scholars. hi
lative, and judicial—they all adopt the representative principle—they are all republican.
Frederic II. — New Necker, (banker of Geneva,) Finance minister a j
No titled nobility—trial by jury—freedom of the press—no established religion—right of all to 1765 British predominancy in the East Indies : by the France: his celebrated compte rendu, or financia
bear arms and to petition government.
Prussian ordinance for
treaty of Allahabad England obtains the fruitful province statement, published in 1781—200,000 copies!
of Bengal—so widely has she here extended her do¬ the administration of 1781 Joseph /7.’s system of taxation causes an inji
minions, that more than one-sixth part of the human race justice — 1776 Ordi¬ surrection in Hungary, and cannot be enforced. 5«,
SixtH Period: Revolutionary Period—-foundation of constitutional now obey her sceptre. 1767 War with the Mahrattas. ^ COM
nance that no civil pro¬ 1786 PitVs sinking fund:—see p. 46 d.—dont
governments, 1792. away as useless, 1829.
1772-95 Alliance of Russia, Prussia, and Austria for the cess shall last above a 1
The French Revolution gives new force to the opinion of the sovereignty of the people: the partition of Poland.
Declaration of the rights of man fixes the original foundation of government upon liberty year—strict separation 1787 Calonne's financial proposal for France Np
1774 Foundation of Russian predominance in the East to do away with the taille, and to replace it by «'
and equality. Struggle between this natural, reasonable, and unalienable right of the people, of the judicial and exe¬ property tax, to be paid by nobles as well as non
by the peace of Kutchuk Kainardji with Turkey [48 f].
with the prescriptive right of the feudal nobility and the divine right of kings.—In France, the
cutive powers. noble.—The notables, seeing in this proposal no
In
ancient feudal system, which there had become dreadfully oppressive, was overthrown in one thing less than the spoliation of the nobility
night, and the hereditary nobility and clergy destroyed. Improvement in constitutional go¬ 1776 Tlie Republic of the United States
1781 Legislation of separate without giving it their sanction.—Tin
vernment by the establishment of a well-balanced system, composed of the people, the of North America founded—Revolt of the following is a comparative statement of tin
aristocracy, and king. Struggle of liberalism with aristocracy and despotism. Rise of the new English colonies in North America—Coalition of North Joseph II.—new civil
income and taxes in livres of the three estate:
aristocracy of the doctrinaires, viz. of intelligence and learning—of officials and capitalists. America, France, Spain, and Holland, against England— code, 1786—criminal before the Revolution :
Peace of Versailles, 1783.
Tlie French Revolution—see p. 46 b. Declaration of the rights of man, upon the code, 1787. Clergy. Nobility. People.
motion of La Fayette, 20th Aug., 1789, the foundation of the first constitution—freedom and 1783 Russia occupied with the Crim-Project, for the re¬ Persons . . . 300,000 150,000 24,000,00.
equality, the free and unfettered development of the human powers : establishment of the establishment of the Greek empire at Constantinople— Punishment of death Income . . . 370,000,000 386,000,000 1,405,000,00
three great supports of free government, freedom of the press, trial by jury, and the national ahead 1233 2573 a
Russia becomes a naval power — foundation abolished in Austria.
guard—the municipal system restored—ancient distinction of ranks destroyed : all French¬ of Odessa. 27,000,000 61,000,000 930,000,or
Paying in f 2-3rds V
men are citizens, and as such equal—the ancient division of provinces done away, and l-14th l-6th
1786 Leopold’s criminal taxes . . i
France divided into eighty-three departments. of income. of income. of income!
The French Revolution: First outbreak of code for Tuscany. Who can wonder at the violence of the Frencli
1791 France a constitutional monarchy:—the suffrage qualification fixed at the payment of
direct taxes to the amount of three days* labour, (2s. 6d.)—no qualification for candidates.

Act of union and security in Sweden by the dissolution of the perpetual

the struggle between kings and peoples —
Cabinet policy for the first time broken—
Predominating influence of public opinion.
Revolution!
1789-91 Ruin of the French finances the immediat*
S
1793 Death of Beccaria,
cause of the Revolution : introduction of th< N,,.
council, by which the king obtains the right of war and peace. 1792 Decree of the National Convention to author of Crimes and Pu¬
right of the French people to tax themselves-
assist as brotheis all nations, who, to establish liberty, nishments.
1792 The French Republic: sovereignty of the people proclaimed. nobles no longer exempt from taxation—equa
should rebel against their governments.
distribution of taxation.

a
 A. c. 1650 to 1792. MODERN CIVILISATION, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE. 63
War and Marine. Agriculture, Trade and Manufactures. Political Science and Civilisation in General.
Peasantry, etc. Oratory.
|Co»:/>/eiechange in the 1651 English navigation act by Crom¬ IV. Period.—Age of Louis XIV. to French
1653 General insurrection well—renewed by Charles II., 1668, The political notions of the Revolution.
military system, and
of the peasantry in Swit¬ origin of the English prohibitive system.
adoption of light arms The court of Louis XIV. gave the tone to
zerland against taxes and English revolutionists
Founded upon the two principles that England the rest of Europe : French taste, manners,
jand light clothing during other oppressions. and language generally predominated.
1661 Decline of agricul¬
alone should trade with her colonies; and spread throughout Europe.
the period of Louis XIV. that foreign vessels should only carry to them
ture in France in conse¬ With Descartes began modern abstract philo¬
the produce of their own lands. England:—James Harrington, 1611-77, sophy—with Newton, the better study of
quence of Colbert’s mer¬
11660 Disbanding of the ordinance 1655 England captures Jamaica from Spain, Oceana—the model of a constitution founded
cantile system—exporta¬ mechanics, physics, and great mathematical
companies, a remnant of the an¬ and gains a sure footing in the W. Indies. on democracy—William Allen, 1658, the calculations—Bayle opened the philosophical
tion of com forbidden.
cient lancers—light hoyse and 1661-83 Trade and manufactures pro¬ killing a tyrant no murder.
century of France, which flourished under
dragoons instead—1670, 71 First 1680 Insurrection of the tected in France by the mercantile system
Voltaire, Rousseau, and others of that stamp.
grenadier and light infantry regi¬ peasantry in Bohemia, of Colbert. Robert Filmer, the oracle of the high tory
ments— introduction of flints to against the feudal service First tariff of duties, 1664—foundation of the party, Patriarcha, or the natural power of Flourishing period of modern French
muskets—1665 First marine school under the emp. Leopold. French prohibitive system—East and West kings. classical poetry, especially in the drama—
at Rochefort—1666 Cadet school It led to a law by which India companies—Pondicherry the chief A most extravagant deduction of the divine Corneille, Racine, Moliere—the critic Boileau.
at Paris—1671 Hotel des Invalids the peasantry were in colony—1667 Gobelin tapestry-manufactory right of kings from scripture—no lawful go¬
— standing Swiss body guards — future to work only three at Paris. French school of painters, philosophers, phi¬
vernment but absolute monarchy—all oppo¬
days a week for their lologists, and historians.
1672 Military uniform generally While England and France held to the prohi¬ sition to it is rebellion.
adopted. lords instead of five or bitive system, the affairs of Holland flourished
The study of oriental literature prosecuted in
six, as they had hitherto under that of free trade—which she con¬ A IgernonSidney, 1621 -83, a Republican : ‘Dis¬
France :—Ilerbelot, d. 1695—Galland, d.
111666-91 Louvois war-minister in done. tinued till the middle of the 18th century. courses on Government,’ in answer to Filmer. 1715—Du Halde, 1743.
France. 1728 Brazil diamond 1680 The English East India Company opens All power to come from the people, who may make
mines. it over to one, or a few; but always retain the power First translation of the Arabian Nights’ Enter¬
|l 1669 Vauban’s, the greatest military a trade with China. to resist tyranny. tainments—Missionaries to China, &c.—Travels of
architect of his day (d. 1707), sys¬ 1758 Quesnay's Physio- 1685 French manufactures diminished by the Chardin, Tavernier, Ac.
tem of fortification—bastions, cita¬ cratic system — agricul¬ driving away of the industrious Huguenots John Locke, d. 1704, the celebrated philoso¬ French Academy of Painting and Sculpture,
dels, block-houses, parallels, &c. ture the basis of national upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes. pher, oracle of the Whig party. 1648 — des Inscriptions, 1663 — Acad. de3
He fortified 300 places, each with prosperity. 39, c. These refugees give a new impulse to All men free and equal by nature—the object of go¬
vernment is the security of person and property— Sciences, 1666—de Musique, 1669—Acad, of
triple lines, to protect France from Yet, in 1760, half France the manufactories of England, Sweden, the condition, the submission of the individual will Architecture at Paris, 1671—Bibliotheque de
Belgium. was uncultivated — in and Brandenburg. to that of the majority—this majority, or their re¬
1792 only one-fourth 1692 Municipal governments of the French presentatives, to possess the legislative power, which Itoi, 1667—Journal des Savans, 1665, the
I| Great improvement in the French was uncultivated, and cities completely dissolved—municipal offices must be separated from the executive, or the govern¬ most ancient literary periodical in Europe.
artillery—formation of a separate the population increased sold—mayors and procurators of the king ment cannot be lawful. Hence he argues for a
mixed representative constitution.
corps of miners, sappers, &c. from 20 to 26 millions. appointed.
| Commissions in the French army At present about one- 1699: Bank of England Incorporated: England.—Restoration of the Stuarts, 1660-
ikt* purchasable and greatly increased. eighth is uncultivated. now the most celebrated and richest in the In Germany and Holland a school of natural Royal Society—Philosophical Transactions—
i
iFn, 11675 Victory of the elector of Bran¬
1761 Potatoes first plant¬ world. and inter-national law becomes formed, at First regular newspaper The London
ed in France by Turgot. 1698 Second East India Company. Gazette, 1665.
the head of which stands
e? denburg over the Swedes at Fehr- About 1700 first manufactories in Denmark
1765 Spanish sheep
till bellin—Turenne slain at Sasbach— brought into Saxony. and in Russia: in the latter 500 were esta¬ Samuel v. Puffendorf, 1632-94. Sidney, Dryden, Cudworth, Locke,
succeeded by Luxembourg. blished in the next 50 years. His Jurisprudeutia universalis and Jus Natural et Newton, Wren.
nfo| 1766 Gradual emancipa¬
Gentium.
VD1 tion of agricultural slaves 1703 Methuen treaty between England and
1678 Great standing armies in
Pm.
Europe after the peace of
in Denmark. Portugal. 42, a. The study of civil and political law flourishes Seat of theological and classical literature :—
Nimeguen—France 140,000 men 1775 Insurrection of the 1703 Incorporation of trie United in Germany throughout the 17th and 18th Walton’s Polyglot—Jo. Owen—Math. Poole
fiscal British East India' Company: the Centuries. —Rich. Baxter, 1615—91—the Critici Sacra,
—Austria (1690) 97,000—France peasantry in Bohemia &c.
against feudal oppres¬ greatest trading society ever formed. See
becomes a sea power: 60,000
sions. below, 1765. Professors at Halle:—Thomasius, d. 1728—
marines, 1681.
1714 Rise of commerce in Austria—first manu¬ J. II. Bochmer, d. 1749—Gundling, d. 1729. Philologists:—H. Hody—Jo. Barnes, 1712
k[ii 1776 First legislative re¬
11689 Aro standing army in England factories—bank at Vienna, 1714—commer¬ —Jo. Hudson, d. 1719—Wells—S. Clarke,
«riit gulation of feudal labour Achenwall, at Gottingen, 1750.
in times of peace, according to the cial company at Trieste, 1721—company at 1729—Bentley, d. 1742—M. Maittaire, d.
t in France.
it ltd Bill of Rights. Ostend, 1722-31—foundation of Trieste har¬ 1747 — Conyers Middleton, 1750—Jo.
Previous to the revolution bour, 1750. J. Jac. Moser, d. 1785, of Stuttgard, and his
after 3 Potter, 1747.
comr:al( | Bayonets come into use—pikes go two-thirds, according to 1715 Law’s bank at Paris. son, F. C. Moser, d. 1798—Putter, d. 1807,
wua out. others three-fourths, of 1721 Rise of Russian trade under Peter the the most celebrated of the German political Orientalists:—Thos. Hyde—Ed. Pococke
the land of France was Great—1727 Trade with China at Kiachta. lawyers.
'ionalii 11694 The French marine destroyed —Simon Ockley—L. Chappelow.
in the hands of the nobi¬ About 1740, flourishing period of Irish linen
Atitti. at the battle of the Hogue.
lity and clergy, almost manufactory, and English steel and cutlery, Gradual extension of the colonial system.
death i
U 697 Victory of prince Eugene over entirely free from taxes; In France.—S. Pierre, d. 1743, project for
upon the remaining third 1759 Numerous canals in England — the perpetual peace—Burlamaqui, d. 1748, his liberty of the press in England, 1692.
the Turks.
or fourth, in the hands Bridgewater, between Liverpool and Man¬ Late of Nature and Nations—St. Real, d. 1752,
I 1169 8 Rise of Russian navy—in this of the burghers and pea¬ chester, the first. his Science of Government, the fruit of thirty Great progress of the natural sciences from
he Sf« 1759 Cotton printing establishment at Ober-
feco-l yeax Peter has 60 vessels building sants, was levied three- years’study—Vat tel, d. 1767, his Law of the time of Newton.
in the ports of the Black sea. kampe, near Versailles. Nations, a work of great authority—D'Ar-
d died fourths of the land tax,
The successful application of machinery to the
amounting to 26,000,000 genson, d. 1764. About 1700 great advance of literature, sci¬
m 11700 Victory of SJarva, gained livres. industrial arts in England, gives a new im¬
ence, and art in England.
pulse to trade and manufactures. Period of Montesquieu and Rousseau to
doris'l by Charles XII. with 9,000 men 1707 First spinning machine in England by James
read, i over Peter the Great with 80,000. 1789 French the French Revolution.
Hargrave—1774 The wonderful spinning jenny in¬
Revolution : vented by Robt* Arkwright -177.7 Further improved British Essayists.
lie dni{ | After this defeat the czar disciplines IVIontesquieu, L6S9-1755,
d livre a new army upon the German Abolition of territo¬ by Sam. Crompton, who, by combining the disco¬ Swift, Pope, Richardson (father of modem
veries of Hargrave and Arkwright, produced the his celebrated Spirit of Laws, 1748.
I60.MM model. rial oppressions, of mule jenny—other improvements have since been novel writers), Addison—the great historians,
irmii* patrimonial tribunals, made by W. Kelly, and others. Hume, Gibbon, and Robertson—Gentleman's
t: re : 1707 Bill to recruit the army in Jean Jaques Rousseau, d. X773,
and tithes — equal divi¬ 1744 The steam engine of 'Watt and
j.v/rj his Discourse upon the inequality among men, Magazine, for literature and criticism, the
England, by a forced conscription sions of landed property Bolton: first in England. The great statesman, Pitt,
and his Social Contract.
ilieH of men from each parish, rejected ; in the sale of the national By these two discoveries England rises to the Rousseau brings nations from a state of nature to a &c.
die tas but another passed for raising a domains, of the clergy highest pitch of prosperity ; every part of the state of civilised society by a social contract—
laftflj
body of troops out of persons having and emigrants: conse¬ world being henceforward supplied with her sovereignty of the people wholly intransferable — Wonderful progress of the industrial arts, ma¬
no lawful calling. government, merely a committee appointed by the
quent creation of an manufactures. nufactures, and trade, by the application of
sovereign people.
Parish officers were thus enabled to immense body of free In 1781 the quantity of cotton imported w as 5,000,000 machinery.
pounds, and the hands employed 150,000—in 1830
press men for the land service : an landed proprietors,
250,000,000 pounds were imported, and 1,250,000 Great influence of the French Encyclopedists
unconstitutional act, and liable to the foundation of the men employed—incredible wealth accumulated by- Collections of pictures and statues formed—
in the spread of political ideas.
great abuses. It was renewed present strength of capitalists, but much wretchedness and poverty has the British Museum, 1753—Handel, the great
flktti* several times during the war; and France. It is estimated been the lot of the workmen. The suffering of the The Abbe Raynal, d. 1796. musician.
obtain: f| hand-loom weavers has been beyond description,
again revived in 1757, but never that it now contains from while they have increased in numbers spite of
ret ^
since. Numerous Writers since the French
four and a half to five machines. General and vast improvement of the
Creal- Revolution.
millions of landed pro¬ 1765 Foundation of the great empire of the
1708 Celebrated campaign of Charles prietors in a population East India Company in the East Indies : country, which becomes the
XII. in the Ukraine.
of 32 millions. This has 40,000 Europeans rule over 120,000,000 natives. most flourishing of the world
London the market of the world. In England.—The Political Dialogues of
1709 Peter annihilates the Swedish occasioned the popula¬ David Hume, d. 1776.
in wealth and civilisation.
tkf^ forces at Pultowa—14,000 Swedes tion to increase from 24 Flourishing trade of Liverpool, Glasgoiv, <Jr.
driven to Siberia. See 45, a. to 32 millions, in spite of The Spanish government gives up the mono¬ 1776 Adam Smith, founder of the study of Holland the seat of classical studies and learn¬
continual wars. poly of the W. Indian trade. political economy.
ing—Hemsterhuis.
I (!«• 1713 Peace of Utrecht—maritime 1770 French East India Company broken up.
.l Ofl I»T
it
iduCW*1 regulations—the English, masters Great decrease of 1775 The exclusive privileges of guilds or Letters of Junius, 1769-71. 1703 First Russian newspaper.
pritK'f* of the sea. landed proprie¬ trading communities abolished in France by
Flourishing period of modern German music.
o ot tors in England: Turgot. Delolme, d. 1806, ‘ History of the English Con¬
1715 Standing army in Hungary. Handel in London—Bach in Leipsic—Gluck—-
In England, on the con¬ About 1780, flourishing period of Austrian stitution.’ The Neapolitan school in Italy:—Leo, Durante, Ac.
iiifsrf 1716 First standing army in
trary, in 1786, there were manufactures.
England. See 42, d. 250,000 landed proprie¬ Flourishing trade in Wedgewood-ware at Blackstone, d. 1780, ‘Commentaries on the 1740 Epoch of modem novels :
Richardson in England gives the impulse, and is fol¬
tors, and in 1822 only Etruria in England : Laws and Government of England.’ lowed by a host of writers in England—by La Fon¬
1726 Decline of the French navy,
20,000—the church and Wedgewood, the inventer, from whom this manufac¬ taine and his imitators in Germany—Rousseau, &c.
niK' under card. Fleury. ture takes its name, d. 1795—they make to the in France.
corporations, have each amount of a million yearly. Great Speakers in parliament:
1727 Folard's Commentaire sur about 6,000 proprietors; England loses her North American colonies. William Pitt, Lord Chatham, d. 1778—Rich. 1750 The French school of philosophy at its
Polybe. and including these, the 1783 Trade of Russia in the Black sea—bank Brinsley Sheridan—Edward Burke, d. 1797. highest pitch—Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rous¬
whole land of four¬ at Petersburg, 1786—Odessa founded, 1792. seau, the Encyclopedists, &c.
teen millions of in¬ 1787 First spinning machine in France. The revolution in the British colonies of North
“■ j 1740 Frederic II. of Prussia—i habitants is in the America gives rise to much political discus¬ Great advance in the study of political science
1789 French Revolution :
proves the army, and increases it hands of some thirty principle of free trade and manufactures—overthrow sion. and legislation.
jin'*1' from 75,000 to 200,000—he ere thousand indivi¬ of the mercantile system—abolition of import duties,
The thinking powers everywhere brought out
IK^11 ates a new system of manoeuvres, duals, let out to farmers &c.—Restoration of municipalities and communes Tom Paine, 1737-1800 : and exercised—the face of society changed.
and leaseholders. with popular election to civic offices.
and first introduces flying horse the friend of Franklin and Washington—his Common
1791 National bank in the U. S. of N. America, Sense had a marked influence on the American Eessing becomes the creator and founder of
artillery. From the battle of Mol The great landed pro¬
at Philadelphia (new national bank, 1816). revolution ; and his Rights of Man, written in reply a new and original literature in Germany.
witz, 1741, he is victorious in almost prietors are about 400 : to Burke, had a vast circulation: he teaches that
1792 Pitt's prohibitive system:
every contest, although at times among these the duke of Nothing to be procured from foreigners which could the best government is only a necessary evil—that Flourishing period of Belles Lettres in Ger¬
opposed to nearly all Europe Northumberland alone be produced in England—raw materials from abroad the English government consists of Ihe old tyranny many :— Wieland, Goethe, Herder, Schiller,
Great improvement of cavalry— possesses a rental of 100 to be manufactured here—the dominion of the seas of the monarch and aristocracy, with a small mixture
of republicanism—that monarchy, and the hereditary Heyne.
his generals, Seidlitz and Ziethen. to 120 thousand pounds to be preserved at all price.
1795 The Scheldt, closed 1648, re-opened. principle, have plunged the world in blood and
a year—he and twenty- ffre.—The fate of Charles I. has made kings more
Oriental Literature cultivated
1757 The French lose all their one other of the English New weights and measures in France—based crafty and apprehensive, but not more wise or just.
military renown at Rossback. 1801, upon the decimal division. He was a disbeliever in revelation ; and his works,
aristocracy, have an an¬ In England by Pococke—Benj. Kennicott,
Polytechnic school at Paris model for Europe. viewed with great horror by the Americans and
nual income of about English, were suppressed by law. 1718-83.
1798 First cotton spinning machine in Swit¬
£1,680,000, giving an
|l 775 Introduction of riflemen in the zerland France, Anquetil du Perron—Deguignes.
elk* average of £80,000 each.
American war. 1799 Municipal system abolished in France by Benjamin Franklin, d. 1790 :
one of the great actors in the American revolution— Germany, Reiske and Michaelis.
In Spain three-fourths the First Consul—system of centralisation. admired for his simple-mindedness, honour, and
of the land belongs to Prefects, mayors, municipal councils appointed by the patriotism.
|1776 Montalbert’s system of forti¬ government. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, one of the most
the clergy, or the eldest 1800 Malta acquired by England: whose trade
fication. able orators in the cause of liberty. 1784 Institution of the Asiatic Society m
sons of the nobility.
predominates in the Mediterranean. Calcutta by Sir William Jones, d. 1794, who
The German Schlazer, d. 1809.
779 Floating batteries at the siege 1793 Encouragement of East and West India docks erected.
Frederic II. k. of Prussia, his Anti-Machiavcl, introduces the knowledge of Hindoo (Sanscrit)
of Gibraltar by the Spaniards. agriculture in England, 1801 Iron railways in England. literature to Europe.
in order to make the 1802 First book-fair in New York. 1736.
Italians :—Baplista Vico, d. 1744, Prmcipto
783 Russian naval power in the country independent of 1803 Bank of France by Napoleon-great im¬
di una scienza nuova—Filangieri, 11 o2—88, Persian and Arabic literature cultivated by
Black sea, after the occupation of foreigners for a supply provement in the internal communication of the English.
Scienza della legislazione.
I the Crimea. during the war. France by new bridges, causeways, canals, &c.
64 Table xxi. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF A. C. 1650 to 1792. J.1

Luxuries, Manners, Philosophy. Physics. History. Architecture and Sculpture.

and Customs.
Thomas Campanella, 1568-1639, a Neapolitan, en¬ Period of Descartes’ English Historians—under Crom¬ IV. Period—Flourishing Period of
and Newton’s discoveries. well and the Stuarts. French Architecture. Jit
Taste and Splendour of deavoured, like Bacon, to deduce all knowledge
the Trench Court from t‘
the time of Xiouis XXV. from experiment. Rene Descartes, d. 1650, Wh it clock’s Memorials of English affairs Francois Mansart, d. 1666.
rtf
held to the system of Copernicus, from Charles I. to the Restoration. Jules Hardouln Mansart, 1647-
1645 First Italian opera in Modifications of the Ionic and Atomistic Schools, by but by his atomic-mechanical dis¬ 1703—the designer of nearly all the buildings The’
coveries laid the foundation for Ed. Hyde, Lord Clarendon, d. 1674,
Paris—1698 in London. under Louis XIV. : the magnificent palace of
Sehast. Basso, ab. 1621—C. de Guillemert de Beri- History of the Grand Rebellion. Versailles—des Invalides—Place Vendome, and
those of
About 1650 the nobility and gard, 1578-1667—J. C. Magnenus—Sennert— Isaac Newton, Lucy Hutchinson, Memoirs of Col. des Victoires.
Petrus Gassendi, 1592-1655 (styled by Gibbon 1642-1727, Chas. Perrault, d. 1688, facade of the Louvre, etc.
gentry, from various states of Hutchinson. —La Vau, d. 1670—Fr. Blondel, 1688, arch of jif11
“the most learned of the philosophers of his age, and the founder of the modem system
Europe, begin to visit Paris, of astronomy and physics. Fdm. Ludlow’s, d. 1693, Memoirs. Port St. Deny—the Gabriels, d. 1742, 1782, ofil*
as earlier they had done the the most philosophical of the learned”)—and some Thomas May, d. 1652, Hist, of the Palais Bourbon, etc.—J. G. Soufflot, d. 1781,
His Principia, 1687; his Solar Pantheon—Antoine, d. 1801, Palais de Justice—
cities of Italy and Spain— others. System; Laws of the Gravitation of Long. Pari. Gondouin, d. 1818, Ecole de Medecin, etc.
Heavenly Bodies ; his Optics ; Bp. Burnet, d. 1715, Memoirs of his ft
French civilisation and Materialism of Thomas Holies, 1588—1679, a fa¬ Theory of Light and Colours; Sculptors: Sarazin, d. 1666—F. and M. An-
fashions from this time ge¬ Fluxions, etc. Own Times, 1660-1713; History of guier, d. 1669 and 1680—
vourer of despotism—he was opposed by Laml.
Francois Girardon, 1628-1715 :
nerally prevail. Velthuysen, a Dutchman, and Richard Cumberland, the Reformation.
the most celebrated sculptor of this period; statue
Institutions for the promotion Sir William Temple's, d. 1700, Me¬ of Louis XIV. on horseback in the Place Ven¬ Ifr
1632-1719, in his De Legibus Natura.
1650 Hackney coaches intro¬ dome, etc. founder of the Academy of Sculpture. #
of natural science in Eng¬ moirs.
duced—Lotteries 1657. Edward, Lord Herbert, of Cherbury, 1581-1648. Pierre Puget, 1622-95, the French Mich. Angelo A
land, France, etc. Histories of England—by Robert —the brothers Bach, and Casp. Marsy, 1674 and
1681—Desjardins, d. 1694—Lerambert, d. [Pops’
1660 Tea used in London. Mystical Naturalists and Theosophists : 1660 Foundation of the Brady, d. 1700—James Tyrrel, d. 1670—Le Hongre, 1690, Lecomte, d. 1690—
J. Baptist v. Hclmont, 1577-1644, carried the study of natural Royal Society of London. 1718—White Rennet, d. 1728 — Le GroSy 1719, artists at Versailles.
Louis XIV. introduces the phenomena to a degree of mysticism—his son,d. 1699, enlarged
Thomas Carte, 1686-1754. Ant. Coysevox, d. 1720—the brothers Nic. and G.
first minuet at Versailles. the knowledge of the “divine science’*(theosophy)—Bobt.Fludd, 1666 Aeademie des Sciences Cousteu, d. 1733 and 1746—Bouchardon. 1762—
d. 1637, supported the enthusiastic system of Paracelsus—as at Paris — observatory at Collections : Roger Twysden, d. Lamb. Adam, d. 1759—Pigalle, d. 1785—Falconet,
did Jacob Rohm, a German, d. 1624 ; both endeavoured to d. 1791.
1683 Penny post esta¬ find authority in the Bible for their vain speculations. Paris, 1667—at Greenwich, 1672, “Hist. Anglican® Scriptores
blished in London— 1671. decern”—Thos. Gale, d. 1702, Rerum Italian Architects,
in Paris, 1759. Scepticism revived and extended, by 1681 Museum for Natural Anglican. Script. Vet.—John Fell— G. L. Bernini, d. 1680, also famous as a sculptor—
1683-92 Kempfer’s tra¬ Fr. Sanchez, a Portuguese, d. 1632, and Francois History, London — Jurdin Thos. Rymer, d. 1713—1177/. Nichol¬ F. Borromini, d. 1667—F. Ivara, d. 1735—Van-
de la Motile le Vayer, d. 1672. des Plantes at Paris. son, d. 1727. vitelli, 1773, palace ofCaserta near Capua, one
vels in Japan. of the finest works in the ancient style.
Ancient and Modern Universal History, Theatres of St. Carlo at Naples, 1737—the Scala
Rene Descartes, X596-1650, (Cartesius,) op¬
1685 French refugees spread Mathematicians and Astrono¬ Lond. 1736-65, 26 vols. folio, by Swinton, at Milan, 1778.
poses the experimental, and introduces a system of Campbell, Bowyer, and others—abridged by
the language, manners, and mers of the last half of the Guthrie and Gray, 1764. Sculptors: G>. Xa. Bernini, 1598-1680,
pure Rationalism : splendid and original artist—Cam. Rusconi, d.
fashions of France over the his principal followers were De la Forge—Cl. de Clerselier, 171h Century: Biographical Writers: Isaac Wal¬ 1728—Ang. Rossi, d. 1715, of Genoa—Zumbo of
rest of Europe. d. 1686—Rohault, d. 1675—Pierre Syl. Regis, d. 1707—with English : Wallis, prof, at Oxford,
many Jansenists of the Port-Royal, who opposed the Jesuits : d. 1703—Hook, 1703, the principal ton, d. 1683, Lives of Hooker, Donne, Syracuse, d. 1701—Tubi, d. 1700, of Rome.
The court of Louis XIV., as, Ant. Arnauld, d. 1694—Blaise Pascal, d. 1662—Nicole, d. compiler of the Philosoph. Trans¬ and Wotton, etc.— Thos. Fuller, d.
1695, who were also mystics—and many others. actions— John Harris, d. 1719, English Architects.
with its magnificence and 1661, Worthies of Enlgand, and
compiles the first dictionary of John Webb, pupil of Inigo Jones, d. 1672—
ceremonies, its long perukes Baruch Spinoza, a Jew, 1632-77, founder of a new arts and sciences. Church Hist.— Ed. Stanley, d. 1678,
Will. Winde, fl. 1660-90, Buckingham palace,
and formal court dresses, its system of Pantheism: Italians : Borelli, 1679—Grimaldi, Lives of Philos.—Anthony d Wood, Newcastle house, Line. Inn, Coomb abbey, etc.
splendid banquets, balls, not material, like the Eleatae, but formal; embracing and il¬ 1663—Riccioli, d. 1671. d. 1695, Athens Oxon. (new edit Christopher Wren, 1632-1723,
lustrating a noble idea of the divinity, as the primal cause of French: Gassendi, d. 1655—Cas¬ improved by Bliss)—J. Strype, 1737, the greatest architect of England, prof, of astron.
concerts, and ballets, its Being—his leading principle is : all that is, is in God, as the sini, d. 1712, improves maps and at Oxford ; his great work, St. PauPs, Lond.,
titles and orders, its gallan¬ only substance. charts. Ecclesiastical Hist, and Memorials— is one of the finest specimens of modern times ;
tries, its father-confessors Nicole Malcbranche, 1638-1715: In Germany: Leibnitz founds the William Oldys, d. 1761, British Bi¬ St. Stephen’s church, Walbrook, modern part of
Hampton court, Greenwich hospital, Chelsea
and kept mistresses, be¬ the greatest metaphysician that France has produced—im¬ Acad, of Sciences at Berlin — bliographer. College, the Theatre and Ashmolean Museum at
proved the ideas of Descartes, but mixed up with them some J. Bernoulli, d. 1748. Oxford, Libr. of Trin* Coll., Camb., etc.
comes the pattern for the tenets of his own, inclining to mysticism—Simon Foucher, op¬ Antiquities : Will. Somner, d. 1669,
Nic. Hawksmoor, his pupil, d. 1756, St.
other courts of Europe. posed this system by one of Scepticism—Mich. Any. Fardella, Antiq. of Canterbury, and Saxon Dic¬
d. 1718, followed Malebranche. Naturalists, Chemists, etc., of George’s, Bloomsbury; New quad. All Souls*,
Period for country pleasure-houses, the last half of the 17th tionary— Will. Dugdale, 1686, Mon- Queen’s, and New Coll., Oxford.
gardens, parks, water-works, etc. Supernaturalists and Mystics of this Period: asticon Ang., and many other works— Sir John Vanbrugh, 1672-1726, architect and
Century : IJjaffl
upon the model of those at Ver¬ dramatist; chief works : Blenheim, Castle How¬
Englishmen: Theoph. Gale, 1628-77, in his Court of the
sailles, which alone cost 1000 mil¬ English: Thos. Sydenham, phys., Thos. Tanner, d. 1735, Bibl. Brit. ard, Clarendon at Oxford, etc.
Gentiles—Ralph Cudworth, 1617-88, in his Intellectual System
lions of francs—La Valliere, Mon- d. 1689—Sir Robt. Boyle, 1627-91 Hibern.— Thos. Hearne, 1678-1735, James Gibbs, d. 1754, Church of St. Martin in
—and Henry More, 1614-87, in his Opera Philosoph.; all three Sift as
tespan, Fontange, Maintenon, etc. —John Ray, d. 1705—Sir Hans numerous works in history and antiq. the Fields; Radcliffe’s Library, Oxford; Senate
Platonists, defended revelation: while Sam. Parker, d. 1688, Sloane, 1660-1752—Steph. Hales,
wrote against the atomic theory of Descartes, and Joseph House, Cambridge, etc.
The English court under Glanville, d. 1680, against his dogmatism—in his remarks on d. 1761—D. F. Tournefort, d. 1708. —Nath. I/oo/c,d,1764,Hist.of Rome. iltSE.'
Aldrich, d. 1710, All Saints* church, Peckwater, IV, v,
Cromwell remarkable for its causation he forestalled Hume. Germany: Otto von Guer- Chronologists : Simson — Usher. Oxford—Dr. George Clarke, d. 1736, Christ-
gravity and power—under icke, d. 1686, inventer of Church library, Oxford, etc.—Colin Campbell, (4,il
Progress of Scepticism in England and France, par¬ French Historians. d. 1734, his Vitruvius Britannicus, 3 vols. folio— IS -J
Charles II. for its licen¬ the air-pump and electrical Giacomo Leoni, d. 1746, his fine edit, of Pal¬
ticularly by the sensualism of
tiousness and weakness. machine—Sturm, d. 1703— Bossuet, d. 1704—Herbelot, d. 1695— ladio, 1742—Henry Herbert, Earl of Pemb.,
John Iiocke, 1632-1704—
Becher, d. 1685—Glauber, Mezcray, d. 1683—Daniel, d. 1728 d. 1751—Loud Burlington, d. 1753—Will.
The nobility forsake their “Essay on the Human Understanding,” in which he combats Kent, d. 1748, painter, arch., and father of mo¬
d. 1670. Rapin, d. 1725; Hist, of England, dern gardening, Holkham House, Norfolk.
country seats and castles, to the theory of innate ideas, and proves that all our notions are
acquired by experience : the only sources of knowledge being Dutch: Huygens, d. 1695, very impartial—Abbe Fleury, 1723, The science languishes for some time in England.
share in the pleasures of the the senses and reflection—J. le Clerc, d. 1736, and G. J. S.
pendulums — Sylvius, d. Church History—Basnage, d. 1723—
court and the favours of the Gravesande, embraced his opinions, which spread very widely. Sir IVilliam Chambers, 1775, author of a Treatise if Hi
1672. Abbe St. Real, 1692— Vertot, d. 1735 on Civil architecture, Somerset Place—Sib N.
monarch—almost complete Opponent s of L ocke : Naturalists: Ant. A stley Cooper, fa. IT
earl of Shaftesbury, d. 1713, his Characteristics—W. Wollas¬ French : Marriotte,d. 1684— —Card. Retz, d. 1679, Memoirs. Holland—George Dance, 1740, Newgate—Sir wt—his
separation of the court-like ton, d. 1724, Religion of Nature—Sam. Clarke, d. 1729—W.
John Soane, Bank of England, Privy Council
gentry and the third estate. King, Origin of Evil, 1702—John Ray, d. 1705—Will. Der- Picard, d. 1684. Office, State Paper Office—Jas. Wyatt, Font-
ham, d. 1735. Italian: Al. Galvani, gal¬ Italian Historians. hill Abbey, additions to Windsor Castle—Sir
1715 Under the regency of Idealist: Will. Berkeley, bp. of Cloyne, d. 1753. vanism, d. 1791. Abbe Siri, d. 1685—Nani, d. 1678— Jeffrey Wyatvii.le, many alterations and ad¬ Jar, )k
ditions to Windsor Castle—Sir R, Smirke, Univer¬
Philip, duke of Orleans, the Leti, d. 1701—Gianni d. 1758. sity Club House, United Service Club House, part
French Moral Philosophers: of the British Museum—John Rennie,engineer,
frivolity of the French court Mathematicians and Astrono¬
Francois due de la Rochefoucauld, d. 1680, self-love the motive Spanish Waterloo and London bridges—J. Britton’s
rises to its highest pitch. mers of the 18 th Century : Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain,
to action—De la Bruy ere, d. 1696—Mandeville, d. 1733,
Solis, d. 1686, Hist, of the Conquest of 1807-14, 4 vols. 4to., and other works.
The infamous “Parc aux cerfs”— Fable of the Bees, argued that private vices were public bene¬ English: the three celebrated
the infamous period of fops and fits, thereby confounding all distinction of vice and virtue. Mexico—Ferreras, d. 1735
roues. professors at Greenwich, Statuaries, Sculptors, etc.
Sceptics : Pierre Bayle, 1647-1706. Flamstead, d. 1720, his Gabriel Cibber, 1030-1700, figures of Melancholy
1728 Behring’s Strait He attacked the errors, superstition, and intolerance of every and Madness for, Bedlam—John Bushnel, d.
Atlas Celest., Halley, d. Period from the time of Voltaire. 1701—Grinling Gibbons, d. 1721, statue of
discovered. system—he was preceded by P. Dan. Duett, 1630-1721, who,
1742, discovers the irregu¬ Charles II. in the Royal Exchange, altarpicce S
The ruins of Herculane¬ like Bayle, defended scepticism for its own sake—and by
Bossuet, 1617-1704, and Nicole, who, with many others, em¬ larity of the magnet needle, Introduction of the popular philosophic for Trin. Coll. Oxford, etc.—Francis Bird, d. ■jM
um discovered—Pom¬ ployed it as a means of restoring Protestants to the Catholic style, which has a vast influence. 1731—John Mich. RYSBRACH,d. 1770, first-rate
church by setting forth til e fallibility of human reason. the course of comets, and sculptor, from Antwerp, of whom Pope says:
peii ab.1750—both bu¬ Voltaire*8 (d. 1778) Esprit des Nations formed
improves the use of loga¬ Then marble, softened into life, grew warm,
ried by an eruption of Gottfried W. Leibnitz, 1646-1716, thegreatest man an epoch, from being the first work of the
rithms— Bradley,d.1762- kind, agreeable, not only to the learned And yielding metal flowed to human form.
mount Vesuvius, 79. of his age, founded a new eclectic school in Ger¬ Will. Herschell, classes, but to the great body of readers. iaips
1740-1822. L. F. Roubilliac, of Lyons, d. 1762—Peter
In Germany, society retro¬ many : Scheemahers, and other foreigners, worked in fan. i;
1757 Dollond’s achromatic The historical art carried to the
Followers: C. Wolf, 1679-1754, the founder of dogmatism in England.
grades towards the manners modern philosophy, and the first philosopher who sketched out telescope. highest perfection hy Hume, Bias
of the middle ages—the va¬ a complete encyclopaedia of the philosophical sciences—J. F. Joseph Wollekins, 1737-72.
Germany: Leon. Euler,d.
Gibbon, and Robertson. itJl
Buddams, d. 1729—M. G. Hansch, d. 1752—A. G. Baumgar- John Bacon, 1740-99.
rious grades become so
ten, d. 1762—Moses Mendelssohn, d. 1786—Platner, d. 1818. 1783—Mayer, d. 1762. David Hume, d. 1776—Edward Gib¬ John Flaxman, d. 1816, celebrated for
many castes — bombast, his sketches of Aeschylus, Homer, Dante.
Contemporaries: E. W. von Tschirnhausen, d. 1708 —Ch.
scholastic learning, and sen¬ French : Le Monnier, d. bon, 1738-94—William Robertson,
Thomasius, d. 1728. Eclectics, opponents of Wolf: And. Richard Westmacott, colossal statue
timentality, prevail — rigid Rudiger, d. 1731—Chr. Aug. Crussius, d. 1775. 1 799-La lan de, 1732-1807. 1721-93. of Achilles in Hyde Park, the largest bronze
formality in all official mat¬ The system of Leibnitz and Wolf becomes widely disseminated. Tobias Smollett, 1720-71—Robert Henry, figure of modern times; monument of Pitt;
Naturalists, Physicians, etc. d. 1790, Hist, of Great Britain—Bryan statues of Fox, Canning, etc.
ters—a Greek, French, and Progress of Philosophy in England :
of the 18 th Century: Edwards, d. 1800, History of the Brit. Hon. A. S. Darner, 1740-1828.
English mania in manners,
David Hume, (the celebrated sceptic,) 1711-76, Colonies in the West Indies—Adam r. X,. Chantrey, the English Canova—E. A.
and a general indifference as Benj. Franklin, of Boston, Baily—J. Gibson—Ch. Rossi—and others.
the most acute and profound of the opponents of Ferguson, d. 1816, Hist, of Rome ; Es¬
regards politics. U.' S., d. 1790. E. and B. Wyon, medallists.
Revelation. says on Civil Society: one of the first
1761-67 Niebuhr’s tra¬ Germany : Leuwenliock, d. philosophical writers on civilisation—
He was opposed by the celebrated Scotch philosopher Thomas
vels in Arabia. Beid, 1704-96—James Beattie, 1735-1803—James Oswald, 6. 1723, in venter of the micro¬ William Mitford, d. 1831, Hist, of Spanish and Portuguese.
Extravagant splendour and 1766. scope— Muschenbrock, d. Greece—John Gillies, d. 1836, Hist, of 1715 The monastery of Mafra, called the wonder
licentiousness of the Russian Contemporaries : David Hartley, d. 1757—Joseph 1761—Gravesand, d. 1742 Greece, and Hist, of the World—James of Portugal—new palace in Madrid by Sacchcttl,
Priestley, 1733-1804—Abr. Tucker—Rich. Price, -Fahrenheit, d. 1740, quick¬ Grainger, d. 1776, Biog. Hist, of Eng¬ 1737—palace and gardens of St. lldefonso under
court under Catherine II. Philip V.: cost 45,000,000 piastres.
1723-91—Henry Home, (Lord Karnes,) 1752-82—
silver thermometer—Reau¬ land—Jos. Strutt, 1749-1802, Antiqui¬
Adam Ferguson, 1724-1816—Adam Smith, 1723-90.
While Louis XIV. had his
Moralists: Joseph Addison, d. 1719, Spectator, etc.
mur, d. 1757, thermometer— ties and History—-John Blair, d. 1797, German.
gallery of mistresses, Cathe¬
— Thomas Hutcheson, d. 1747, profess, at Glasgow, G. E. Stahl, 1659-1733— Chronology—James Playfair, Chronol. Foundation of German country chateaux, upon
rine maintained a guard of Ant. Mesmer, d. 1815, ani¬
and Geog.-—Will. Playfair, d. 1823, the model of Versailles: Wilhelm’s court near
a System of Moral Philosophy — Saintjohn. Lord British Family Antiquity, 9 vols. folio, Cassel, by F. Guernieri, d. 1714—the Belvedere
favourites: her journey to mal magnetism. in Vienna, 1710, by Valma, completed 1750— Sun
the Crimea (1787) is re¬ 1809. Herrenhausen at Hanover, etc. Vi is
markable for its extrava¬ Botanists: Collections: Jos. Sparke, Hist. Angliie The Royal castle at Berlin by de Bodt, 1600—the I^VTi
gance and luxury. Hermes, etc.—LordMonboddo,i\. 1799, AncientMeta- Carl. v. jLinnseus, Script. Varii, 1723—-John, Lord Somers, Catholic church at Dresden by Getano Chiaveri,
1768-79 Capt. Cook’s physics. On the Origin of Language.
1707-73, d.1716, collection of scarce and valuable 1737-56.
three voyages round the French Empirical School:
founder of a new system of tracts, 16 vols. 4to. 1748-52—The Har- In the North. V..,
Botany. leian Miscellany, 8 vols. 4to. 1744.
world—discovery of Aus¬
tralia, the fifth part of Followers of Locke: Charles Batteux, d. 1780 De Clerc, count Buffon,
Royal palace at Stockholm, 1751—at Copenhagen,
Dodsley's Annual Register, began 1758. 1740 —marble palace, etc. at Petersburg by sS
1707-88, the great naturalist. Gath. II.
the world. —Ft. B. Condillac, d. 1780—Charles Bonnet, d.
1774 The improved 1793—Cl. Ad. Helvetins, 1771. Abr. Gotti. Werner, 1750- French Historians: Charles Rollin,
v%idi5 1
steam engine of 1817, celebrated mineral¬ d. 1741, his Ancient and Roman His¬ Museums founded—Antiquities.
The celebrated System of Nature, 1770, (undisguised tories are acknowledged masterpieces—
Watt and Boulton.
Spinning machines
atheism and fatalism,) by Baron von Ilolbach, d.
ogist.
Hutton, professor at Edinb.
Barthelemyfi. 1795,le Jeune Anacharsis 1725 The Dresden Augusteums for the Chigi col-1
lection.
lb
by Arkwright. 1789-—J. B. Robinet, b. 1723. -—Velly, d. 1759—Henault, d. 1770— 1731 The Farnesian collection in the Beal Museo
1783 Air-balloon by Mont¬ Physiologists : Raynal, d. 179G, Hist, of the Two Indies Borbonico at Naples. |: Sir i
The French Encyclopedists: Duhalde, 1743, of China—De Guignes, 1734 New foundation of the Museo Capitolino at
golfier : Blanchard cross¬ Haller, of Bern, d. 1777— d. 1800, of the Huns—Art de Verifier Rome by Clement XII.
es the Channel, 1785. Denys Diderot, 1713—84—D’Alembert, 1717-83, 1736 Excavation of the cities of Herculaneum and, * "p’Uft
aided by the popular writings of Volta ire, d. 1778, Bonnet, d. 1793—Blumen- les Dates, 1750—D'Anville, Ant. Geog., Pompeii—Museum at Portici—Herculaneum fl
A rgand lamps.
J. J. Rousseau, d. 1778, and others, reject Reve¬ bach—Spallanzani, (Italian,) 1708—Montesquieu—Mably. Acad. 1755. " vJfri n,
1784 Institution for the 1753 The British Mmcum, to which were added: '' "WU
d. 1799.
deaf and dumb at Paris, lation; confound man with nature: pure atheism. Italian Writers: Muratori, d. the Hamilton collection of Vases, 1772—the >
by l’Abbe de l’Epee. Physicians : 1750, Annali d’ltalia—Denina, d. 1813, monuments of Phigalia, 1815—the Elgin marbles,; »• J*
1785 Herschel’s tele- German Eclectics: mostly practical moral writers, 1816—the Egyptian sarcophagus of Alexandria,
opposed to the French sceptics : E. Stahl, 1708—Fred. Hoff¬ Revoluzioni d’ltalia. etc. Kjfaai
scopes. Johann. J. Winckelmann, 1717-68,
1786 Stenography by H. S.Beimarus, cl. 1705—Suker, d. 1779—Basedow, d. 1790— man, prof, at Halle, d. 1742
German Writers: Schmauss, d. his History of Ancient Art forms an epoch in
Taylor. Lambert, d. 1777—Lessing, the great critic,;d. 1781—Abbot, —H. Boerhaave, d. 1738— 1757, Introd. to State sciences—Achen- the history and study of Archccoloyy.
d. lTdb—Eherhard, d. 1809— Garre, d. 1798—Kniyge, <1. 1790
1787 Panoramas in Lon¬ —Herder, d. 1803, his celebrated Rellections on the Philosophy Tissot, d. 1797—J. Brown, wall, d. 1772—Just. Moser, d. 1794— 1769 Foundation of the Museo Pio-Clementianc
in the Vatican.
don by Barker. and History of Humanity. London, d. 1788. Schroch, d. 1808, Church History.

a
 A. c. 1G50 to 1839. MODERN CIVILISATION, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE. G5
1'RE. Poetry and Works of Imagination. Music.
Italians.
°»oJ British. French. France.—First French opera by Chambert, 1645.
Italian Poets of the 1 Ath Cen¬ G. Batt. Bully, 1633-87,
The national poetry and drama of England is in¬ tury, after the French School. Poets under Louis XIV. XV. XVI.
from Florence, founder of French opera music, in¬
fected by French taste and style, introduced by the A post. Zeno, d. 1750, melo- Flourishing period of the French Drama, troduces wind instruments into the orchestra.
647. returning Iloyalists at the Restoration. drame. founded upon the classic model — rigid ad¬ Italy.—Ab. Scarlatti, 1658-1728, of Naples, the
S| The writers and wits of the court of Charles II. Karl of
Pietro Metastasio,
1698-1782, herence to the unities. first harp player—109 operas.
■ti ib| [ Rochester, d. \6U0—Earl of Roscommon—Earl of Dorset— founder of the Italian opera. Peter Corneille, 1606-84. Arch. Corelli, 1653-1713,
Duke of Buckingham, &c. Gigli, d. 1721- -Fayiulo, d. 1742— celebrated violinist and composer of Rome.
'".tltj \Charles Cotton, 1630-87—Sir John Denham, 1615-88.
and Chiari, d. 1787 — dramatic His followers:—Thom. Corneille, his brother, d. 1729— Marcello, 1686-1739, at Venice.
irtk, poets of the French school. Antoine de la Fosse, d. 1708.
[ Sir William Davenant, 1605-68, poet, dramatist, and founder Carlo Goldoni, 1707-93,
l’ mi Jean Racine, 1639-99. Germany.—Famous for its organists, and composers
UijiJ of the English opera. excellent comedies. of church music.
Jean Baptiste Moliere, 1622-73.
Mitt- . John Dryden, 1631-1701, Carlo Gozzi, 1718-1802, dra¬
!tc, J. F. Regnard, 1647-1709, his follower. Froberger, d. 1695 — Theile, d. 1725 — J. Ch.
[poet, dramatist, critic, and miscellaneous writer—greatly lm- matic fairy tales.
Bacii, 1643-1703—Zachau, teacher of Handel.
I proves English versification. Scipio Maffei, d. 1755, Merope. Phil. Quinault, 1634-88, French operas.
R. Keiser, 1673-1739, founder of the German opera.
Rise of French Comic Operas and
715: [Dramatists of this Period:—Thomas Otway, 1651-81—
Vittorio Alfierl, 1749-
Aphra Behn, d. 1689—AW/i. Lee, d. 1690—Thom. Farquhar, 1803, classical tragedies. V aud evilles. England.—Masques, with music, much in vogue,
litUlv
Giov. Pindemonti, d. 1812—Aless.
"Vi 1678-1707—Nich. Reave, 1673-1788—Will. Wycherly, 1640- Pepoli, d. 1796 — Vine. Monti, Rene le Sage, 1668-1747, patronised by Queen Henrietta.
1715— John Vanburgh, d. 17'26—Susan Centlivre, d. 1723— tragedians in the style of Aifieri. ‘ Gil Bias,’ and other romances and poems. Henry Lawes, d. 1662, much celebrated in his time;
■lt;t Niccolo Fortiyuerra, d. 1735, Romances of this Period:—Claprenede, d. 1663, music to ‘ Comus,’ ‘ Ariadne,’ &c.
Colley Cibber, 1671-1758—William Congreve, 1672-1729.
* Ricciardetto*—Frugoni, d. 1768, John Flayford, 1613-1693-—Tho. Warwicke, song in
«I, 1 |Poets:—John Pomfret, d. 1703—John Phillips, d. 1708— distinguished lyric. Cassendre, Cleopatra, Pharamond.
.1C 40 parts.
Thos. Parnel, d. 1717 — Matt. Prior, 1664-1721 —Thos. Celebrated Poets of the De la Fayette, d. 1693—Scarron, d. 1660—Ch.
Creech, 1659-1700—Dr. Isaac Watts, d. 1712—Thos. Durfey, 19th Century:—Ugo Fos¬ Perrault, d. 1703—Hamilton, d. 1720, &c. Composers during the reigns of Charles and James II. —
d. 1724—Rich. Blackmore, d. 1729—Elijah Fenton, 1730. colo, d. 1827—Vin. Monti, A. Jean De Lafontaine, 1621-94, Contes et Fables. Matt. Lock, music to ‘ Macbeth,’ 1674—John Blow,
1828 —A less. Manzoni, poet Nicolas Boileau, 1636-1711. Michael Wise, d. 1685, both composers of church
\Daniel de Foe, d. 1731, ‘ Robinson Crusoe,’ poems, novels,
and novelist—Niccolini, dra¬ Fenelon, 1651-1715, moral epic, ‘ Telemachus.’ music, the latter of ‘ Old Charon.’
and miscellanies.
Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745,
matic poet, ‘Ant. Foscarini,’ Voltaire, 1694-1773 —Rousseau, 1712-78. Thomas Mace, ‘ Music’s Monument,’ 1676.
1827. Biderot, 1713-84.
Nic. Mattheis, Italian, and famous violinist, resides in
4N poet, novelist, satirist, and political writer.
Silvio Pellico, ‘I miei Pri- England ; his ‘ Ayres for the Violin.’
Mu] | Gran ville, d. 1735—Thos. Yalden, d. 1736—John Gay, d.
gioni,’ &c. Period immediately preceding the Revolution— French operas introduced 1674—Italian, 1698.
p»,«
1732; also dramatist, ‘The Beggar’s Opera’—Jos. Addison, novels and romances prevail, with a close Furcel, X658-1695,
itStJ d. 1719, ‘ Cato,’ &c.—John Dennis, celebrated critic, 1057- Spanish. adherence to nature. founder of the English school; church music and
1733. French taste begins to
Dramatists:—Crebillon, 1674-1764—De la Chaussee, songs—one of the greatest musicians of his time.
Alexander Pope, 1688-1744, prevail.
Ithe greatest of didactic poets: celebrated for his finished and 1714 Academy for the im¬ 1691-17 54—Destouches, 1680-17 54—Beaumarchais,
English Composers of sacred music after Purcel:—
iiuii brilliant versification.
1732-99. Dr. J. Clarke, d. 1707-—Dr. Hen. Aldrich, dean of
mi provement of the Spanish
Shakspeare brought upon the French stage by Christ Church, Oxon, d. 1710; ‘Ilark the Bonny
[Contemporary Poets:—Thomas Tickell, d. 1740—Ambrose language.
Ducis, d. 1816. Christ Church Bells,’ and other rounds and catches
| Phillips, A. 1748—Hammond, d. 1742—Somerville, d. 1742 Ign. de Luzan, 1702-54, imi¬
Romance Writers:—Prevost, 1697-1763, in the style —Dr. W. Croft, d. 1727—J. Weldon, d. 1736—Dr.
— Savage, d. 1743—Wm. Broome, d. 1745 — Christopher tates Boileau.
Lin of Richardson—Marmontel, 1723-99—Florian, 1755- M. Greene, d. 1755.
Pitt, d. 1748—Gilbert West, d. 1755—William Shenstone, Dramatists : — Montiano y
94—Crebillon fils, 1707-77—De la Bretonne, 1734- 1690 The clarionet invented by Denner.
)btr,(v3 d. 1763—James Thomson, 1700-48—Edward Young, A. 1765 Luyando,A. 1750—Nic. Fern,
1806—Louvet, 1764-97, ‘Faublas’—Mercier, d. 1814 1707 Pianoforte, by Schroeder.
•172: | —David Mallet, d. 1765—William Collins, 1720-59—John de Moratin, d. 1780—Ramon
of a- —St. Pierre, d. 1814. Silbermann, d. 1756, famous organ builder.
Dyer, 1700-58—William Churchill, 1731-64—Mark Aken- de la Cruzycano, d. 1795. Contemporary Lyrics:—Fontenelle, d. 1757, aged
Loai
roli side, d. 1770—Thomas Chatterton, 1752-70. Yriarte, d. 1794, fables.
100—De la Motte, d. 1731—J. Baptiste Rousseau, d Flourishing Period of the Neapolitan School.
Oliver Goldsmith, 1731-74, Vincente Garcia de la Huerta,
r”El 1741—Grecourt, d. 1743—Gresset, 1777 — Dorat, Nic. Porpora, d. 1767—Leo. da Vinci, d. 1732.
poet, dramatist, novelist, essayist, &c. d. 1797, restores the ancient
iwoj 1734-80—Delille, 1738-1813. Fr. Durante, 1693-1755,
\Rich. Glover, 1712-85—Isaac Hawkins Browne, d. 1760 national style.
one of the finest composers of church music.
Christopher Smart, d. 1771—Thomas Gray, 1716-71—Dr. Portuguese. — Anton. Period of the Revolution, Restoration, Sfc. Leon. Leo, 1701-43:
1!*, I
li Sold Armstrong, 1732-79—George Lord Lyttleton, d. 1773. Jose, bunit 1745, intro¬ spreads the fame of Neapolitan school over all Europe.
Chateaubriand, b. 1769—Mad. de Stael, 1768-1817
I Allan Ramsay, d. 1743; Scotch pastoral, poet and song writer. duced the Italian opera. G. B. Pergolesi, 1707-39 — Jomelli, 1714-74—
Victor Hugo, b. 1802.
F. X. de Meneses, d. 1744,
ulect it
[Dramatists:—Samuel Foote, d. 1777—David Garrick, Lyrics:—Lamartine, b. 1799—Beranger, b. 1780— J. B. Martini, Roman school, 1706-84.
sit Ht» introd. the French style.
1716- 1779, the most celebrated of actors. Barthelmy—Mery — Viennet—Baour-lormian—Bar- Venetians:—Galuppi, d. 1785—Tartini, d. 1770,
Garfao, d. 1772, the Por¬ bier.
lirtii i |Rise and great perfection of English novel writing. tuguese Horace. famous violinist.
Saml. Richardson, 1689-1761—Henry Fielding, 1707-54. Dramatists:—Chenier, b. 1764—Arnault, b. 1766— The Italian Conservation, or Public Singing Schools of the
Count Vimiero, d. 1788, 17th and ISth Centuries—the famous prima donna,} Faus¬
Lawrence Sterne, 1713-68—Tobias Smollett, 1720-71. Lemercier, b. 1770—Raynouard, b. 1761—Jouy, b.
dramatist. tina—Farinelli, celebrated singer.
ecWix| 1769—Andrieux, b. 1759.
«, 1 |Later Novelists:—Henry Brooke, 1706-83—Horace Wal¬ Celebrated Spanish Poets G. F. Handel, 1684-1759, in England:
Charles Delavigne, b. 1794—Merimee, b. 1800—Vitet founder of modern protestant church music.
I Mill pole, d. 1797—John Moore, 1730-1802—Mrs. Radctiffe, d. of the present Century :—
iltfd -Dumas—the fruitful Scribe, b. 1791, &c.
18 —Andrew Picken, d. 1833—Charlotte Smith, d. 1807. Leand. Fernand. Moratin, 1758- German:—J. Seb. Bach, 1685-1750, wonder¬
,UM Talma, 1763-1326,
\Bishop Percy's ‘ Reliques of Ancient English Poetry,’ 1764. 1828, the Spanish Moliere. the great tragedian, and reformer of the French stage. ful organist and composer—the Homer of music.
i Pn
j-Iii Sr. Samuel Johnson, 1709-84, Melendez Valdez, d. 1817, Novelists : — D’Arlincourt — Salvandy—Ch. Nodier—Jules His three sons, Fliedemann, Emanuel, and John Christian, all
a il i poet, moralist, critic, lexicographer, novelist, &c. beautiful lyric poet. Janin, b. 1804—De Lacroix—A If. de Vigny—Balzac— celebrated—the latter organist to Queen of England, d. 1782.
folk. Edgar Quinet—Eug. Sue—Mich. Raymond—Delatouche— C. II. Graun, d. 1759—J. A. Hasse, d. 1783—and
\W. J. Mickle, d. 1788—William Mason, d. 1797—Thomas Cienfuegos,A. 1812.
Noronna, d. 1816. Merville—Paul de Koch—Pigault Lebrun, SjC.
Tyrwhitt, d. 1786, critic—Sir Wm. Jones, d. 1794. The Female Writers:—Mad. Genlis—Cottin—Junot, ,\c- many others flourished at this period.
\ Joseph Warton, 1745 1800, poet and critic. The latest are:—The pa¬
iiln France: —J. P. Rameau, d. 1764, known by his
e—Sl»] |Thomas Warton, his brother, 1728-90, celebrated critic and triotic Quintana — Arriaza
German. theory of fundamental bass—J. J. Rousseau, d.
'•ate poet—his ‘History of English Poetry,’ 1774-81, new and —Martinez de la Rosa, &.C.
1778, the celebrated philosopher of Geneva.
T1 improved edition, 4 vols. 8vo., edited by Trice. French taste predominates.
ITT,P« Sundry Nations. P. A. Monsigny, 1729-1817, founder of the French
aelle—Ss Robert Burns, 1759-96. Dutch.—Ant. v. der Goes, d. Canitz, 1654-99—Gottsched, 1700-66. Opera Comique.
Kill I \james Macpherson, d. 1796, poems of Ossian—Blair, d. 1800 1684 — Rotgans, d. 1710 — Romance Writers:—Buchholz, d. 1671—Ant. Ulrich, Christ. Gluck, 1714-87,
It,It Foot, 1733 —Hoogvliet, d. d. 1714—Ans. von Ziegler, d. 1697. founder of the modern opera-dramatic music, which he carries
taj —James Beattie, 1803.
1763—Mr. and Mrs. Van J. E. Sclilegel, d. 1749, dramatist. to great perfection—his Jphiyenia was given 170 times in
William Cowper, 1752-1890.
two years.
BinwiJ |Drama :—Commentaries on Shakspeare by George Stevens, Winter reform the tragic Weisse, d. 1804, farces. Nic. Piccini, 1728-1800 — Sacchini, d. 1786 —
t Iii drama, as Pet. Langendyk, d.
d. 1796, Isaac Reed, d. 1807, and Edw. Malone, d. 1812 Chr. F. Gellert, 1715-69, fables, &c. A. E. Gretry, 1741-1813, Operas.
Revival of English Comedy: 1756, does comedy.
Rivalry of Gottsched, as champion of the French style, In Spain :—Boccherini, d. 1805, the greatest in¬
|George Colman, the elder, d. 1794—Charles Macklin, d. Revival of the ancient national with Bodmer, of Zurich, d. 1783, a follower of the
ift! tone, a consequence of the con¬ strumental composer of Spain—V. Martini, fl. 1782.
Wat 1794—Arthur Murphy, d. 1805. nections with the English. English.
mi* Richard Brinsley Sheridan, d. 1816. Bellamy, d. 1786—Feith, d. Regeneration of German literature by Period of the Vienna School, and perfection of
all*? 1824—Bilderdyk, 1756-1831,
! Ill*, f] |Henry Kelly—Thomas Holcroft, d. 1805. the six great writers and their instrumental music, symphonies, quartets, &fc.
the most splendid and gifted
Richard Cumberland, d. 1811. followers. Joseph Haydn, 1733-1809.
(Its? Dutch poet of this period.
George Colman the younger, d. 183-. 1. Xlopstock, 1724-1803. Mozart, 1756-91 — Beethoven, 1772-1807.
t* all | Poets of the 19th Century:—
\Elizabeth Inchbald, novelist, d. 1821. Albrechtsberger, d. 1809, the best contrapointist
11 flit Helmers, d. 1813—Tollens, His Followers :—Kretschmann, d. 1809—Gersten- of modem times, teacher of Beethoven, and others.
[Tragedians:—J. Home,A. 1808—Jephson, d. 183-William 1834—Loots—Kinker. berg, d. 1823—Kleist, d. 1759—Gleim, d. 1803
ifi-frl Maturin, d. 1824—M. G. Lewis, d. 1824, also novelist. F. Mendelssohn Bartholdy, b. 1809.
»tlt. I Schubart, d. 1791—Kosegarten, d. 1818—Stolberg, d.
|The Kemble Family:—John P. Kemble, d. 1825—Sarah Danes.—Ludw. von Holberg, 1819-—J. H. Voss, d. 1826—Jacobi, d. 1814—Burger, German Ballad Writers from 1780:—Schulze,
Kemble {Mrs. Siddons), d. 1831—Charles Kemble—Fanny 1684-1754, the father of Da¬ d. 1794—Matthison, 1831, &c. d. 1800—Reicliard, d. 1814—Zumsteeg, d. 1802—
Kemble (Mrs. Butler), &c. nish literature, and creator of 2. Christ. M. Wieland, 1733-1813.
Himmel, d. 1814—Kreuzer, b. 1790.
|Other Tragic Actors :—Cooke—Kean—Miss O'Neill (now the national drama. Thummel, d. 1817—Blumauer, d. 1798—A. Muller, d. German Opera Writers:—Dittersdorf, d. 1799,
lit. Lady Becher)—Young—Macready. Braumann Tallin, d. 1765, founder of the German comic opera—Muller—
1807, &c.
till «*l poet in the French style. Winter, d. 1825—Weigl, b. 1766.
teil be#| [Comedians :—Elliston—Mrs. Jordan—Farren—Matthews, 3. Gotth. Eph. Xiessing, 1729-81,
John Ewald, d. 1781, trage¬ the proper founder of modern German orig. literature.
Spohr, b. 1783—Weber, d. 1826.
itd# —Liston— Vestris. Meyerbeer, b. 1791,
dian—Wessel, d. 1783, tales.
[Poets of the 19th Century :—Henry Kirke White, d. 1806
Of the 19th Century :—Jens
4. Joh. Gottf. Herder, 1744-1803. German church music and oratorios:—Nau-
—Mrs. Henry Tighe, d. 1810—John Keats, d. 1816—John
Baggesen, d. 1826—Ad. Oeh- 5. Goethe, 1748-1832. man, d. 1801—Schuster, d. 1812—Schicht—Vogler—
n-ij Wolcot {Peter Pindar), d. 1819 — Robert Bloomfield, d. 1823 lenschlaeger, novelist, poet, &c. 6. Fred, von Schiller, 1759-1805, Stadler—Neukomm, b. 1778—Schneider—Klein.
•—Will. Coombe, d. 1823 (Dr. Syntax)—Reg:Heber, d. 1826 dramatist, poet, See. The symphonies of Pleyel, b. 1757—Romberg, d.
—Rev. Wm. Crowe, d. 1829—Percy Bysshe Shelley, A. Swedes.—Olofv. Dalin, 1708- During this period Germany abounded in 1821—Ries, b. 1784—Fesca, d. 1826—Iyalliwoda.
1822—George Crabbe, d. 1832. 63, introduces French taste, dramatic and romance writers. The pianoforte music of Hummel, Moschelles,
£!«• Sir Walter Scott, 1751-1832. poet and historian—his fol¬ Eckhof, d. 1774, the first celebrated dramatist of the Kalkbrenner—Herz—Pixis.
Ifcrt*] Xiord Byron, 1788-1824. lowers : Lalljestraele, d. German stage.
Singers : — Sonntag — Schechner — Scliroeder-
uSif* Devrient.
.rorfl |William Gifford, 1755-1826, poet and critic; projector and 1806 — Creutz, d. 1785 — A. W. Iffland, 1756-1814.
editor of the ‘Quarterly Review’—Sam. Rogers, d. 1832— Gyllenborg, d. 1808 — Kell- Kotzebue, 1761-1819. Waltzes, 4'C-, by Strauss and Banner of Vienna.
William Sotheby, d. 1834—Mrs. Barbauld—Mrs. C. Smith. gren, d. 1795 — Lidner, d. Hermes, d. 1821, the first German novelist of the Italian:—Pet. Guglielmi, d. 1804—Gius. Sarti,
|S. T. Coleridge, 1772-1834, poet, philosopher, and theologian. 1793-—Bellmann, d. 1795. school of Richardson. d. 1802—Paisiello, d. 1816, favourite composer
itiB.? |Charles Lamb, d. 1834—James Montgomery, d. 183-James Of the 19th century:—Ama¬ Miller, d. 1814—J. G. Muller, d. 1828—Klinger, b. of Napoleon—Saliari, d. 1825—N. Zingarelli,
Hogg, d. 1835—Miss Landon, {L. E. L.), d. 1838—Jos. deus Atterbom, b. 1790, ro¬ 1753—Fr. Muller, d. 1825—La Fontaine, d. 1831— d. 1834 —Cimarosa, d. 1801 — Cherubini —
.Mil
M Ritson, d. 1803—Sir Egerton Brydges, d. 183-, poet, critic, mance— Tegner, b. 1782 — Pestalozzi, d. 1827, the celebrated Swiss novelist. Paer—Spontini—Fioravanti—Mosca, &c.
essayist, ‘ The Censura Literaria,’ ‘Restituta,’ ‘ Bibliographer.’
C. J. Dahlgren, b. 1792, the Later Writers :—Lud. Tieck,b. 1773, poet, novelist, G. Rossini, b. 1792.
darling poet of Sweden, &c. and miscellaneous writer—translator of Shakspeare. Pacini — Bellini, b. 1808 — Mercandante —
[Celebrated living Poets:—Wordsworth, b. 1770— Ludw. Uhland, b. 1787, founder of the later Swabian Donizetti, &c.
111® The wonderful violinist Paganini.
Leigh Hunt—Southey, b. 1774, and miscellaneous Poles.—Boguslaivsky, creator school of ballad romances.
writer — John Wilson, editor of ‘ Blackwood’s Mag.’— of the Polish drama. Hein. Heyne, b. 1797, highly-gifted poet and prose French:—Mehul, d. 1818 — Catel, b. 1773—
Campbell, b. 1777—T. Moore, b. 1780—Milman, also Krasicki, d. 1801, the prince writer. Boieldieu, d. 1834—F. Auber, b. 1780.
historian, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer—-Keble, ‘ The of Polish poets, called the Dramatists:—Zach. Werner, 1768-1823—Kleist, of ‘The Marseilloise,’ by Rouget de Lisle, 1792—Con¬
Christian Year’—Mrs. Hermans—Proctor {Barry Cornwall) Polish Voltaire. Frankfort, d. 1811—Grabbe, b. 1801, and numerous certs of Fetis at Paris.
— William Lisle Bowles—Mitford, poet and critic—George Of the 19th Century :—Jid. others. England— 19th Century..
Croly—Bernard Barton—The Smiths, ‘ Rejected Addresses.’ Urs. Niemcewicz, b. 1767, Jean Faul Fr. Bichter, 1763-1825, Composers for the stage: — Reeve—Braham —
ji# [(Celebrated living Novelists:—Lady Morgan—Jane and statesman, poet, historian, no¬ humorous and original novelist. Bishop—Barnett—Balfe—Hullah —Rooke—Loder.
... I Anna Maria Porter—Mrs. Opie. velist— Ad. Mickiewicz, b.
Other Novelists :—Novalis {Fred, von Hardenberg), Pianists: — Clementi — John Cramer —• Field —
Sir Edward Lytton Bulwer, b. 1803,
1798, epic poet, &c.
1772-1801—E. Wagner, d. 1812—E. Th. W. Hoff¬ Mrs. Anderson—Neate—Potter— Bennet.
\A poet, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer.
Hungary and Russia mann, d. 1822—Van der Velde, d. 1824—Arnim, d. Organists:—Crotch —Attwood—Horsley—Adams
\Morier—Theod. Hook—Trelawney—Maria Edgeworth—Mrs. begin to have their 1831—Chamisso, b. 1781 (Peter Schlemihl)—Fou- —the two Elveys of Oxford and Windsor, &c.
Gore—Ward—Miss Austen—Mrs. Trollope—Edw. Dickens que, b. 1777, ‘ Undine,’and numerous others. Mori and Blagrove, violinists—Lindley, violincello—
poets, Sfc.
—Mrs. Shelley—Galt, d. 1839. Dragonetti—Willman—Macintosh—Harper, &c.
Hungarians.—Al.r. Kufaludy, The great Critics :—The brothers
In the United States— d. 1809—Carl. Kisf, his bro¬ Aug. Will, and Fred. Schlegel, b. 1767 Institutions:—Concert of Ancient Music, founded
,*1*1 1776—Philharmonic Society, 1813, the first orches¬
J. Fenncmore Cooper—Washington Zrving. and 1772.
ther, b. 1796—Count Mailath,
| Celebrated living Dramatists :—Reynolds —• Knowles — Wolfg. Menzel, b. 1798. tra in Europe—Royal Academy of Music, 1823—
historian, novelist, &c.
Talfourd—Joanna Baillie—Mary Russell Mitford. Vocal Society, 1832—Soc. of Brit. Musicians, 1834.
Russians.—Nik. Karamsin, d. Ludwig Borne, b. 1784, the German Voltaire.
Singers: — Incledon — Braham — Bellamy —
Jl^1 Hindu Theatre, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson. 1826, historian, novelist, &c.; Among the celebrated writers of the present day are—
Vaughan — Knyvett — Taylor — Sapio—Phillips—
ii?*1 J. Payne Collier, ‘ History of English Dramatic Poetry.’ the greatest original prose Spindler—Leop. Schefer— Witzleben—Blumenhagen
— Waehsmann—Prince Buckler, fyc. Billington—Stephem—Fanny Ayton — Mrs. Kny¬
Rev. Alex. Dyce, critic; editor of Peelc, Greene, Webster, writer of Russia— Thadd.
Ladies :—C. Fielder—F. Brunn—Schopenhauer, §c. vett—Clara Novello—Mr. and Mrs. Wood—Wilson.
Shirley, See. Bulgarin, b, 1789, novelist.

a
 AC.
G6 Table xxii. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES OF A. C. 1792 to 1839

Government. Politics & Foreign Relations. Legislation Finance.

and Jurisprudence. Furl
Vain struggle of almost all the monarchies of Europe
Sixth Period: f the Revolutionary) continued. against France—at the peace of LuneviUe, 1801, and
Fourth Period—Restitution of the right lull
French Revolution continued—overthrow of Robespierre, 1794 — government of the Executive of Amiens, 1802, the Republic of France appears
The French Revolu¬ of the people to tax themselves —equality th>
Directory, 1795-99—Napoleon First Consul, 17911—Municipalities abolished—system of centrali¬ firmly established, and acknowledged—its boundaries tion introduces publi¬ of taxation—budgets and civil lists- the
}«.-
sation, and creation of prefects.—Buonaparte becomes Consul for life, 1802, with almost royal authority prohibitive system gives way to that of
the Rhine and the Alps. city in the administra¬ free trade—money and state bank-paper i«(/'
—Emperor, 1804—and King of Rome, 1805.
England, led on hy Pitt and Burke, opposes the tion of justice, and the trade—enormous national debts.
Irish Rebellion. French Revolution, and for twenty-three years be¬
Poland destroyed by tbe third partition. comes the head of the great coalitions against it.
principle that all are 1792-1815 England carries on the war »®
equal in the eye of the against French liberty at the enormous
1800 Union of England and Ireland, upon the suppression of the Irish Rebellion. 1795 Third partition of Poland—This nation, law. Independence of expense of £130,000,000.
1805 Fox’s administration in England. the bulwark of Europe, vanishes from the number of
judges—trial by jury. 1795 Forced loan in France. «*»
its states. i;S t
1806 Dissolution of the German Empire— |WW*
1798 French expedition to Egypt—project of Buona¬ Jeremy Bentbam, the *U>
CONFEDERATION OP THE RHINE—Napoleon Protector. parte to subdue the Turkish empire: destroyed by greatest philosopher and le¬ 1797 Suspension of cash payments
Napoleon kingdom of Naples and Holland—1807 of Westphalia—of the duchy of Tf arsaw. Buonaparte the gallant defence of Acre in Syria. gislator of the age. at the Bank of England, in con¬ Ik/
dissolves the tribunate, the last remnant of the democratic piinciple in France. 1808 Establishes 1800 Talleyrand minister of foreign affairs under the
a new hereditary nobility and primogeniture, but without rights or privileges as regards taxation, first Consul—Predominating influence of French 1304; Publication of sequence of a run upon it—and fit
legislation, military service, or offices. diplomacy, giving them almost as great a superiority
tbe Code Napoleon. immense issue of paper money.
Perhaps the greatest monu¬
1808 Napoleon kingdom of Spain : in the cabinet as in the field. ment of his fame—before it 01
abolition of feudal privileges—Spain the only nation of Europe that maintained its insurrection against Talleyrand, Metternich, and Pozzo di Borgo, carry was adopted it was discussed 1798 Income tax of W. Pitt; Iti I
French dominion. this art to the highest pitch. for four years : not only the 10 per cent upon all incomes above JS’200
most distinguished judges a-year.
1809 Ministry of Metternich in Austria. 1801 Georgia incorporated with Russia. and statesmen, but every re¬
spectable merchant in France,
\itf
New constitution of Sweden: the sovereignty divided between the king and states—crown hereditary The republics swept away, and kingdoms erected for
in the male line—freedom of the press. was called upon to contribute 1799 Napoleon, as first consul, 10
Napoleon* s fam ily. his information and experi¬
1810 Complete development of the despotic government of Napoleon in France : Great efforts of France to deprive England of the ence in its formation. regulates the French finances, jilt11
arbitrary imprisonments restored by his special and prevotal judgments'—a rigid censorship of the press. dominion of the sea—the Continental System which were in great disorder— bon i
formed to deprive England of her ships, colonies,
New organisation of the government in Prussia : the cabinet and state council— and commerce. 1810 Arbitrary punish¬ his talents as a financier were mul

ministry of Hardenberg till 1822. Humiliation of Austria and Prussia, 1805-9. ments, etc. by Napo¬ extraordinary.
1810 New organisation of government in Russia by the Emperor Alexander : the 181G Ifapoleon’s universal monarchy leon’s special and pre¬
imperial council. at its highest pitch: it seemed, now too votal laws. Indirect taxes and prohibitive kf
firmly fixed to be overthrown. system restored in France—
1812 Constitution of the Cortes in Spain—constitution for the Sicilies by lord W. 1812 Napoleon’s great expedition to
1814 Restoration Octrois of the cities—barrier
Bentinck—both dissolved at the restoration in 1814. Russia : army of 500,000 men—project to wrest
taxes. Inflis
the East Indies from England—Buonaparte’s eye had the Bourbons:
1814 Royal Prussian decree, promising a representative government. always been directed towards the East; compared juries preserved—restrictions
with which, he called Europe a mole-hill—the East, on the press—Prevotal laws The allowance of the first Consul of
1314; Restoration of the Bourbons in France: where lived 600 millions of men, he said, was the only of the Bourbons to punish
the French Charter: two chambers, one an hereditary house of peers, the other an elective chamber of France was 500,000 francs.
seat of great empires, political offences.
deputies—trial by jury—liberty of the press (from 1819.) '
1813-15 Insurrection of kings and nations
Constitution of Norway: suspensive veto of the king—what the storthing has passed at three
against the military dictator. Increased study of the 1806 Napoleon, by his Con¬
sessions, the king must accept—no nobility.
1815 The German League: promise of representative governments, a free press, and free trade.
Roman law in Ger¬ tinental system, carries the
many : Savigny, Thi- prohibitive system to an out¬
Battle of Leipsic—overthrow of the great colossus.
Constitution of the Netherlands: two chambers of the states-general—liberty of the press. l$£
General restoration of the old monarchies baut, etc. rageous extent. SI Cl!
Aristocratic government restored in Switzerland.
by the tivo Treaties of Paris and the
1817 First law of election in France: Congress of Vienna. 1S19 New penal code Abolition of the privileged ex¬
contraction of the representative system—qualification of electors raised to the payment of lOOf. in direct
taxes—lOOOf. for the deputies—direct election in the capital towns of the departments. Principle of legitimacy again set up—France in Naples. emption of the nobility from tax¬
gives Up Belgium, Holland, and Savoy—the Rhine ation in Bavaria, 1807 — Wir¬
1818 Constitutional government in Bavaria and Baden—two chambers in each—reaction in favour of despot¬ provinces to Prussia—Lombardy and Venice to Aus¬
ism upon the murder of Kotzebue. 1819 Constitution for Wirtemberg—two chambers.—Carlsbad resolu¬ tria—restoration of the overbearing influence of Aus¬ temberg, 1808—Prussia, 1810.
tion against the liberty of the press. tria in Italy. The German League.
1815 Tlie Holy Alliance. 1811 Austrian national
1819 Rise of a Popular party in England: first claim of Radical Reform— 1815 Foundation of the preponder¬ SJittr
Major Cartwright, sir Francis Burdett, William Cobbett, Hunt, etc. bankruptcy. tarn
ance of Russia in Europe:
Great political meetings at Manchester, etc. in favour of yearly parliaments, universal suffrage, etc. the acquisition of Poland brings the frontiers of
Poland to touch upon Germany: Napoleon’s pro¬ 1815 The system of loans, banks,
Parties of liberals and royalists formed in France, and other countries phecy at St. Helena, “ In fifty years Europe will be
1822 Ed. Livingston's and national debts, carried to
republican or Cossack.”
under various names, radicals, conservatives, camarilla, ministerialists, etc. Penal code for Louisi¬ great extent, and systematized. Ijjtl Jill!
1818 Struggle between monarchs and Pile earliest states that contracted national
1820 Revolutions in Spain : government of the Cortes suppressed, and absolute monarchy restored by people : ana. debts, were Spain, France, Holland, and fltoNpar
the power of French bayonets—in Naples: suppressed the same year by the Austrians—in Portugal: England—German states, from the time of
government of the Cortes till the counter revolution of Don Miguel—in Piedmont (1821): suppressed Carbonari in Ttaly—the German demagogues—military the French wars.
\mj
by Austria—in Greece: Greek constitution, 1822—i n Brazil, 1821: independent, 1822: constitution, conspiracies in France—Cortes in Portugal and Spain fijiii
—radicals in England—conspiracy of the nobles in
1823.
Poland.
1825 Amelioration of 1818 The English debt amounts
1820 Reaction in France upon the murder of the duke deBerry: Firm establishment of English dominion in India—
to .£850,000,000—it is still nearly
second election law, by which, out of a population of 32,000,000, only 90,000 electors, the qualification being the English penal code
see p. 54 d.
raised to500f. in direct taxes—system of double votes and electoral colleges—seven years* parliaments in* as much, taking more than half
stead of five. From 1820 outbreak and suppression of by the labours of sir
the yearly income to pay the
military revolutions in Spain, Naples, R. Peel, Brougham,
New constitution for Portugal by Don Pedro, till 1828, when his brother Don Portugal, Piedmont, and Russia. etc. interest upon it.
Miguel makes himself absolute king. Greece the only successful one—Congresses of One hundred and sixty crimes General gross increase in the
monarchs and ministers, from 1818-22, at were punishable by death.
1827 Ministry of Canning. Attention had been called to
national income:
Aix-la-Chapelle, Carlsbad, Vienna, Troppau, Laybach,
Verona. the wretched state of our In England under various reigns : feta
Ministry of Wellington, 1830, who affirms that the constitution, with its rotten bloody and vindictive code William and Mary, 16S9 2,000,000.^. iViWit
boroughs, etc., needs no reform—see p. 51 a. 1821 Brazil revolts from Portugal. by Sir Sam. Rnrnilly, in par¬ Mi
liament; by Will. Eden, in George III. . . . 1760 8,500,000
Canning’s Political System: u civil and
his Principles of Penal Law,
1829 Presidency of general Jackson in North America— religious liberty all over the world”—dies the same
1771; Bicheno, on Criminal -{b;arre!hei^} >W00
he leans to democracy, which his predecessor, Quincy Adams, the head of the federal party, had opposed- year, and is succeeded by Wellington, high tory. Jurisprudence ; Russell, George IV. . . . 1820 46,000,000
see p. 55 a. 1828 Russian predominancy in Western Asia: on Crimes and Misdemean¬
by the peace of Turkmanschai she extends her do¬ William IV. . . . 1830 60,000,000
ors ; Basil Montague's Se¬
1830 Abolition of the Salic law in Spain. minion to the Araxes, in the heart of Persia. lection of Opinions as to the Victoria .... 1837 52,950,000
1829 The peace of Adrianople with the Porte, places the Punishment of Death, 1812,
Three days’ Revolution in France, July, 1830: fate of that power in the hands of the Czar. and other works ; Koscoe,
Occasioned by the ordinances of Charles stopping the freedom of the press, and changing the law of election 1830 Algiers occupied by the French—road to French In France:
on Penal Jurisprudence, 1819;
—the Bourbons expelled—new cognizance of the sovereignty of the people—monarchy, with free institu¬ dominion and civilisation on the African shores of and many others. Louis XVI. 1774 500,000,000f.
tions—restitution of the national guard, who choose their own officers. Amendment of the Charter : the Mediterranean.
the king, the executor of the laws, cannot abolish them—the chamber possesses the initiative of all laws Charles X, 1824 1000,000,000 UUS
—no censorship of the press to be allowed—libels to be tried only by a jury—no extraordinary tribunals— Three days' Revolution in France : 1833 1 milliarde litis
five years* parliaments—the presidents of the electoral colleges, and of the chamber of deputies to be gives an impulse to the desire for political improve¬
Louis Philippe 1838 220,000,000—
elective : this chamber now consists of 459 members, of whom Paris returns twelve—first example in ment throughout Europe—the Belgian, Polish, and
France of the impeachment and condemnation of ministers. about half raised by indirect taxation—
Italian follow—Switzerland changes her aristocracy ?J-i
Paris pays l-10th of the French budget.
Revolution of B elgium : kingdom of Belgium, 1831—constitution formed by the representatives of to democracy —1832 Reform Bill of England—but
the people—two chambers. the Propagandaby the system of the doctrinaires,
the juste milieu, and the principle of non-interven¬ The state incomes have risen much the
Revolution in Switzerland: overthrow of the aristocracy, and formation of a democratic tion prevails.
same in Austria, Prussia, Russia, etc.
government.
All political crimes and
Overthrow of the Wellington administration : Lord Grey and the liberal whigs Alliance of England and France : ministry libels to be tried in
come into power—p. 51 a. of Grey, 1830—34—of Casimir Perrier, France by juries—no 1816 Reestablishment of the sys¬
1831 Revo lut ion in P o land : suppressed by Russia, 1831. 1831, 2, in France. extraordinary tribunals tem ofindirect taxation in France.
1830-32 New organisation of the relations between the nobility and burghers of to be on any account
Russia: formed.
approximation of the middle classes to the nobility—1831 Ukase respecting the election of nobles to 1816 Modification of the Tariff in
civil offices in the government—1832 Manifesto respecting the better class of burghers in the towns, who, Suppression of the Italian insurrections : the U. S. of America—see p.
like the nobility, are to be freed from the poll-tax and forced military service, and to share in the elections military occupation of the states of the church by
to communal offices. Austria, 1831—of Ancona by the French, 1832. 55 a.
1831 Constitutional charters granted by the Electors of Hesse and Saxony—in the 1820 Bank of England, in conse¬
former, one chamber, in the latter, two. Polish insuriection suppressed, and the kingdom of quence of Sir Robert Peel’s Bill,
Poland blotted out of the book of states by Russia.
returns to cash payments :
Ministry of Perrier in France, till 1832 : a measure, which, prudent or not, nearly
abolition of hereditary peerage—the king names peers for life, from persons qualified by certain services The kingdom of Belgium, supported by doubled the amount of interest on the Na¬
—new law of election: the system of partial representation still continued, only from lfS0,WM) to 180,000 tional Debt, and has caused the greatest
electors (qualication 200f. in direct taxes) out of 32 millions of inhabitants [l-8000th]— and only 30,000, French bayonets in 1831 and 2, has alone disorder and injustice in all monetary
paying 500f. indirect taxes, qualified to be chosen deputies. preserved its freedom and independence transactions.
Liberty of the press granted by the parliament of Baden—suppressed by the German alliance. to the present time.
1831 Revolution in Brazil—Don Pedro returns to Europe. 1823 Commencement of free-
trade system in England by
1332 Tbe Reform Bill In England: 1831 Expedition of Mehemed Ali, viceroy Huskisson.
forced from the tory nobles and aristocracy by a junction of the whig aristocracy with the people.
of Egypt, against the Sultan, Mah- 1832 Revision of the
Partial disfranchisement of the rotten boroughs—members given to some of the large towns, and a new dis¬
mood II. New Navigation Act—by which
tribution of representatives for counties—Extension of the suffrage: in boroughs, to ^6J10 house¬ French penal code.
holders (clogged with the rate-paying conditions, and the troublesome and vexatious system of registra¬
tion) ; in counties, to ^10 copyholders and ^50 tenants at will, which, carried by the landed aristo¬ foreigners are allowed to trade
cracy, places the return for the counties almost entirely in their hands— Limited system of representation 1832 The new kingdom of Greece con¬ with British colonies, before re¬
continued: out of a population of 14,000,000, only from 600,000 to 700,(XX) electors ; and these not f r ee
electors, it being everywhere felt, that the object of the Reform Bill has been defeated by the open
ferred by the Conference of London upon stricted to the mother country.
intimidation of the electors. Qualification of county members ^500, of borough members rf’300, the Bavarian prince.
a-ycar, landed property.
1832 Poland incorporated with Russia. 1833 English parlia¬ 1830 Lord Althorpe chan, of the
1833 Extension of the Egyptian power ment appoints a Com' exchequer:
Kingdom of Greece founded—no talk of its constitution. by the peace of Kutahia : Rigid economist, by which he reduces the
mittee to revise the taxes from ^60,000,000 to ^51,500,000—
1833 Municipal government restored in France : ■yria and Asia Minor, to the Taurus mountains, to criminal code. eventual abolition of sinecures, etc.
the towns and departments elect their own officers and magistrates, but the system of centralisation still Egypt.
essentially the same as before.
1832 Reduction of the French
William IV. grants a representative constitution to Hanover—abrogated by the new Offensive and defensive treaty between
civil list, after the Three days’
king, (duke of Cumberland,) 1838. the Porte and Russia.
Revolution, from 32,000,000f. to
Portugal a constitutional monarchy—a house of Lords, and 141 deputies. 14,000,000.
1834 Abolition of the old council in Spain—replaced by assemblies of the Cortes : Quadruple Alliance between France,
86 proceres, 188 procuradores. England, Spain, and Portugal.
Reaction in England: tory administration of Peel and Wellington—p. 51 a.
Melbourne ministry restored.
Great disorder in the monetary
Continued agitation in France for a responsible ministry and extension of the The eyes of European policy are bent
elective franchise ; there the monarch reigns and governs, and the cabinet is affairs of the United States and
nothing ; in England the monarch only reigns, and the cabinet is everything. on the relations of Russia, Persia, and of Great Britain.
the English East Indian Empire.
1838, 9 Agitation of the Chartists in England, for universal suffrage, vote by
ballot, etc.—of the manufacturers and middle classes for the repeal of the Corn Laws.
The Chartists fall into contempt by their appeal to physical force.

a
 A. c. 1650 to 1792.
War and Marine.
[Fifth Period : armed popu¬
lations again organized:
the national guards in France,
Sfc.—;formation of large stand¬
ing armies, not by voluntary
enlistments, but by forced
military service.
179*2 American militia instituted—every
citizen from 18 to 45 is enrolled.
1789 The national guards organised
throughout France upon the plan adopted
by La Fayette for Paris. 1799 First prize
1793 The whole French nation summoned
to the frontiers to expel the foreigners.cattle show in
lev. I The Great War : extraor¬
dinary increase of the standing
PiJ armies : artillery — strategy
and tactics brought to the
highest perfection, assisted by
the great discoveries of the
French in mathematics, phy¬
sics, and chemistry. 1804 Sir H. Davy's
application of
Carnot, war minister.
Order of battle in two divisions—The
charge with bayonets comes into general
use—Bivouacs instead of tents—Flying
artillery.
The English (in the Roman fashion) carry
off the French fleet from Toulon, 1795—
the Dutch from the Texel, 1799—the
Danish, 1807.
English dominion of the sea.
John Clerk, d. 1812, improves naval
tactics by his celebrated treatise thereon,
1790-98.
1796 Napoleon's first Italian 1805 Feudal rights Introduction of manufactories in Po¬
campaign—from Nice to the in¬ abolished in Spain hitherto
vasion of Austria, a continuous and Naples—re¬ corn growers or graziers.
i od series of victories. stored after the
1798 Expedition to Egypt: war.
like Csesar of old, Buonaparte excited
the courage of his soldiers by short ha¬
rangues—'“behold,” cried he before the 1807-11 Abolition of the
battle of the Pyramids, “ from the summit burdens on land, and
of those monuments forty generations overthrow of patrimo¬
are looking down upon you.” It was in nial jurisdiction in
Egypt that Buonaparte formed his army
and his generals—that succession of great of a number of small
marshals whose deeds afterwards aston¬
mi ished the world.
Military conscription in mainly raised Prussia
France, upon the Roman model— to her present power.
every man from 16 to 40 a soldier.
1800 Napoleon's second Italian
campaign—from Dijon across St. Bern¬
ilia
ard—Marengo.
IU| 1804 Jomini, Traite de Grandes Opera¬ 1814 N. America:
tions Militaires — highly praised by
D&lifHi
ind,u Buonaparte at St. Helena.
tti tti
Still further increase of
standing armies:
that of France 600,000 strong.
monrOI
Napoleon’s old and young guards'—legion
Inea of honour, 4c.—from him dates the em¬
anli ployment of masses of artillery made to
bear upon a single point, at the critical
ay till moment of a battle—so even at Lntzen
and Leipsic, 1812.
Great exertions to improve the French
in (/«I navy: great hydraulic works in all the
French ports—the docks at Cherbourg,
&c.
Ijll: 1805 Three days* battle of Austerlitz.
01,(1.(171 Nelson’s victory and death at Trafalgar.
1807 Battles of Eylau and Friedland—the
AN I
first in Feb. upon the ice.
1807 Completion of the great military
road over the Simplon, connecting France
m I and Italy.
Use of Congreve rockets at the bombard¬
Hi* ment of Copenhagen.
Victories of Wellington over the French
in Portugal and Spain—battles of Sala¬
manca and Vittoria, 1812 and 1813.
1809 The French victory at Wagram.
I 1810 The Guerillas in Spain.
1812 Bonaparte’s expedition
W,M I
to Russia, the greatest since the
Hoik
Crusades, see p. 52, 53.
ttyt-l
Immense power of the English
navy—in 1813 it consisted of 1000 ships
r.T-1 of war, carrying 27,000 guns, and 145,000
men.
1814 Rising power of the navy of the
United States of North America. Al¬
though Mnall, the American navy shows
great gallantry in the war with England,
and proves the courage and tactics of its
sailors, and the excellence of its vessels.
1815 Improved system of fortification by
iFm the Prussians at Cologne and Coblentz.
The military system of Europe introduced
Tariff into Turkey by Sultan Mahmoud, and in
Egypt by Mehemed Ali, assisted by
French officers. The Egyptian army
thus organised 24,000 strong in 1823, and
by it Mehemed gained his victories of
ne 1832, 3.
id's! 1819 Military colonies in Russia: origi¬
nally estimated to create, in ten years, a
$• Russian army of 6,000,000. The Russian
not, ttf*!
oat»r
force, distributed over its immense ter¬
ritories, is now, in time of peace,
:b tV* reckoned at 1,000,000.
1 aw^l
1820 Military revolutions break
out in the standing armies of
Spain, Portugal, Piedmont,
id I Naples, Russia, &c.
1826 The Janizaries disbanded throughout
the Turkish empire.
1827 Ordinance of Charles X. for the dis¬
I solution of the Parisian national guards.
1827 Turkish-Egyptian fleet destroyed at
Navarino.
before^ French Revolution, 1830-
Barricades—the Swiss guard dissolved—
!)«# I national guards again organised, with free
election of their own officers, throughout
in. of* France, forming a corps of 4,000,000 :
Paris alone furnishes 80,000 men.
Fortification of Linz.
1831 Heroic deeds of the Poles in their
sil^l
struggle against Russia—glorious days of
<>*• Grochow; on the bridge of Ostrolenka,
&c. Generals: Scrzynecki,Dwernicki,
Uminski, &c.—celebrated retreat of ge¬
t frit neral Dembinski. -
iet f I 1833 Strength of the English navy: 600
#r
ships of war, with 30,000 men—Army :
120,000; in India,25,000,besides240,000
natives under English officers.
French navy: 300 ships of war—Army:
3, to 400,000 men.
Russian navy: 400 ships of war.
Austrian standing army: about 300,000
men, and 400,000 militia (landwehr).
Prussian standing army: 150,000 men,
and 400,000 militia {landwehr).
\r
United States of America, navy : 70 ships
of war—this great republic only keeps
up an army of 6000 men in time of
peace.
1833 Project of Louis Philippe to fortify
Paris with fourteen forts.
a
MODERN CIVILISATION, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE. 67
Agriculture, Trade and Manufactures. Political Science. Civilisation in General.
Peasantry, etc.
Period of the French Revolution. Fifth Period : From the French Re¬
1804 Prizes to promote improvements
General tendency to lessen the powers and privileges volution to the present time.
in manufactures offered by Napoleon:
l,000,000f. for the best flax-spinning machine, of monarchy and aristocracy, and to admit the In England, notwithstanding the
&c. people to the rights of citizenship. ruinous wars in which she is engaged,
Increasing development of French the cultivation of every branch of in¬
1. France.
manufactures, §c. by the applica¬ dustry, science, and literature, is carried
Eu. Jos. Sieyes, b. 1748, his celebrated pamphlet* Qu'est-ce que le
tion of great chemical discoveries : tiers etatP 1789. to the highest pitch.
Chaptal, Berthollet,~Monge, Condorcet, d. 1794—Mirabeau, 1749-91, the most popular orators in Protected by free institutions, and fostered and en¬
the National Assembly—also Guadet, Barnave, Vergniaud, &c., couraged by the unbounded wealth accumulated
Sfc. all guillotined during the Reign of Terror. by commercial enterprise, man and society here
1806 Continental system of Na- The Moniteur, the principal journal of the Revolution, begun by
develope themselves with wonderful facility, and
pole on,/or the ruin of English commerce : Marat, continued by the duke of Bassano.
attain a wonderful perfection.
modified in 1810 by the licensing system—
Great improvement in the state of the country:
Tarif of Trianon and Decree of Fontaine¬ 2. England.
bleau, for burning English goods in every part
the finest in Europe as regards cultivation of the soil,
and internal communication—her roads, bridges,
Smithfield. of Europe—new impulse to manufactures in Ed. Burke, 1750-97, the bitterest foe of, and the most powerful
Germany and Fiance. writer against, the new principles in France : his ‘Reflections upon canals, coaches, and, lately, steam navigation and
the French Revolution ;* answered by Sir James Mackintosh, in railways. Her splendid buildings, public and pri¬
1807 English Orders in Council. vate—parks, palaces, streets, and houses—her nu¬
his ‘ Vindiciae Gallicae’—T. Paine, Mr. Christie, Capel Lofft, &c.
1807 First Steam-boat on the Hudson William Pitt, 1759-1806, the most active opposer of the French merous societies for the improvement of art,
in the U. S. by Fulton. First steam-boat Revolution; a most eloquent speaker in parliament, and highly- science, manufacture, and literature ; as well as for
built in Europe, 1811—established between gifted statesman : called by his disciples the Heaven-bom minister, the protection of property, and the relief of distress.
Yarmouth and Norwich, 1813—one between Great progress of practical politics, especially as
the Pilot who weathered the storm, &c. He laid the foundation
Gravesend and Limehouse, capable of holding of that line of policy, which, acted upon by his successors, Perci- regards constitutional monarchies, by parlia¬
three hundred persons, 1815. mentary debates—Mackintosh, Whitbread, Can¬
val, lord Liverpool, Castlereagh, Canning, &c., probably saved
\808 Prussian municipal regulations, Europe fiom becoming an universal monarchy under the despotism ning, Burdett, Russell, Brougham, Peel, &c.
upon (he principle of popular election—the of France : but it has left England burdened with a debt of nearly 1789 Free press in France:
burgesses choose the city councillors—these the a thousand millions, the ruinous effects of which time only will
chemistry to magistrates—government reserving to itself the reveal.
the Moniteur the first political journal without
censorship.
agriculture. right of confirmation, 1815. Charles James Fox, 1748-1806, the opponent of Pitt and
1810 Free trade in Prussia. Burke, leader of the whigs, advocate of popular rights, powerful Great influence of Periodical
speaker, enlightened and noble statesman. Literature.
1812 Discontent of the manufacturers Flourishing period of English Oratory: Pitt,
1805 Horticultural in England on account of the Orders Other English Orators and Statesmen. Fox, Burke, Sheridan, See.—In France: Mira¬
societies— ■in Council: Napoleon’s system very Wilberforce—Will. Windham, 1750-1810—Sam. Whitbread, d. beau, and the orators of the Gironde.
1815—J. P. Curran, d. 1817—R. B. Sheridan, d. 1816—Hen. Lavoisier, at Paris, Sir Humphrey Davy, in
these and agricultural
societies now exist in nearly being effectual. Grattan, d. 1820, &c. England, and Berzelius, in Sweden, improve and
every part of England. 1814 Steam carriages in England. Will. Godwin, d. 1836, Political Justice. introduce a new system of Chemistry.
1793 Suppression of the ancient academies and
1815 Polytechnicinstitution at Vienna. 3. Germany. learned societies by the French Republicans—
Opponents of the French Revolution: Brandes, d. 1810 yet, in spite of civil troubles, scientific and artis-
—Rehberg, b. i757—Gentz, the translator of Burke. tical studies are carried on with great spirit, and
land under Russian dominion'—
Fichte, d. 1814, the celebrated philosopher; he espoused the French not without encouragement: the great French
the Poles had been almost exclusively
cause, declaring that “ the principles upon which the French Re¬ National Institute—Polytechnic School—Bureau
public rested, wrere the only ones by which the true dignity of of Longitudes—Conservatory of Music, &c.
Immense extension of man could be protected.”
In Germany: Reform of Philosophy
funded paper trade. by Kant:
The father of the Rothschilds, now the greatest 1. French Politics of the times of Napoleon, the
his ‘ Critik* of Pure Reason, 1781, has a great in¬
money capitalists and brokers in the world, Restoration, fyc. fluence upon general literature, but especially
and who have contracted loans with every Destrutt de Tracy, the metaphysician, ‘ Comment upon ,Montes¬ Theology.—Fichte.
potentate in Europe, in 1810 was a poor little
quieu.'
banker at Frankfort. The sums they have ne¬ Revival of the Romantic Poetry of the
gotiated from 1813 to 1833 has been estimated
Chiefs of the Theocratic or Ultra Montain party : Bonald—Le
Prussia—rise instead
at £160,000,000 sterling.
Maistre, d. 1821, &c. Middle Ages in Germany by the two
Chateaubriand, head of the royalists—Louis XVIII. said of his Schlegels and Tieck.
independent landhold¬ Treaty forthe abolition of the pamphlet ‘ Bonaparte and the Bourbons,’ that it was worth an
ers : this system has army to him—pamphlets against the monarchy of 1830. 1798 Progress and influence of European life and
Slave Trade at the Congress of civilisation in the East, since the French expe¬
Benj. Constant, 1767-1830, head of the liberals at the Restoration,
Vienna— dition.
eloquent speaker.
Denmark had abolished this hateful traffic in Pierre Paul Boyer Collard, b. 1763, head of the doctrinaires, Die Allgemeine Zeitung, at Augsburg, the first
1792. As early as 1791 this subject was taken celebrated speaker of the left centre. newspaper journal in Germany extending to the
up in England by James Stephens, d. 1833, and P. L. Courrier, murdered 1825, political pamphlets, celebrated affairs of Europe.
as masterpieces of political irony. 1799 Pestalozzi in Switzerland, fonnder of ele¬
Wilberforce ; the latter brought it before par¬
De Pradt, Bignon, of the Napoleon school —Villele and Martignac, mentary instruction.
liament, where, by the force of popular opinion,
it continued to make way, till its final abolition ministers upon the Restoration. 1800 &c. Study of Oriental Literature
gold mine in Vir¬ in 1833 by the whigs ; Brougham one of its Casimir Perrier, d. 1832, founder of the J uste-Milli en system.
Francois Guizot, b. 1787, celebrated writer and speaker, leader of greatly promoted by the English:
ginia, N. Carolina, strongest opponents—£20,000,000 was paid to
East India colleges at Calcutta, 1800—Haileybury,
and Georgia—
the slaveholders as an indemnity. the doctrinaires since the Revolution of 1830, and great advocate
1806—Sanscrit college at Calcutta, 1824—Colonel
of the juste-millieu system.
the yearly produce is 1816 Strict prohibitive system re¬ Boden’s professorship at Oxford, 1830. Horace
Adolphe Thiers, b. about 1800, sometime editor of the National :
now about 5,000,000 stored in France. Hayman Wilson, professor 1832, the first San¬
minister 1832, and, with Guizot, chief supporter of the juste-millieu
dollars. scrit scholar of the age.
policy; highly-gifted speaker and statesman, head of the left-centre
Flourishing state of trade and manu¬ and of the parliamentary party. Eminent English Orientalists: H. T. Colehroke
—W. Carey—Craufurd—J. Mars liman—W.Mars-
Cormenin, b. 178S, liberal, and chief opponent of the doctrinaires,
facture in the U. S. of America den, &c. — the Asiatic Researches — Maurice’s
his three celebrated ‘ P hilippiques.'
New and in¬ from the general peace— ‘ Indian Antiq.’
De Lammenais, author of the celebrated ‘Paroles d’un Croyant,
cotton and woollen spinning and weaving Hebraists: Dr. Nicliol—Lee—Pusey—and Stewart,
1834, condemned by nearly all parties: it favours a sort of Fifth
creasing cul¬ machines introduced—great exertions for the of the United States.
Monarchy system.
ture of land in encouragement of native industry — con¬ French Orientalists : Silvester de Sacy and
Odilon Barrot, b. 1791, and Mauguin, b. 1785, head of the extreme
N. America, siderable trade with China — exten¬ gauche (radicals), popular speakers. Langles in Arabic—Remusat and Klaproth in
sive canals and railroad s: the Buffalo Dupin, one of the chiefs of the popular party. Tartar and Chinese—Chezy and Burnouf in San¬
after the general canal, 360 miles long, connecting lake Erie scrit.
Contemporaries, distinguished as speakers, 4c.
peace— with the Hudson and New York, completed German Orientalists : the Schlegels, Bopp, Wise-
Manuel, d. 1823—General Foy, d. 1825—Lamar que, d. 1832— mann, Benary, Lassen, in Sanscrit—Kosegarten,
cotton produced, 1816, in eight years, 1817-25 ; Railway from Balti¬
more to the Ohio, 350 miles long : two of the Lafayette, d. 1834, &c. Frevtag, Rosenmullcr, Habieht, in Persian and
68,000,0001b., in 1822,
greatest undertakings of the present age—up¬ Tocqueville’s * History of Democracy in America.' Arabic — Gesenius, Ewald, Winer, Hoffman,
376,000,000—ever in¬
creasing acquisition of wards of 100 steam-boats ply on the Missis¬ Oberleitner, Schrceder, in Hebrew, Syriac, &c.
territory, cleared and sippi. 2. English Statesmen and Speakers since Hamaker in Holland.
cultivated by new set¬ New York the great seat of Trade. Pitt and Fox. 1804-14 Period of Napoleon's great
tlers, either from the Tarif of the U. S. of N. America Tory. Whig.
N. American states, or upon the introduction of foreign goods—all Addington (lord Sidmouth). Lord Grenville, d. 1834. encouragement of the Natural and
numerous emigrants. exports free—New State Bank—Navigation Duke of Portland. George Ponsonby, d. 1817. Mathematical Sciences:
Act, 1817, on the principle of strict recipro- Percival, d. 1810. Sir Sam. Romilly, d. 1818. Astronomers and Mathematicians: Laplace,
city. Castlereagh. Sam. Whitbread, d. 1815. Lagrange, Mongc, Delambre—Chemists: Four-
Jjord Erskine, d. 1823.
1815 New Corn
1819 Riots in Manchester and other Jenkinson (lord Liverpool).
George Tierney, d. 1830.
croy, Vauquelin, Berthollct, Thenard, Chaptal—
Vansittart (lord Bexley J. Physics: Hauy, Biot—Naturalist: Cuvier.
Law in England manufacturing districts. Lord Chancellor Eldon. William Cobbett. New buildings and great improvements in Paris,
—passed in order to Ternaux introduces Cashmere goats into George Canning, d. Henry Hunt.
Rome, Milan, &c.—the Simplon, bridges, canals,
favour the great landed France, and founds his celebrated manufactory 1327. William Huskisson, d. 1830. roads, &c. throughout the empire—the Muste
proprietors, by keeping of Cashmere shawls. Napoleon.
Celebrated living Statesmen, Speakers, 4c.
up the price of bread :
a most cruel measure 1821 Rise of Mechanic Institutions, Sir SLobert Peel, b. Earl Grey, head of the reform Classical Literature flourishes :
1788, the head and hope of ministry, 1830.
for the poor, and a in England, chiefly by the labours of the tories, premier, 1834, Henry Lord Brougham,
At Oxford: Elm sky, d. 1825; Dr. Gaisford,
disastrous one for ma¬ Greek professor, his ‘ Poeti Minores Gneci,'
nufacturers ; as such,a Brougham — adopted in France, for four months. b. 1779, leader of the opposition
‘ Herodotus,* ‘ Suidas,’ &c. ; Routh.—At Cam¬
in the House of Commons, 1817-
continual object of at¬ Germany, &c., after the English Duke of Wellington. 30—celebrated as a philosopher, bridge: Porson, d. 1808; Dobree; Blomfield ;
tack by the popular
party.
model. Lord Lyndhurst. critic, and statesman—lord chan¬ Dr. Sam. Parr, d. 1827.
1823 Huskisson, d. 1830, introduces Goulburn. cellor, 1830—especially deserving In Germany: Wolf, d. 1824 ; Heyne, d. 1808;
of universal esteem for his unre¬ Schneider; Hermann; Bekker; Dindorf, &c.
1818 Abolition of the system of free trade : Earl of Aberdeen.
mitting exertions against the slave New impulse given to the study of the language
and antiquities of Egypt by the French expedi¬
importation of foreign goods allowed in their Sir G. Murray. trade, and for the spread of know¬
predial bondage, own ships—foreigners allowed to trade with Sir F. Burdett, for a long ledge among the working classes. tion, and Dr. young’s discovery of Phonetic
and emancipation our colonies—restriction taken off the ex¬ time leader of the radicals. Lord John Russell — Lord Mel¬ hieroglyphics. On the language: the works of
portation of wool. bourne—Lord Lansdowne—Lord Champollion, Spohn, Seyfarth, Klaproth, Pahlin,
from territorial Lord Boden, Gladstone, and Salt, the marquis Spinetto, Tattam—on An¬
1825 Mail-posts in Prussia—steam- Sir Rob. Inglis, heads of Morpeth—Earl Monteagle—Earl Radnor—Lord
oppressions Durham—Marq. tiquities: the works of Denon, Wilkinson, Heeren,
navigation on the Rhine. the high church party. &c.
proclaimed by of Normanby—Hume—O'Connell
—Roebuck—Grote— Duncombe— Exertions of English Travellers to explore the
government acts 1823 First manufactory in Egypt by Leader, &c. interior of Africa, and to discover a North-west
in Bavaria— Mehemet Ali, assisted by the French. passage to India.
Quarterly Periodicals : Edinburgh Review, whig — Quarterly 1810 University of Berlin — here flourish the
1819 in Wurtem- General Panic In England 1825-6 Review, tory—Westminster, radical—British and Foreign, liberal philosophers Fichte, Schleierinacher, Hegel—the
—occasioned by over-speculations in 1824, 25, whig. Monthly: Blackwood and Frazer, tory—Tait, radical—
berg—1832 in historians Raumcr, Wilkens, von der Hagen—
encouraged by facility of discounting at the Monthly Chronicle, whig. the philologist Bekker—the civilians, Savigny,
Saxony—1833 in Bank of England, which now suddenly con¬ Newspapers. Daily: The Times, anything and everything, Gans, &c.
Hanover. tracted its issues. now conservative—Morning Post, Morning Herald, and Standard, 1812 Flourishing period of English
1826 New discontents of the manu¬ lory—Morning Chronicle, Globe, whig—The Sun, radical —
Poetry and Romance : Lord Byron,
1824 Great increase in
the produce of wool in
facturing workmen in England.
Germany — 3,500,000 Increasing progress of Austrian,
Weekly : John Bull, tory— Examiner, whig—Spectator, Dispatch
and True Sun, radical.
America.
Scott, Southey, Wordsworth, Camp¬
bell, Bulwer, &c.
paid by England this 1815, &c. Philosophical school of the Doctrinaires
year for German wool.
Prussian, Russian, and American Statesmen, Sfc. of the U. S. of North America. _ in France : Guizot, Royer Collard, Cousin—
manufactures— Presidents Jefferson, d. 1826, and Jackson, b. 1767—I an Buren. Benj. Constant, politician—historians: Segnr,
1827, 6000 woollen manufactories in Russia— Statesmen : Everett—Webster. Mignet, Thiers, Thierry, &c.
Russian exports, which in 1789 were only Achille Murat, son of the late king of Naples, the North American Vast influence of Periodical Litera¬
19,000,000, amounted in 1827 to 239,000,000 Delolme, his ‘ Expose du Gouvernnient Republicain, 1833.
1831 The culture silver roubles ; her trade predominates on the
ture and Newspapers in France,
of silk flourishes Caspian sea after the Persian peace of Turk- 3. German political writers, Sfc. of modern times. England, Germany, America, &.c.
in Lombardy : manshai. Increasing civilisation of the U. S.
Kant, (1. 1804—Fichte—Laden, professor at Jena—Hugo, at Got¬ Of North America: the prosperity, popu¬
about £4,000,000 ster¬ 1830 Opening of the great Liver¬ tingen— Correa, editor of the Reinischen Mcrcurs, against Napo- lation, and commerce of this federative republic
ling export yearly— pool and Manchester railway. leon, now professor at Munich, and one of the most celebrated of increase almost beyond belief; while extensive
half to England. the catholic legitimists. provision is made for education, by the founda¬
Amazing extent of English trade—
15,000 vessels arrive yearly in the port of Since the Restoration, the politics of Germany have divided tion of colleges, schools, public libraries, literary
London—Liverpool the next seaport for trade. into three branches : institutions, &c.
1818 University of Bonn—here flourish the histo-
Sir J. Sinclair, 1831 Outbreaks of the silk manufacturers of 1. The Catholic Legitimists, chiefly at Vienna:
Lyons—destruction of machinery by the work¬ C. L. Von Haller, b. 1768, the great opposer of Rousseau’s ‘ Social rians Niebuhr and Hiillrnann—A. W. Schlegel,
d. 1836, men of England and Switzerland about the Contract,’ of representative government, of all popular rights, and &c. publication of the * Byzantine Historians.’
the firm supporter of despotism ; his principal work,* Restauration 1822 Victor Hugo, head of the new school of Ro¬
great Scotch same time.
mance writers in France—Uhland and Heine in
English Factory Bill—limiting the hours d. Staatswissenschaft,’ 1816.
agriculturalist. of labour for children, which had hitherto Ad. Muller, d. 1829, * Elemente d. Staatskunst,’ 1819.
Germany.
1826 University of Munich.
been from twelve to sixteen hours a-day. F. Von Schlegel, the critic and poet.
The viceroy of Egypt sends young Egyptians to
Arthur Young, Formation of societies of labourers Jarcke, b. about 1799, now head of the catholic legitimists. study at Paris—the Egyptian Moniteur, the first
2. Protestant Legitimists, mostly at Berlin: Egyptian newspaper, 1828
1741-1820. and workmen to obtain better wages Hegel: his philosophy has a vast influence in the support of this 1828 University of London founded.
in England, France, Germany, Swit¬ party : he considers the European monarchies as the highest tonn 1831 The Ottoman Moniteur founded, the first
of political life. , , ., newspaper in Constantinople.
zerland, &c.— Trade Unions. Fried. Ancillon, b. 1766, several political works: he opposes all ex¬ 1833 The Penny Magazine began by the Society
1839 The growth of treme opinions. for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, founded
1833 Commercial treaty of the principal states
wool very flourishing 1827, principally by lord Brougham.
of Germany—this union raises Prussia to a 3. Liberals, in the constitutional states:
in Van Pieman’s land Steffens, 1819—Troxler, professor at Bern, opponents of Haller.
—nearly 2,000,0001bs.
trading state of the first rank. Extraordinary extent of Periodical
exported to England. Railways—the capital authorised by acts of Pestalozzi, the celebrated Swiss. Literature in England.
parliament to be raised for railways in 1833-36, Carl, von Botteck, b. 1775, professor at Freiburg.
Vast book-m -king trade in Gennany: 2500 new
was £29,000,000; the estimate for those applied Carl. Th. Welcker, b. 1790, professor at Freiburg—Murhard, at books in 1914 ; in 1824, 4500 ; in 1832, 0300.
for ill 1837 was £31,000,000. Cassel—Klober, and Lud. Borne, at Frankfort on the Maine._
e
68 Table xxiii.
Florentine Scbool.
This school is distinguished for its great excellence Remarkable for the judicious selection and dispo- Exquisite beauty of colouring and decoration-
in design, and surpassing merit in keeping, truth
and historic accuracy.
Giov. Cimabue, 1240-1300,
The father of modem painting. He leaves the Mino, m 1289, paints at Siena the Virgin and
style of the Greeks his teachers; takes nature for
his guide ; sets the first example of large compo¬
sitions, and founds a new school distinguished for
boldness, majesty, and strength.
Giotto, 1276-1336,
A shepherd boy, whom, for his great talents, Cima¬
bue adopted and taught. The first who suc¬
ceeded in portrait painting—likenesses of Dante,
Brunetto Latini, and Corso Donati.
Scholars and imitators of Giotto: Taddeo
Gaddi, d. 1352, his favorite pupil—Spinello of
Arezzo — Simone di Martino, d. 1344—Lippo
Memmi—Giottino (properly Thrmaso di Stefano),
distinguished above all his contemporaries for the Giannantonio Razzi, d. 1554.
beauty of his pictures—Andrea di Cione, 1329-89.
1349 The Florentine painters form themselves
into a religious fraternity, called “ The Society of
St. Luke.”
Fillippo Brunelleschi, d. 1446, the first who brought
perspective to perfection in the representation of
buildings.
Paolo Uccello first shows skill in foreshortening.
Masolino da Panicale, d. 1415, cultivates the art
of Chiaroscuro.
Masaccio (Maso di S. Giovanni,) d. 1443,
assigned the first place by Mengs and Vasari
among those who paved the way for the modem
style.
Scholars and imitators of Masaccio: Beato
Giovanni Angelico, 1387-1455—Benozzo Gozzoli,
d. 1469—Fra Fillippo Lippi, 1400-69—Andrea
del Castagno, d. 1477, learns the secret of oil paint¬
ing from Domenico, and afterwards assassinates
him.
Domenico Corradi (il Ghirlandaio), 1451-95.
Verocchio, 1432-88, master of Leonardo da Vinci.
Luca Signorelli, 1440-1521, powerful and expres¬
sive, displayed a correct knowledge of the anatomy
of the human frame.
Xieonardo da Vinci, 1444-1519,
sculptor, architect, and painter. The father of
modem painting—remarkable for gracefulness of
design, accurate development of the passions,
and delicacy of pencilling. Superintends an aca¬
demy of the fine arts at Milan.
Fra Bartolommeo, 1469-1517 ) scholars of
Mariotto Albertinelli, d. 1512) Leonardo.
Mlcbael Angelo Bonarruotl, 1474-1563,
sculptor, painter, and architect. The Dante of
art, A perfect master of anatomy. Paints the
Cartoon of the Battle of Pisa in competition with
Da Vinci, whom he surpasses.
Scholars of Michael Angelo: Pietro Urbano
■Antonio Mini—Ascanio Condivi.
Daniele di Volterra, d. 1566, the most successful
of Michael Angelo’s imitators.
Francesco Granacci, 1477-1544.
Andrea del Sarto, 1488-1530,
the Tibullus of painting.
Pontormo (Jacopo Carruci), scholar and rival of
del Sarto.
Rosso (Maitre Roux), d. 1541.
Rodolfo Ghirlandajo, d. 1560.
Giorgio Vasari, 1512-1574, writes the Lives of the
Painters.
Francesco de' Salviati, 1510-1563.
Angiolo Bronzino, d. 1571; Letters on Painting.
Antonio Tempesti, d. 1630; one of the first in
Italy celebrated in landscape and battle pieces.
Lodovico Cardi da Cigoli, 1559-1613.
Carlo Dolci, 1616-86, in much repute for Ma¬
donnas and small devotional pictures.
Pietro da Cortona, 1596-1669 ; attains high emi¬
nence in composition.
Livmg Artists: Vincenzio Camuccini, at Rome, painter of St. Peter’s church there, and celebrated through all Italy—Benvenute, director of the Acad, at Florence—Bossi and Anviani
a
SYNOPTICAL VIEW From A. C. 1400.
Italian Painters.
Sienese Scbool. Venetian Scbool. Milanese Scbool.
Eminent in keeping and chiaroscuro.
sition of colours, and the grace of its heads. drapery admirable.
Xieonardo da Vinci
Guidone —, flourished before Cimabue—departs About 1300, partly through the example of Giotto, establishes a School of Design at Milan.
from the rude style of the Greek painters. the Venetian painters begin to assume a better
. . , style. Cesare da Sesto, d. 1524, the most eminent
Infant Saviour, an extraordinary performance for Gian Bellini, d. 1516. of Da Vinci’s scholars.
that age.
Gentile Bellini, 1421-1501. Bernardin Lovino.
Duccio di Boninsegna, living in 1339. Andrea Mantegna, d. 1506.
Lorenzetti Ambrogio, d. 1340. Gaudenzio Ferrari, 1484-1550.
Simone Memmi, d. 1344; the painter of Laura, Commencement of the golden age of
and the friend of Petrarch. Venetian painting. The Procaccini establish a new
academy.
Giorgione Barbarelll di Castelfranco,
In the commencement of the 16th century various d. 15X1,
foreign artists are invited to Siena in consequence companion and rival of Titian.
of the decline of the native school. Thencefor- _ , . .. Ercole Procaccini, d. 15——Camillo Pro¬
ward the Sienese make rapid strides towards the Sebastiano del Piombo, d. 1547, pupil of Giorgione caccini, d. ab. 1591—Giulio Procaccini, d.
modern style. and rival of Raffael—invents a method of paint¬ 1626 — Carlant. Procaccini, d. 16-
ing in oils on stone. Daniele Crespi, d. 1630.
Jocopo Pacchiarotto, leaves Siena in 1535.
Lorenzo Lotto, d. ab. 1560.
No painters of any note after Crespi.
Palma Vecchio, d. 1574.
Domenico Beccafumi (Mecherino), d. 1549.
Baldassare Peruzzi, 1481-1536. Giovanni Cariani.
Bolognese Scbool.
Arcangiolo Salimbeni, living in 1579. Paris Bordone, d. 1570.
Alessandro Casolani, 1552-1606. Gio. Antonio Licinio (Pordenone), d. 1540.
This school, which, after having been the
Ventura Salimbeni, 1557-1613. Titian, d. 1576, pupil of all, becomes the master of all, is
Francesco Vanni, 1565-1609. head of the Venetian school—surpasses all others indebted for its celebrity to the genius of
as a colourist, in pourtraying the human counte¬ the three Carracci.
nance, and in delineating the affections of the
Roman Scbool.
mind. Franco Bolognese, living 1313, the Giotto
More ideal beauty than in other schools, design of this school.
founded on the antique, composition sober, keep- Andrea Schiavone, 1522-82.
ing correct. Vitale da Bologna, pupil of Franco.
Jacopo Robusti (Tintoretto), 1512-94, a scholar of
Pietro Perugino, 1446-1524, master of Raffael. Titian’s, but dismissed out of jealousy of his
abilities. Great boldness and fertility of imagi¬ Lippo di Dalmasio.
Raffaello Sanzio di XTrbino, 1483-1520,
head of the Roman school, the greatest painter of nation, composition chaste and correct, but many
of his later works betray both error of design and Marco Zoppo.
modem times—excels in design and invention,
sublime representations of feeling and passion. defect of judgment.
Francesco Francia, d. 1553.
Scholars of Raffael: Giulio Romano, 1492- Jacopo da Ponte (Bassano), d. 1592.
1546, Raffael’s favourite—Penni (il Fattore), d.
Ansovino da Forli (Melozzo).
1528, assistant of Raffael—Perino Buonaccorsi Paolo Veronese, d. 1588,
del Vaga, d. 1547—Giov. da Udine, d. 1542— surpassed all other painters in representing in
Polidoro Caldara (da Caravaggio), d. 1543— pictures on a large scale, architectural ornaments, Bartolommeo Ramenghi (Bagnacavallai),
Benvenuto da Garofalo, 1481-1559. rich dresses, &c., celebrated for the Suppers he 1493-1551.
painted.
1527 Capture of Rome by the Spaniards, and de¬
struction of many fine works then in progress. Francesco Primaticcio, 1490-1570.
Decline of Painting at Venice.
Taddeo (1529-66) and Fred. Zuccaro, d. 1609, J o Pabaa Giovane, 1544-1628. Pellegrino Pellegrini (Tibaldi), 1527-1591.
brothers. Their extravagant works in fresco at 1
Rome show already a decline in the art. Marco Boschino, d. 1678. Bartolommeo Passerotti, d. 1592.
Giuseppe Cesari, 1560-1640. Carlo Ridolfi, 1602-60, ‘ Lives of the Venetian
Bartolommeo Cesi, 1556-1629.
Federigo Barocci, d. 1612, contributes much Painters.’
towards the reformation of the art.
Giov. Batt. Piazette, 1682-1754 — Giov. Bait.
Michael Angelo Amerighi da Caravaggio, 1569— Tiepolo, 1693-1769—Piet. Rotari, 1707-62—Ant.
1609, recalls the art from mannerism to truth. Canaletti, d. 1768—Bern. Belloto, style of Cana- Scbool of the Carracci.
letti, d. 1780, architectural prospects — Gian.
Andrea Sacchi, d. 1661, pupil of Annibale Caracci. Cignaroli, d. 1770, the last painter of the Venetian
Xiudovico Carracci, 1555-1619,
school.,
Giambatista Salvi (Sassoferrato), 1605-85. head and founder of the school.
Pietro da Cortona, 1596-1669.
Mantuan Scbool. Annibale Carracci, 1560-1609,
Nicholas Poussin, arrives in Rome 1624, forms his greatest of the three Carracci—excelled in i
style from Raffael and the antique. landscape.
Andrea Mantegna, 1430-1506.
Landscape Painters. Carlo del Mantegna, Agostino Carracci, 1558-1601,
Salvator Rosa, 1615-73, scholar of Spagnoletto, Giovanni Carotto, 1470-1546, If
[followers of celebrated also as an engraver.
excels in the gloomy and romantic style. Francesco Monsignori, 1455-1519, [ Mantegna.
Gaspar Poussin, 1613-75, style beautiful and Girolamo Monsignori, Domenico Zampieri (Domenichino), 1501—
poetical. 1641, the most distinguished scholar of the
... Giullo Romano, d. 1546, Carracci.
Claude Xiorralne, 1600-82, Scholar and heir of Raffael, the founder of another
prince of landscape painters. and more beautiful school than that of Mantegna.
Francesco Albani, 1578-1660, the Anacreon
Cortona’s imitators prejudice the art. of painting.
Carlo Maratta, 1625-1713, upholds the Roman Modenese Scbool.
Guido Reni, 1578-1642, by many considered
school tom degenerating so much as the rest.
Barnabo da Modena, b. 1377. the greatest of the school of the Carracci— |
Raffael Mengs, 1728-1779, studies Raffael and his earlier works full of grace and majesty.
Correggio—assists Winckelmann in his History of Serafino de Serafini da Modena, b. 1385.
Art, writes several profound treatises on painting.
Antonio Begarelli. Giov. Barbieri (Guercino), 1590-1666, not
properly a scholar of the Carracci, but re¬
lated to their school.
Neapolitan Scbool. Pelegrino da Modena, d. 1523, scholar of Raffael. !«ki
I -felti
Tommaso de’ Stefani, d. 1310.
Niccolo dell' Abate, 1509-71. Giov. Lanfranco, of Parma, 1581-1647.
Giotto invited to Naples, 1325, to paint the church Style easy and grand—celebrated for his
of S. Chiara, and has as his companion in the Lelio Orsi, d. 1587. large and splendid pictures.
work one Maestro Simone, who, through Giotto,
acquires a high reputation at Naples. Schedone, d. 1615.
Lionello Spada, d. 1662. |Mrf,m
If .
Francesco di Simone, d. 1360.
Parmesan Scbool. Giacomo Cavedone, d. 1660.
Antonio Solario (lo Zingaro), 1382-1455, intro¬
duces a style borrowed from various other schools. K
Antonio Allegri (Correggio), 1494-1534, Carlo Cignani, 1628-1719.
JHpi
Head of the Lombard schools. Pre-eminent in |*,%!(>/
The modern style founded by the followers of Wtfiu
chiaroscuro—eminent for the beauty and simpli¬ Gius. Crespi (lo Spagnuolo), 1665-1747.
Raffael and Michael Angelo.
city of his youthful and infantine heads. hi ton
Andrea Sabbatini, 1480-1545, scholar of Raffael.
Giov. Grimaldi and Giov. Batt. Viola, ab. lit
Bellisario Corenzio, d. 1643, pupil of Tintoretto.
Francesco Mazzuola (II. Parmegiano), 1503-40, 1687, landscape painters. H;
Giuseppe Ribera (Spagnoletto), 1595-1656, takes follower of Correggio, distinguished for gracefulness
Caravaggio as his model. of style. I.Smi'
Marcantonio Franceschini, 1648-1729.
Giambatista Caracciolo, d. 1641, a successful fol¬
lower of the Carracci. Cremonese Scbool.
l'Sfc
JMis
Guido, Domenichino, Lancfranco, and Artemisia Ferrarese.—Dosso Dossi, d. 1560—Ben-\
Gentileschi during this period spend much time Camillo Boccaccino, d. 1546. venuto Garofalo, d. 1599.
at Naples, and contribute some pupils to the _ ^
Neapolitan School. Bernardino Gatti, d. 1575.
5j;
Cav. Mattia Preti (Il Calabrese), 1613-99, scholar Giulio Campi, d. 1572. G e n o e s e.-—The art never properly flourished ]
of Guercino.
in Genoa, but some foreigners painted J
Bernardino Campi.
Luca Giordano, 1632-1705. there; as Perino del Vaga, of Rome—latei j
Francesco Solimene, 1654-1747. BernardoStrozzi, d. 1644—Benedetto Casti-:
Gio. Baptista Trotti.
glione, 1616-1700.
V.
I'Vifc
Tbe French Scbool prevails in Italy from about 177 0.
n+ Milan,
at TVTilnn Kntli ooA
both lately dead. 9
The celebrated engravers Morgen and Longhi both lately dead—Toschi, at Parma, still living.
From A. C. 1400 OF MODERN PAINTERS 69

Flemish, Dutch, Spanish, English, and French Painters.

Flemish and German School. Dutch. Spanish. English. French.

| This school has no distinguishing character¬ Mostly formed upon the Florentine
Great merit in portrait and landscape ; Formed on the study of the Italian
istics, but has produced successftil followers Excels in chiaroscuro, in the school, especially Michael Angelo,
of both the Italian and Dutch masters. faithful representation of sub¬ whose gravity well suits the character excels in animals; colouring generally schools, falls into an affected and
jects from humble life, and in of the Spanish nation. good. theatrical manner after Le Brun, but
landscape, animals, flowers, and Antonio del Rincon, 1446-1500, private is again raised into estimation by Vien.
jHubert Van Eyck, 1366-1426, founder of the fruit. John de Maheuze, 1492-1562, employed
painter to Catherine and Ferdinand,
Flemish school. by Henry VIII.: paints the portraits Leonardo da Vinci comes into France
and father of the Spanish painters. 1515, and dies in the arms of Francis
|John Van Eyck, 1370-1441, inventor of oil of some of his children.
painting. Cornelius Engelbrechtsen, 1468- Luis de Vargas, 1502-68, founder of I. Andrea del Sarto also spends some
1553. the Seville school. years in his service.
I Quintin Malzys, of Antwerp, 1450-1529. 1498, &c., Hans Holbein, and various
Cespedes, 1538-1608, learned painter: other foreign painters in England— Primaticcio executes many beautiful
\Roger of Bruges, d. 1455. founds the school of Cordova. Zucchero, 1574—//. C. Vroom, Dutch¬ works in France under Francis I.
\lIugo van der Goes, d. 1481. 1500. Luis Morales, el divino, 1509-86, man, designs for the tapestry in the Rosso (Mditre Roux), 1530, is made
I Michael Wohlgemuth, of Niimberg, 1434— paints only sacred subjects, particu¬ House of Lords. painter to Francis I. — Primaticcio
1519, master of Albrecht Durer. Lucas van lieyden,
1494-1553,
larly Madonnas—splendid artist. also comes to France, and these two
Nic. Hilliard, of Exeter, 1547-1619, masters found the French school—a
Founder of the Dutch school. Juan de Jounes, d. 1596, whom the portraits, q. Eliz. &c.—Isaac Oliver,
1500. Painter and engraver—the Al¬ Spaniards venture to compare with d. 1617, portraits. whole colony of foreign artists reside
bert Durer of Holland. Raft'ael. here.
Flourishing period of the art in
Jo. Schoreel, 1495-1590, studies Juan Fernandez Navarete, d. 1572, Sir Nathaniel Bacon, d. 1615. Cousin, d. about 1611, is considered the
Germany.
under Alb. Durer and in Italy— acquired the name of the Spanish The art in England is almost confined true founder of the French school—
Albrecht Durer, 1471-1528, J. Hemskerk, 1498-1574, his Titian. painted chiefly on glass.
to portraits.
|head of the German school. Excels in design; scholar—Charles van Mander, Freminet, d. 1619.
he was also a seal cutter, and engraver both 1548-1603, painter and author; 1600.
in copper and wood. writes the lives of the Dutch
Don Diego Velasquez Silva,
\Lucas Kranach, 1470-1553, also famous for painters — Mich. Miravelt, 1599-1660, 1600.
his wood cuts—portraits of Luther and Me- 1568-1641, above 10,000 por¬ founder of the Madrid school, and of 1600.
lanchthon. traits. the natural style ; his Bambocciati. Simon Vouet, 1582-1641, teacher of
Ab. Bloemart, 1567-1647. Le Seur, Le Brun, &c.
j John de Maheuze, 1492-1562. Alonso Cano, 1601-1676, founder of a During the reign of Charles I. painting
Hans Holbein, 1498-1554, school at Granada—sculptor and ar¬ and the fine arts were much favoured Nicholas Poussin, 1594-1663,
] Lived in London from 1526. Excelled in 1600. chitect. at court, and the pictures of foreign distinguished by rich and noble inven¬
design and colouring; also in wood cuts— Pacheco, Fr. 1571-1654. masters bought up at a vast price. tion—scriptural subjects.
his Dance of Death. Landscape and Animal Herrera, Fr. de, 1576-1656. Geo. Jameson, the Van Dyke of Scot¬ Caspar Dughet
Painters: Zurbaran, Fr., d. 1662. land, 1586-1614, pupil of Rubens. (called Caspar Poussin), Poussin’s friend
iFlemish painters formed in Italy: Ber¬
and pupil, landscape painter, celebrated
nard van Or ley, 1490-1560, a pupil of Raf- Corn. Pollenberg, 1586-1660, Paresa, Juan de, d. 1670.
fine painter of landscapes, with Henry Stone (called Old Stone), d. for the beauty of his scenery, and cor¬
fael—Mich. Corns, of Mechlin, 1497-1552— Murillo, 1618-82,
1653, makes copies from Van Dyke rectness of his perspective.
Fr. Floris, of Antwerp, 1520-70, pupil of naked figures full of grace— the greatest painter of Spain ; his style
Van Goyen, 1596-1656 — J. and Italian masters — Young Stone, Claude Lorraine, 1600-1682,
Michael Angelo—Matth. and Paul Brill, a medium between the unpolished
portraits. the greatest of all landscape painters—
d. 1584 and 1626, celebrated as landscape Davidde Heem, d. 1674, flowers Flemish, and the eleveted and grace¬
—Evrald van Aelst, 1602-58— ful Italian. lives at Rome.
painters—Spranger, b. 1546, at Antwerp. Peter Oliver, 1601-60, portraits.
Albert Cuyp, b. 1606—Ant. Le Valentin, d. 1632, Seb. Bourdon, d.
iGermans formed in Italy; Joh. Rotten- Peter Paul Rubens
Waterloo—Joh. and And. Both, 1671, both in the style of Caravaggio—
hammer, 1564-1608 — Adam Elzheimer, paints the ceiling of the banqueting-house Whitehall.
followers of Claude—Nic. Ber- Laurence de la Hire, d. 1656—James
1574-1620. Van Dyke in London 1631 ; dies there 1641.
ghem, 1624-83—Herm. Swane- Blanchard, d. 1638, called the French
|The German artists henceforward become de¬ velt, b. 1620 — Paul Potter, Will. Dobson, 1610-46. Titian.
cided imitators of the Italians. 1625-54 — Bakhuysen, 1631— I. Petitot, a Genoese, paints for Chas. I.—he invents the art
1709-—Adrian van der Velde, of painting on enamel. Flourishing period of the art in
1639-72— Wynants—Ar. van Rob. Walker, portraits of O. Cromwell, &c. France.
1600.
der Neer, 1619-83, night scenes. Rizzi, Fr. 1617- Sami. Cooper, 1609-1672, paints Cromwell and Monck. Eustache le Seur, 1617-55,
Flourishing period of the Flemish Paul Rembrandt, X606-74, 84. Peter Lely, a German, (Peter v. der Foes,) 1618-1641.
the greatest French artist of his time—
school. A master of great genius, founds Robert Streater, 1624-80, painted the chapel of All Souls’
rich in design and composition.
|Forerunners of Rubens; Otto Venius,oi a school of his own ; excels all Coll. Oxford, except the Resurrection, which is by Thornhill.
John Buckshorn, John Greenhill, — Davenport, pupils of Charles le Brun, 1619-90,
Leyden, 1556-1634, settles at Antwerp, after others in the management of the founder of the French Academy of
Lely.
studying at Rome, helps to form Rubens— chiaro oscuro. Painting, 1648—large and noble com¬
Albert van Ort, 1557-1611, Rubens’ first Pupils and imitators: F. 1660 Isaac Fuller, 1672, portraits and allegorical subjects.
John Hoskins, d. 1681. positions.
master—Peter Breughel, 1569-1625—Se¬ Bol, d. 1681—G. Flink, d. 1660 An academy es¬
bastian (Old) Frank, 1573-1609. tablished at Rich. Gibson, d. 1690, a dwarf; portraits. Pierre Mignard le Romain, 1610—
—G. van der Eckhout, d. 1674, Thos. Flatman, 1633-88. 95, rival of Le Brun.
Peter Paul Bubens, 1577-1640, Peter vonLaar, 1613-74, founder Seville.
Will. Vandervelde, sen., d. in England 1693.
I Prince and founder of the Flemish school— of the Bambocciati school. Alex. Marshall, a beautiful painter in water colours. Influence of French tragedy upon
lived 7 years at the d. of Mantua’s court, Phil. Wouvermans, 1620- painting: dramatic effect
where he perfected himself after Titian and 1628, landscapes, battle pieces, Henry Cook, 1642-1700—J. Riley, d. 1691.
Coello, Cl., the great aim.
P. Veronese—the number of his pictures, &c. Antonio Verrio, d. in England 1707; paints ceilings at
d. 1692. Windsor, Burleigh, &c.
immense and splendid as they are, said to be La Fosse, 1640-1716, pupil of Le Brun.
Celebrated for high finish¬ Michael Wright, d. 1700—Will. Vandervelde, jun., d. Eng¬ Bon Boullongne, d. 1717—Louis, his
above 4000.
ing are Ger. Terburg, d. 1681. brother, d. 1733.
(Assistants of Rubens: Fr. Sneyders, Adrian, d. 1685, and Isaac van land 1707.
Godfrey Rneller,
1576-1657, animals, &c.—Jacob Jordaens, Ostade, interiors. Nino de Guevara, J. Jouvenet, d. 1717—Santerre, d. 1717.
paints the Beauties at Hampton Court, &c., d. 1723.
1594-1678—Theod. van Thulden, b. 1607— David Teniers the younger, d. d. 1698.
Noel Coypel, 1628-1707—Antoine,' his
Eras. Quellen, d. 1678. 1694, bambocciati. 1700. son, 1661-1722.
(Scholars and imitators: Diepenbecke, Gerard Dow, 1613-80, pupil of Jonathan Richardson, d. 1745, artist and author.
1607-75 — Lucas van Uden, 1595-1660, Rembrandt. Torres, Mat. d. James Thornhill, 1677-1734, paints the dome of St. Paul’s,
landscapes — Peter v. Mol, 1580-1650 — Gabriel Metzu, 1615-58—Fr. v. the hall at Blenheim, &c. 1700.
1631-1711.
David Teniers, the elder, 1582-1649-—J. van Mieris,A. 1681—Casp. Netscher, Charles Jervais, d. 1739, pupil of Kneller.
Hock, d. 1650. 1684—Schalken, d. 1706—Pet. Jacques le Rourguignon, d. 1676, Guil¬
John Woottcn, 1765, portraits of animals, foxhunting pieces.
v. Slingelandt, d. 1691-—Karel laume, his brother, d. 1679—Parrocel,
Antony van Dyk, 1599-1641, William Hogarth, 1697-1764,
d. 1704, battle pieces.
The most spirited and noble of Rubens’ pupils; du Jardin, d. 1678 — Jo. a great and original genius—Rake’s Progress, Marriage a-la-
one of the finest portrait painters—he passed Weeninx, d. 1719, animals. mode, Harlot’s Progress, &c. Vivien, d. 1735, family pictures—
Alfaro, J. de, Rigaud, d. 1743, portraits; the French
his last years in England, where the best of Jacob Ruysdael, 1635-81, 1640-1680. Francis Hayman, d. 1776.
his works are to be found. greatest of the Dutch landscape Sami. Scott, d. 1772. Van Dyke.
[[Contemporaries with Rubens: Joh painters—his pupil Hobbema. Richard Wilson, 1714-82,
styled the English Claude, studies in Italy—landscapes. Decline of the art,
Breughel, d. 1642, landscapes—Dan. Seghers, Gerhard Lairesse, 1640-1711,
d. 1660, flowers and fruits — Bon. Peters, writer and painter. John Boydell, 1719-1804, engraver, great encourager of paint¬
Fran, le Moine, 1688-1737, best painter
1614-52, sea pieces. Nunez, Ped. ing—his Shakspeare gallery, &c.
of his day.
Joshua Reynolds, 1723-92,
\\Joachim v. Sandrart, of Frankfort, 1606-88, 1700. 1640-1700.
England’s first great artist, and first president of the Royal J. Bapt. Vanloo, 1684-1745, mostly
celebrated writer on painting, architecture,
Academy—his Lectures on Painting. < portraits.
and sculpture. Adrian v. der Werf, 1659-1722,
historical painter; distinguished Geo. Stubbes, 1724-1806, celebrated for his horses.
Fran. Boucher, 1704-70, marks the
for the elaborate, miniature finish John Mortimer, d. 1779, Robbers, &c.—great strength of con¬ complete decline of the art by his ex¬
1700. Falco, J. Ach. ception and boldness of execution.
of his pictures. treme affectation and wretched colour¬
[German Painters: Phil. Rugendas, 1666— 1651-1711. Thos. Gainsborough, 1727-88,
ing; yet he was celebrated in his day.
1742, battle pieces—Kupetzky, 1666-1740, landscapes and portraits.
From this time the Dutch school Geo. Romney, 1734-1802, history and portraits.
portraits ; the Fuseli family once celebrated Jos. Vernet, 1714-89, sea pieces—he is
declines; but
in England—Riedinger, 1695—1767, animals David Allan, of Edinburgh, d. 1796, landscapes. the first to return to nature.
Rachel Ruisch, 1664-1750, and
—Dietrich (Dietricy), 1712-74. Benjamin West,
Jo. v. Huysum, 1682-1749, are an American, 1738-1820, settles in England, becomes his¬ Vien, 1715-1809, teacher of David, the
j| Oeser, 1717-99, director at Leipsic—Fueger, distinguished as flower and fruit
torical painter to Geo. III., and president of the Royal Nestor of the modern style.
at Vienna, d. 1818—Angelika Kauffman, d. painters—P. Velyn, d. 1836.
1808—Phil. Hackert, d. 1806—Carstens, Academy.
1798—G. Schick, d. 1812-^bs. Kock and C. James Barry, 1741-1806, painter of the six pictures in the Greuze, 1726-1805, representations of
The historical painter V. Bree, 1752 private life, &c.
Reinhart, now in Rome. Adelphi.
in the style of David— V. Stry, Foundation of the William Hamilton, 1751-1801, historical, &c.
Royal Academy Engravers: Edelink, 1707, Le Brun’s
!Flemings: Geeraerds, d. 1791—Balt. Bes- landscapes and animals.
schey, d. 1776—Hen. Antonissens, d. 1794— of St. Fernando Sir Francis Bourgeois, d. 1811, battles, &c. Gives a pictures—Wille, 1717-1808.
at Madrid. valuable collection of pictures to the Dulwich College.
Hen. de Cort. d. 1810, &c. John Opie, 1761-1807, port, and miscel. subjects. Jacques Louis David, 1750-1825,
/The art improves in Germany ab. 1810—en¬ George Moreland, d. 1804, head of the modern French school.
deavours of many young artists to revive the celebrated painter of rural life.
study of the old masters. Henry Fuseli, 1741-1825, excelled in wild, romantic, and Regnault, d. 1829, David’s pupil, and
(Peter v. Cornelius, b. 1788, director of the supernatural subjects; illustrator of Dante, Milton, and founder of a second school—Vincent,
academy at Munich, and his pupils, Kaul- Shakspeare. d. 1816, founds a third.
bach, Hermann, and Zimmerman. Sir Thomas Lawrence, 1769-1330,
president of the Royal Academy. Pupils of David: Dronfair, d. 1788
' Fr. Overbeck, b. 1789, distinguished painter
of scriptural pieces. Henry Tresham, d. 1814—Henry Edridge, d. 1821—Singleton —Gros, d. 1835—Ingres—Girodet, d.
Copley, (father of Lord Lyndhurst), d. 1815—Will. Owen, 1825.
I PA. Veil, b. 1793, direct, at Frankfort—J.
d. 1825—W. Red. Bigge, d. 1828—James Northcote, d. 1831, Pupils of Regnault : Guerin—
Schnorr, b. 1794, prof, at Leipsic—lien.
history—J. Jackson, d. 1831—Ed. Cooper, d. 1833—R. Lefevre.
Hess, b. 1798, at Dusseldorf—Rottman, b.
Bonnington, d. 1828—G. Dawe, d. 1829. Fr. Gerard, 1770-1837, pupil of David—
1798, landscape painter, Heidelberg.
Celebrated living painters : Wilkie, Hilton, Martin, Charles Vernet, 1758-1836, and his son
I W. Schadow, b. 1789, director of the academy Landseer, Cooper, Elly, Haydon, Turner, Shee, Howard, fic. Horace, b. 1789, all paint battles
of arts at Dusseldorf, 1826, head of the Xavier Fabre,
d. 1837. Engravers. gained by Napoleon, &c.
Dusseldorf school.
Wen. Hollar, 1607—77—Wm. Faithorne, d. 1670—John Pine,
I Peter Hess, b. 1792. 1690-1756—Simon Grebelin, 1661-1732 —Geo. Vertue, Paul de la Roche, the present great
I Mor. Retzsch, outlines to Faust, Schiller, 1684-1756, author of Anecdotes of Painting in England historical painter—L. Robert—De la
Shakspeare, &c. Thos. Worlidqe, d. 1766 — Wm. Ryland, 1/32-83 Wm. Croix, &c.
| The celebrated J. G. von Muller, b. 1747, and Woollett, 1735-85 — Sir Robt. Strange, d. 1792 —Joseph Lessore.
his son, F. v. Muller, d. 1816, engravers of Strutt, d. 1802, engraver and antiquary; his Sports and Schnetz.
the Madonna di San Sisto, after Raffael. Pastimes, Dictionary of Engravers, &c.— Wm. Sharpe, A. Scheffer.
17^0-1824—Th. Bewick, d. 1828, the great improver of Decamps.
wood engraving. Johannot.
Eminent living Engravers: Cousins, Bromley, Heath,
Finden, Le Keux, Pye, S[c.
Wood Engravers : Branston, Jackson, Thompson, <yc.

a
70 Table xxiv. SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLES.
Physics.
Modern Philosophy.
Physiology becomes the moving principle in the study of
Second Period :—From Kant to the present times. Natural Philosophy.
In Germany, after Kant and Schelling, the notion prevails that all
I. German Philosophy.
exterior organisation must spring from an interior dynamic
from life.
1. Critical or Transcendental Idealism of Kant. Pr. W. Jos. Schelling,/b. 1775s
founder of a new school of natural philosophy: a sort of pan¬ In this period falls the compilation of the Biographie Universelle, 52 vols.—the
Emmanuel Kant( 1724-1804, founds a new philo¬
sophy, which, by investigating the origin and limits of human theism, identifying the deity with nature—his principal scholars Resumes Historiques, Qc.
knowledge, revives and extends the spirit of research. The aim and followers were :
of Kant’s system is to lead reason to the true knowledge of Ludw. Oken, the celebrated founder of the first complete system of
itself—it is established upon the principle tliat there is a
nature.
free reason, independent of all experience and sensation.
Steffens — Schubert.
Followers of Kant, who have formed new systems : C. Fr. v. Kielmeyer, b. 1765, the greatest living German physio¬ Guizot (the statesman)—Aug. Thierry, b. 1788—Thiers—Dulaure—Barante-
logist.
C. L. Reinhold, d. 1823—Bouterweck, d. 1828—Fries
—Krug—Herbart—J. S. Beck, §c. Wilbrand, prof, at Giessen.
Natural Historians :
Chief opponents: Herder—Schulze, d. 1833—Ha- George Cuvier, 1769-1832, the greatest zoologist of the 19th
mann, 1730-88. &c.
In English we have Nitsch's General and Introduc¬
tory View of Kant’s Principles concerning Man, the
century—comparative anatomist, geologist, etc.
Baron Humboldt, b. 1769—Sir Joseph Banks, d. 1820, naturalists
and scientific travellers.
Other Zoologists :
World, and the Deity, Lond. 1806—The Principles
of Critical Philosophy, selected from the works of Foreigners : Pallas, b. at Berlin—Geoffroy St. Hillaire, b. 1773 Mad. Roland — Louvet—Camille Desmoulins — Barbaroux — Thibaudeau—-1
Kant, Lond. 1797—Willich's Elements of the Critical -Natterer of Vienna—Illiger of Berlin—Lesson of Paris.
Philosophy, 1798—Wirgman's Principles of the British : Vigors—Horsfield—Bennett—Hamilton Smith—George The Hist. Parlamentaire de la Revol., with treatises and official documents, 1833.
Transcendental Philosophy, Ac., 1824—also transla¬ Shaw, d. 1812—Swainson—Jardine—Jenyns—Yarrell, <|'c.
tions of his most important works.
Ornithologists :
Bonaparte (prince of Musignano)—Desmarest—Vieillot, d. 1828 Memorial de St. Helena, by Las Cases—Memoirs of Bourrienne—of Savary-
2. J. G. Fichte’s, 1762-1814, Scientific Theory:
—Temminck of Leyden—Meyer—Wolf, <^c.
founded upon ego and non-ego—idealism carried to the most
extravagant pitch. British: Latham, d. 1837—Montague, and others. Selby and Cafefigue, Mem. d’un Homme d’etat, and several other important works.
Gould, who excel in pictorial illustration.
Principal works: Wissenschaftslehre, 1794—Der
Anweisung zum selig. Leben, 1806—Der Reden d. U. S. of America: Wilson, d. 1813—Orde—Audubon, <£c.
deutsche Nation. Fichte’s rhapsodies drew upon him Entomologists :
the charge of atheism, but he enjoyed a high character
Foreigners. Bonelli—Dejean—Boisduval—Clairville—Latreille
for morality and patriotism.
Espei—Fabricius, 1742—1807, pupil of Linn.—Gravenhorst
Huber of Geneva (the blind historian of the bees)—Lamarck
3. Schelling’s, b. 1755, theory of Absolute Identity.
Ochsenheimer, <%c.
His system identifies God and the soul with nature, and aims
British: Kirby and Spence—Hope—Curtis—Stephens—West- Rev. T. Arnold, Hist, of Rome.
at uniting transcendental philosophy with physiology. It has
had a vast influence upon the study of natural history, mytho¬ wood—Macleay—Leach, <|'C.
logy, history, and the theory of taste.
Ichthyologists :
Followers, naturalists : Oken—Krause — Troxler— Bloch—Agassiz—Lacepede—Valenciennes—Yarrell, Ac.
Solger, d. 1819, and numerous others.
Comparative Anatomists :
C. G. Bardilij d. 1808, endeavours to make the Absolute Iden¬
tity the basis of a system founded on thought, and to constitute British: John Hunter, d. 1793, founder of modern comp,
logic the source of real knowledge. anat.—Martyn—Sir Ev. Home—Monro—Kidd .of Oxford—
Oiven, and others—
Pritchard's Physical Hist, of Mankind.
4. Philosophy of Sentiment and Belief.
Foreigners : Audouin—Cloquet—Geo. and Fred. Cuvier—Leon-
F. H. Jacobi’s, 1743-1804, Theory of Belief: Dufour—Dumeril—Edwards—Camper, in Holland.
opposes the critical and dogmatical systems, and advances a Gall, d. 1828, and Spurzbeim, founders of
theory founded upon the notion of an internal sense, and upon Modern Phrenology.
belief and mysticism. His principal works were ‘Letters on
Spinosa/ 1785—on David Hume, 1787—* Of Godly Things/ Botanists :
1811. Jussieu, founder of the Natural System, now generally adopted :
His principal followers : v. Weiller, d. 18*26—Koep- it is followed by Ventenat, in his ‘ Regne Vegetal.’—Desfon-
pen, prof, at Munich—Schleiermacher, d. 1834— tainbs, in the ‘ Jardin des Plantes’ at Paris—-by Decandolle—
J. Salat, and others. JHirbel—Richard.
English: W. Curtis, d. 1799—Sir J. Smith, d. 1828—Brown—
G. W. F. Hegel, 1770-1831, founder of a system of Bindley, prof, at Lond. Univ.—Hooker—Greville—Turner—
Absolute Idealism.
Sowerby—Dr. Daubeny, prof, of Botany and Chemistry at Oxford
Baxter, Oxford, British Flowering Plants—Rev. J. S. Henslow,
prof, at Cambridge.
Mystics who held to natural philosophy, but rejected
the doctrine of Identity : Mineralogy :
Hauy (chrystallography), d. 1822—Fried. Mohs—Prof. Jameson
Novalis, the poet, d. 1801—Jac. Wagner—Eschen-
—Dr. Kidd, <5fc.
mayer—Steffens — Schubert — Jos. Gorres — Fr. v. Geology :
Baader—Windischmann—Fred. v. Schlegel, d. 1829—
Molitor, of Frankfort, and others. Dr. Buckland, Prof, at Oxford—Sedgewick, Prof, at Camb. of British Statesmen—Alexander Chalmers, d. 1834, Biographical Dictionary.
—Murchison—Conybeare—Ph ilips—Mantell—Fitton—Mam-
mett, and others.
Reason, as applied to Revealed Religion, and Free-will, Foreigners: Breislac of Milan, d. 1826—Leop. v. Bush of
Prussia—D'Aubuisson, Brongniart, Boue, at Paris—and others.
as influenced by Divine Grace, have been handled by
Chemists :
Kahler, Schleiermacher, De Witte, Bockshammer, Ant. Laur. Lavoisier, 1743-94, of Paris, founder of the anti- the Nile and .Toliba—Will. Coxe, d. 1828, travels and history—Capt. Basil Hall, |
and many others. The tendency of philosophical in¬ phlogistic system and modern chemistry.
Great progress of Chemistry from the time of Lavoisier.
quiry in Germany has been to abase Revelation, and
French: Fourcroy, d. 1809 — Guyton de Morveau, d. 1816 —
exalt Reason. Berthollet, d. 1822—Vauguelin, d. 1829—Chaptal, d. 1832—
Tlienard, b. 1777—Lussac—all of Paris.
English : Black, d. 1799—Priestley, d. 1804—Cavendish, A. 1810
Sir Humphrey Davy, 1779-1829, Presid. of the Royal Soc.,
II. Philosophers of France, Italy, 8fc. one of the greatest chemists of modern times—Dr. 'Wollaston, 1766
-1828—Parkes, d. 1816—Dalton—Turner—Jac. Berzelius,
b. 1779, the greatest of living chemists.
French metaphysicians, chiefly empirics: Dege-
rando—St. Pierre—Destutt de Tracy, his ‘ Id£ologie,’ Living English chemists: Dr. Faraday—Thomson—Daubeny, of Heeren, prof, at Gottingen, History of the States of Antiquity, European State-
1804. Oxford—Graham, §c.
Physics :
Theologians: Le Maistre, d. 1821—Bonald—De Al. Galvani, 1737-98, the discoverer of galvanism—Alex. Voltai Univ. History, Ac.—Rotteck, Weltgescliichte, 1812—Schlosser, Wcltgeschichte,
Lamennais, b. 1781, ‘ Paroles d’un Croyant,’ 1834, &c. 1745-1826, Voltaic Battery.
This discovery gives a new impulse to the progress of
Eclectics: Royer Collard, b. 1763, follower of the natural science in general.
Scotch school. Oersted, prof, at Copenhagen, Faraday, director of the Royal Germany, Ac.)
Laboratory at London, discoverers of electro-magnetism.
Victor Cousin, b. 1792, translator of Plato, and the first Biot, 1 Traite de Physique, 1816, Arago, both of Paris—Chladni, wall ; an epitome of the 3 vols. by Travers Twiss.
who introduced the German philosophy into France. 1756-1829.
Astronomy, Mathematics, Ac. :
Lagrange, 1755-1813—Jeaurat, 1753-1803—Monge, 1746-1818,
favourite of Napoleon, Statique, 1788—Delambre, 1749-1822,
III. British Philosophers, 8fc. Traitd d’Astron., Hist, de l’Astron.—La Place, 1749-1827,
his celebrated ‘ Mdcanique Celeste,’ 1799—Carnot, d. 1823?—
Dug aid Stewart, 1753-1828, the celebrated follower of Piazzi, 1746-1826, of Naples, discoverer of the planet Ceres,
Locke and Reid. 1801—Harding, prof, at Gottingen, discoverer of Juno, 1804—
Thomas Browne, 1778-1820, opposer of Reid : excels Olbers, physician of Bremen, discoverer of Pallas, 1802, and of
in the beauty of his style—in ethics, a follower of Bp. Vesta, 1807—Gaus, prof, at Gottingen, ‘Theoria Motus Cor-
Butler. porum Celestium’ — Enke, Berlin — Sir Wm. Herschel,
1738-1822, discoverer of Georgium Sidus, 1781—Charles
William Paley, d. 1805, and his followers: whose Hutton, 1737-1823—Nevil Maskelyne, 1732-1811, institutor of
principal aim is to prove the existence of God from organised
nature, and to contemplate his attributes in his works : nautical almanacks—Sam. Vince, d. 1821—F.Masseres, d. 1824—
Wm. Playfair, d. 1823, inventor of linear arithmetic—Bowditch,
The Bridgewater Treatises: by Kidd—Chalmers American translator of La Place—Air John Herschel—Prof.
— Whewell—Sir C. Bell—Roget—Buck land— Kirby— Airy of Cambridge—Whewell—Babbage—Lardner—Rigaud—
—Patch—Baden Powell— Walker—Johnson—Bland—Bridge—
Prout.
Lloyd—Maddy—Snowball—Hind— Young— Wright, 4fe.
Jeremy Bentham, d. 1832, utilitarian system.
Physicians :
Sir James Mackintosh, d. 1832, Hist, of Ethical Philo¬ Bichat, d. 1802, of Paris, founder of modern medicine by his great
sophy.
work ‘ Anatomie Generale,’ 1801—Peter John Cabanis, 1756-1807
S. T. Coleridge, d. 1834, Aids to Reflection, &c. R. T. Laennec, d. 1826—Sam. Hahnemann, b. 1755, at Meissen,
founder of the homoopathic system, and antagonist of the Hippo¬
Thomas Taylor, Platonist, translator of, and commen¬ cratic system which has prevailed for twenty-two centuries.
tator upon, the works of Plato, Aristotle, and other English: Thomas Beddowes, d. 1803, author of ‘'Hygeia ’— Wm.
ancient philosophers. Hunter, 1718-83—Matt. Baillie, d. 1823—Ed. Jenner, d. 1823,
vaccination—-John Abernethy, 1765-1831, §c.
Living writers: Sir William Hamilton—Dr.Whateley
Sir Astley Cooper—Sir Benj. Brodie—Dr. Thomson—
-—Hampden—Sewell, prof, of Mora) Philos, at Oxford Dr. Elliot son—Sir Charles Bell, <%c.
Abercrombie—Lord Brougham.
1822 Foundation of the Society of German Naturalists and Physicians by Geography and Statistics: Maltebrun, d. 1826, at Paris—Stein, d. 1830, at
Oken—the British Society, founded upon its model, has met every year
since 1831.
a
A. C. 1792 to 1839.1
Historical Science.
Since Voltaire.
I. French Historians.
l; Universal and Ancient History:
Volney, d. 1820, Ruins of Empires. Ferrand, d. 1825, Spirit of History.
Segur, the elder, d. 1831. Levesque, Hist. Romaine, 1807.
Chateaubriand.
2. Modern History:
Cl. Carl, de Ruhlieres, d. 1791, his celebrated Hist, de l’Anarchie de Pologne, Ac.
Koch, d. 1813, Hist, des Traites de Paix, and Tableau des Revol. de l’Europe. j
Count Daru—Sismmdi—Flassan, tyc.
3. Contemporary History and Memoirs of the Revolution, the Empire,
the Restoration, and July Revolution:
1 liS
Rabant, d. 1793, Prdcis de l’Hist. de la Revol.: continued by Ch. Lacretelle, who ,
also wrote, Hist, de France pendant les Guerres de Religion.
Mignet, his celebrated Abrege de l’Hist. de la Revol., 1824.
Thiers, the ex-minister, Hist, de la Revol., 1826, the principal work of this period.
u
Various memoirs relating to the Revolution by Bailly—Bouille—Gohier-
Considerations sur la Revol., par Mad. de Stael, §c.
Napoleon: his Memoirs dictated at St. Helena to Gourgaud and Montholon.
Norvius, Vie de Napoleon, 1825.
Segur, Hist, de Napoleon pendant l’annOe 1812.
Rapp—the duke of Abrantes, and others.
Sarrans, Lafayette et la Revolution de 1830.
II. English Historians.
1. Ancient History :
Jacob Bryant, d. 1804, on Class. Antiq. H. H. Milman, Hist, of the Jews.
Hales, Chronology and Antiquities. John Gillies, d. 1836, Hist, of Greece. ]
W. Mitford, d. 1827, Hist, of Greece. Fynes Clinton, Fasti Hellenic!
Rev. C. Thirlwall—Keightley, Hist, of Greece, Rome, England, Ac. Mythology, Ac. j
A. Murphy, d. 1819, Transl. of Tacitus. i
James Rennell, d. 1830, Geography of Herodotus, Ac.
Wilkinson, Antiquities of the Egyptians, Ac.
2. Modern History :
W. Be/sham, d. 1827, Hist, of England. John Bigland, d. 1832, Letters on Hist. |
Robert Bissett, d. 1805, Life of George III. and of Burke.
■John Miller, d. 1801, History of British Government.
Sir James Mackintosh, d. 1832, History of England.
Coxe, d. 1821, Memoirs of Walpole, of the Duke of Marlborough, of the Kings j
of Spain, and House of Austria. Sir Fras. Palgrave. Lord J. Russell.
Hallam. Sharon Turner. Lingard. Sir Harris Nicolas, §c.
John Brand, d. 1806, Popular Antiquities.
1811 Institution of the Record-Commission for the publication of historical |
documents, chronicles, Ac.
Bryan Edwards, d. 1800, History of the West Indies.
John Malcolm, d. 1833, History of Persia, India, Ac.
T. Maurice, d. 1824, Indian Antiquities.
James Mill, d. 1836, Hist, of British India.
Will. Roscoe, d. 1831, Life of Lorenzo de Medici and Leo X., Ac.
Dr. Russell, d. 1794, Hist, of Modem Europe.
Henry Hallam, Hist, of the Middle Ages, Constitutional Hist, of England, i
Literature of Europe, Ac.
Nath. Wraxall, d. 1831, Hist, of France. T. S. Raffles, Hist, of Java.
R. Southey, History of Brazil, Peninsular War, Ac.
Alison, History of the French Revolution, 6 vols. 8vo., and Modem Europe.
Dr. Millar's Hist. Philosophically Illustr.—S. A. Dunham, Hist, of Germ. Emp. I
The histories in Lardner’s Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Ac.
The Annual Register, begun by Dodsley.—The Asiatic Register, Ac.
Biography: Dr. And. Kippis, d. 1795, Biog. Britan.-—Jo. Macdiarmid, Lives?
Voyages, Travels, Geography, Ac.: John Pinkerton, A. 1826, Geography,!
2 vols., Collection of Voyages and Travels, 18 vols. 4to.—Josiah Conder, The?’
British Traveller, 30 vols.—Dr. Ed. D. Clarke, d. 1822, Travels in Various!-
Parts of Europe, 11 vols. 8vo.—James Bruce, d. 1794—T. E. Bowdich—■Hugh
Clapperton, d. 1827—Burckhardt, d. 1832, Travels in Africa, mostly to explore!
Travels in America, Ac.—Capt. Parry, Capt. Ross, S(c. Voyages to the North i
Pole, and in search of a N. W. Passage.
III. Historians of the U. S. of North America.
JtCiu
David Ramsay, Hist, of the American Revol. 1789—Marshall, Life of General i fils
Washington, 1807—George Tucker, Life of Jefferson, 1837—Bancroft, The
History of the U. S.
IV. German Historians.
1. Ancient History:
System, Ac., translated and published at Oxford.
Ancillon, Tableau des Revolutions, 1803, Ac.—Bredow, d. 1814, Tables of
po:
1815—Saa/feld, d. 1834, General Hist, of Mod. Times.
The Dresden Pocket Library of Historians—the collection of Staaten Ges-i
chichte, by Heeren and Uckert—(Dr. Lappenberg's Hist, of England—Pfister's\
TTiehuhr’s Roman History: the first two vols. translated by Hare and Thirl¬ I'—A
Wry
2. Modern History :
Martens, d. 1821, Gmndriss d. Europ. Staatspandel—Archenholz, d. 1812, Gesch.
der 7 J. Kriegs, 1798, Ac.-—Posselt, d. 1804, Hist. Taschenbuch fur d. neuste
Gesch. u. a.
Living writers: K. ad Menzel—Kohlrausch—Wolfgang Menzel—Wilken—
Joh. Voigt■—Zschokke—Von Hammer, §c.
Memoirs: Dohm, d. 1820—Massenbach—Gagern, &c.
Literary history: Eichhorn—Wachler, i|-c.
Foundation of the Frankfort Society for Ancient German History, 1819, by V. Stein.
!
V. Spanish Historians.
Ifi((
Masdeu, Hist. Critica de Espanna, 1783-1802—L'Lorente, d. 1823, Hist, de la
Inquisicion, Ac.—Conde, Hist, de los Arabes en Espanna, 1821—Sempere,
Monarchic Espagnole, 1825.
VI. Italian Historians.
Luigi Bossi, Storia Ant. e Mod. d’ltalia, 1819—Botta, Storia d’ltalia—Coppi.
Annali d’ltalia dal 1750 : a continuation of Muratori—Cicognara's work upon
the History of Sculpture, 1813, and Lanzi's upon Painting, 1822.
VII. Swedish Historians.
«»!, I
Geijer, editor of the Script. Rerum Suecicarum—Lunablad, Suensk Plultarch.
VIII. Polish Historians.
Niemcewicz, the poet, History of Sigismund III.—Joach. Lelewel, the most,
celebrated Polish historian.
IX. R us si an Historians.
Nikolai Karamsin, d. 1826, Hist, of Russia-—Otto's Hist, of Russian Literature
translated by Cox, Oxford, 1839.
> Sr,
Berlin, Statistics—Ritter, Uckert, <§c., Geographers. 1 1.!
Ethnography: Adr. Balbi, author of Atlas Ethnographique, 1826, Ac.
 GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 71

I. KINGS OF ENGLAND.
X. Anglo-Saxon and Danish King's.

1 Egbert the Great, first king of all England, 827, d. 836. II. HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK.
2 Ethelwolf, d. 856. Welf, or Guelf,
A lord of Altorf in Suabia,
f
3 Ethelbald, d. 860. 4 Ethelbert, d. 866. 5 Ethelred, d. 871. 6 Aifeed <Ae Gw/, d. 901. about 800,
founder of the family.
»e,4t 7 Edward the Elder, d. 924.
A
Danish Kings. 8 Atiielstan, d. 940. 9 Edmund, d. 946. 10 Edred, d. 995. Cunegunda,
A heiress of the Welfs,
*. Harold Blaa-tand, k. of Denmark. 11 Edwin, d. 959. 12 Edgar, d. 975. m. Azo,
I -A--- mars, of Este.
15 Sveyn, k. of Eng. and Den., d. 1014. 13 Edward the Martyr, d. 978. 14 & 16 Ethelred, d. 1016.

18 Canute, k. of Eng. and Den., d. 1035. 17 Edmund II., Ironside, d. 1017. 21 Edward III. the Confessor, d. 1066.
/-A-4 I Welf I., duke of Bavaria, 1079. Fulco, founder of the
19 Harold I., d. 1040. 20 Hardicanute, d. 1042. Edward, d. 1017. Godwin, earl of Kent, d. 1053. -A-. House of Este Modena.
Welf II. Henry the Black.
Edgar Atheling. 22 Harold II., defeated and slain by
William the Conqueror, 1066. Henry the Proud,
acquires Saxony, Brunswick, and Hanover,
XX. Norman Kings, 106G-1154. 23 William the Conqueror, 1066-87. by his m. with Gertrude, d. and heiress of
A the emp. Lothaire II., 1127.
24 William II. Rufus, d. 1100. 25 Henry I. d. 1134. Adelaide, d. 1137, I.
m. Stephen, c. of Blois. Henry the Lion, d. 1195,
Matilda, d. of Saxony and Bav.
m. 1st to the emp. Henry V., no issue, 26 Stephen, d. 1154. r-*-A-- x
2nd to Geoffrey Plantagenet, c. of Anjou. Otho IV. emp. till 1215. William Longsword,

XXX. House of Plantagenet, 1154-1399. 27 Henry II. d. 1189, m. Eleanor. Otho the Child,
first duke of Brunswick,
28 Richard Cceur de Lion, Geoffrey, 29 John, Lackland, d. 1216. (Lunenburg, Brunsw., Calfenburg, Grubenhagen,
d. 1199. | _,_A___ ^ Gottingen,) 1235-1252,
Arthur, murd. by his uncle John. 30 Henry III. d. 1272. Richard, e. of Cornwall, emp. of Germ. founder of the elder House of Brunswick.
-A- __A__

31 Edward I. Longshanks, d. 1307. Edmund the Humpbacked, e. of Lancaster. 1286 Henry the Wonderful, Ernest the Rich,
head of the Grubenhagen head of the Gottingen
32 Edward II., d. 1327, m. Isabella of France. Blanche, his great grandd., 1st heiress of the rights of Lancaster, branch—ends 1596. branch—ends 1463.
m. John of Gaunt, 3rd son of Edward III.
33 Edward III., d. 1377. Magnus Torquatus,
a inherits, after 1368,
Edward William Lionel, d. of Clarence, d. 1368. John of Gaunt, d. of Lane., m. Blanche of Lane. Edward, d. of York, Lunenb., d. 1373,
the Black Prince, d. 1402. founder of the
d. 1376. Philippa, XV. House of Xiancaster, Red Rose, 1399-1460. middle House of
m. Edward Mortimer. Richard, Brunsw. Lunenburg.
istOM 34 Richard II., John Beaufort, nat. son, d. 1440. e. of Cambridge,
35 Henry IV.
dep. 1399, d. 1400. Roger Mortimer, decl. heir to m, Anne Mortimer, Ernest of Zell, d. 1542,
the crown 1385, d. 1399. John Beaufort, d. of 36 Henry V., d. 1422, m. heiress of the introd. the Reformation,
Somerset, d. 1444. Catharine of France, who rights of Lionel, founder of the
Anne Mortimer, m. Richard, e. of Camb., afterwards m. d. of Clarence, younger House of
son of Edmund, d. of York. Margaret Beaufort, 37 Henry VI., Owen Tudor, d. 1415. Brunsw. Lunenburg.
second heiress till 1460.
V. House of York, | White Rose, 1460-85. of the house of Lancaster, marries Edmund Tudor, e. of Richmond
Lunenburg branch, Wolfenbuttel branch,
38 Edward IV., d. 1483. 40 Richard III., d. 1485. VX. House of Tudor, 1485-1603. (Zell and Hanover,) (d. of Brunswick,)
Jan.
A William, Henry, d. 1598.
tope. 39 Edward V., d. 1483. Elizabeth of York, marries 41 Henry VII., who unites the Roses, d. 1509. d. 1592. I
a. Em ---A-- Augustus,
Arthur. Margaret, m. James IV., (Stuart,) 42 Henry VIII., d. 1547. Mary, m. 1st Louis XII. d. 1666.
king of Scotland. t-T'---
_A___ k. of France—2nd Ch. Brandon,
43 Edward VI., 44 Mary, 45 Elizabeth, duke of Suffolk. Antony,
'i Ln X |
James V., k. of Scotland, d. 1553. d. 1558. d. 1603. George, d. 1714.
::
d. 1542. Frances Brandon, d. 1641.
m. Henry Grey, d. of Suffolk. Charles I.,
5 Mary, queen of Scots, beheaded, 1587. d. 1780.
Lady Jane Grey, beheaded 1554.
a Charles Will. Ferd.,
VXX. House of Stuart, 1603-89. ( The heir of this line is the present
45 James I., (VI. of Scotland,) 1603-25. duke of Buckingham, in right of his mother.) publ. of the Manifesto,
_A_ killed at Overstadt, 1806.
46 Charles I., beheaded 1649. Elizabeth, d. 1661, m. Frederic, Elector Palatine.
Fred. William,
47 Charles II., Mary, m. Will. II., 48 James II., Sophia, declared heiress to the throne, 1701, m. Ernest Augustus, succeeds to Oels, 1805,
d. 1685. p. of Orange. abdicates 1689. first Elector of Hanover, d. 1698. killed at Waterloo, 1815.
_
49 William III., m. 49 Mary, d. 1695, 50 Anne, James Edw., VXXX. House of Hanover, since 1714. Charles II., William,
d. 1702, without issue. 1702-14. pretender. 51 George I. 1714, d. 1727. under the obtains Oels—
guardianship succeeds to
Charles Edward, Henry of York, Cardinal, 52 George II,, d. 1760. of England Brunswick,
:anStl d. 1788, at Rome. the last Stuart, d. 1807. till 1823- 1830.
Fred. Lewis, d. 1751. exp. 1830.
Tabls III. HOUSE OF WETTIN IN
site* SAXONY, BELGIUM, COBURG, &c. Augusta Frederica, d. 1808, 53 George III., d. 1820, Will. Henry, d. of Glost., Henry Fred.,
Conrad the Great, c. of Wcttin, marg. of Meissen, d. 1150. m. Chas. Will. Ferd. d. of Brunswick, m. Charlotte of Meckbg.-Strelitz. d. 1805. d. of Cumberland, d. 1790.
el
■m Otho the Rich, d. 1189. Adolphus Fred., Six Princesses,
_/V- 54 George Frederic, 55 Edw. Augustus, Ernest Augustus Fred.,
r* IV., d. 1830. d. of William d. of Kent, Augustus, d. of Sussex, d. of Cambridge, 1 Charlotte Aug. Matilda,
Albert Dietrich, d. 1221, m. Jutta of Hesse, d. 1235.
the Proud, | York, IV., d. 1820, m. d. of Cumb., b. 1773, m. b. 1774, m. d. 1828, q. of Wirtemb.
d. 1195. Henry, 1205 landg. of Thuringia, d. 1287. Caroline, 2 Augusta Sophia,b. 1768.
Charlotte d. 1827. k. 1830, Victoria, pss. of b. 1771, k. Lady Augusta
Albert, d. 1314, m. Marg., d. of Fred. II. Caroline, d. 1837. Saxe-Coburg. of Hanover, Murray, pss. of 8 Elizabeth, b. 1770, m.
lifts Hesse Cassel. Aug. Fred., of H.-Hom.
b. 1796, | 1837. (the m. annulled).
Am Frederic with the Bitten Cheek, d. 1324. 4 Mary, b. 1776, m. d. of
m. Leopold, 56 Victoria, | ,-—A---\ r->
Frederic the Grave, d. 1319. p. of 1837, George, George Matilda George Augusta Gloucester, 1816.
Saxe-Coburg, b. May 24, 1819, Frederic, Augustus, Charlotte, William, Caroline, 5 Sophia, b. 1777,
Frederic the Valiant, d. 1380.
d. 1817. now reigns. b. 1819. b. 1794. b. 1801. b. 1819. V). 1822. 6 Amelia,b.1783,d.1811
1 Frederic the Warlike, 1st elect, of Sax., d. 1423. # * * # # # * *#* ♦##**#****** * * * « * # #

2 Frederic the Meek.

.Sflfl.
Ernest Branch. Albert Branch.
3 Ernest, elector of Thuringia, d. 1480. Albert, Meissen, d. 1500.
1
4 Fred, the JVise, (the friend of Luther,) protest., d. 1525. 5 John, d. 1532. Henry the Picus, protest., d. 1541.

0 Frederic the Magnanimous, loses the electorate 1547. 7 Maurice, elector 1547, d. 1553. 8 Augustus, d. 1586.
-A--N
9 Christian I., d. 1591.
John William, Thuringian Branch.
John Fred. II., Coburg, &c., extinct 1638. _A---
_~A-
10 Christian II., d. 1611 11 John George I.,d. 1050 (30 Years'War.)
A Itenburg Branchy extinct 1638. 1573 Weimar Branch, John, d. 1605, obtains Gotha, Eisenach.
----A—---
12 John George II., d. 1680.
Weimar Branch: William, d. 1062. Gotha Branch: Ernest the Pious, d. 1675.
_-A_
13 John George III., d. 1691.
John Ernest II., d. 1683. Meiningcn: Bernard, d. 1706. Hildburghausen: Ernest, d. 1715. Saalfield, 1699 Coburg Saal.: John^Ern., d. 1729. -A--

14 John Geo. 15 Fred. Aug. I., 1733 k. of Poland, 1697.

John Ernest III., d. 1707. Anton. Ulrich, d. 1763. Ernest Fred. I., d. 1724. Charles Ernest, d, 1745. Francis Jos.,d. 1764.
_A_
IV., d. 1694.
i t- Ernest Fred., d. 1800. 16 Fred. Aug. II., k. of Poland, d. 1763.
Ernest Augustus, d. 1748, Aug. Fred. Charles, Geo. Fred. Charles, Ernest Fred. II., d. 1745.
1741 obtains Eisenach and Jena. d. 1782. d. 1803. 17 Fred. Christian, d. 1763.
_A- Ernest Fred. III., d. 1780. Fred. Ant., d. 1809.
I . r- _A--- _. ._a--
Ernest Aug. Const., d. 1758, Adelaide, Bernhard Eric Freund, | , _ Leopold, m. 18 (1) Fred. 19 (2) Antony, Maximilian.
his wife, Anna Amelia, regent 1758-75, who made dowager reigningd.ofSaxe Meiningcn, Frederic, d. 1831, becomes Ernest reigning Victoria, Ferd. Geo., Aug. III., d. 1836.
Weimar the chief seat of German literature. queen of inherited, 1826, Hilburghauson 1826, Saxe Altenburg. duke, becomes, 1826, duchess pr. Charlotte
|
Charles Aug., gr. d. of Saxe Weimar, 1815-28.
Gt. Britain. and Saalfcld.
*
|
Joseph,
■
f-A.--
^SSZSSL so. Htefy
of Sore Coburg Got ha. of Kent.
| of 1 °™iga
ntttfr

I ^ reigning duke. Ernest Albert, m. Victoria, by m. with the m. Louisa of

Charles Fred., m. Maria Paul., sister to Nicholas, einp. of Russia. hered. pr. b.Aug. 26,1819. q. ofGt. B. reigning q. France.

>
72 GENEALOGICAL TABLES OF
IV. MAYORS OF THE PALACE, DUKES AND PRINCES OF THE FRANKS UNDER THE LATER MEROVINGIANS.
S. Arnold, bishop of Metz, mayor of the palace to Dagobert I., d. 640.

Anchises, mayor of the palace to Sigebert II., d. 674.

Pepin Heristel, mayor of the palace of Austrasia 687, duke and prince of the Franks, d. 714.

Grimoald, mayor of the palace of Neustria, murd. 714. Charles Martel, duke of Austrasia, mayor of the palace, d. 741.
A-

Thendoald, mayor of the palace 714, deposed 715. Carloman, duke and prince of the Franks, obtains Austrasia, 741, d. 755. Pepin the Short, duke and prince of the Franks,
re-unites the monarchy 746, d. 768.
_A__

Charlemagne, king of Neustria 768, reunites the monarchy 771, king of the Franks and Lombards 774, Carloman, king of Austrasia, d. 771.
. crowned emperor at Rome 800, d. 814.
Pepin.

V. KINGS OF FRANCE. HOUSE OF BOURBON-ANJOU IN SPAIN, NAPLES, PARMA, LUCCA.

HOUSE OF BRAGANZA IN PORTUGAL AND BRAZIL.
XX. Carlovingians. Charlemagne, d. 814.

Louis Debonnaire, d. 840.

_-A_

Lothaire, k. of Italy. 1 Charles I., the Bald, k. of France, by the peace of Vtrdun, 843, d. 877. Louis the German.

2 Louis II., the Stammerer, d. 879. 5 Charles II., the Fat, d. 887.
* # # t-A •>
6 Eudes, 3 Louis III., d. 882. 4 Carloman, d. 884. 7 Charles III., the Simple, dep. 923.
son of Robert the Strong, 887-898.
* * * 10 Louis IV., d. 954.
8 Robert I., younger brother of Eudes, d. 923.
11 Lothaire, d. 986.
9 Rudolf, his son-in-law, d. 936.
12 Louis V., d. 987.
I
XXX. House of Capet, 987-1328.
13 Hugh Capet, d. 996.

14 Robert II., d. 1031. House of Burgundy.

.a \
15 Henry I., d. 1060. Robert,
1st duke of Burgundy, 1031,
16 Philip I., d. 1108. founder of the old
House of Burgundy,
17 Louis VI., the Fat, d. 1137. extinct -
1361. Bouse of Burgundy in Portugal.
18 Louis VII., the Young, A. 1180. Henry,
grandson of
19 Philip II., Augustus, d. 1223. Robert of Burgundy,
1195,
20 Louis VIII., d. 1226. founder of the
ancient kings of Portugal-
21 Louis IX., or St. Louis, d. 1270. House of Bourbon. Charles of Anjou, extinct, 1580.
king of Naples,
22 Philip III., the Bold, Robert, 1265,
d. 1285. House of Valois. House of Evreux-Navarre. c. of Clermont. founder
__A_ of the
23 Philip IV., the Fair, d. 1314, Charles, Louis, 1327 Louis, first line of Anjou.
by m. 1289, king also of Navarre. count count of Evreux. first duke of
—■>
of Bourbon. House of Anjou-Hung ary.
24 Louis X., 26 Philip VI., 27 Charles IV., Isabel, Valois. Philip, 1328, i -\
d. 1316. d. 1322. d. 1328. m. Ed. II., king of Navarre, by m. with extinct, Charles-Robert,
of Eng. Johan, d.ofk. Philip IV. 1435. neph. of Chas. of Anjou,
25 John the Posth., —extinct 1441. king of Hungary, 1308,
b. & d. 1316. Edward III., d. 1342.
pretender.
Louis the Great,
XV. House of Valois, 1328-1589. king of Hungary,
28 Philip VI., son of Charles of Valois, king 1328, d. 1350. and, 1370,
king of the Poles,
29 John the Good, d. 1364. d. 1382.
-A-
30 Charles V., the Wise, Louis of Anjou, Philip the Bold,
A. 1380. father of the founder of the
_A_ 2nd line of Anjou, mod. House of Burgundy
31 Charles VI., d. 1422. Louis, d. of Orleans. and the mod. titular —extinct 1477. 1422 Alfonso,
--/- -n, king of Naples— natural son of John I.,
32 Charles VII., d. 1461. Charles, Johanna, extinct 1481. king of Portugal,
d. of Orleans. ctss. of Angoul. becomes duke of Braganza,
33 Louis XI., d. 1483. founder of the present
35 Louis XII., Charles, reigning house.
34 Charles VIII., k. 1498, d. 1515. count of Angouleme.
d. 1498. |
36 Francis I., d. 1547.
I
37 Henry II., d. 1559, m Cath. de Medici. Antony, 1555,
.-V- k. of Navarre
38 Francis II., d. 1560, 39 Charles IX., d. 1574. 40 Henry III., king of Poland, by m. the heiress.
m. Mary Stuart. 1573, d. 1589. |
V. House of Bourbon, 1589-1830.
41 Henry IV., k. of Navarre, killed 1610. House of Orleans. House of Braganza, 1640.
1 John IV.,
42 Louis XIII., d. 1643. Gaston, d. of Orl., d. without sons. d. 1656.
_ --*-,
43 Louis XIV., d. 1715, m. Maria-Theresa. Philip, 2 Alfonso VI., 3 Peter II.,
d. of Orleans, till 1667. d. 1706.
Louis, dauphin, d. 1711. Spain : House of Bourbon-Anjou. founder of the
,—-N- new House,
Louis, dauphin, 1712. 1 Philip V., d. of Anjou, k. of Spain, 1701, d. 1746. d. 1701. 4 John V.,
_A_
d.1750.
44 Louis XV., d. 1774. 2 Louis, 3 Ferdinand, (1) Charles I., k. Two Sicilies.
Philip, 1748 d. of Philip II.,
1724, d. 1724. k. 1746, d. 1759. 4th k. of Spain 1759, d. 1788.
Parma, d. 1765. regent,
Louis, dauphin, d. 1765. ,-K-s I d. 1723. 5 Joseph-Emman.J
>, 5 Charles IV., till 1808, d. 1819. (2) Ferd., k. of Ferdinand, obt. 1 d. 1777.
45 Louis XVI., 47 Louis XVIII., 48 Charles X., dep. 1830. -_A^. ^ 2 Sic.1759-1825. Etruria 1801, d. 1802. Louis,
guill. 1793, m. d. 1824. ,- 6 Ferdinand VII., Don Carlos, | [ d. 1752. 6 Maria,
M aria-An ton., Louis, Charles, d. of Berri, restored 1814, pretender. (3) Francis, Louis, d. 1803, m. [ d. 1816,
of Austria, duke of murd. 1820, m d. 1833. d. 1830. Maria, queen 1803-7, Louis-Phil., m. Peter III.,
>, Angouleme. Caroline of Sicily. restored 1815 to Lucca, d. 1785. father’s brother,
Louis, 46 Louis XVII., |_ 7 Isabella, b. 1830, (4) Ferd. II., d. 1824. | d. 1786.
dauphin, d. 1795 in the Henry (V.), d. of reigning. reigning. | Louis-Phil.,
d. 1789. Temple. Bourdeaux, b. 1820. Charles reigns. Egalit'e, 7 John VI.,
* * * * * * * Hi * * * Hi * ******** d. 1793. regent 1799, d. 1826.
49 napoleon, Bmp. of France, Joseph, Lucian, Louis, Jerome, Pauline, Caroline, Eliza Bacciochi,
X804-14, d. 1821. king of prince of king of king of prss. Borghese, in. Murat, grand duchess
1st wife, Josephine Beauharnois; Spain, Canino. Holland, Westphalia, duchess of king of Naples. of Tuscany, D.PedroI., Isab. Maria, 8 D. Miguei
2nd wife, Maria-Louisa of Austria. went as now now Guastalla, d. 1820. emp. of 1826-28, k. 1828-33. |
count count of duke of d. 1825.
Napoleon, king of Rome, Survilliers St. Leu. Montfort. Brazil, regent.
d. 1832, as duke of Reichstadt. to the U. S., 1822-31,d.1834.
• *•«••• N. America. A
>seph
Josephine’s children before she m. Napoleon :
1 Eugene, vice-kg. of Italy, il. 1824,‘as d. of Leuchtenberg. VI. HOUSe Of Orleans, SiHC6 1830. 50 LoUIS-PhILIP, 1830, 9 Maria da Gloria, D. Pedro II., b. 1825,
2 Ho. tense, m. Louis Napoleon. n0W king of the French. b. 1819, q. of Portugal, emp. of Brazil, 1831,
1827, now reigns. reigns.
 MODERN HISTORY. 73

VI. GERMAN EMPERORS—HOUSE OF HAPSBURG IN

GERMANY AND SPAIN—HOUSE OF LORRAINE IN AUSTRIA, VII. ELECTORS, KINGS, AND DUKES OF PRUSSIA
TUSCANY, MODENA, AND PARMA. OF THE HOUSE OF HOHENZOLLERN. ,
Z. Carlovingian Emperors till 9X1. 1 Charlemagne, d. 814. Thassillo, count of Zollern, about 800, founder.
2 Louis I., Debonnaire, d. 840, (when the Empire is divided.) Conrad I., first Burgrave at Nuremberg, about 1200.
,-*-:-
Lothaire, d. 855, 3 Louis the German, d. 876, Charles the Bald, d. 877, Frederic III., gt.-grandson, first hered. Burgrave, 1273.
king of Italy and Lorraine. emp. of Germany. king of France. 1 Frederic VI. (I.), great-great.-grandson of Frederic III., becomes, 1415,

4 Charles the Fat, Louis the Young, Carloman, d. 879. ? Hedwig, m. Otho, Elector of Brandenburg, d. 1440.
----.-a_:__
d. 887. d; 882. | duke of Saxony.
5 ARNULF,d. 899. John, the Alchemist. 2 Frederic II., d. 1471. 3 Albert Achilles, d. 1486.
IX. House of Saxony. --^-\
6 Louis the Child, d. 911. 8 Henrv I. the Fowler, d. 936. Line of Electors: Frederic, margravate of
4 John Cicero, d. 1499. Anspach, d. 1536.
7 Conrad, d. of Franconia,d. 918. 9 Otho I., the Great, d. 973. Henry,
d.ofBavaria, 5 Joachim I., Nestor, d. 1535. Albert, 1525,
Conrad, d. of Lorraine and Franconia. Luitgard. 10 Otho II., d. 983. d. 955. first duke of Prussia,
6 Joachim II., Hector, introduced the d. 1568.
Otho, duke of Franconia. Protestant religion 1539, d. 1571.
11 Otiio III., d. 1002. Henry, I
Henry, duke of Franconia. d. of Bavaria, Albert-Frederic,
-Ge
7 Joiin-George, d. 1598. imbecile, d. 1618.
I d. 995.
XXX. House of Franconia.
13 Conrad II., the Salic, d. 1039. 12 Henry II., 8 Joachim-Fred., administrator in Prussia, d. 1608.

14 Henry III., d. 1056. the Saint,

d. 1024. 9 John Sicismond, administrator in Prussia, 1608, obtains Cleves,
15 Henry IV., d. 1106. becomes Reformer 1614, duke of Prussia 1618, d. 1619.
—_A___
16 Henry V., d. 1125. Agnes, in. Frederic of Hohenstauffen, d. of Suabia. 10 George William, d. 1648.
***** 11 Frederic William, the Great, d. 1688.
XV. House of Suabia, or Hohenstauffen.
17 Lothaire II., d. of Saxony, d. 1137.
Frederic, duke of Suabia; 18 Conrad III., d. 1152. 12 Frederic l., first king of Prussia, 1701, d. 1713.
Three Foreigners:
19 Frederic I., Barbarossa, d. 1190. 13 Frederic William, d. 1740.
25 William of Holland. A -A.-----_--

26 Richard, earl of Cornwall.
27 Alfonso, king of Castile.
V. House of Hapsburg-.
28 Rudolph I., d. 1291.
20 Henry VI., d. 1197.
23 Frederic II.,d. 1250.
24 Conrad IV., d. 1254.
29 (Adolphus of Nassau, d. 1298.)
21 Philip of Suabia, d. 1208.
y.
22 Otho IV., son of Henry, the
Lion, d. of Saxony, d; 1218.
14 Frederic II., the Great, August William. Prince Henry,
d. 1786. the great general, d. 1803.
15 Frederic William II., d. 1797.
16 Frederic William, now reigning.

Bgal. 30 Albert I., d. 1308.

-_/---

Rudolph, k. of Boh. 1306, d. 1307. 32 Frederic, d. 1330. Leopold, killed at Morgarten, 1326. Albert II., duke of Austria.
A

VI. House of Luxemburg-.
31 Henry VII., 1313.
»1-
John, king of Bohemia.
33 Charles IV., d. 1378.
A
34 Wenceslas, till 1400;
35 (Robert, count palatine, d. 1410.)
Austrian Line: Albert. Styrian Line : Leopold, killed atSempach, 1386.
32 (Louis, of Bavaria, d. 1347.)
Ernest, duke of Austria, d. 1424.
Albert. 38 Frederic III., d. 1493.
I
36 Sigismund, king of Hung, and Boh., d. 1437. 39 Maximilian I., d. 1519,
m. Mary of Burgundy.
Elizabeth, who marries 37 Albert II., k. of Hung, and Boh., d. 1439

Vladislas, king, of Hung, and Boh., (l) Philip, k. of Spain, d. 1506,

d. 1457, without heirs. m. Johanna, d. of Ferd. and Isab. of Spain.

40 (2) Charles V., king of Spain, d. 1558. 41 Ferdinand I;, k. of Boh. and Hung., d. 1564, m. Anna, sister of the last king of Boh. and Hungary.
_A_________
Spanish Line: (3) Philip II., d. 1598, German Line : 42 Maximilian II., d. 1576. Ferdinand, d. 1595, in Tyrol. Charles, archd. of Austria, d. 1590.
m; Mary, q; of Eng. __A_

43 Rodolpii II., d. 1612. 44 Matthias, d. 1619 45 Ferdinand II., d. 1637.

(4) Philip III., d. 1621.
46 Ferdinand III., d. 1657.
(5) Philip IV., d. 1665.
47 Leopold I., d. 1705.
(6) Charles II., d. 1700, without heirs. _A_ * * *
House of Bourbon-Anjou succeeds; 48 Joseph I., d. 1711. 49 Charles VI., d. 1740. 50 Charles VII.,
of Bavaria, 1742-45.
VXX. House of Xiorralne, since 1745. 51 (1) Francis I., grand duke of Tuscany 1737, d. 1765, m. Maria Theresa.

52 Joseph II., d. 1790. 53 (2) Leopold II., grand d. of Tuscany till 1790, d. 1792. Ferdinand, d. of Brisgau, m. the
heiress of Modena, d. 1806.
54 (l) Francis I., the last Germ. emp. 1806, (3) Ferdinand, grand d. of Tuscany : elector of Salzburg, 1803,
seat first Emperor of Austria, d. 1835. grand d. of Wurtzburg 1806, restored 1814, d. 1824. Francis I., d. of Modena,
—-La.---A | restored 1814.
(2) Ferdinand, reigning emp. of Austria. Marie Louise, m. Napoleon, 1814 duchess of Parma. (4) Leopold II., now grand duke of Tuscany.

VIII. THE EMPERORS OF RUSSIA—THE KINGS OF DENMARK AND SWEDEN: THE HOUSE OF OLDENBURG.
RUSSIA. DENMARK. SWEDEN.
X. House of Hurik, till 1598. House of Oldenburg-, from 1448. X. House of Vasa, 1523-1654.
1 Ivan I., 1462-1505, delivers Russia from the Tartar yoke. 1 Ciiristiern I. 1448-81. 1. Gustavus Vasa, protestant, 1523-60.
1640 . 2 Vasili, d. 1533. 2 John, d.1513. 4 Frederic I., protestant, d. 1533. 2 Eric XIV., 3 John III., d. 1592.
A.
5 Charles IX., 1611.
i--1 dep. 1568. | ,-A-.
3 Ivan II., d. 1584. 3 Christiern II., dep. 1523. 5 Ciiristiern III., d. 1559. Adolph; 4 Sigismond, Catharine, m. 6 Gustav. Adolph.,
i----- ' | Line of Holstein-Gott. k; of Poland, 1587, John Casimir, d. 1632.
IE»!
1 Feodor, d. 1598. Demetrius, murd. 1591; Maria-Ivan. 6 Frederic II., d. 1588; k. of Sweden of Deux-Ponts.
1706.
5 Boris,d. 1605. 6 Feodor, his son. 7 Chwofski, d. 1610 1592-1604, 7 Christina,
7 Christiern IV., d. 1648. d. 1634. resigns 1654.
XX. House of Romanoff, 1613-1762. I
8 Michael Romanoff, d. 1645. 8 Frederic III., d. 1670. XX. House of Deux-Ponts, 1654-1751.
8 Charles X;, d. 1660.
I ,
9 Alexis, d. 1676. 9 Ciiristiern V;, d. 1699.
-A_ 9 Charles XI;, d. 1697.
10 Frederic IV., d. 1730. .. ._A_
10 FEODORlI.,d. 1682. 11 Ivan, till 1689. 12 Peter the Grazed. 1725.
lift -a—-., 13 Cath. I., his wid.,d. 1727; 10 Charles XII., 11 Ulrica Eleon., 1719,20.
i
I Catherine, m. 15 Anna, d. 1740, ,-a----, 11 Christiern VI., d. 1746. d. 1718. 12 Frederic of Hesse-Cass.,
iH*i
C. Leop. of m. Fred. (Kettler), Alexis, Anna, d. 1728, 17 Elizabeth, her husband, d. 1751.
81 ft, Meeklbg. Sch. d. of Courland. beh. 1718. m. C. Fred., d. 1762; 12 Frederic, d. 1766:
e Ik i duke of ,_A_
f Frederic-Chr.-Aug. XXX. House of Holst.-Crott., 1751-1818.
Anna, d. 1746, 14 Peter II., IIolst.-Gott. 13 Ciiristiern VII., Fred.cr. pr;,
m. Antony of d. 1730. d. 1739. d. 1808. d.1805. Frederic Aug., 13 Adolph. Fred., 1751, d. 1771.
Brunsw., bp. of Lubeck,
d. 1775. XXX. House of Kolstein-Gott., from 1762. 14 Frederic VI., Chr.-Fred. 1773 duke of 14 Gustavus III., d. 1792. 16 Charles XIII.,d. 1818.
18 Peter III., 1762, murd. 1762. now reigns. I Oldenburg.
16 Ivan, 1740, 41, 19 Catherine II., his wid.,d. 1796. Frederic, 15 Gustavus IV., 17 Charles XIV., Bernadotte,

$ murd. 1764.

__A_
20 Paul, murd. 1801.
b. 1808. Peter Fred.,
d. 1829.
resigns 1809. adopted by Charles XIII.,
now reigns.

21 Alexander, d. 1825. 22 Nicholas, the reigning emperor, Gr. Prince Michael, Augustus,
m. Alex., d. of Fred. Will. HI. of Prussia. now grand duke.
_A-

Alexander, grand duke, hered. pr. of Russia, b. 1818. Constantine, b. 1827.

 GENERAL INDEX

Aargau, canton, 52 b Adelmus, 7 b Alcassim, 12 a Alliance of France and the Turks, Anastasius I., pope, 3 e; II., 3 d, Arabian trade to India, 59 c
Abaffi I,, of Transylvania, 40 g Aden, 26 a Alcazar-quivir, battle at, 31 a 29 c 7 d; III., 11 a; IV., 15 a Arabia Felix, conquest of, 3 f
-II., of Transylvania, 40 g Adeodatus, pope, 5 a Alchemy, 19 b -with German Anastasius, librarian, 9 b Arabs, profess to be descended
Abaka, 17 m Aderbijan subdued, 29 c Alcmar, Heinrich v., 24 b Protestants, 26 d Anatomists, 70 b from Abraham, 5 d; threaten
Abate, Nicolo dell, 68 c Ado, historian, 9 b Alcuin, 7 b, 24 a -and Holland Anchises, 72 Europe, 6 c ; defeat the Greeks,
Abbas Mirza, 54 b Adolphus Frederic, prince of Aldenhoven, defeat at, 50 a against Spain, 34 b Ancillon, Fred., 67 d, 70 c 5 c ; subdue Persia, 5 e; at¬
• -the Great, k. of Persia, 33 Sweden, 44 e, 48 d, 73 Aldhelme, 7 b -with Sweden Ancona, 52 e, 66 b tempt to invade Spain, 4 b ;
d, 37 h Adolphus of Nassau, 16 g Aldobrandini, 31 e against Austria, 34 b Ancre, d’, marechal, 34 b conquer Spain, 7 e ; progress
-II., of Persia, 37 b, 41 g Adrian I., pope, 7 a Aldrich, dean, 64 e, 65 d --— with Portugal Anderson, Mrs., 65 d of stayed, 56 a
• -III., of Persia, 45 c -— II., pope, 9 a Aldrovandus, Ulys. 60 c against Spain, 34 b Audrsete, 31 e Araccan ceded to the British, 54 d
-, Shah, 60 a -111., pope, 9 a d’Alembert, 48 a, 64 b -;-and the United Andrew II., Ilun., 17 g, 57 a; Arago, 70 b
Abbassides, dynasty of, 7 e, 11 e -IV., pope, 15 a Alemghir, title of, assumed, 41 h States, 49 f HI., 17 g Aragon, house of, 18 1
Abbasside Khalifat finally ex¬ -V., pope 16 i 1., emp. of Delhi, 45 d; II., 49 c ---with Holland, Andrew, St., order of, 41 e Aragon, kingdom of, 12 a, 14 b,,
tinguished, 29 c -VI., pope, 27 e Aleppo, kingdom of, 15 e 50 a, 52 a Andrews, St., university of, 20 c, 18 b, 20 b, 56 c; united to
Abbo, monk, lib Adrian, painter, 69 b Alemanni, 3 b; submit to the -- Genoa with Spain, 22 b Castile, 20 b
Abbot, 34 a, 64 b Adrianople, 19 e, 53 e, 54 a, 66 b Franks, 2 c ; and Franks over¬ &c., 43 f Andrieux, 65 c Aram, 23 n
Abdalla, Khalif, 5 d, 8 c A2sc, 2 a run Gaul, 2 c, 4 c, 56 b ---Germany and Eng¬ Andronicus I., of Greek empire, Aranda, d’, duke, 39 g
Abdallah, 7 e, 8 c, 10 c AStius, 2 c Alessi, Galeazzo, 60 e land, 28 b 13 d, 15 a; II., 17 1, 19 k Aranda, ministry of, 47 g
• -Sharfaddin, 15 b -Etna, eruption of, 52 f Alexander de Medici, 27 c -the Grand, 39 c, f, 40 Angelico, Beato Giovanni, 68 a Aranjuez, revolution of, 51 c
Abdelmelek, lie Afghan dynasty, 23 n Alexander II., of Sicily, 16 d c, e Angelo, Michael, 59 e, 60 e, 68 a Araucan Indians make head
Abdelmumen, 14 a Afghan power, end of, 29 f -III. of Sicily, 16 d -of Hungary with Venice, Angers, university of, 19 b against the Spaniards, 41 k
Abderrahman, 6 c, 7 e Afghaus, 29 f, 33 e, 37 c, 54 c -de Rhodes, 35 h 28 d Anglesey, marquis, 51a Arc, Joan of, 20 d
--II., 8 c Afghanistan conq. by the Per¬ -- of Greek empire, lid -Heraclius with Turks, Anglicus, Gilbert, 19 b Arcadius and Honorius divide the
.-, splendid court of, sians, 45 c -emp. of Russia, 53 e 5c Anglo-Saxon period, 2 a Roman world, 3 e
10 c Africa, 5 a, 5 e, 11 e, 29 d 66 a, 73 -the Northern Powers Anglo-Saxon octarchy, 6 a, 8 a Arce, 55 b
Abderrahman III., 10 c Aga Mohammed Shah, 54 b -- L, of Scotland, 14 c against Charles XII. 41 a, e Anglo-Saxons converted to Archangel, 59 c; English at, 33 b
Abderrahman IV., 12 a Agapetus, pope, 3 d -Hier., 22 b -Poland and Sweden, Christianity, 3 d Archbishoprics founded in Ame¬
-V., 12 a -— II., pope, 11 a -II., pope, 13 a; III., 33 a -of importance in rica, 29 g
Abdoolla Khan, 33 e Agatho, pope, 5 a 15a ; IV., 16 i; V.,22 a; VI., -Prussia and Holland, the eyes of Europe, 10 a Archenholz, 70 c
Abdoolla Khan Usbek, 33 e Agila, 2 b 22 a, 27 e; VII., 40 a; VIII., 41 c Angola settled, 31 a Archers, companies of, establish¬
Abdul-Abbas, 7 e Agilulf, 3 b, 4 b 40 a - with Russia, Angora, battle of, 23 k ed, 20 e
Abdul-Hamid, sultan, 49 a Agincourt, battle of, 20 d, 57 b Alexandria, commerce of, 5 d ; 48 b Angouleme, duke of, 50 a, 72 -French, 59 a
Abdulmelek Khalif, 5 d Aglabite dynasty, 9 e, II e conquered, 5 d ; library of, -with the Porte Angus, earl, 20 c, 26 b Arches, pointed, 57 d
Abdul Wahhab, 49 a Aguadello, 26 d, 27 a burnt, 5 d ; church of, 5 a ; and Poland, 48 b Animuccia, Giov., 60 f Architects, 59 e ; English, 60 e,
Abel, king of Denmark, 17 b Agra destroyed, 29 f taken, 54 a; school of, 7 b ; Russia and the Porte, Anjou, house of, 16 h, 18 k, 42 64 e; French, 60 e; Italian,
Abelard, Peter, 15 b, 24 a Agra, 32 d, 33 c, e, 45 d, 54 d sarcophagus of, 64 e. 45 a b, 51 c, 72 64 e; Spanish, 60 e
A ben Ilumaya, 31b Agria, battle of, 32 d, 33 c Alexandrists, 60 b and Sweden, Anjou, Charles of, 6 i Architecture, 60 e
Abensburg, battle at, 52 c Agricola, 27 e ; George, 60 c Alexis, czar, 36 k 45 a ---- Henry, count of, 14 d -and sculpture, 64 e
Abercrombie, death of, 54 a Agricola, Rudolph, 22 b -czarowitz, 45 a, 41 e and Austria, -Margaret of, 20 d -acad. of at Paris, 63 e
■ -70 a Agriculture, 57 c, 59 b, 63 b, 67 Alexius I., Greek emperor, 13 d, 45 a Ankarstrom, 48 d -Arabian, 57 d
Aberdeen, earl of, 51 a, 67 a b; decay of, 5 c ; encouraged, 15 d; II., 15 d; III., 15 d, with Sweden, Anlaf the Dane, 10 a ---French, flourishing
Aberdeen university founded, 20 c 57 c, 59 b, 63 b ; its decline, 17 k; IV., 17 k 48 f Anna, q. of Poland, 33 a period of, 64 e; German and
-, old, university founded, 63 b; wretched, under the Alexius Comnenus, 17 b -with Denmark, Annapolis, 49 f Dutch, 60 e; Indian, 60 e;
22 b feudal system, 57 c Alfieri, Vitt. 65 b 48 f Annates first imposed, 19 a Roman, 60 e
Abernethy, John, 70 b Agricultural labourers oppressed, Alfragius, lib -Savoy with France, Anne du Bourg, 30 d Arcis-sur-l’Aube, repulse at, 50 a
Abo, conference of, 53 b 56 a Alfonso I., (the Catholic) of the 43 h Anne, emp. of Russia, 45 a Areola, victory of, 52 e
• - peace of, 44 e, 45 a Agrippa, II. Com. 60 b, c Asturias, 6 c ; II., (the chaste) -Scotland and Eng¬ -infanta, 35 a Arcos, duke de, 35 g
-- university of, 36 g Agryopulus, John, 22 b 6 c, 8 d ; III., 8 d, 10 c ; IV., land, 26 b -of Austria, 34 b, 39 b Ardoin, 12 e
Aborigines of France, 2 c Ahhmed I., sultan, 37 a; II., 10 c; V., 10 c, 12 a; VI., -the Swiss with the -of Denmark, 30 b, 32 e Ardres, 26 d
-Spain, 2 c 41 f; 111., 45 b; the Buyide, 12 a, 14 b; VII., 14 b ; VIII., Pope against France, 28 a -q. of England, 42 d Aretino, Guido, 13 b; Leonards
Abou-Dahab, Mohammed, 49 a 11 e; sultan, 17 m, 19 n; 14 b; IX., 16 b; X., 16 b; -;— Swiss and France, -princess, 43 a Bruno, 22 b
Aboukir, defeat at, 54 a etnp. of Delhi, 49 c ; Doorani, XI., 18 c 32 a Anquetil du Perron, 63 e Arezzo, Spinello of, 24 c
Aboul Fatteh, k. of Persia, 49 b k. of Cabul, 45 c ; Kioprili, Alfonso II., of Aragon, 14 b; -Venice with Poland Annual Register, 70 c Arezzo, Guido, 24 c
Abrantes, duke of, 70 c 41 f; k. of India, 45 d 111., 16 b; IV., 18 b; V., and the Empire, 39 d Ansbrand, 6 e Arfe, 60 e
Absimarus, 5 c Ahmedabad, 29 f 20 b Allies enter Paris, 50 a Anselm, archbp. 12 c, 14 d, 24 a Argand lamps, 64 a
Absolute Idealism, theory of, 70 a Ahmednuggur, 29 f, 33 e ■-- duke of Braganza, 20 a Almagro, 29 g Ansgar, apostle, 9 a Argenson, d’, 39 c, 63 d
• -Identity, theory of, 70 a Aids, 57 a -k. of Castile, 20 b Almansor of Cordova, 10 c Anson's voyage, 42 d Argensola, Leon, and Bart, de,
-monarchies, 62 a Aid toi, society of, 50 a -k. of Navarre, 14 b Almansur, 7 e Anson, admiral, 45 f, 46 c 61 b
-period of; Aiguillon.d’,due, ministry of, 46 b - IE, of Portugal, 16 a; Almeyda, 26 a Anspach, margrave of, 32 g Arghun, Khan, 17 m
38 c A illy, d’, Peter, 22 b, 24 b III., 16 a; IV., 18 a; V., 20 Almohade dynasty, 14 a, 16 c Anspach acquired by Prussia, Argyle, earl of, 30 b
■ -power destroyed, 38 a Aimoin, 9 b, 11 b a ; VI., 39 a Almondhir, 8 c 48 b -rebellion of, 38 b
Absolutists, rebellion of, 51 b Air-pump, invention of, 64 c -I., of Sicily, 21m; II., Almoravide dynasty in Spain, 12 Anthemius, 57 d Arians, 3 c
Abu Ali, Khalif, 13 e Airy, professor, 70 b 21 m a, 14 a Antigua settled, 37 e Arian doctrines supported by
Abubekr, 23 n Aislabie, chan, of exchequer, 42 d Alfred the Great, 4 a, 6 a, 8 a; Almowat, 13 e Antinomians, rise of, 35 h ; doc¬ Whiston, 44 b
Abu Fazl, 33 e Aix-la-Chapelle, national assem¬ laws of, 56 c Aloysius, 57 d trines, 27 e Aribert, 4 d
--Ibrahim, 13 e bly at, 8 e ; congress of, 50 a, Alfwold, 6 a Alp Arslan, 13 f Antioch, capture of, 3 f, 7 d, Arimbert II., 6 e
-Sayid, 19 n, 23 1, m 52 d ; victory of, 62 a; Algiers, 27 f, 29 d ; bombarded Alpine, 8 b 11 d, 17 i Aristocracy and Freemen, divi¬
Abushehr, English factory esta¬ burgher army of, 57 b by the French, 39 c, 66 b ; ex¬ Alp Tegin, 11 e Antioch, church of, 5 a sion of, 4 c
blished at, 49 b Akbar, 60 a ; sepulchre of, 60 e pedition against, 47 g, 50 a; Alsace ceded to France, 34 b, 36 Antiphlogistic system, 70 b -triumph of, 4 c
Abu Sufian, opposes Mohammed, Akbar Shah II., 54 d attacked by the Spanish, 47 g ; c ; invaded by the Austrians, Antipodes, 7 b -old creed of, 46 c
5d Akenside, Mark, 65 a bombarded by the English, 54 42 c ; by the Prussians, 50 a Antiques, discovery of, 60 e ---origin of, 56 a
Abuzafer-Almansur, 7 e Akerman, convention of, 54 a a ; subjected to the Turks, 58 b Alstan, 8 a Antiquities, Chigi collection of, -acquire great power,
Abyssinia becomes known to Ala ad din, 23 n Alhakem, 6 c, 8 c, 10 c Alst, Evrald van, 69 b 64 e ; Farnesian collection of, 2 c ; increase of the power of,
Europe, 29 d Alabama joins the Union, 55 a Alhambra founded, 16 c, 67 d, Althings, 9 c, 56 a 64 e 56 a; predominates, 56 a ;
Acacius, 3 d Alamanni, Luigi, 61 b 60 e Althorpe, lord, 51 a, 66 d Antitrinitarians, rise of, 31 e triumphs over the people, 4 c
Academies, ancient, suppressed, Aland conquered by the Rus¬ Abacus, Peter, 19 b Altieri, pope, 40 a Antoine, 64 e Aristocratical feudal system, 56
67 e sians, 45 a, 53 b Ali Adil Shah, 45 c Altona, convention of, 41 a Antoine, duke of Bourbon, 30 d a, 8 e
Acad, des Inscriptions, 63 e Alans invade Spain, 2 b Ali Bey, 49 a Alt-Rastadt, peace of, 44 e Antonio, prior of Crato, 31a Aristotle, doctrines of, 17 a, 19 b
-des Sciences, 39 c, 63 e, Alarcon, battle of, 14 a Alien Act, 50 b Alunno, Nicolo, 24 c Antonissens, Hen., 69 a Aristotle’s logic comes into re¬
64 c Alaric II., 2 b Ali, Khalif, 5 d Alva, 31 b, 32 a, 59 a Antwerp, 24 d, 27 g, 32 a, 59 c pute, 15 b ; system, 60 b ;
-d’ Architecture, 63 e Alba, 58 d -Konmourdji, vizier, 45 b Alvinzi, 52 e -capitulation of, 52 a works widely disseminated,
-de Musique, 63 e Albani, Francesco, 68 d -Mohammed, 54 a AI Zaher, 17 m -great church, 57 d ; ex¬ 24 a
Academia della Crusca, 59 e Albania conquered by the Turks, -Mourad, k. of Persia, 49 b Amalaric, 2 b change, 60 e Arithmetic, school of, founded by
Academie Franfaise, 34 b, 59 e 23 i; revolts in, 54 a -of Cordova, 12 a, 14 a Amalasontha, 3 c Annuanati Bart. 60 e Charlemagne, 7 b
Acadia colonised, 37 e Albano, Pietro di, 17 a; 19 b Alison, 70 c Amalfi, 12 e, 14 f, 56 e Anville, d’, 64 d - linear, inventer of,
-ceded to England, 45 f Albano, pope, 40 a, 44 b Aljihed, 6 c Amati, 60 f Aodh, 8 b 70 b
■ -settled, 45 f Alban’s, St., abbey founded, 6 a; Aljubarotta, victory at, 18 a Ambaise, conspiracy of, 30 d Apes, keeper of, made cardinal, Arivald, 4 d
Acapulco, 33 f battle of, 20 d Alkahera founded, 11 b, e Amber fishery, 19 f 31 e Arkwright, Rob. 63 c
Acca, 2 a Albany, duke of, 18 d, 20 c Allahabad, treaty of, 46 b, 46 c, Amberg, victory at, 52 c Aphrodisiensis Alexand. 60 b Arles, joined to the empire of the
Achenwall, 63 d, 64 d • -congress at, 49 f 49 c Amboyna settled, 36 a ; massa¬ Apocrypha, declared of equal Ostrogoths, 2 b; conquest of,
Acominatus, Nicetas, 15 b, 17 a Albegeoise, crusade against, 16 f Allan, David, 69 c cre of, 36 a ; taken by the authority with the other scrip¬ 3 c
Acre taken, 15 e, 54 a, 66 b Albernoz, 19 a Allegri, Greg. 60 f; Antonio, 68 c English, 50 b tures, 27 e Arlincourt, d’, 65 c
Acropolis taken, 54 a Alberoni, ministry of, 42 b; po¬ Allen, Wm. 63 d Ambrogio, Lorenzetti, 68 b Apons, Petro de, 19 b Arlington, 38 b
Act for the government of India, licy of, 44 a, 62 a, 14 Alliance of Austria with France, Ambrosius, 2 a Apostolic Junta, 51 c Armada destroyed, 30 c
49 c Albert, A., 18 g, 73 47 c America, 20 b, 22 b, 24 d, 29 g, Apostolicorum, bull of, 48 a Armed Neutrality, 46 c
• -- suppressing seditious • -of Austria, 32 a ---Saxony 33 f,37 e, 41 k,49e,55,59 b, c Apostolic majesty assumed, 47 d Armenia devastated, 3 e; lost by
meetings, 51 a -of Brandenburg, 28 g, 73; and Sardinia, 43 c American war, 46 c, 49 f, 62 b ; Appellants, appeal of, 44 b the Greek emp., 5 c; seized l
-of hereditary union in Swe¬ 32 c -Russia, constitution, 49 f; increasing Appenzel, province of, submits to by the Monguls, 17 i; overrun, i
den, 28 f -Frederic, d. of Prussia, 43 c civilisation of, 45,67 e; states¬ receive subsidies, 47 b 29 c ; restored to Persia, 45 b;
-Indemnity, 42 d 32 g, 73 -the Bohemian re¬ men, 67 d Appenzill, canton, 52 b subdued by the Arabs, 5 d, 7 e
- Settlement in England, -king of Sweden, 19 e volted, 36 c Amerigo Vespucci, 29 g Appiani, 68 d Armenian Christians separated
62 a -II., Hun., 21 k, 73 -Catholics and Pro¬ Amherst, general, 46 b Apulia conquered by the Ger¬ from the Greek church, 3d I
-Uniformity, 38 c -the Great, 24 a, 73 testants, 32 a Amherst, lord, 54 d, e mans, 10 e ; by the Normans, Armenian manufacturers at Julfa, 'I
• -for suppressing conventicles, -I., emp., 16 g, 73 -England, Spain, and Amiens cathedral, 57 d; peace of, 12 e ; Turks, 27 d 37 b
38 c -II., emp., 21 h, 73 the Pope, 26 c 50 a, 51 c, 52 a, 66 b Apulia, duke of, 13 a A rmignacs, massacre of, 20 e
■ -of union and safety in Swe¬-d. of Prussia, 32 g, 73 -England and the Em¬ Amim, 65 c Aqueducts repaired, 31 e Arminians, 35 h ; condemned,
den, 48 d Albertinelli, Mariotto, 24 c, 68 a peror, 26 c Amin, Khalif, 9 e Aquinas, Thomas, 19 a 24 a 36 a; conspiracy, 36 a; dis¬
Acton, ministry of, 47 f Alberti, Lion. Battista, 57 d -and Holland, “ Amir al Amra,” II e Aquitaine, conquered by the sensions of, 36 a 11
Actuarius, Jaean, 17 a Albert, mathematician, 17 a 38 b Amir Khan, 54 d Franks, 2 b ; a separate state, Armorica, a large body' of Bri¬
Acursius, 17 a Albigenses, 15 a, 18 i ---and Portugal, Amir Sheikh Ali, 23 n 4 c ; dukes of, 4 c, 10 d tons settle in, 2 a
Adalvald, 4 d Albijz, 18 i 38 b, 39 a Amis des Noirs, 49 e Arabian astronomy, &c., flourish¬ Armorium rased, 9 d
Adam, Lamb, 64 e Albion, new, discovered, 33 f -- and Prussia, Amorium war, 9 d ing period of, 7 e Armstrong, D. 65 a 11
Adams, 65 d Albirunius, lib 46 c Amru, 5 d -schools of geometry, lib Army, hired, 57 b j•
• -John, 49 f, 55 a Alboin’s expedition into Italy, 3 b -Holland, and Amsterdam, 39 c - literature, Augustan age Armies, standing, introduced, 58 ■ ,
-John Quincy, 55 a, 66 a Albrechtsberger, 65 d Sweden, 41 b Amsterdam, 53 e, 59 c, 60, a, e of, 9 b, e ; golden age of, 10 c a, 67 a; in Europe after the
-Robt. 60 e Albuquerque, 26 a -and Prussia, Amurath, 33 c -- monarchy, first dismem¬ peace of Nimeguen, 63 a; the I
Addington, 67 d; ministry of, 51 a Alcacebas, peace of, 20 a 48 b Anabaptists, 27 e, g berment of, 9 e first in England, 63 a; in
Addison, 63 e, 64 b, 65 a Alcala, 27 f; de Henarcs, parlia¬ -France and Scotland, Anacletus, pope, 15 a Arabian Nights first translated, Hungary, 59 a ; in Sweden,'59
Adelaide, q. of Lothaire, 10 e ment of, 18 c 26 b Analva gold mines, 49 e 63 e a ; France, 59 a ; Anstria, 67 a

Army, standing, first national of
France, 20 e; of Henry IV.
of France, 59 a ; in Denmark,
59 a
Armies, superiority of English,
57 b; burgher, strengihof, 57 b
Aruauld, Ant., 64 b
Arnault, 65 c
Arnold, Itev. T. 70 c
Arnold of Brescia, 15 a
Arnold of Winkelried, 18
Arnulf, king of Italy, 8 e
-Germany, 8 g
Arpa Khan, 19 n
Arpad, chief of the Seven hordes,
9 c, 11 c ; extinction of the
house of, 19 h
Ariosto, Lud., 61 b, 59 e
Arques, victory of, ,30 d
-William of, 12 d
Arracan conquered, 54 d
Arran, earl of, 30 b
Arras, peace of, 21 f
Arriaza, 65 b
Arrigis, 6 e
Arsenius, 17 1
Artemisia, 68 b
Arlevelde, 18 f, 56 a, 57 c
Arthur, king, 2 a
Arthur, p. of Wales, 26 c
Arthur, sir Geo., 55 c
Articles, six, 26 c; four, 39 c;
XXXIX., ratified, 30 c
Artificers invited to Russia,
29 b
Artillery, flying, 67 a; French,
59 a; French, great improve¬
ment in, 63 a
Artois, 27 g; united to France,
20 e
Aits, decay of, 5 c
Arundel, earl of, 34 a, 60 e
Arundelian marbles, 60 e
Aschaffenberg, concordat, 22 a
Ascalon, victory of, 13 b
Ascham, Roger, 59 e, 61 d
Ascough, adm., 38 b
Ashantees defeat English troops,
50 b
Ashley, 38 b
Ashmolean museum, Oxford, 64 e
Asia lost to Christianity, 5 a
Asia Minor invaded by the Per¬
sians, 5 e; ravaged by the
Saracens, 9 d
Asiatic Register, 70 c
-Society in Calcutta, 63 e
--—Researches, 67 e
Asiento question settled, 42 d
--- given to England, 45 f;
war respecting, ib.
Asov, ceded-to Genoa, 17 1
Aspern, repulse at, 52 c
" Assassins,” derivation of, 9 e ;
numerous in Syria, 13 e
Assaye, victory of, 54 d
Asseer conquered, 33 e
Assemblies, general, govern in the
Lombard provinces, 3 b
—-- national, decline of,
58 a
Assembly, national, at Aix, 8 e
Asser, John, 9 b
Assisi church built, 57 d
Assize, justices of, instituted,
56 c -
Assurance Companies, London
Royal, 42 d
•-Royal, act of, in Swe¬
den, 44 e
Assyria a province of the Parthian
empire, 3 f
Astolphe, 6 e
Astracan, principality of, 22 h ;
overrun by the Mongols, 17 f
Astrakhan Tartars conquered,
33 b
Astrology, 19 b, 60 a
-and Medicine, college
of, 19 b
Astronomers, 64 c, 67 e
Astronomy, Arabian schools of,
11 b
Asturias, kingdom of, 6 c, 10 c,
12 a; prince of, 31 b
Atace, 2 b
Ataulphus, 2 b, 29 g
Athalaric, 3 c
Athanagild, 2 b, 6 c
Athelard, mathematician, 15 b
Athelstan, 10 a
Athens bombarded, 39 d, 41 f;
defeat at, 54 a; conquered by
the Turks, 23 i; suppression of
the schools at, 3 e
Athol, Walter, earl of, 20 c
Atterbom, Amad., 65 b
Atterbury, bishop of Rochester,
42 d
Attila, 2 c
Attwood, 65 d
Auber, F., 65 d
Aubuison, 23 i, 70 b
Aubrey, 60 a
Auchmuly, sir S., 50 b
Auckland, Lord, 54 d, 57 a
Audouin, 70 b
Audubon, 70 b
Aue, Hartman v. d., 24 b
Augereau, general, 50 a
Auerstadt, defeat at, 53 e
Augsburg, council of, 11 a; diet
of, 27 e, 28 b, 31 e, 32 c; de¬
feat at, lie
Auguier, J, and M., 64 e
Augustine sent missionary to Eng¬
land, 2 a, 3 d
St. Augustin, hermits of, 16 k
Augustus the Pious, 32 c
-of Poland, 40 e
Aulic council, 28 b, 58 c
Auray, battle of, 18 f
Aurelio, 6 c
Auricular confession established,
16 i
Aurung Zeb, 37 c, 41 h, 45 d
Austen, Miss, 65 a
Austerlitz, victory of, 52 c
Australia discovered, 64 a
Austrasia, kingdom of, 2 c, 6 d
Austria, consolidation of the mar-
gravate of, 10 e; conquered by
the Bohemians, 16 g; depopu¬
lated, 17 g; formed into an
hereditary duchy, 14 f, 21 h ;
invaded by the Turks, 23 i;
acquires Sardinia, etc., 43 c, h;
first emperor of, 73
Austria and Prussia, beginning of
their rivalry, 62 b; humiliation
of, 66 b
Austrian succession, war of, 62 b;
influence restored in 1 taly, 66 b;
manufactures, flourishing period
of, 63 c ; national bankruptcy,
52 c, 66 d
Autharis, 3 b
Auto de Fe, 20 b, 22 a, 31 b, 48
a, 60 a
Automaton figures, 9 b
Auverne, William of, 24 a
Auxiliis, de, 31 e, 35 h
Avars, invade Italy, 3 b; the
Greek empire, Hungary, etc.,
3 e
Aveiro family, 46 a
Averroes, 15 b, 24 a, 60 b
Avicenna, 13 b
Avignon, papal court at, 18 f, 19
a; seized by France, 39 c ; re¬
stored to the pope, 40 a ; mas¬
sacre at, 46 b; university
founded, 19 b
Aweis, sultan, 19 n
Aycha IV., 8 b
Aylmer, Lord, 55 c
Ayrer, Jac., 61 c
Ayscough, sir G., 41 k
Ay ton, Fanny, 65 d
Ayub, 54 c
Azerbijan ceded to the Porte,45 b
Azidaddin, 15 e
Azif, vizier, 37 c
Azo, 17 a
Azoph, 11 b; taken by tne Cos¬
sacks, 37 a; captured by the
Russians, 41 e, 45 a, 48 b;
ceded to Russia, 48 f
Azores discovered, 20 a
Azotus, defeat at, 15 e
Baadar, Fr. v., 70 d
Babbage, 70 b
Baber, k. of Ferghana, 23 1, 29 f
Babington’s conspiracy, 30 c
Bacciochi, Eliza, 72
Bach, sculptor, 64 e
-J. Seb., 63 e, 65 d
-J.Ch.,Fr. Em. andlnv., 65 d
Bacon, John, 64 e
-lord, 30 c, 34 a, 59 e, 60
b, 61 d
-sir Nathaniel, 69 d
-Roger, 16 e, 17 a, 19 b,
24 a
Baconthorpe, 24 a
Bactriana, 3 f
Badajoz stormed by Wellington,
51 b, c
Baden, charter of, 52 c
-prince of, 40 g, 42 d
-- truce of, 52 c
Bagdad, 7 b, e, 13 f, 17 m, 19 m,
n, 23 m, 29 c, e, 37 a, 45 b, c
Baggesen, Jens, 65 b
Bagnacavallo, 68 d
Bahadur, king of India, 45 d
Bahamas settled, 37 e
Bahar conq. by the Moguls, 33 e
Bahmani kingdom divided, 29 f
Bahram Gor, (Varanes V.,) 3 f
Bahrein acquired by Persia, 33 d
Baian, 3 e
Baidu Khan, 17 m
Bailey, E. A., 64 e
Baillie, Joanna, 65 a
-Malt., 70 b
Bailly, mayor, 46 b, 50 a
—--70 c
Bainbridge, capt., 55 a
Baird, sir David, 51 c
Baireuth, acquired by Prussia,
48 b
Baisankor, 23 m
Baius of Louvain, 31 e
Bajazet, 19 m, 23 i, 33 c
Baker, R., 60 d
Bakhuysen, 69 b
Balance of power, 58 b
Balasch, 3 f
Balbi, Adr., 70 c
Balboa, 29 g
Balck, Herm., 17 e
Balde, 61 c
Baldus, 19 b
Baldwin, 13 b ; II., 17 k
Bale, J., 59 e, 60 d, 61 a
Balearic isles, 16 b, 18 b
Balfe, 65 d
Balkh, 17 n, 33 d
Balliol, John, 16 d
Balloon, Montgolfier’s, 64 a
Balmerino, lord, 42 d
Baltaji, vizier, 45 a
Baltic, free navigation, 28 e;
naval victory in, 45 a; struggle
for provinces of, 58 b
Baltimore, lord, 37 e
Balzac, 65 c
Bancroft, 34 a, 70 c
Banda settled, 36 a; taken, 50 b
Bandello, Matt., 61 b
Bandinelli, 60 e
Bangor monastery destroyed, 4 a
Bangorian controversy, 44 b
Banks, 59 c; of Amsterdam, 36 a ;
Berlin, 48 b ; England built,
64 e, cash payments of, 66 d,
charter, 51 a, incorporated, 38
b, 63 c; Florence, 24 d;
GENE RAI - INDEX.
France, 50 a, 63 c; Genoa,
24 d; Petersburg, 48 f, 63 c;
Stockholm, 41 b ; UnitedStates,
49 f, 55 a, 63 c ; Venice, 31c;
Vienna, 43 d, 63 c
Bank, Law’s, 62 d
-- notes voted equal to gold,
50 b
Banks, system of, 66 d
Banker, the first of Italy, 21 1
Banks, Sir Joseph, 70 b
Bannat laid waste, 47 d
Banner, gen., 36 c, 59 a
Bannockburn, battle of, 18 e
Banquets, 60 a
Baour-lormian, 65 c
Baptism of Moslems, 27 f
Baptists, rise of, 31 e
Baptistry of Pisa, 57 d
Bar ceded to France, 42 c
Barante, 70 c
Barbadoes settled. 37 e
Barbara, countess of Cilley, 21 k
Barbarelli, 68 c
Barbarossa, 27 d
Barbaroux, 70 c
Barbary pirates chastised, 40 b
Barbauld, Mrs., 65 a
Barbiano, Albaric di, 57 b
Barbier, 65 c
Barbieri, Giov., 68 d
Barbour, John, 24 b
Barcelona taken, 39 b, 42 b;
treaty of, 27 f; cathedral built,
57 d
Barclay, sir G., 38 b
Bards, 2 c
Barebone’s parliament, 38 b
Barlaatn, 19 b
Barlow, sir George, 54 d
Barnave, 67 d
Barnes, Jo., 63 e
Barnet, battle of, 20 d
Barnett, 65 d
Barneveldt, pensionary, 32 a,
36 a
Barocci, Frederico, 68 b
Barometers, 60 a
Baronets instituted, 34 a
Baronial courts, 8 e
Baronius, cardinal, 35 g, 60 d
Barri, Madame de, 46 b
Barricades, Journ6e des, 30 d
Barrier treaty of Antwerp, 43 a,
47 a
Barros, Joao de, 60 d
Barrot, OdiloD, 67 d
Barry, James, 69 c
Barthelemy, 64 d, 65 c
Bartholdy, F. Mendelssohn, 65 d
Bartholomew, island of, 49 e
Bartholomew, St., massacre of, 30
31 e, 58 a
Bartolomireo, Fra., 68 a
Bartolommeo, 24 c
Bartolus, 19 b
Barton, Bern., 65 a
--- the privateer, 26 b
Basedow, 64 b
Basientello, defeat at, 10 e
Basil I., Gr. emp., 9 d; II,,
lid, 13 d
-IV., c. of Russia, 29 b
-Chwofski, czar, 36 k
Basilica published, 9 d
Basilides, of Abyssinnia, 35 h
Basle, 28 a
-canton, 52 b
-- council of, 22 a; peace of,
50 a, 53 c ; university of, 21 g,
22 b
Basnage, 64 d
Basques defeated, 4 b
Basque roads, battle, 50 b
Bassano, duke of, 67 d
--— 21 1, 68 c
Bassien, treaty of, 54 d
Basso, Seb., 64 b
Bassorah taken, 49 b
Basta, George, 36 e
Bastile taken, 46 b
Bastwick, 34 a
Batalha church built, 57 d
Batavia founded, 36 a
-conquest of, 50 b, 54 d
Batavian republic, 50 a, 52 a
Bath abbey church, 6 a, 60 e
Batteux, Ch., 64 b
Batthori, Christopher, 32 d
-Stephen, 32 d
-Sigismond, 32 d
Battle of Agria, 32 d, 33 c ;
Alcazar-quiver, 31a; Almanza,
42 d; Almenara, 42 b; Arbi,
57 b; Arques, 30 d ; Aughrim,
38 d ; Austerlitz, 53 c, e, 67 a;
Baden mount 2 a; Basque
roads, 50 b ; Bautzen, 50 a;
Bayana, 29 f; Bedford, 2 a;
Belleisle, 42 d; Bereteskov,
41 d ; Benevento, 6 h; Bel¬
grade, 43 e ; Bicocca, 26d,27
a ; Blenheim, 42 d, 43 c ; Bo-
gesund, 28 e; Bosnia, 28 c;
Bothwell bridge, 38 c ; Boyne,
38 b; Brandeiz, 36 c ; Breiter-
feld, 36 g; Brienne, 50 a;
Bulzac, 33 e; Bunker’s hill,
49 f; Burkersdorf, 48 b; Buxa,
49 c; Camperdown, 50 b;
Cappel,28a; Cerisolles, 26 d ;
Choczim,41 d; Clusin, 36 g, i;
Coutras, 30 d ; Dresden, 50 a ;
Eylau, 67 a; Ferrol, 50 b ;
off cape Finisterre, 42 d ;
Fleurus, 39 c ; Flodden, 26 b ;
Freiburg, 47 c ; Friedland, 67
a; Galves,33c; Grochow, 67
a ; Gross-Jagersdorff, 48 b, f ;
Herat, 33 d; Hochkirchen, 48
b; La Hogue, 38 b, 63 a ;
Hieres islands, 50 b ; Jena, 50
a; Kunnersdorf, 48 b, f; Leig-
nitz, 48 b; Leipsic, 66 b ; Lu-
gosch, 47 d, 49 a; Lund, 41a;
Lutzen,50a; Marignano, 28 a;
Meshed, 49 b ; Mobacz, 28 c,
29 c, 40 g, 41 f; Moultan, 49
c; Navara, 28 a; Navarino,
50 b, 67 a ; Kile, 67 b; Nissa,
40 g, 41 f; Ostrolenka, 67 a ;
Pavia, 26 d, 27 a, f, 59a; Peter-
wardein, 43 e; Plassey, 49 c ;
Pultowa, 63 a ; Ravenna, 27 f;
Salamanca, 67 a ; Saldanha
bay, 50 b ; Testry, 4 c ; Thion-
ville, 34 b ; Tournay, 50 b ;
Trafalgar, 67 a ; Vimiera, 51
b; cape St. Vincent, 50 b;
Vittoria, 67 a ; on the Volga,
29 b; Wagram, 67 a; White
Mountain, 36 c ; Winwidfield,
4 a; Zenta, 40 g, 41 f ; Zorn-
dorf, 48 b
Batu Khan, 17 f, n
Baumgarten, A., 64 b
Bavaria, 4 c, 43 c, 47 c, 52 c,
66 a, 67 b
Bavarians invade Italy, 3 b
Baxter, botanist, 70 b
-Rich., 63 e
Bayana, battle at, 29 f
Bayezid I., 19 1, 23 i ; IL 23 i
Bayle, 63 e, 64 b
Bayonets introduced, 42 c, 63 a
Bayonne, conferences of, 30 d;
treaty of, 50 a
Beaton, archbps., 26 b
Beatrice of Portugal, 18 a
Beattie, Jas., 64 b, 65 a
Beaumarchais, 62 d, 65 c
Beaumont, Fras., 61 a
Beccari, Agost., 61 b
Beccaria, death of, 62 c
Beccafumi, Domenico, 68 b
Becher, 64 c
Becket, Thomas, 14 d
---— Society of, 24 d
Beddowes, Thomas, 70 b
Bede, the Venerable, 5 b, 7 b
Bedford, earl of, 34 a ; duke of,
51 a
Bedloe, 38 b
Bedmar, conspiracy of, 35 c
Beejanuggur, 33 e
Beethoven, 65 d
Begarelli, Antonio, 68 c
Behaim, Martin, 22 b, 29 g
Behlol Lodi, 23 n
Behn, Aph., 65 a
Behram, 23 n
Behring’s Strait discovered, 64 a
Beiram Khan, 33 e
Bejapore, 29 f, 41 h
Bekker, 67 e
Bela II., 15 c; III., 15 c
-king of Hungary, 17 g
Belem founded, 37 e
Belgium, 36 a, 39 c, 40 c ; ceded
to Austria, 43 c, 62 b ; conven¬
tion, 48 b ; acquired by France,
47 a, 50 a, 52 a, c; independ¬
ence of, 47 a, 52 a
Belgian and Dutch provinces se¬
parated, 36 a
Belgic revolution, 52 a, 66 a, b
Belgium and Holland, union of,
52 a
Belgrade, 21 k, 29 c, 40 g, 41 f,
43 e, 45 a, b, 47 d, 65 f
Belisarius, 3 c, e, f
Bell, sir Charles, 70 a, b
Bellamy, 65 b, (1
Bellay, Mart, and Guil., 60 d
Belleisle captured bv the English,
46 b
-gen., 42 c, 43 i
Bellew, major, 50 b
Bellingham, 51 a
Bellini, Gian, and Gentile, 68 c
-65 d
Bellman, 65 b
Belloto, Bern., 68 c
Bells first used, 3 d
Belsham, W., 70 c
Belts crossed by Swedes, 41b
Bembo, Piet., 60 d, 61 b
Belvedere Vienna, 64 e
Bemusat, 67 e
Benakhi, 49 a
Benary, 67 e
Bencoolen ceded to England, 52 a
Bender taken by the Russians, 48
f, 49 a
Benedetti, Aless., 60 c
Benedict (pope) 1., 3d; II., 5
a; III., 9 a; IV., 11a; V.,
11 a; VI., 11 a; VIE, 11 a;
VIII., 13 a; IX., 13 a; X.,
13 a; XI., 19 a; XII., 19 a ;
XIII., 22 a, 44 b; XIV., 44 b,
48 a
Benedictines, foundation of the,
3 d ; reformation of, 35 h
Benevente, pres, of Chili, 55 b
Benevolences, 26 c
Benevoli, 60 f
Bengal conquered, 23 n ; Fakhr
ud din, king of, 23 n ; reduced
by the Moguls, 29 f, 33 e ; ceded
to England, 46 c, 49 c, 62 b
Benivieni, Ant., 60 c
Benjamin of Tudela, 15 b
Bennett, 65 d
-zoologist, 70 b
Bentham, Jeremy, 66 c, 70 a
Bentinck, lord W., 52 f, 54 d,
66 a
Bentivoglio, 60 d
Bentley, 63 e
Benvenute, 63 c
Beornwulf, 8 a
Beranger, 65 c
Berar, 29 f, 33 e
Berbice reduced, 50 b; ceded to
England, 52 a
Berengarius, 13 f
Berenger, 24 a
-I., king of Italy, 8 e;
II., 10 e
Beresford, gen., 51 b
Beresina, crossing of the, 53 e
Bergen, 13 c, 17 c
Bergen-op-zoom, 43 a
Bergerac, pacification of, 30 d
Berghem, Nic., 69 b
Berigard, C. de Guill., 60 b, 64 b
Berkeley, Win., 64 b
Berlin academy, 44 c; decree,
60 a; royal castle, 64 e; taken
by the Russians, 48 b, f, 53 c ;
university, 53 c, 67 e
Bermuda occupied by the English,
37 e
Bermudo I., at Oviedo, 6 c
-- II., Leon and the As¬
turias, 10 c ; III., 12 a
Bernadotte, general, 50 a, 52 c
St. Bernard, 6 e, 15 b, 24 a, 52 c
Berne, 28 a, 52 b
Berners, lady Juliana, 22 b, 24 b
Bernhard, k. of Italy, 8 e
--duke of Weimar, 59 a
-musician, 24 c
Berni, Fran., 61 b
Bernicia, kingdom of, 2 a, 4 a
Bernini, G. L., 64 e
Bernis, ministry of, 46 b
Berno, 11a
Bernstorff the younger, 48 c
-the elder, 48 c
Bernouilli, J., 64 c
Berri, duke de, 50 a, 66 a, 72
Berthier, 50 a, 52 b, g
Berthollet, 67 c, e, 70 b
Berwick captured, 20 c ; pacifi
cation of, 34 a
-duke of, 42 b
Berytus taken, 15 e
Berzelius, 67 e, 70 b
Bessarabia acquired by Russia,
53 e, 54 a
Bessarion, card., 22 b
Besschey, Balt., 69 a
Bestuchef-Riumin, count, mi¬
nistry of, 48 f
Bethlem Gabor, 36 e
-*— Stephen, 36 e
Bewick, Th., 69 c
Beza, Theod., 59 e
Bhima Deva, 23 n
Bhoja, 23 n
Bhurtpore, siege of, 54 d
Bianchi, 52 f
-sect of, 19 a
Bianca Maria, 21 h
Bible translations, 9 a, 26 c, 28
b, e, 34 a
Bible society, 52 g
Bibliotheque du Roi, 63 e
Bichat, 70 b
Bicheno, 66 e
Bicocca, 26 d, 27 a
Bigge, W. Red., 69 c
Bigland, John, 70 c
Bignon, 67 d
Bilboa relieved, 51 c
Bill of rights, 38 a, 42 e, 62 a
Billington, 65 d
BilluDg, Herman, 10 e
Biographical writers, 64 d, 70 c
Biographie Universelle, 70 c
Biot, 67 e, 70 b
Bird, Fr., 64 e
Bird, Wm.,60f
Birger, S., 19 e
Birger, k. of Sweden, 17 d
Birmingham, riots at, 46 c
Biron, due de, 34 b, 44 f, 45 a
Biscay, insurrection in, 51 c
Bishop, musician, 65 d
Bishop, title of, first usurped, 5 a
Bishops, American, 48 a; Con¬
stantinople, 3 d; become counts,
11 a; first called to national
assemblies, 6 d ; expelled par¬
liament, 34 a; of Rome, 3 d
Bishoprics founded, 9 a
Bissett, Robert, 70 c
Bistamia, revolt of, 41 h
Bithynia, 19 1
Bitonto, victory of, 44 a
Black, chemist, 70 b
Black code, 41 k
Black eagle, order of, 44 c
Black-guard, Hungarian, 21 k
Blackheath, defeat on, 20 d
Black hole, Calcutta, 49 c
Blackmore, Rich., 65 a
Black nobles of Venice, 56 b
Blackstone, 62 c, 63 d
Blackwood's Mag., 67 d
Blagrove, 65 d
Blair, 65 a
Blair, Jo., 64 d
Blake, adm., 38 b, 40 b
Blakoslav, 32 c
Blanchard, 64 a
Blanchard, James, 69 e
Blanche of Castile, 16 f
Bland, 70 b
Blemmidas, Nicephorus, 17 a
Blenheim, 64 e
Blitheman, W., 60 f
Bloch, 70 b
Bloemart, Ab., 69 b
Blois, Peter de, 15 b
Blois, 26 d, 27 f, 30 d
Blomfield, 67 e
Blondel, 24 b
Blondel, F’r., 64 e
Bloomfield, Robt., 65 a
Blotswen, 13 c
Blount, sir John, 42 d
Blow, John, 65 d
Blucher, prince, 50 a, 52 c, 53 c
Blumauer, 65 c
Blumenbach, 64 c
Blumenhagen, 65 c
Boahoddi Ibu Shadded, 15 b
Board of control, 49 c
Boccaccino, Camillo, 68 c
Boccaccio, 18 i, 19 b, 24 b
Boccanegra, Simon, 18 i
Boccherini, 65 d
73
Bochmer, J;, 63 d
Bothnia, salt vtorks at, 17 f
Bockshammer, 70 a
Boczkai, Stephen, of Transylva!-
nia, 36 e
Boden’s, col., professorship, 67 e
Bodin, J., 59 d
Bodmer, 65 c
Bodt, de, 64 e
Body-guards appointed, 20 d
Boerhaave, H., 64 c
Boethius, 3 c
Boelie Etienne, 60 b
Bogdan-Rmielniski, 36 i
Bogesund, defeat of, 28 e
Bojislas, d. of Pomerania, 36 h
Bogota independent, 55 b
Boguslawsky, 65 b
Bohemians, 6 d, 11 a, 58 a
Bohemia, first duke of, 3a;
kingdom of founded, 8 g; in¬
corporated with the empire, 18
g; admitted to the diet, 43 d ;
united to Austria, 58 b; in¬
vaded, etc., 47 c, 48 b
Bohemian literature, 32 c
Bohemond, 13 b, 15 e
Bohm, Jac., 64 b
Boieldieu, 65 d
Boileau, Nic., 65 c
Boisdural, 70 b
Bojader, cape, doubled, 20 a
Bokhara conquered, 7 e, 17 n
Bol, F., 69 b
Boleslas, k. of Bohemia, 10 e
Boleslas I., of Poland, 11c; II.,
13 c; III., 15 c; IV., 15 c;
V., 17 f
Boleyn, Anne, 26 c
Boliugbroke, lord, 42 d, 64 b
Bolivar, commander, 55 b
Bologna, Vitale da, 68 d
Bolpgna under the Visconti, 18 i;
insurrections in, £cc., 52 e;
university, 7b; 14 f
Bolognese, Franco, 68 d
Bolton, 63 c
Bombay ceded to England, 41 h
Bombs first used, 59 a
Bonald, 67 d, 70 a
Bonaparte family, 72
Bonarruotti, Michael Angelo, 68a
Bonaventura, 24 a
Bonde, Knutson, 22 e
Bonfinius, 22 b
Boniface, pope, II., d 3; III., 5
a; IV., 5 a; V., 5 a ; VI., 9
a; VII., 11 a; VIII., 16 i,
19 a; IX., 19 a, 22 a
Boninsegna, Duccio di, 68 b
Bonn university, 67 e
Bonner, 26 c
Bonnet, 64 c
Bonnet, Ch., 64 b
Bonnington, R., 69 c
Bonvines, battle of, 16 f
Book trade, 13 b, 24 d, 59 c, 63
c, 67 e
Bordone,' Paris, 68 c
Borelli, 64 c, 70 b
Borghese, Pauline, 50 a
Borgia, Alexander, 22 a, 53 a
-Caesar, 22 a
-Lucretia, 22 a
Borgognone, 24 c
Bornholm ceded to Sweden, 41 b
Boris, 73
Boris Godunov, emp. of Russia,
33 b, 36 k
Borjo, cardinal, 35 g
Borne Ludwig, 65 c, 67 d
Borodini, defeat at, 53 e
Boroughs created, 30 a, c
Borromean league, 32 b
Borromini, F., 64 e
Boscan, Juan, 61 b
Boscawen, admiral, 46 c
Boscawen, general, 46 b
Boschino, Marco, 68 c
Bosnia, defeat of the Turks at, 28
d ; overrun by the Turks, 43 e
Boson founds the kingdom of
Burgundy cis-jurane, 8 e
Bossi, 68 d
Bossuet, 40 a, 64 b
Bostangis established, 29 c
Boston, UnitedStates, 37 e, 46 c,
49 f
Botanic gardens, 60 c
Botanists, 64 c, 70 b
Botany, revival of, 60 c
Botany Bay, first settlers in, 46 c
Both, Jo., 69 b; Ant., 69 b
Bothwell, earl of, 30 b
Botta, 70 c
Botta takes Genoa, 43 f
Botti, marshal di, 47 e
Bouchard, bishop of Worms, 13 b
Bouchardon, 64 e
Boucher, Fran., 69 d
Boue, 70 b
Boufflers invades Holland, 42 c
Bouill6, 70 c
Bouillon, Godfrey of, 13 b, 15 e
Boulogne given up to Franee, 26 c
Boullonge, Bon, 69 d
-Louis, 69 d
Bourbon, isle of, 50 b, 54 d
Bourbon-Anjou, house of, 72
Bourbon family compact, 46 b
47 g
Bourbons expelled from France,
66 a
-restoration of, 66 a, c
Bourbon, house of, 30 d, 34 b,
39 c, 42 c, 50 a, 72
-house of, in the Sicilies,
44 a
-duke of Milan, 27 a
-duke de, ministry of, 42 c
Bourdeaux pillaged, 8 e; univer¬
sity, 22 b
Bourdeaux, Henry, duke of, 50 a,
72
Bourdon, Seb., 69 e
Bourdonaye, la, 46 b
Bcurdonnais, la, 49 c
Bourgeois, sir Francis, 69 c
Bourges, the little king of, 20 d ;
pragmatic sanction of, 20 e;
university founded, 22 b
Bourguignon, Jacques C., 69 d
-Guillaume, 69 d
Bourmont, 50 a
Bourne, Sturges, 51 a
Bourquier, 52 b
Boutervveck, 70 a
Bouvadilla, 29 g
Bowdich, T. E., 70 c
Bowditch, 70 b
Bowles, Wm., 65 a
Boyar Marouzoff, 36 k
Boyars, 33 b
Boyd, Mr. Shot, 51 c
Boydell, John, 69 c
Boyer, 55 b, c
Boyle, Sir Robt., 64 c
Braam, van, 54 e
Brabangons, 57 b
Brabant, 27 g, 43 a
Bracciolini, 22 b, 61 b
Braddock, general, 46 c
Bradley, 64 c
Bradwardine, Thomas, 19 b, 24 a
Brady, Rob., 64 d
Braganza, John, duke of. 35 a
-Alfonso, duke of, 20 a
-house of, 39 a, 51 b, 72
Braham, 65 d
Brahe, count, 48 d
Brahe, Tycho, 32 c, e, 59 e, 60 c
Bramante, 59 e, 60 e
Brancaleone, 16 f
Brand, John, 70 c
Brandenburg, house of, 36 c;
first elector of, 73 ; league of,
39 c ; margravate of, 10 e
Brandes, 67 d
Brandreth executed, 51a
Brandt, 48 c
Branston, 69 c
Branlome, 60 d
Braschi, pope Pius Vr., 48 a
Brasen-nose college, Oxford, 61 d
Brazil discovered, 29 g; colo,
nized, 26 a, 58 b ; diamond
mines, 63 b, 45 f; revolts from
Portugal, 66 b ; revolution in,
55 b, 66 a ; emancipation of,
49 e; overrun by the Dutch,
37 e; recovered from, 39 a, 41
k ; population, 55 b
Breakspeare, Nicholas, 15 a
Breda, 32 a, 36 a, 38 b, 40 b
Bredovv, 70 c
Bree, V., 69 b
Brehon laws, 34 a
Breislac, 70 b
Bremen, 44 e, d, 53 c
Bresanfon, Henry of, 14 b
Brescia ceded to Bavaria, 52 c
Breslau burnt, 17 f; peace of, 44
c ; university of, 53 c
Bresse surrendered, 34 b
Brest, victory off, 46 c
Bretagne, Britons settle in, 2 a ;
parliament of, 30 d ; united to
France, 20 e, 26 d
Brethren of Charity founded, 31 e
Bretigni, peace of, 18 f
Breton, cape, 45 f, 46 b, c, -49 f
Bretonne, de la, 65 c
Bretwalda, title of, 2 a
Bretwalda I., 2 a ; II., 2 a ; III.,
2a; IV., 4 a; V., 4 a; VI.,
4 a ; VII., 4 a
Breughel, Peter, 69 a; Job., 69 a
Bridge, 70 b
Bridge, London, built, 13 b
Bridgewater canal, 63 c
Bridgewater treatises, 70 a
Bridport, captain, 50 b
Brienne, minister of finance, 46 b
Brienne, Walter of, 18 i
Brienne, victory at, 50 a
Brill, Matth., 69 a ; Paul, 69 a
Brill taken, 32 a; restored, 36 a
Brisach, 36 c, 34 k, 40 e
Bristol, riots at, 51 a
Britain, 2 a, 4 a, 6 a, 8 a, 10 a,
12 b, 14 d, 18 e, 26 b, c, 34 a,
42 e, 46 c, 50 b
Britain, first united parliament,
42 d ; Christianity introduced
into, 4 a
British empire in India, 49 c
British colonies, 66 d
British legion in Spain, 51 c
British museum, 63 e, 64 e
Britons settle in America, 2 a
Britton, ,T., 64 e
Brodie, sir Ben]., 70 b
Broglio, general, 42 c
Bromberg canal, 48 b
Brome, Alex., 61 a
Bromley, 69 c
Brongniart, 70 b
Bronte destroyed, 52 f
Bronzino, Angiolo, 68 a
Brook, lord, 34 a, 37 e, 61 a
Brooke, Hy., 65 a
Broome, Wm., 65 a
Brougham, lord, 51 a, 66 c, 67 c,
d, e, 70 a
Broussel, imprisoned, 34 b
Brown, count, defeat of, 47 c
Brown, J., 64 c
Browne, botanist, 70 b
Browne, J. H., 65 a
Browne, Thomas, 70 a
Browne, Wm., 61a
Brownists, rise of, 31 e, 35 1
Bruce discovers the source of the
Nile, 46 c
Bruce, Robert, 16 d
Bruges, Roger of, 24 c
Bruges, congress of, 27 f
Brummel, Ant., 24 c
Brun, le, 50 a
Brun, Charles le, 69 e
Brunanburgh, victory of, 10 a, b
Brune, 52 c
Brunehilda, 4 c
Brunehilda, 2 c
Brunelleschi, 22 b, 57 d, 68 a
Brunn, F., 65 c
Brunne, Rob.de, 19 b
Bruno, Geor., 60 b
Brunswick, house of, 42 e
Brunswick, New, colonised, 37 e
Brunswick-Oels, retreat of, 52 c
Brunswick, revolution in, 52 c
Brussels, 40 b, 43 a, 52 a
Bruyere, la, 64 b
Bryant, Jacob, 70 c
Brydges, Sir E., 65 a
Buccaneering, 37 e, 41 k
Bucer, 27 e
Buchanan, G-, 59 d, e, 60 d
Bucharest, peace of, 53 e, 54 a;
conferences of, 49 a
Buchholz, 65 c
Buckingham, duke of, 20 d, 34 a,
38 b, 65 a
Buckingham palace, 64 e
Buckland, 70 a
Buckowina to Austria, 47 d, 49 a
Buckshorn, John, 69 d
Buda, 28 d, 29 c, 36 e, 40 g, 41 f
Buda university, 22 b
Buddseus, J., 64 b
Buenos Ayres, 33 f, 49 e, 50 b
Buffalo canal, 67 c
Buffon, le Clerc, count, 64 c
Bugei surrendered to France, 34
b, 35 e
Bugia, 27 f
Bulgaria, 5 c, 11 c, d
Bulgarians, 3 e, 4 c, 11 d
Bulgarin, Thad., 65 b
Bulgarius, 15 b
Bull, golden, 17 g, 56 a ; Vineam
Domini, 44 b ; Unigenitus, 44 b ;
Ex illh die, 44 b
Bull, Dr. Jno., 60 f
Bull fights, 60 a
Bulow, 53 c
Bulwer, Sir E. L., 65 a, 67 e
Bundelcund, raja of, 37 c
Buonaparte, Jerome, 50 a, 51 c,72
-Joseph, 50 a, 52 f, 72
-I.. Nap., 50 a, 72
-Nap., see Napoleon.
Buonarotto, Mich. Ang., 61 b
Buoncompagno, pope Gregory
XIII., 31 e
Burchiello, Barb., 61 b
Burdett, sir 50 b, 51 a, 66 a, Canadian affairs, debate on, 51 a Castlereagh, lord, 51 a, 67 d
67 d, e
Bureau oflongitude, 67 e
Buren, Martin Van, 55 a
Burford, victory of, 6 a
Burger, 65 c
Burgh, Hubert de, 16 e
Burgher troops, 57 b
Burgiaruk, 13 f
Burgos cathedral built, 57 d
Burgoyne, general, 46 c, 49 f
Burgundians, 3 a, 20 a
Burgundians, spurious, 18 a
Burgundy, duchy of, 21 f
-duke of, 10 d
-John, duke of, 57 b
-Philip, duke of, 20 d
-kingdom of, 8 e, f;
2 c, 4 c, 12 e, 20 e, 21 h
--house of, 20 e, 58 b,
72
Buridan, John, 24 a
Burke, 46 c, d, 51 a, 63 d, 67 e, d
Burke, colonel, 50 b
Burkersdorf, victory at, 48 b
Burlamaqui. 63 d
Burleigh, 30 a, c, 59 e
Burleigh, Northamptonshire, 60 e
Burleigh, Walter, 24 a
Burley, 24 a
Burlington, lord, 64 e
Burmese, 50 b
Burnet, pres, of Texas, 55 b
Burnet, bp., 64 d
Burnouf, 67 e
Burns, Robt., 65 a
Burton, 34 a
Busbequius, 60 d
Bush, Leop. v., 70 b
Bushnel, Jno., 64 e
Bussy, 49 c
Bustamenti, 55 b
Bute, earl of, 46 d
Butler answers the freethinkers,
44 b
Butler, Sam., 61 a
Butrinto ceded to Venice, 43 f
Buxar, victory at, 49 c
Buyide dynasty, 11 e
Byana, kingdom of, founded, 23 n
Byddel, 60 d
Byng, sir G. adm., 42 d, 46 b
Byron, lord, 54 a, 65 a, 67 e
Byzantine empire, 3 e
Byzantine historians, 67 e
Cabades, 3 f
Cabal of the Sixteen, 30 d
Cabal ministry, 38 b
Cabanis, Peter John, 70 b
Cabot, John, 24 d; Seb., 20 d, Carissimi, Giac., 60 f
24 d
Cabral, 29 g
Cabul, 37 c, 49 c, 54 c
Caccini, G., 60 f
Cade, Jack, 20 d
Cadet, school at, Paris, 63 a
Cadiz, 30 c, 31 b, 47 g, 51 c
Cadwaladyr, 4 a
Caen university founded, 22 b
Caasalpinus, Andr., 60 b, c
Caffa ceded to Genoa, 17 1
Cairo, 5 d, 11 b, e, 29 c, 54 a
Cajetan, cardinal, 27 e, 28 b
Calabrese, il, 68 b
CalaDria conquered, 8 e, 12 e
Calais retained by the English, 20 Carlton house, 51 a
e; taken by the French, 30 d
Calas, John, unjust execution of, Carmelites, 15 a, 16 k Chambers, sir Wm., 64 e Chooch, defeat at, 54 c
62 c Carnatic reduced, 41 h; deso¬ Chambers erected in Prussia, 44 Chosroes I., 3 f; II., 5 e, f
Calat Anosor, victory at, 10 c lated by Ilyder Ali, 49 c c ; of re-union, 39 c Choul, 31 a
Calatrava, order of, i4 b Carnot, 50 a, 67 a, 70 b Chambert, 65 d Chout ceded to the Mahrattas,
Calcutta, 49 c ; bishopric, 54 d ; Carobert, 18 k Chamisso, 65 c 45 d
colleges, 67 e Carolina settled, 41 k ; granted Champaigne, count of, 10 d Chrichton, the admirable, 30 b
Caldara, Polidoro, 68 b to sir R. Heath, 37 e Champagne, 26 d, 28 b, 35 c, Christ Church college, Oxford,
Calder, sir Robert, 50 b Caroline of Bruuswick, 50 b 50 a 61 d, 64 e
Calderon, 35 b, 59 e, 61 b Carotto, Giovanni, 68 c Champ de Mai, 6 d; de Mars, Christ’s Hospital, 59 e
Calendar reformed, 31 e Carpets, 60 a 2 c, 46 b Christians persecuted in China,
Calendario, Filippo, 57 d Carracci, Ludovico, 59 e, 68 d ; Champeau, William of, 24 a 41 h ; Parthian empire, 3 f; in
Calicut acquired by the Dutch, Annibale, 59 e, 68 d; Agos- Champollion, 67 e Spain, 8 c
40 b; subdued by Hyder Ali, tino, 59 e, 68 d Chang-ki-hur, 54 e Christian slavery abolished, 50 b
49 c Carracciolo, Grambetiste, 68 b Chantrey, F. L., 64 e Christianity in Africa,5 a ; Anglo-
Calib, 8 c Carravaggio, 68 b Chapman, W., 59 e ; Geo., 61 a Saxons, 5a; in Bohemia, 9 a,
California, 29 g, 33 f Carriages, 60 a Chappelow, L., 63 e 11 a; in China, 35 h, 44 b,
Calistus II., 15 a; III., 22 a Carrots introduced, 59 b Chaptal, 67 c, e, 70 b 45 e ; Denmark, 5 a, 9 c ; in
Calixtines, 21 i Carruci, Jacopo, 68 a Chardin's Travels, 41 g Germany, 5 a ; Huhgary, 11a;
Calixtus Xanthopulus, 19 b Carstens, 69 a Charibert, 4 c India, 26 a; in Normandy,
Callinicus, 3 c, 5 b Cartagno, Andrea del, 68 a Charitable Conferences, 35 b 11a; Poland, 11 a; Russia,
Calmar, 36 f, 36 g; union of, 19 Carte, Thos., 64 d Charlemagne, 6 d, e, 7 b, 8 e, g, 11a; Siam, 35 1 ; Tonquin,
c, 22 d, 28 e, 56 a Carteret, ministry of, 42 e 56 c, 57 c, 72, 73 35 1
Calonne, minister, 46 b, 62 d Carteret’s voyage, 46 c Charles of Anjou, 16 i, 72 ; arch¬ Christie, Mr. 67 d
Calvin, 26 d, 27 e, 31 e, 59 e Carthage, rased by the Arabs, 5 d duke, of Austria, 42 b, d, 52 c ; Christiern I. of Denmark, 22 c
Camarillas, 51 c, 66 a Carthagena founded, 29 g; at¬ the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 73; II., 28 e, 58 a, 73 ; 111.;
Cambaceres, 50 a tacked, 45 f 21 f; king of Castile, 27 f; of 28 e, 32 e, 73 ; IV., 32 e, 36 f,
Cambray, 27 g, 40 b; congress Cartoons, Raphael, 59 c Durazzo, 18 h ; I., of England, 73; V., 41 a, 73; VI., 44 d,
of, 42 b, c, d, 43 ; league of, Cartwright, major, 66 a 34 a, 58 a; IL, 38 b, 64 a, 65 73 ; VII., 48 c, 53 a, 73
26 c, d, 27 a, f, 53 b Carvagal, 47 e, g a; of France, 1., the Bald, 8 e, Christina of France, q. ofSweden,
Cambridge platform adopted, 37 Carvalho, of Pombal, 46 a f, 72; IL, the Fat, 8 e, f, g, 35 e, 36 g, 41b, 73
e ; university, 11 b, 17 a; and Carver, John, 37 e 56 a, 72; III., the Simple, 8 Christmas, Ger., 60 e
Oxford universities, 61 d Caryl, 38 b f, 10 d, 72 ; IV., the Fair, 18 Christopher Batthori, 32 d ; of
Camden, lord, 51 a ; Wm., 60 d Casale seized by France, 39 c f, 72; V., the Wise, 18 f, 72; Bavaria, 22 d ; I., of Denmark,
Cameronians, 38 c, 40 a Caserta, palace of, 47 f, 64 e VI., the Maniac, 18 f, 20 e, 17 b; IL, 19 c; pope, 11 a
Camisards, revolt of, 42 c Cashman executed, 51 a 72; VII., 20 e, 72; Vlll., 20 Chrysoleras, Emanuel, 19 b
Cammucini, Yincenzio, 68 b Cashmire, 33 e, 49 c, 54 c e, 72 ; IX., 30 d, 60 a, 72; Chrystallography, 70 b
Camoens, Luis de, 31 a, 59 e, Cashmire goats in ITance, 67 c X., 50 a, 72; emp.of Germany, Chubb, freethinker, 44 b
61 b Casimir (the restorer) of Poland, 73; III., 73; IV., 18 g, 73; Chun Chi, emp. of China, 37 d,
Campanula, Th., 59 e, 60 b, 64 b 13 c; the Just, 15 c; the V. , 26 d, 27 a, f, 28 b, 29 d, 41 i
Campanes of Lombardy, 15 b; Great, 19 g, 67 c ; IV., 22 g, 31 a, 43 c, 58 a, d, 59 a, 73; Chund Beebee, 33 e
of Novaro, 13 b 36 i; brother of Vladislas, 21 i; VI. , emp., king of Naples and Church history, 5 a, 7 a, 9 a, 11 a,
Campbell, col., 64 e; Thos., 65 John, 73 Sicily, 43 c, 44 a, 73; VII., 13 a, 15 a, 16 i, 19 a, 22 a, 27 e,
a, 67 e Cassano, defeat at, 14 f, 52 c 73; Robert, of Hungary, 19 h ; 31 e, 35 h, 40 a, 44 b, 48 a,
Campen, Van, 60 e Cassini, 49 a, 64 c of Lorraine, 42 c; Albert of 52 f
Camper, 70 b Castagna, pope, Urban VII., 31 e Modena, 52 e ; I., king of Na¬ Church, Gallican, 16 f; Greek
Campi, Giulio, 68 c ; Bernardino, Castelfranco, Gio. Bart., di, 68 c ples, 16 h ; II., 18 k; II., of and Latin, 9 a, 16 i, 23 i; of
68 c Castiglioni acquired by Lom¬ Naples and Sicily, 39 g; III., Jerusalem, etc., 5 a; property
Campo Formio, peace of, 50 a, bardy, 47 e 44 a, 47 f; III., of Sardinia, confiscated, 28 f, 30 b, 46 b,
52 c Castiglione, Benedetto, 68 d 43 h ; Felix of Sardinia, 52 e ; 48 a, f, 52 g; rates objected to,
Campomanes, ministry of, 47 g Castile, 6 c, 12 a, 27 f, 56 c Emanuel I., of Savoy, 31 c, 35 51 cx
Cana, 29 g -and Aragon, 20 b ; and e, 71 ; II., of Savoy, 39 f; II., Churchill, Wm., 65 a
Canada a royal colony, 41 ;k ; Leon, 14 b, 16 b, 18 c of Spain, 39 b; III., 47 g; Chwofski, 29 b, 36 i, 73
ceded by France, 46 b ; cap¬ Castilian cities, alliance of, 20 b; IV., 47 g, 51 c, 72; V.,31 b; Chemists, 70 b
tured by the English, 46 b, c ; Cortes dissolved, 27 f Sweiker, king of Sweden, 15 c ; Ciaccaldi, 43 f
colonised, 55 c; constitution, Castillejo, Christ, de, 61 b VIII., ofSweden, 22 d, e; IX., Cibber, Colley, 65 a ; Gab., 64 e
49 f; rebellion, 50 b; divided Castles, baronial, 57 d 36 g; X., 73; XI., 41 b, 73; Cicognara, 70 c
into Upper and Lower, 46 c Castle Howard, 64 e XII. ,41 b, 44 e, 62 b, 63 a, 73 ; Cid, the, 1-2 a, 14 b, 24 b
XIII. , 53 b, 73; XIV., 53 b, Cienca, Academia de la eava,
Canal fund, in U. S., 55 a ; in Castleton castle, 57 d 73 ; Edward, the last pretender, 19 b
England, 63 c Castruccio, 18 i 46 c Cienfuegos, 65 b
Canaletti, Ant., 68 c Catalans, 42 b Charlestown founded, 41 k Cignani, Carlo, 68 d
Candia founded, 8 c, 9 e ; in¬ Catalonians revolt, 34 b, 35 b Charlotte, princess, 50 b Cignaroli, Gian., 68 c
vaded, 35 c ; besieged, 35 c; Catania, university of, 21 in, 22 b Charron, P., 59 e, 60 b Cigoli, Lodovico Cardi di, 68 a
taken, 39 d Catel, 65 d Charters burnt at Moscow, 41 e Cilicia captured by the Greeks,.
Candeish conquered, 33 e Catharine Howard, 26 c ; de Me¬ Charter, new to the E. I. Com¬
Candy captured by the Dutch, 47 dici, 26 d ; Parr, 26 c ; of Por¬ pany, 50 b ; the French, 50 a, Cilley, earl of, 21 i; Barbara,
a; by the English, 50 b tugal, 38 b; of Poland, 32 f; 66 a couutess of, 21 k
Canitz, 65 c of Portugal, 42 a ; I.,of Russia, Charter-house school, 59 e Cimabue, 17 a, 24 c, 65 d, 68 a
Canning, 50 b, 66 b, 67 e; mi¬ 45 a, 73; II., 48 f, 64 a, 73; Chartered towns, rise of, 14 e Cinq-Mars beheaded, 34 b
nistry of, 51 a, 66 a of Spain, 26 c Chartier, Alain, 24 b Cintra, convention of, 51 b
Cano, Alonso, 69 c Cathedrals built, 57 d Chartists in England, 66 a Cione, Andrea di, 24 c, 57 d, 68 a
Canon of the mass, 3 d Catholic conspiracies,30 c; eman¬ Chatel, 30. d Circassia overrun, 17 f
Canon law, 15 b, 56 c cipation in Ireland, 38 b, 51 a, Chatel Abb6, catholic church of, Circuits, England divided into,
Cantacuzene, John, 19 b, k 52 g; persecuted by the Goths, 52 g 17 a
Canterbury, archbp. of, 3 d, 5 a, 2 b; faith in Spain, 2 b; in Chateaubriand, 65 c, 67 d, 70 c Circumnavigation of the globe,
14 c; cathedral, 57 d England, 30 c ; in France, 50 Chateau-Cambresis, 30 d, 31 b, first, 29 g
Canton, 50 b, 54 e a; abolished in Scotland, 30 b ; c, d Cisalpine republic, 50 a, 52 c, e
Cantuarians defeated, 4 a league, 28 b, 30 d, 36 c; rent, Chateau-Dauphin, 31 c Cities, free, established in Spain,
Canute IV., 13 c; VI., of Den., 51 a Chateau Gaillard, gallant defence 12 a
15 c; k. of England, 13 c, 57 b Catinat, 39 c, 42 b of, 16 e City representatives, 14 b, 18 c,
Cape of Good Hope, 20 a, 50 b ; Cato-street conspiracy, 50 b Chatillon, congress of, 50 a 24 d, 56 a
colonised, 40 b, 50 b, 52 e Cats, Jacob, 61 c Chatham, lord, 46 c, 50 b, 63 d Ciudad Rodrigo stormed by Wel¬
Cape de Verd islands, 20 a Caltaro, 52 d Chattan and Quhele, combat be¬ lington, 51 b
Capefigue, 70 c Cautionary towns, 34 a, 36 a tween, 18 d Civilisation, 15 f, 22 d, 59 d, 63
Capet, Hugh, 72 Cavaliers, 34 a Chatterton, Thos., 65 a e, 67 e
Capetians, 10 d, 12 d, 14 e, 16 f, Cavalli, 60 f Chaucer, Geof., 24 b Civil law, 15 b, 17 a, 56 c
18 f, 20 e, 56 a, 58 a, 72 Cavallini, Pietro, 24 c Chauliac, Guy de, 19 b Civil list, 42 e, 62 d
Capitation tax in France, 62 d Cavendish, 70 b Chaumont, treaty of, 50 b Clair, St., general, 49 f
Capitularies of Charlemagne, 56 c Cavalry, 59 a, 63 a Chauncey, capt., 55 a Clamange, Nicholas de, 22 b, 24 a
Capo d’lstria, 54 a Cavedone, Giacomo, 68 d Chaussee, de la, 65 c Clapperlon, capt., 70 c
Cappel, 28 a Cavendish, W., 59 e Chauvelin, abb6, 42 c, 46 b Claprenede, 65 c
Caps, origin of the party, 44 e Caxamalca, 29 g Chaves, marquis of, 51 c Clare, earl of, 34 a
Captain, rank of, limited to the (,’axton, William, 20 d, 22 b, 24 Cheetoo, 54 d Clarendon, lord, 38 b, 64 a; con¬
nobility, 46 b b, 60 d Cheke, 59 e stitutions of, 14 d
Capuchins, 27 e Cayenne, 37 e, 39 c, 50 b Chelsea college, 64 e Clarendon press, Oxford, 64 e
Carabineers, formation of, 59 a Cazan overrun, 17 f Chemistry, rise of, 7 b ; Arabian, Clarke, Dr. Ed. D., 70 c ; Dr.
Caraccas founded, 31 b, 33 f; Ceawlin, 2 a lib; new system of, 67 e Geo., 64 e ; Dr. J., 65 d ; S.,
company, 49 e Cecil, 30 c Chemists, 64 c, 67 e 63 e
Caraffa, pope, Paul IV., 31 e Celestin II., 15 a; III., 15 a; Chenier, 65 c Classes of society formed, 56 a
Cara Jusuf, 23 m IV., 16 i; V., 16 i Cherbourg docks, 67 a Claude, 40 a
Caramania, revolt of, 37 a Celestines established, 16 i Cherubini, 65 d Clausembourg, diet of, 36 e
Caraman Ogli, 19 1 Celibacy, vow of, 5 a ; enforced, Cheruski, league of, 56 b Clement II., pope, 13 a ; III.,
Carbonari in Italy, 66 b 10 a ; forbidden, 13 a Chesapeake canal opened, 55 a 15 a; IV., 16 i; V., 19 a;
Cardan, Jer., 60 b Cellamar, conspiracy of, 42 c Chess, game of, 3 f VI., 19 a, 27 e; VII.', 19 a ;
Cardano, Hier., 60 c Cellini, Benv., 59 e, 60 Chesterfield, lord, 64 b VIII., 22 a, 31 e, 35 h; IX.,
Cardanus, 59 e Celtes, Conrad, 22 b Chezy, 67 e 40 a, 44 b; X., 40 a; XI.,
Cardinals only curates, 3 d ; col¬ Celts, 2 b, c Chiabrera, 61b 40 a; XII.,44 b, 64 e; XIII.,
lege of, 19 a ; hat, 31 e ; fo¬ Centlivre, Susan, 65 a Chiari, 65 b 48 a; XIV., 48 a
reign, 60 a Centuriae, Magdeburg, 60 d Chiaveri, Get., 64 e Clementi, 65 d
Cardis, 41 b, e Cenwalch, 4 a Chierasco, peace of, 34 b, 35 b, Clergy and monks,quarrels of, 10 a
Carelia ceded to Russia, 33 b Ceolred, 6 a c, d, 58 b Clerk, Jno., 67 a
Carew.Thos., 61 a Ceolwulf, 4 a Chigi collection of Antiquities, Clermont, council of, 12 d, 13 b
Carey, W., 67 e Cephalonia, 52 e 64 e ; pope, 40 a Clerselier, Cl. de, 64 b
Cariani, Giovanni, 68 c Cerdic, 2 a, 8 a Childebert I., 2 e ; II., 2 b, c ; Cleves,28 b, 36c,41c; Anne of,26 c
Caribert, 2 c -last of the house of, 8 a III., 4 c, 6 d, 57 d Clifford, 38 b
Carical restored to France, 46 c Ceres discovered, 70 b Childeric 1., 2 c; II., 2 c, 4 c; Clinton, general, 46 c ; De Witt,
Carion, 60 d Cerigo, 43 f, 52 e III., 6 d 55 a ; Fynes, 70 c
Cerisolles, victory of, 26 d Chilperic I., 2 c ; II., 6 d Clissau, defeat of, 44 e
Carlisle, 51 a; fortress of, built, Cerulianus, Michael, 13 b China, 3 e, 17 n, 26 a, 37 d, 41 Clive, lord, 46 c, 62 b
12 c Cervantes, 31 b, 35 a, 59 e, e, i, 45 e, 49, d, 54 d, e, 63 c Clodion, 2 c
Carlo, St., theatre of, 64 e 61 b Chindaswind, 4 a Clodomir, 2 c
Carloman, 6 d, 8 e, f, g, 72 Cesari, Giuseppe, 68 b Ching-yih, 54 e Cloquet, 70 b
Carlos, Don, 30 b, 42 b, 44 a, Cesi, Bartolommeo, 68 d Chintilla, 4 b Clotaire II., 2 c, 4 c ; III., 4 c
51 c Cespedes, 69 c Chio taken, 31 c, 39 d, 41 f Clotilda, 2 b
Carlostadius, 27 e Cesti, 60 f Chippewa, victory of, 55 a Clovis 1., 2 b, c, 56 a ; II., 4c;
Carlovingian dynasty, 6 d, 10 d, Ceuta, 20 a, 39 a, 47 g Chitore captured, 23 n III., 4 c
56 a, 72 Cevennes, Huguenots of, 42 c Chittoor taken, 33 e Coal discovered, 16 e, 24 d
-empire, partition of, Ceylon discovered, 26 a ; settle¬ Chivalry, 6 d, 16 d, 17 a, 60 a Cobad, 3 f
8 e ments of, 36 a ; to the Dutch, Chladni, 70 b Cobbett, 50 b, 51 a, 66 a, 67 d
Carlowitz, 39 d, 40 g, 41 d, e, f, 39 a, 47 a ; to England, 50 a, Chocolate introduced, 60 a Coburg, general, 48 f, 52 a
62 b b, 52 a Choczim, 36 i, 37 a, 41 d, 45 a, Cocceji, death of. 62 c
Carlsbad founded, 18 g; con¬ Chalcondylas, Demetrius, 22 b ; 48 f. 49 a Cochin conquered, 26 a
gress, 52 c T.aonicus, 22 b Choiseul, ministry of, 46 b Cochrane, lord, 50 b, 54 a; earl of
Chalmers, 70 a ; Alex., 70 c Cholera, 50 b, 53 a. c, e, 51 c, Mar, 20 c
Carmathians, 9 e Chalons-sur-Marne, 2 b, c 52 d, 54 a Codex Carolinus, 47 f
 GENERAL INDEX. 17

Code, Justinian, 56 c ; Napoleon, Constantinople, 3, d, e, 5, a, c, Crefensis, Demetrius, 22 b Dearborn, general, 55 a Dorado, El, 33 f Edwards, Bryan., 64 d, 70 c ; R.,
50 a ; of St. Louis, 56 c d, e, 7 d, 11 d, c, 19 1, 23 k, i, Crevant, victory of, 20 d Decandolle, 70 b Dora, Sheko, 37 c 61 a; Dr., 70 b
Codinus, George, 22 b 41 f, 49 a, 58 b Creutz, 65 b Decatur, captain, 55 a Dorat, 65 c Edwin, k. of England, 10 a, 6 b;
Coimbra, 26 a, 61 d Consulship, Roman, abolished, Crichton, sir W’m., 20 c Decazes, ministry of, 50 a Dordrecht, synod of, 35 h, 36 a k. of Northumbria, 4 a
Coke, sir Edward, 34 a 3e Crimea, 45 a, 22 h Decretals, 56 c Doria, Andrew, 18 i, 27 a, 29 d, Edwin’s-burgh founded, 6 b
Colbert, ministry of, 39 c, 62 d, Contades, general, 47 c Crim Tartary, 48 f, 49 a De Foe, Dan., 65 a 31 c Ega, 4 c
63 c Conti, 34 b, 43 i; pope, Inno¬ Critici Sacra, 63 e Degerando, 70 a Dorothea, pss. of Denmark, 28 g Egbert, 6 a, 8 a, 56 a; archbp.
Colborne, sir John, 55 c cent XIII., 44 b Croatia, 13 c, 28 d, 40 g, 41 f Degsastan, battle at, 4 a Dorothy of Brandenburgh, 22 c of York, 7 b
Colchis devastated, 3 e Continental system, 50 a, 52 c, Crocce, 61 b Deguignes, 63 e Dorpat taken by the Russians,45 a Egica, 4 b
Colebroke, II. T., 67 e 53 e, 66 b, c, d Croft, Dr. W., 65 d Deira, kingdom of, 2 a, 4 a Dorset, earl of, 61 a, 65 a Eginetus, Paul, 5 b
Coleridge, S. T., 65 a, 70 a Contractus, Hermannus, 13 b Croix, De la, 69 d Dekker, Thos., 61 a Dossi, Dosso, 68 d Eginhard, 9 b
Colet, 59 e, 61 d Contuccio, And., 60 e Croix, St., sold by France, 45 f Dekkin, the, 23 n, 26 a, 33 e, Doucy, English college at, 30 c Egmont, 32 a
Coligni, 33 f Conventicles, act for suppressing, Croke, R., 59 e 41 h, 45 d, 54 d Douglas, Gawin, 24 b, 61 a Egypt, 13 e, 29 d, 49 a ; sub¬
Collaid, Royer, 67 d, e, 70 a 38 c Croly, Geo., 65 a Delambre, 67 e, 70 b Douglas, William, earl of, 20 c dued by the Arabs, 5 d ; in¬
Colleges in Oxford and Cam¬ Convention parliament, 38 b Cromwell, earl of Essex, 26 c; Delavigne, Charles, 65 c Douglasses, 26 b vaded by the Persians, 5 e ;
bridge, 60 e ; for English Ca¬ Convention for the settlement of Oliver, 34 a, 38 b, 62 a, b; Delaware canal opened, 55 a Dow, Gerard, 69 b subdued by the Fatimites, lie;
tholics, 30 c; Roy. Paris, 59 e ; Belgium, 48 b; of Cintra, 51 b; Richard, 38 b Delhi, 19 m, 23 n, 33 e, 37 c, Dowlatabad, population of Delhi English expedition to, 50 b ;
United States, 55 a ; founded, Dresden, 31 e; England with Crompton, Sam., 63 c 45 c, 49 c, 54 d, 60 a removed to, 23 n French expedition to, 66 b
17 a Austria, 50 b; Kloster-Zeven, Crotona, Venetian fleet destroyed Delille, 65 c Dowlut, Khan Lodi, 29 f Egyptian antiquities, 67 e; Moni-
Collier, J. P., 65 a 46 b, 47 c ; of the North, 53 at, 8 e Delolme, 63 d Dragatschan, 54 a teur, 67 e
Collingwood, admiral, 50 b a; Nurenburg, 28 b ; Pardo, Crowe, Rev. Wm., 65 a Delmenhorst and Oldenburg ex¬ Dragonetti, 65 d Eichhorn, 70 c
Collins, Win., 65 a ; freethinker, 42 d; Philadelphia, 49 f; Crownpoiut captured by the changed for Holstein, 48 c Dragoons, 59 a, 63 a Eichstadt ceded to Bavaria, 52 c
44 b Scotch national, 51 a English, 49 f Dembinski, gen., 67 a Dragut, 29 d, 33 c Elba, 50 a
Colman, Geo. the elder, 65 a; Conybeare, 70 b Croyland abbey founded, 6 a Demerarareduced by the English, Drake, sir Francis, 30 c, 31 a, 33 Elbing, 17 e, 22 f
the younger, 65 a Cook, Henry, painter, 69 d Crunnus, k. of the Bulgarians, 9 d 50 b ; ceded to England, 52 a f, 59 e, 60 a, d Eldon, lord, 67 d, 51 a
Cologne, Franco von, 24 c Cooke, Jas., 65 a Crusades, 13 b, 17 i, 56 b ; first, Demetrius of Russia, 33 b ; czar, Drama, English, 61 a, 65 d; Eleanor of Provence, 16 e
Cologne, 43 c, 47 c, 53 c, 57 d Cooke’s voyages round the world, 12 d, 13 a, b ; second, 14 e, 36 k French, 65 c; German, 61 c, Electro-magnetism discovered, 70
Coloman, 13 c, 15 c 46 c, 64 a 15 e ; third, 14 d, 15 e ; fourth, Democrats, party of, 49 f 65 c ; rise of modern, 24 b b
Colombia, 55 b Coolies, revolt of, 37 c 17 i; fifth, 17 i, 16 e, f; sixth, Denham, sir Jn., 65 a Drayton, Mich., 61 a Electricity discovered, 60 c
Colombo, 26 a, 40 b Coombe, Wm., 65 a 17 i; seventh, 17 i J eighth Denina, 64 d Drebel, 60 a Elenore of Portugal, 21 h
Colon, Alex., 60 e Cooper, sir Astley, 70 b; Ed., and last, 17 i Denman, 51 a Dresden, 43 c, e,i,44 c, 47 c, 50 a Eleutherius, 4 d
Colonies in Brazil, 26 a; Danish, painter,'69 c; J. F., 65 a; Crusade declared against the Denmark, 7 c, 9 c, 11 c, 13 c, Dresden, Augusteums, 64 e Eleuths completely subdued, 49 d
59 c ; Dutch, 59 c ; English, Sam., 69 d Turks, 28 d 15 c, 17 b, 19 c, 22 c, 28 e, Dronfair, 69 d Eleuth Tartars, revolts of, 45 e
33 f, 37 e, 49 f, 58 b, 59 c, 62 Coorg subdued by Hyder Ali, 49 c Crusca, academia della, 59 e 32 e, 36 f, 41 a, 44 d, 48 c; Drontheim, 11 c, 41 a, b Elfrida, q. of Edgar, 10 a
a; French, 45 f, 58 b, 59 c; Copely, 51 a Crusca defeated at Belgrade, 45 b joins the German Protestants, Druids, 2 c Elgin marbles, 64 e
Portuguese, 35 a Copenhagen, 15 c, 17 b, 28 e, Cruz, Santa, 55 b 36 c; absolute monarchy in, Drummond, Wm., 61 a Elgiva, queen of Edwin, 10 a
Colonna, 19 a 41 a, b, 44 d, 45 a, 53 a, e Cruzycano, Ram. de la, 65 b 62 a ; code of laws for, 62 c ; Drumnechtan, battle of, 6 b El Darned, defeat at, 54 a
Colte, Max., 60 e Copernicus, 60 e Crypto Calvinists, 31 e fleet taken by the English, 67 a ; Druses, 33 c Eliza Bacciochi, 72
Columbus, 20 b, 22 b, 29 g Copley, Singleton, 69 c Ctesiphon destroyed, 7 e kings of, 73 Dryburgh founded, 14 c Elizabeth, q. of England, 30 c ;
Combermere, lord, 54 d Coppi, 70 c Cuba, 29 g, 58 b Denner, 65 d Dryden, Jno., 65 a Farnese, 42 b; of France, 35
Comedians, English, 61 c, 65 a Copronymus, 7 d Cuddalore taken by the English, Dennis, Jno., 65 a; P., 18 a ; Dublin proclaimed in a state of a; of Parma, 42 b; emp. of
Comedy, first English, 61 a Corbet, 34 a 49 c k. of Portugal, 16 a rebellion, 50 b Russia, 45 a, 48 f; q. of Rus¬
Comet, first whose course is ac¬ Corbeuil, 24 b Cudworth, R., 64 b Dennewitz, defeat at, 52 c Dubois, ministry of, 42 c sia, 63; p. of Wales, 34 a
curately described, 19 b Cordova, school of, 7 b, 8 c, 10 Cufa, school of, 7 b Denon, 67 e Dubravius, 32 c Ella, 2 a
Comines, Philip de, 22 b, 21 f, c, 11 b, 12 a, 16 b Cuichelm, 4 a Denys, St., 30 d Ducas, 13 d Elliot, sir John, 34 a; general,
59 e Corelli, Arch., 65 d Culen, king of Scotland, 10 b Denys, Chronique de, 19 b Ducas, John, 17 1, 22 b 47 g
Commanders of the Faithful, 29 c Corenzio, Bellisario, 68 b Culloden, 42 d Deodatus, 5 a Duckworth forces the Dardanelles, Elliotson, Dr., 70 b
Commercial companies at Ostend, Corfu, 29 c, 43 f, 52 e. f Culm, 17 e, 22 f Deputies, chamber of in Fiance, 50 b Elliston, 65 a
63 c ; Trieste, 43 d Corinth taken, 43 f Cumberland yielded up to Henry 66 a Dudley and Ward, lord, 51 a Elmakin, 17 a
Commercial panic, 50 b Cormenin, 67 d II., 14 c Derbent acquired by Russia, 53 e Duff, k. of Scotland, 10 b Elmina acquired by the Dutch,
Commercial treaty of Austria with Com laws, 50 b, 51 a, 66 a, Cumberland, Rich., 64 b, 65 a Derby, earl of, 60 a Dugdale, Wm., 64 d 36 a
Russia, 47 c; between England 67 b Cunibert, 4 d Derham, Wm., 64 b Dughet, Casper, 69 e Elmsley, 67 e
and the Netherlands, 27 g; Corneille, Peter, 65 c; Thos., Curayoa acquired by the Dutch, Derwentwater, lord, executed, Duhalde, 64 d Elphinstone, adm., 50 b
England, Sweden, and the Ne¬ 65 c 36 a 42 d Dukedoms established, 8 e ; made Elsheimer, Adam, 69 a
therlands, 59 c; Japan, 26 a; Cornelius, Peter van, 69 a Curfew, 14 d Derwishes, great increase of, 29 c hereditary, 8 e Elten seized by France, 53 c
Spain with Denmark, 44 d ; Cornwall, Barry, 65 a; Richard, Curran, J. P., 67 d Desaix, 52 c Dulaure, 70 c Elvey, of Oxford, 65 d ; of Wind¬
Sweden with England, &c., 32 f earl of, 16 e, g Curtis, Sentom., 70 b ; W., 70 b Descartes, 63 e^ 64 b, e Dumas, 65 c sor, 65 d
Committee of safety, 38 b, 50 a Cornwallis, marquis, 46 c, 49 c, Cusa, Nic., 22 b, 24 a Desfontaines, 70 b Dumeril, 70 b Ely cathedral built, 57 d
Commoji pleas, court of, 16 e, f, 54 d Cusco, siege of, 49 e Desjardins, 64 e Dumourier, 52 a, c Elyot, sir!’., 59 d, e
56 c Corporation act, 38 c, 51 a Custine, 52 c Desmarest, 70 b Dunbar, Wm., 24 b, 38 b, 61 a Elzevirs, 59 e
Commonwealth, 38 b Corpus Christi college, Oxford, Custrin occupied by the French, Desmonds, 30 b Duncan, admiral, 50 b; entom., Embargo Act passed, 55 a
Comorra, 36 c, 37 a 61 d ; Corpus Evangelieorum, 50 a, 53 c Desmoulins, Camille, 70 c 70 b; of Scotland, 12 b Emeric, king of Hungary, 17 g ;
Comnena, Anna, 15 b 40 e; Juris Hungarici, 58 c Cuthred, 6 a Despotism and liberty, struggle Duncombe, 67 d king of Sweden, 15 c
Comneni, 13 d, 15 d, 17 1 Corradi, Domenico, 68 a Cuton Moor, 14 c of, 38 a Dundas, Mr., 51 a Emir al Omrah, 13 f
Compact of Vienna, 47 c Correggio, 59 e, 68 c Cuvier, George, 67 e, 70 b; Dessalines, k. of Hayti, 55 c Dunham, S. A., 70 c Emirs become independent, 19 n
Compostella, 27 f Corrichie, battle of, 30 b Fred., 70 b Dessoles, ministry of, 50 a Dunkirk, 38 b, 40 b, 50 b Emigrants from France, 46 b, c
Comuneros, 27 f Corsica, 12 e, 31 c, 42 c, 43 f, Cuyp, Albert, 69 b D’Estaing, 49 f Dunning, 46 d Emmanuel Philibert, 31 c
Cornyn, sir J., 16 d 46 b, 47 e, 50 b Cuzco, 29 g Destouches, 65 c Duns, 57 d Emperors and popes, struggle of,
Conception founded, 29 g Corsini, pope, Clement XII., 44 b Cynegils, 4 a Dettingen, 42 d, 43 c Dunsinane, battle of, 12 b 56 b
Concini, Marechal cTAncre, 34 b Cortenuova, victory of, 16 f Cynewulf, 6 a Detroit, defeat at, 55 a Dunstable, J., 60 f Empirical school, French, 64 b
Concordat with the pope, 21 h,26 Cortereal, 26 a Cynric, 2 a Deux-Ponts, house of, 41 b Dunstan, St., 10 a, 11 a, b Empson, 26 c
d, 27 f, 47 g, 48 a Cortes assembled at Cadiz, 51 c ; Cyprus, 5 d, 7 d, 9 d, 11 d, 15 e, Devrient, 65 d Dupin, 67 d Enamel, painting on, invented,
I Concordia discors, 31 e government of the, 51 b; last 21 1, 31 c, 33 c Deylimite dynasty founded, lie Dupleix, 46 b, 49 c 69 d
I Conde, prince of, 30 d, 34 b, meeting of Portuguese, 39 a, Cyr, St., general, 50 a, 52 f Deys, appointed by the troops, 37 a Durandus, 19 b Encyclopedists, the, 46 b, 48 a,
39 b, c, 59 a, 70 c 62 a; in Spain, 51 c, 66 a ; of Cyrillus, 9 a Despard, colonel, conspiracy of, Durante, 63 e, 65 d 63 d, 64 b
Conde reduced by the duke of Tomar, 31 a Czaslau, victory of, 44 c 50 b Durazzo, 12 e, 13 d Encomiendas, 29 g
York, 50 b Cortez, 29 g Czegedin, peace of, 21 k Dhar, rajah of, 23 n Durer, All., 59 a, e, 69 a Enfantin, 52 g
I Conder, Josiab, 70 c Cortona, Pietro da, 68 a, b Czerni, George, 54 a Diamond mines of Brazil disco¬ Durfey, Thos., 65 a Engelbert.
| Condillac, Et. B., 64 b Corunna, repulse at, 51 c vered, 42 a, 63 b Durham, 12 b, 14 c; earl of, 51 Engelbrechtsen, Cornelius, 69 b
j Condivi, Ascani, 62 b Corvfies, disturbances caused by Dabshelim, 23 n Diana of Poitiers, 26 d a, 55 c ; Simon of, 15 b Engelburger, 60 e
Condorcet, 67 d the, 47 c Daghestan ceded to Russia, 45 a, Dickens, Edw., 65 a Dutch companies, 59 c; litera¬ Enghien, D’ son of Condb, 41 d ;
i Condottieri, 18 i, 57 b Corvinus, Matt., 22 b, 58 d, 59 a 53 e, 54 b Diderot, 46 b, 48 a, 64 b, 65 c ture, 59 e duke, 50 a
j Confederation of German princes, Cosenas, Michael, 19 b Dagobert I., 4 c; II., 4 c; III., Didier, k. of the Lombards, 6 e Dutch and Belgian provinces England, 10a,12c,14d,16e,18e,
47 c, 48 b; of the Rhine, 50 Cosmo de Medici, 21 1, 27 c; 6 d Diebitsch, 53 e, 54 a separated, 36 a 20d,26c,30c,46c,50b ; firstk.
a; act of, 52 b II., of Tuscany, 35 d; III., Dahlgren, C., 65 b Diepenbecke, 69 a Dyce, Rev. Alex., 65 a of, 56 a ; divided into baronies,
I Conferences of Bucharest, 49 a; 39 e, 43 g Dalmasio, Lippo di, 68 d Diet of Augsburg, 32 c ; bloody, Dyer, Jno., 65 a 56 a ; coalition against, 62 b ;
Poissy, 30 d Cossacks, 41 f Dalmatia, 13 c, 19 h, 50 a 28 c ; Clausembourg, 36 e; Dyke, Offas, 6 a loses her N. Am. colonies,63 c ;
I Confession of Augsburg, 27 e, 28 b Cossova, victory of, 23 k Dalmatian fortresses ceded to Odenburg, 40 g ; Odensee, 28 divided into counties, hundreds,
j Conflans, 20 e; admiral, 46 c Cotton, sir C., 65 a ; H. B., 60 d Venice, 41 f e ; Presburg, 28 d, 43 e ; Po¬ Eadbald, 4 a and tithings, 56 c; Danish
i Congo settled, 31a Cotton trade, 59 c, 63 c Dalrymple, sir Hugh, 51 b land, 48 e, 62 a; Ratisbon, 36 Eadbert, 6 a, 8 a kings of, 12 c; interference of,
i Congregation of St. Maur, 35 h ; Cotton’s, sir D., embassy, 37 b Daltaban, vizier, 45 b c, 40 e; nobles of Silesia, 28 Eadmote, meeting at, 10 a in the politics of Europe, 62 b ;
at Torgau, 31 e Council of Castile instituted, 56 Dalton, 70 b b ; Stockholm, 41 b ; Warsaw, Eanfrith, 4 a first political connection of,
| Congress, first colonial, 49 f; at c ; Constantinople, 3d; of Damascus, kingdom of, 15 e; 48 e ; Worms, 27 e, 28 b, 58 c Eanred, 8 a with France, 10 a; histories
Aix-la-Chapelle, 66 b ; Cam- Forty, 56 c ; of the Indies, 27 captured byKhaled, 5 c ; John Dietrich, 69 a Eardwulf, 8 a of, 60 d, 64 d ; power in India
bray, 42 b, c ; Carlsbad, 66 b ; f; Lateran, 7 a ; of Paris, 4 c ; of, 7 b ; II., pope, 13 a Digges, sir Dudley, 34 a Earldoms hereditary, 8 e, 56 d established, 62 b ; invaded by
Chatillon, 50 a; New York, of Pisa, 27 e ; of ten, 18 i, 56 Darner, Hon. A. S., 64 e Dijon, siege of, 26 d Earthquakes in Calabria and the Danes, 10 a, 12 c, Welch,
49 f; Philadelphia, 49 f ; Ras- a ; at Tours, 26 d ; of Trent, Damiani, Peter, 13 b Dilavar, 23 n Messina, 47 f; Lisbon, 26 a; 12 c, Irish, 12 c, Normans,
tadt, 50 a; Reichenbacb, 47 c ; 27 a, e, 28 b, 31 e, 32 e; of Darnietta taken, 17 i Dindorf, 67 e Pekin, 45 e ; Sicily, 39 g 12 c, Scotch, 16 d, 20 d ; Ire¬
Soissons, 42 c ; Teschen, 47 e ; Venice formed, 56 a ; general, Damnebrog, order of, revived, 41 a Disputes at Canton, 50 b East-Anglia, kingdom of, 2 a, 4 a land united to, 50 b, 66 a:
Troppau, 52 d ; Verona, 52 d 3 a, 5 a, 7 a, 9 a, 13 a, 15 a, Danby, ministry of, 38 b Dissenter’s marriage bill, 51 a Eben Esra, 15 b English monarchy, true founder
' Congreve, Wm., 65 a; rockets, 16 f *, 22 ; orders in, English, Dance, Geo., 64 e Dissidents, 44 f, 48 e Eberhard, 64 b of, 8 a ; first consolidated, 30 a ;
50 a Dandolo, doge, 19 b Dittersdorf, 65 d Ebrington, lord, 51 a national income, 66 d ; navy,
67 a
i Connecticut settled, 37 e Counties, England divided into, Danes, 6 a, 8 a, e, 9 a, 10 a, 12 c Ditmarsh, 28 e, 32 e Ebroin, 4 c immense power of, 67 a; a re¬
I Conon, pope, 5 a 56 c Dane-gelt abolished, 12 c Did, 26 a, 39 a Eccelino da Romano, 16 f * public, 58 a ; Scotland united
; Conrad I., emp. of Germany, 10 Cour pleniere projected, 46 b Daniel, 64 d ; S., 60 d, 61 a Divara Samudra destroyed, 23 n Ecgfrid, 4 a to, 30 c, 42 d, 62 a; gains
e, 14 f; IL, emp., 12 e, 73 ; Courier, P. L., 67 d Danilovitsch, Ivan, 19 i Divilina, 36 i Echmuhl, 52 c sure footing in the West Indies,
i III., 73; IV., 16 g, 73; re¬ Courland overrun by the Swedes, Dante, 18 i, 19 b, 24 b Diving bell, 60 a Eckhof, 65 c 63 c
bellion of, 12 e ; d. of Lorraine, 44 e, f Danton executed, 50 a Dlugossus, Jo., 22 b Eckius, 27 e Engravers, 69 c
73; k. of Poland, 17 f; k. of Court of Session established, 26 b Dantzic, 22 f, 28 g, 50 a, 53 c, e, Dneiper, defeat of, 49 a Eckpont, G. van der, 69 b Enke, 70 b
Cousin, Victor, 67 e, 69 e, 70 a 59 c Dobree, 67 e Eclectus, 64 b, 70 a Enkoping, 19 d
Sicily, 16 h
Cousins, 69 c Danube, first passage of by Dobson, Will., 69 d Ecole militaire founded, 46 b Ensenada, 47 g
| Conraddin, k. of Sicily, 16 h
Cousteu, Nic. and G., 64 e Romanzoff, 48 f; attempt to Doctrinnaires, 62 a, 67 e Edelink, 69 d Ensisheim, 40 e
I Consarbruck, 40 e
unite it to the Rhine, 6 e Dodsley, 70 c Eden, Wm., 66 c Entomologists, 70 b
i Conservation, or public singing Coutras, defeat at, 30 d
Covenant, Scotch, 34 a, 38 b Dardanelles, 50 b, 54 a Dodsley’s Annual Register, 64 d Edessa captured, 15 e; princi¬ Eocha, 8 b
schools in Italy, 65 d
Cowley, Abr., 61 a Darien, 29 g Doggerbank, victory off, 46 c pality of founded, 13 b Eormenric, 2 a
Conservatives, 66 a
Darnel, 34 a Dohm,70 c Edgehill, 34 a Epee, abbe de 1’, 64 a
Conspiracy of Amboise, 30 d ; Cowper, Wm., 65 a
Cato-street, 50 b; Col. Des- Coxe, 70 c Darnley, lord, 30 b Dolci, Carlo, 68 a Edgar, k. of England, 10 a ; k. Episcopacy established, 38 c;
Coxis, Mich., 69 a Darn, count, 70 c Dolgorucki family, rise of, 45 a of Scotland, 12 b, 14 c abolished in Norway, 28 e ; in
pard, Fieschi count of Lavagna,
Daubeny, Dr., 70 b Dollond’s, achr., telescope, 64 c Edgeworth, Maria, 65 a Scotland, 34 a
27 a ; Fieschi, 50 b ; La Torre, Coypel, Noel, 69 d ; Ant., 69 d
39 d ; Mallet, 50 a ; negro in Coysevnx, Ant., 64 e Daubrawricsky, 32 c Domenichino, 68 b, d Edinburgh, 6 b, 18 d, 20 c, 26 c ; Erasmus, 59 e, 61 d
Daud, Khan Kiraui, 33 e Domenico, 68 a review, 67 d Ercilla, Alonso de, 61 b
N. York, 45 f; d. of Suffolk, Crabbe, Geo., 65 a
Cracow, 17 f, 19 g, 41 c, 53 e, d Daun, general, 47 c, 48 b Domingo, St., 33 f, 49 e, 50 b, Edmund I., k. of Britain, 10 a ; Erfurdt, 50 a, 52 c, 53 e
26 c ; against Napoleon, 50 b ;
Davenant, sir Wm., 61 a, 65 a 55 b Ironside, 12 c Eric I., of Denmark, 13 c, 15 c;
Saumur, 50 a Cramer, Jno., 65 d
Davenport, painter, 69 d Dominicans, 16 k Edred, k. of England, 10 a IL, 15c; III., 15c; IV.,17b;
Constance, council of, 22 a; Cranmer, 26 c, 30 c
David I., of Scotland, 14 c ; II., Domnus 1., pope, 5a; II., 11 a Edrisites at Fez, 9 e, 11 e V., 17 b; VI., 17 b; VII.,
peace of, 14 f Crauford, 67 e
18 d ; Jaques Louis, 69 d Donald Bane, of Scotland, 12 b ; Edridge, Henry, 69 c 19 c; Edmundson, 9 c, 56 a;
Constans IL, 5 c C rebillon, 65 c
Davies, sir Jno., 61 a of the Isles, 20 c ; III., k. of Edward the Confessor, 12 c, 56 c ; king of Norway, 11 c; II.,
j Constant, Benj., 67 d, e Credenus, George, 13 b
Davila, 60 d Scotland, 8 b ; IV., 8 b Elder, king of England, 10 a ; 17 c ; VII., of Denmark, Nor¬
Constantine III., Gr. emp., 5 c; Credenza, 10 e way, and Sweden, 22 d; X.,
IV., 5c; V..7d; VL, 7 d; Crefeldt, defeat of, 46 b, 47 c Davis, J., 60 d, 61 a Donatello, 22 b Martyr, k. of England, 10 a;
Davoust, general, 50 a Donijetti, 65 d J.,k. of England, 16 e, 18 e, 17 d ; XI., 17 d; XII., 19 e;
VlL.lld; VIII., lid; IX., Crequi, 40 e XIV., 32 f, 58 a; XV., 73
11 d, 13 d; X., 13 d; XL, Crescentius, k. of Italy, 10 e Davy, sir H., 67 b, e, 70 b Donne, Jno., 61 a 57 a; IL, 18 e; III., 18 e ;
13 d, 23 i ; XII., 13 d; II., Crespi, Daniele. 68 d ; Gius., 68 d Dawe, G., 69 c Donski Cossacks, 41 e IV., 20 d ; V., 20 d ; VI., 26 Erie canal opened, 55 a
of Scotland, 8 b; HI., 10 b; Crespy, 26 d, 27 f, 58 b Dawlut-Kherai, 33 b Donskoi, 19 i c, 30 c, 58 d ; prince of Wales, Erigena, Scotus, 9 a, b, 24 a
IV., 10 b; pope, 7a; of Cressy, 18 e, 57 b Deaf and Dumb institution at Donoughmore, lord, 51 a 20 d ; 26 c ; I., k. of Portugal, Erivan, 33 d, 37 a, 45 b, c, 53 e,
Paris, 64 a Dooab acquired by England, 54 d 20 a 54 b
Russia, 17 h ; grand-duke, 53 e Crete, 8 c, 9 d, e, 11 d
78
Ermenigild, 2 b
Ernest, king of Hanover, 52 c
Erskine, lord, 51 a, 67 d
Erwig, 4 b
Erzroum, peace of, 54 b ; taken,
54 a
Eschenmayer, 70 a
Eschilbach, Wolfram v., 24 b
Escurial, the, 59 e, 60 e
Esper, 70 b
Esra, Eben, 15 b
Essayists, British, 63 e
Essek, 28 d, 29 c
Essen acquired by France, 53 c
Essequibo, 50 b, 52 a
Essex, kingdom of, 2 a, 4 a ; earl
of, 30 c, 34 a
Estatuto real, 51 c
Este, house of, 31 c, 35 f
Esterhasi, count, 40 g
Esthonia ceded to Russia, 45 a
D’Estr6es, 39 c
Estremos, 39 a, b
Eswyn, 2 a
Etats-generaux, meeting of, 46 b
Et ca;tera oath, 34 a
Ethandune, battle of, 8 a
Ethelbald, 6 a, 8 a
Ethelbert, 2 a, 6 a, 8 a
Ethelfrith, 2 a, 4 a
Ethelheard, 6 a
Ethelred, 4 a, 6 a, 8 a, 10 a, 12 c Ferreira, Ant., 61 b
Ethelney, isle of, refuge of Alfred Ferreras, 64 d
in, 8 a
Ethelwulf, 8 a
Ethnography, 70 c
Eton school, 59 e, 61 d
Etruria in England, 63 c
Etty, 69 c
Eucharist, disputes on, 28 a
Eudes, 6 c, d; monk of Cluni,
lib; king of France, 72
Eudocia, 13 d
Eugene, prince, 42 c, 43 e, 52 e,
63 a
Eugenius I., pope, 5 a ; II., 9 a;
III., 15 a ; IV., 22 a
Euler, Leon., 64 c
Euric, 2 b
Europe, heroic age of, 13 b ;
balance of power formed in,
58 b; countries of, taxed by the Field of Gold, 26 d; of Lies, 8 e;
papacy, 19 a
Eustachi, Bart., 60 c
Eustathius, 15 b
St. Eustatius acquired by the
Dutch, 36 a; taken by the
English, 47 a
Eutychius, 6 e
Evans, sir Lacy, 51 c
Everett, 67 d
Evesham, battle at, 16 e
Evora, parliament of, 20 a
Evreux-Navarre, house of, 72
Exarchate bestowed on the pope,
6d
Exarchs, war of, with the Lom¬
bards, 3 c ; Greek, at Ravenna,
3 c, 6 e
Exchange, letters of, invented,
7 b ; Royal, 59 c
Exchequer court, 56 c
Excise, 41 c, 46 d, 58 d, 62 d
Exclusion, Act of, 38 b, 40 b
Exilles, defeat at the pass of, 43 i Firoz Tooghlek, 23 n
Exmouth, lord, 50 b
Ex officio informations, 51a
Ewald, John, 65 b, 67 e
Eyck, John van, 24 c, 69 a ; Hu-
' bert van, 24 c, 69 a
Eylau, 50 a
Fabrjcius, 70 b
Fabyan’s Chronicle, 60 d
Facchinetti, 31 e
Factory Bill, 67 c
Faes, Peter van der, 69 d
Fagg, 38 a
Fagiulo, 65 b
Fahrenheit, 64 c
Fairfax, 34 a, 61 a
Fairs at Leipsic, 59 c
Fairthorne, Will., 69 c
Feith, 65 b, d
Fakhr ud din, 23 n
Falaise, treaty of, 14 c
Falconry introduced, 3 c
Falconet, 64 e
Falczy, peace of, 45 b
Faliero, Marino, 18 i
Falkirk, battle of, 16 e
Falkland islands, 33 f, 47 g
Fallopio, Gab., 60 c
Family Statute, 50 a; Compact, Florence, 27 c ; peace of, 50 a, Frisons shake off the Frankish Geraint, 6 a
46 b
Famine in Tuscany, 47 e
Fanatic intolerance of the presby- Florence of Worcester, 15 b
terians, 34 a
Faraday, Dr., 70 b
Fardella, Mich. Ang., 64 b
Farinelli, 47 g, 65 d
Farmers-general, 58 d
Farnese, 35 f; Ottavio, 31 c; Florida-Blanca, ministry of, 47 g Fruela I., of Leon, 6 c, 10 c : II.,
Pietro, 27 c
Farnesian collection of antiquities, Flower, W., 51 a
64 e
Farquhar, Th., 65 a
Farren, 65 a
Fatima and Fatimites, 11 e
Faust, 24 d
Faustina, 65 d
Favila, 6 e
Fayette, de la, 65 c
Fayrfax, Dr. Rob., 60 f
Federal constitution of America, Fontaine, 63 e, 65 c
49 f
Federalists, party of, 49 f
Federative system, Napoleon's,
50 a
Fehrbellin, victory of, 41 b, 62 b, Fontenelle, 65 c
63 a
Felix II. or III. and IV., 3 d
Fell, John, 64 d.
Fenella, 10 b
Fenelon, 40 a, 65 e
GENERA L INDEX.
Formosus, pope, 9 a Gabrieli, the, 60 f, 64 e Gesner, Conrad, 60 c Gothic monarchy, of Spain, 2 K
Fenton, Elij., 65 a 6 c; overthrown, 3 c
Formula of Concord, 31 e, 32 c, Gabrielle, the fair, 60 a Gesualdo, 60 f
Fenwick, sir John, 38 b
40 a Gadesbuch, victory of, 44 e Ghazan Khan, 17 nr, 19 n Gottingen, troubles in, 52 c
Feodor Ivanovich, emp. of Russia, Gottsched, 65 c
Fornovo, victory of, 21 1 Gaddi, Taddeo, 24 c, 68 a Ghazi-Hassan, pasha, 49 a t#1'1
33 b ; II., 36 k, 41 e Goujon, J., 60 e
Gafurio, Franehino, 24 c Ghazi-o-deen, 49 c
Ferdinand, archduke, 28 b ; of Fort, le, 41 e Goulburn, 51 a, 67 d
Gagem, 70 c Gheias ad din Balban, 23 n
Aragon, 27 f, 58 a, 59 a ; duke Fortiguerra, Nic., 65 b
Foscari, Ant., 21 1 Gaisford, Dr., 67 e Ghent, peace of, 27 g, 32 a, 50 b, Gould, 70 b
of Brunswick, 47 c ; archduke Gourgauld, 70 c
Gainsborough, Thos., 69 c 55 a
of Gratz, 35 a ; of Castile, 20 Foscarini, Ant., 65 b
Gakars, 23 n Gherai family, 23 i Government, 56 a, 58 a, 62 a
b ; IV., 16 b ; I. emp. of Fosse, Ant. de la, 65 c, 69 e 66 a
Galata ceded to Genoa, 17 1 Ghetes or Jutes, 2 a
Germ., 28 b, 32 c, 73 ; II., Fouche, 50 a
Foucher, Sim., 64 b Gale, Th., 64 b, d Ghibelines, 14 f, 16 f, 18 i, 56 a Gower, John, 24'b
36 c, 73 ; IV., 36 d, 40 f, 73;
Gale Jones, 51a Ghebers, 5 e Gowrie, earl of, beheaded, 30 b iff
king of Hungary, 32 d ; de Fouque, 65 c Goyen, van, 69 b
Galeazzo, John, 21 h, 1 Ghiberti, 22 b
Medici, 35 d ; 1. of Naples, Fourcroy, 67 e, 70 b Gozzi, Carlo, 65 b
Ghilan ceded to Russia, 45 a
58a; II., 52 f; III., IV., 52 f; Fox, Ch. Jas., 46 d, 51 a, 66 a. Galen, van, bishop of Munster,
67 d, e ; John, 60 d 40 b, e Ghilji Afghans, revolt of, 45 c Gozzoli, Benozzo, 24 c, 68 a ii>il
" duke of Parma, 47 e; king of
Portugal, 18 a ; I. of Savoy, Foy, gen., 67 d Galicia, West, ceded to Saxony, Ghirlandajo, Domenico, 24 c ; Grabbe, 65 c
52 c Rodolfo, 68 a Grafton’s Chronicle, 60 d
31 c; king of Sicily, 21 m; II., F’rance, 6 c, d, 8 e, 9 c, 10 d,
21 m; IV., 47 f; IV. of Spain, 12 d, 14 e, 16 f, 18 f, 20 e, 26 Galicia acquired by Austria, 47 c, Ghizni, principality of, 11 e, 23 n Grafton and Townshend ministry jiiiiti'
c, d, 34 b, 46 b, 50 a ; abori¬ 48 e ; conquered by Alfonso, Ghiznivides, 13 f 46 d Jl
18 c ; and Isabella, 20 b, 58 a;
gines of, 2 c; alliance of, with 6c Ghoorka war, 54 d Graham, sir J., 51 a ; sir II jiittn
sepulchre of, 60 e; VI., 47 g; 20 c
America, 46 b ; coalitions Galilei, Vine., 60 f Ghuz, 15 f
VII., 51 c, 72; of Tuscany,
against, 50 a, 51 b, 52 c, 62 b; Galileo de Galilei, 59 e, 60 c Giannone, 64 d Grainger, Jas., 64 d t*1
52 e ; II., 35 d ; III., 47 e
kings of, 72; first political Gall, 70 b Gibbon, Ed., 64 d Grammar school, 61 d
Ferdusi, 13 e
connection of, with England, Galland, 63 e Gibbons, Grinl., 64e; Oil., 60 f Gran, victory of, 32 d, 33 c
Ferguson, Ad., 64 d
10 a ; municipalities in, 46 b, Gallipoli conquered, 19 1 Gibbs, sir Vicary, 51 a Granacci, Francesco, 68 a {||U>
Fernando I., of Castile, 12 a; II.,
62 a, 63 c; parliaments abolish¬ Gallitzin, 48 f, 49 a Gibraltar, 18 c, 20 b, 42 b, 47 g, Granada, kingdom of, 16 c, 20 b Oil
of Leon, 14 b; Royal Acad, of,
ed in, 46 b; republic of, 46 b, Galt, Jno., 65 a 63 a 31 b, 39 c, 58 b
69 c
50 a, 52 g, 62 a, 66 b; revolu¬ Galuppi, 65 d Gibson answers the Freethinkers, Granson. battle of, 20 e, 21 f, g W
Ferrand, 70 c
tions, 50 a, 53 e, 62 a,d, 63 b, Galvani, Al., 64 c, 70 b 44 b Grant, Mr., 51 a
Ferrara, university, 19 b ; duchy
c, 66 a, b, 67 a; royalty Galvanism discovered, 70 b Gibson, J., 64 e Granvelle, cardinal, 32 a
of, 31 c
abolished in, 46 b Galves, 31 d, 33 c Gifford, Wm., 65 a Grasse, de, admiral, 46 b (;1L
Ferrari, Gaud., 68 d
France, isle of, ceded to England, Gama, Vasco de, 20 a, 22 b, 23 Gigli, 65 b Gratian, 15 b llt.1
50 a n, 59 c Gilbert, Wm., 60 c Grattan, H., 67 d fcD:
Franceschini, Marcantonio, 68 d Gamarra, 55 b Gillies, Jo., 64 d, 70 c G'raun, C. IL, 65 d
Ferrol, battle of, 50 b
Francia, Francesco, 68 d Game Act, 46 d Gillon, ambass. to Persia, 41 g Gravelines, 30 d, 31 b
Fersen, 53 e
Fesca, 65 d Franehe Comte, 27 g, 39 c Gangonelli, pope Clement XIV., Gioja, FI., 19 b Gravenhorst, 70 b E
48 a Giordano, Luca, 68 b Gravesand, 64 c jtwt,
Feudal labour in France, 63 b ; Francia, 55 b
Giorgone, 68 c Gravnella, 31 h Ifeiii
privileges abolished in Sicily, Francis I., of France, 26 d, 58 Gans, 67 e
a, d, 59 e, 72 ; II., 30 d, 60 a, Gansford, 22 b Giottino, 24 c, 68 a Gray, Thos., 65 a (4li
52 f; in Spain and Naples,
72 ; I., of Germany, 43 c, 47 Garpao, 65 b Giotto, 24 c, 57 d, 68 a Granville, poet, 65 a M
67 b ; state, first, 56 a; system,
c, 73; II., 47 c, 52 c; Hyacinth, Garcia, of Spain, 10 c; III., of Giovane Italia, 52 e Grecourt, 65 c
rise of, 2 c, 8 e ; gains strength,
12 d ; in England, 56 a ; over¬ d. of Savoy, 35 e; d. of Lor¬ Navarre, 12 a; IV., 14 b; Gipsies, first appearance of, 21 k Greece, treaty in favour of, 50 a
throw of, in France, 62 a ; raine, 43 c, f; IV., in Modena, Ximenes, 8 d Girondists, 50 a revolutionary war, 54 a, 66 a, 1.
52 e; I., of Naples and Sicily, Garda, Lago di, victory at, 52 e Giurgevo, capture of, 53 e, 54 a kingdom of founded, 66 a, b
tenures, civil broils respecting,
12 e ; abolished. 62 d 52 f; Sforza, 21 1 ; Maria, 31 c Gardie, de la, 36 g, i Gladstone, 67 d Greek empire, 3 e, 7 d, 9d, 11 d lap
Fez, school of, 7 b Franciscans, 16 k Gardiner, 26 c Glaber-ltad, 13 b 13d, 15 d, 17 k, 19 k.23i; in
Fichte, 67 d, e Franco, mathematician, 13 b Gamier, Rob., 61 c Gladsmuir, 42 d vaded by the Bulgarians, 3 e fct
Ficinius, Marsilius, 24 a Franconia, house of, 12 e, 73 Garofalo, Benvenuto, 68 d Glamorgan, treaty with, 34 a invaded by the Ostrogoths, 3 e
Fiefs abolished in Prussia, 44 c; Frank-pledges, 56 c Garre, 64 b Glanville, Rainulph de, 15 b war of with Parthia, 3 f; in
hereditary, 8 e, 56 a Frank, Sebastian, 69 a Garrick, Dav., 65 a Glaris, canton of, 52 b vaded by the Persians, 5 e
Field, 65 d Frankfort, assembly at, 31 e; Garter, order of, instituted, 18 e Glasgow, 63 c treaty of with the Turks, 3 e totii
diet at, 18 g, 52 c ; synod at, Gascoigne, G., 61 a Glastonbury abbey rebuilt, 6 a Greek fire saves Constantinople W(ii
of March, 56 a 6 d ; union, 44 c Gascony invaded by the Spaniards, Glatz ceded to Prussia, 44 c 5 b, c, 7 d JliU.
Fielding, H., 65 a Franklin, Benj., 46 b, 49 f, 63 d, 34 b, 35 b Glauber, 64 c Greek and Roman churches Unit
Fieschi, 27 a; infernal machine, 64 c Gassendi, Pet., 64 b, c Gleim, 65 c schism of between, 5 a
50 a Franks, 2 a, c, 3 c, 4 c, 6 d, 8 e, Gaston de Foix, 26 d Glendower, Owen, 20 d Greek literature, 19 b, 22 b ; pro St,a
Fiesole, Fra., 24 c 10 e, 56 b Gaston, duke of Orleans, 72 Glenlivat, battle of, 30 b fessorship at Oxford, 59 e kit!
Fife, earl of, 18 d Fraser murdered, 54 d Gates, general, 46 c, 49 f Glinski, 29 a Green, Sam., 37 e
Fifth-monarchy men, 38 b Fraternisation, decree of, 50 a Gatti, Bernardino, 68 c Glogau occupied by the French, Greene, Dr. M., 65 d; Rob.
Fighting on horseback adopted, Fredegaire, 7 b Gaudet, 67 d 50 a, 53 c ; Henry, duke of, 61 a ta
6d Fredegonda, 2 c Gauls subdued by the Romans, 19 g Greenhill, John, 69 d Ik.’!
Figures, Arabic, lib Frederic, emp. of Austria, 18 g; 2 c Glosses, period of, 1,7 a Greenland, 11 b, c, 17 e, 19 e
Filangieri, 47 f, 62 e, 63 d 1., of Denmark, 28 e, 73; II., Gaits, 70 b Gloucester, Robert of, 17 a, 24 b; 26 a, 36 f, 44 d
Filicaja, 61 b 32 e, 73 ; III., 36 f, 41 a, 73 ; Gaveston, P., 18 e siege of, 34 a Greenwich observatory, 64 c
Filmer, Rob., 63 d ■ IV., 41 a, 44 c, 73 ; V., 44 d, Gay, John, 65 a Glover, Rich., 65 a hospital, 64 e
Finale, 43 c, f 48 c, 73; VI., 53 a, 73 ; I., Gaza, Theod., 22 b, 24 a Gluck, 63 e, 65 d Gregorian era, 31 e, 46 c, 59 e
Finance, 57 a, 58 d, 62 d, 66 d emp. of Germany, 14 f, 24 b, Gazette de France, 34 b, 59 e Gluckstadt, supreme court at, Gregorius Corinth, 15 b
Finance, French, ruined, 42 c ; 73; II., 16 g, 56 a, 57 b, 73; Geber, astronomer, 11 b 48 c Gregory, exarch, 4 d
reformed, 58 d 111., 21 h; Augustus I., k. of Geeraerds, 69 a Glycas, Mich., 22 b Gregory I., the Great, 2 a, 3 d I 2?. &
Finden, 69 c Poland, 41 d, 44 f; II., 44 f, Geijer, 70 c Gneisenau, 53 c IL, 7 a, 11 b, e; III., 7 a
Finland, 45 a, 53 e 48 e ; William I., k. of Prussia, Geisa, of Hungary, 11 c; III., Goa, 26 a, 31 a, 39 a, 58 b, 59 c IV.,9a;V., Ua; VI.,VlI.,i:
Fioravami, 65 d 36 h, 44 c; IL, 44 c, 48 b, 53 of Sweden, 15 c Gobelin tapestry, 63 c a; VIII., 15 a; IX.,X.,16
Fire of London, 38 b c, 63 a, d, 73; III., 41 c, 53 c, Gelasius I., pope, 3 d; II., Goddard, 49 c XI., 19a; XII., 22 a; XIII. IblB.
Firoz, 3 f 73 ; the Wise, of Saxony, 28 15 a Godendach, F., 24 c 31 e; XIV., 31 e; XV., 351, iei
b, g; II., of Sicily, 16 h; III., Gelderland, 27 g Goderich, lord, 51 a Grenada captured by the French
Fisher, Bp., 26 c 18 1,21m; k. of Sweden, 44 e, Gellert, Gh. F., 65 c Godeschalcus, 9 a 46 b
Fischart, Joh., 61c 48 d; p. of Wales, 46 c Geneva, 6 e, 28 a, 35 e, 43 b, 47 Godfrey, sir Edmondsbury, 38 b; Urenville, earl, 42 e, 46 d, 51 a
Mi
Fitche, J. G., 70 a Frederickshall besieged by Charles b, 52 b of Bouillon, 13 b, 15 e 67 d
Fitton, 70 b NIL,44e Genoa, 17 1,21 1,27 a, 35 c, 39 Godomar, 3 a Gresham, Sir Thos., 59 c kin
Fitz-Geralds’ rebellion, 26 c Fredericksham, peace of, 53 b, e c, d, 43 f, 47 e ; sacked by the Godoy, don Manuel, 47 g, 51 c Gresset, 65 c
Fitzherbert, N., 60 d Free cities, progress of, 10 e; Franks, 3 c; acquired by Godwin, earl, 12 c; Wm., 67 d Gretry, A. E., 65 d
Fitz-Robert, William, 14 d companies, rise of, 57 b France, 50 a; French expelled Goes, Ant. van der, 65 b ; Hugo Greuze, 69 d
Flagellants, 16 i Freethinkers in England, 44 b from, 27 a; bequeathed to the van der, 24 c, 69 a Greville, botanist, 70 b
Flame), Nicholas, 19 b Freemasons’ lodges, origin of, in holy see, 13 a ; aristocratic re¬ Goethe, 63 e Grey, earl, 51 a, 66 b, n, 67 d
Flanders, 15 c, 21 f, 27 g, 28 e ; England, 57 d public in, 27 a Gohier, 70 c lady Jane, 30 c; sir Thos. felt.
invaded by French, 16 f; ceded Fresco painting revives in Italy, Genseric, 2 b Golconda, 29 f, 41 h 20 d
to Spain, 27 f; linen and 13 b Gentleman’s Mag., 63 e Gold mines in North America, Gribelin, Simon, 69 c
woollen manufacture in, 11 b; Freiburg, 39 c, 47 c Gentz, 67 d 67 b; of Brazil discovered, 41 k; Griefeld, earl of, 41 a
count of, 10 d Freminet, 69 e Geology, 70 b Mexico and Peru, 59 b; Sonora Grig, 8 b fen
Flatman, Thos., 69 d French-town, defeat at, 55 a George of Denmark, 42 d; I., of and Analoa, 49 e ; in Spain, Grijalva, 29 g
Flassan, 70 c Frey re, 55 b England, 42 d, 62 a ; II., 42 d; 57 c Grimaldi, minister, 47 g, 42 b
Flaxman, John, 64 e Frey tag, 67 e 111., 46 c, 50 b; IV., 50 b Goldeu bull promulgated, 18 g; mathematician, 64 c; Giov.
Flemming, Paul, 61 c Fribourg, canton, 52 b ; restored George, St., chevalier de, 46 c book, 56 a; horde, 17 h; league, 68 d
Fletcher, Giles, 61 a; John,61 a; to the Emp., 40 e ; joins the George Frederic, 32 g 32 b Grimoald, 4 c, d
Phineas, 61 a Swiss confederacy, 21 g George Pisides, 5 b Goldoni, Carlo, 65 b Gripsolm, 28 f
Fleurus, victory at, 50 a, 52 a Fridling, 42 c Georges, conspiracy of, 50 a Goletta taken, 33 c Grisons, canton, 52 b
Fleury, card., ministry of, 42 c ; Friedewalde, treaty of, 30 d Georgia, 17 f, 29 e, 33 d, 45 c, f, Gomar, dissensions of, 36 a Grocyn, 59 e
abbe, 64 d Friediand, 50 a, 53 e 49 b ; ceded to Persia, 37 a ; Gomarists, 35 h Grodno, diet of, 33 a, 44 f
“ Flibustiers,” commence depre¬ Friends of the People, society of, incorporated with Russia, 53 e, Gombette law published, 3 a Groningen, 27 g
dations, 41k 51 a 54 b, 66 b Gombroon, English factory at, Gronovius, 59 e
Flink, G., 69 b Fries, 70 a Georgium Sidus discovered, 70 b 34 a, 37 b, 49 b Grosbeereti, defeat at, 52 c
Flodden, 26 b Friesengen, Otho, bishop of, 15 b Gepida: join the Ostrogoths, 3 e; Gomez, 60 d Gros, le, 64 e
Flor, Roger de, 19 k Friesland, 27 g destroyed, 3 b Gondebald, 2 c, 3 a Groshead, Robert, 17 a
Gondebert, 4 d Gross, 69 d
52 c ; tenure of the duke of, yoke, 4 c Gerard, Fr., 69 d Gondemar, 4 b Gross-Jagersdorff, battle of, 48 b,
31 c, 58 a Friuli, duke of, 8 e Gerhard, count, 19 c Gonderic, 3 a Grostete, Robert, 17 a
Froberger, 65 d Gerhardt, Paul, 61 c Gondicar, 3 a Grotius, 11., 59 d, e
Florian, 65 c Frobisher, adm., 30 c Germain, 48 c Gondouin, 64 e Grumbach, conspiracy of, 32 c
Florida discovered, 29 g ; restored Froissart, 19 b, 22 b, 60 d Germaine de Foix, 27 d, f Gongora, Luis de, 61 b Gryphius, Andr., 61 c
to Spain, 46 c, 49 f; ceded to Fronde, factions of the, 34 b, 39 Germain en Laye, St., peace of, Gontran, 2 c Guadaloupe, 37 e, 39 c, 50 b
England, 46 c ; ceded toU.S., c, 58 a 30 d Gonzaga, 35 d, f Guarini, Giam., 59 e, 61 b
55 a Frondeurs, 34 b Germany, 4 c, 10 e, 12 e, 14 f, Gonzalo de Cordova, 20 b, 59 a Guarneri. musician, 60 f
16 g, 18 g, 21 h, 28 b, 32 c, Goolistan, peace of, 53 e, 54 b Guarnieri, duke, 18 i, 57 b
Florin, Fr., 69 a 10 c 36 c, 43 c, 47 c, 52 c, 67 c Goolnabad, battle at, 45 c Guastalla ceded to Don Philip
Frugoni, 65 b German emperors, 73 ; obtain the Goorgeen, revolt of, 45 c 42 d, 43 e
Fludd, Rob., 64 b Frundsberg, Geo. von, 59 a power of nominating to the holy Gooroo Govind ravages India, Gualimala, 55 b
Flushing in custody of the English, Fueger, 69 a see, 13 a; tribes, sixth great 45 d Guatimozin, 29 g
32 a, 36 a Fugger and Welser families, 59 c migration of, 3 e; empire, dis¬ Gore, Mrs., 65 a Guelf, 16 f, 18 i, 56 a
Fokein, revolts in, 54 e Fulbert of Chartres, 13 b solution of, 52 c, 66 a; league, Goree, 46 b, c Guercino, 68 d
Folengo, 61 b Fuller, Isaac, painter, 69 d; T., 52 c, 66 a, b; princes, confe¬ Goring, 34 a Guericke, Otto von, 64 c
Folkstone, lord, 51 a 60 d, 64 d deration of, 47 c, 48 b Gorm the Aged, of Denmark, 9 c, Guerillas, war of, 51 c, 67 a
Folkungur, house of, 17 d Fulton, 55 a, 67 c Germans divided, 8 g, 10 e, 28 b, 11 c, 56 a Guerin, 69 d
Fontainbleau, 28 e, 41 a, 60 e; Fulwell, 61 a 56 a Gorres, 67 d, 70 a Guernieri, F., 64 e
decree of, 50 a, 67 c Funding system, 46 d German des Pres, St., church of, Gortz, baron de, ministry of, Guernsey, retained by the Eng
Furst, 18 h 57 d 44 e lish, 20 e
Fontana, Dom., 60 e Furstenberg, cardinal, 40 e Gero, 10 e Gosford, earl, 55 c Guerrero, 55 b
Fontarabia besieged by the French,, Fuseli family, 69 a ; Henry, 69 c Gerontius, 2 a Gosius, 15 b Gueux, association of, 32 a
34 b, 35 b Fussen, 43 c Gerson, John Charlier de, 19 b, Goltenburg, 36 g, 48 c Guglielmi, Pet., 65 d
Fontenai, battle of, 8 e Futteh Ali Shah, 54 b, c 22 b, 24 a Gotthard, St., 40 g Guiana restored to France, 50 a.
Futtehpoor Sicri founded, 33 e Gerstenberg, 65 c Gothard Kettler, 33 a Guiccardini, 59 e, 60 d
Fontenoy, 42 d, 43 a Fylk Kongr, 7 c Gertruydenburg, conference at, Gothland conquered, 19 f Guido, k. of Italy, 8 e
Foote, Sam., 65 a 42 c Goths, Alemanni, and Saxons, Guidone, 68 b
Ford, John, 61 a Gabf.lle, 57 a Gesalic, 2 b league of, 56 b Guiennerestored to England, 18 (
Forge, de la, 64 b Gabriel Bathori, p. of Transyl Gesenius, 52 g, 67 e Goths, army of, cut to pieces by lost to France, 14 d
Fooli, Ansovino da, 68 d vania, 36 e Gesler, 18 h the Franks, 3 c Guignes, de, 64 d

Guinea discovered, 20 a
Guinegate, 26 c
Guiscard, Robert, 12 e
Guise, duke of, 30 d, 35 g, 39 g
Guizot, Fras., 67 d.e, 70 c
Guldenburg, ministry of, 48 c
Gundered, 10 c
Gunderic, 2 b
Gunilda, 32 f
Gundiing, 63 d
Gunpowder, 19 b, 20 d, 22 b,
57 b, 58 a
Gunpowder plot, 34 a
Gunther, 18 g
Si, Gustavus Vasa, 28 f, 58 a, 73;
Adolphus, 36 c, g, 59 a ; III.,
4 48 d, 62 a, 73; IV., 48 d, 53
b, 73
Guthrun, 8 a
Guyug, Khan, 17 n
Guzerat, kingdom of, 23 n, 26 a,
29 f, 33 e, 45 d
Gwalior captured by the English,
3i I 49 c
i I
Habeas Cobpus Act, 38 a, 42
d, 50 b, 51 a, 62 a
Habicht, 67 e
Habington, Wm., 61 a
Hacket, David, 57 d ; Phil., 69 a
Haco the Good, of Norway, 11
c; II., 13 c; V., 17 c; VII.,
17 c, 19 d; VIII., 19 d
Hagek, 32 c
Hagen, von der, 67 e
Hague, alliance, 43 a, e
Hainault, 27 g
Hakluyt, Rich., 60 a
Haland acquired by Sweden, 19 c
Halde, du, 63 e
Hales, Alexander of, 24 a
Hales, Steph., 64 c, 70 c
i Halidon Hill, battle of, 18 e
Halifax, lord, 42 e
Hall’s Chronicle, 6Q d
Hall, capt. Basil, 70 c
I Hallam, Henry, 70 c
i:"| Haller, C. L. von, 64 c, 67 d
o; ■ Halley, 64 c
; I Haluka, 17 m
Ham, defeat at, 20 c
Hamadan ceded to the Porte, 45 b
i Hamaker, 67 e
Hamann, 70 a
Hambois, Dr. J., 60 f
Hamburgh, 8 e, 17 b, 44 d, 48 d,
52 c, 59 e
Hamerken, Thomas, 22 b
Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, 30
b; William, 64 e, 69 c, 70 a ;
American, 49 f
Hamir, 23 n
Hammer, von, 70 c
Hammond, 65 a
Hampden, J., 34 a ; Dr., 70 a
Hampshire, New, granted to J.
Mason, 37 e
Hampton Court, 60 e, 64 e
Ilamzah, 33 c
Hamza Bey, 23 m
i,: Handel, G. F., 63 e, 65 d
n II
Handveste, first, 17 b, 56 a
'll ; Hanneman, Sam., 70 b
Hanover, charter for, 52 c ; house
M s of, 42 d ; conferred on theduke
id of Brunswick-Lunenburg, 40 e
Hanoverian electorate acknow¬
ledged, 43 c
Hanover taken possession of by
the French, 50 a ; occupied by
Prussians, 53 c
Hanseatic league, 16 g, 17 a, 24
d, 28 e, 32 e, 59 c
Hapsburgh, house of, 16 g, 21 h,
28 b, 58 b, 62 b, 73
Harcourt, count, 18 f
Ilardenburg, 53 c, 65 c, 66 a
Hardicanute, 12 c
Harding, 70 b
Hardouin, ville, 17 a
Hardyng, John, 22 b, 60 d
Hare, 70 c
Harfleur, taken, 20 d
Hargrave, James, 63 c
Hariri, 15 b
Harlow, victory at, 20 c
Harmenopulus, Constantinus, 19b
Haro, Conde de, ministry of, 35 b
Harold I., of England, 12 c ; II.,
12 c, 57 b
Harold II., of Denmark, 11 c;
III., 13 c; Ilarfragre, k. of
Norway, 7 c, 9 c, 11 c, 12 c,
56 a; III., of Norway, 13 c
Harper, 65 d
Harrington, Jno., 61 a; James,
63 d
Harris, James, 64 b ; Jno., 64 c
Harrow school, 59 e
Harrowby, lord, 51 a
Harry the minstrel, 61 a
Harry, blind, 24 b
Hartley, D., 64 b
Harun al Rachid, 6 d, 7 e, 9 e
Harvard college founded, 37 e
Harvey, Wm., 60 c
Hasan the Long, 23 m
Ilasein, sultan, 19 n
Hashem the Just, 6 c, 7 e
Hasein-Mirza, 23 1
Haslerig, sir Arthur, 34 a
'i Hasse, J. A., 65 d
Hastings, battle of, 12 c ; the
Dane, 8 a; lord, 54 d; War¬
ren, 46 c, 50 b
Hastonbek, victory at, 47 c
Hatfield, battle of, 4 a
Hats, party of in Sweden, 44 e,
48 d
Haugwitz, 53 c
Hauy, 67 e, 70 b
Havanna conquered by the Eng¬
lish, 46 c, 49 e
Haveus, Theod., 60 e
Havre de Grace, 30 d, 46 b
GENERA L INDEX. 79
Hawes, Stephen, 24 b, 61 a Ilillaire, Geoffroy, St., 70 b Hugo the Great, 10 d ; Victor, Inglis, sir Robert, 51 a, 67 d, 69 d Jamestown founded, 37 e
Hawke, adin., 42 d, 46 c Hilliard, Nic., 69 d 65 c, 67 e; count of Provence, Ingres, 69 d Jane d’Albert, 30 d
Hawkewood, sir John, 18 i, 57 b Hilton, 69 c 10 e Ingria ceded to Russia, 33 b, 45 a Jangez Khan, 17 n, 56 c
Hawkins, admiral, 30 c, 33 f; Himmalah, Chinese conquests ex¬ Hugolinus, 17 a Ingulphus, 13 b Janin, Jules, 65 c
J., 60 d tended to the, 49 d Huguenots, 30 d, 33 f, 34 a, b, Inigils, 6 a Janizaries,' 19 1, 23 k, 33 c, 37 a,
Hawskbury, lord, 51 a Himmel, 65 d 42 c, 63 c Innocent II., pope, 15 a; III., 45 b, 54 a, 57 b. 67 a
Hawksmoor, Nic., 64 e Hincmar, 24 a Hull, adm., 55 a 15 a; IV., 16 i; V., 16 i, Jansenists, 35 b, 40 a, 42 c, 44 b
Haydn, Jos., 65 d, 69 c Hind, 70 b Hullah, 65 d VI., 19 a ; VII., 22 a ; VIII., Jansenius, bishop of Ypres, 35 h
Hayman, Francis, 69 c Hindoos, revolt of, 41 h Hullmann, 67 e 22 a; IX., 31 e; X.,35h,40 Jauuarius, St., order of, instituted,
Hayraddin, Barbarossa, 29 d Hindostan, famine in, 23 n Humayun,e. of the Moguls, 29 f, a; XL, 40 a; XII., 40 a; 44 a _ ,
Hayti, kingdom of, 55 b Hire, Lawrence de la, 69 e 33 e XIII., 44 b Japan, first intercourse of the
Hayward, J., 60 d Hispaniola, colony at, 29 g Humbert, general, 50 b Inquisition, 16 i, 27 d, 56 c Dutch with, 36 a
Head, sir F., 55 c Hispanus, Peter, 24 a sHumboldt, baron, 70 b Inquisition in Modena, 48 a; Japanese embassy to the pope, 31 e
Hearne, Thos., 64 d - Historians, 19 b; English, 60 d, Hume, D., 63 e, 64 b, d ; Jos., Naples, 31 d, 47 f; Nether¬ Japanese trade lost by Portugal,
Heath, 69 c; sir R., 37 e 70 c ; French, 60 d, 64 d, 70 63 d, 51 a lands, 27 g; Portugal, 26 a; 35 b
Heber, Reg., 65 a c; German, 60 d; Italian, 60 Hummel, 65 d Parma, 47 f; Sicily, 27 d ; Jarchi, 15 b
Hebraists, 67 e d, 64 d ; Spanish. 60 d, 64 d Humphrey, duke, 20 d Spain, 20 b, 22 a, 51 c, 52 g; Jarcke, 67 d
Hebrides, 26 b, 11 c Hixem I., of Cordova, 10 c ; II., Hunald, 6 d Toulouse, 16 i; Tuscany, 47 e Jardin, Kaxel du, 69 b
Hedwig, q. of Poland, 19 g, 73 12 a; III., 12 a Hungarians, 9 c Inscriptions, Acad, des, 63 c .lardin des plantes, 64 c
Heeren, 67 e, 70 c Hoadly, bishop of Bangor, 44 b Hungary, 11 c, 13 c, 15 c, 17 g, Instrument of government, 38 a Jardine, 70 b
Heem, J. David, 69 b Hobbema, 69 b 19 h, 21k, 28 d, 32 d, 36 e, 43 Interim, 27 e, 28 b Jarnac, 30 d
Heerban of Charlemagne, 8 e Hobbes, Thos., 59 a, 64 b e, 47 d Investitures, 5 a, 12 c, e, 13 a, Jatinski, 36 i
Hegel, 67 d,e; G. W. F., 70 a Hoccleve, 24 b Hungary ceded to Austria, 41 f, 14 g, 15 a Java, 26 a, 32 a, 52 a
Ileideggen, 40 a Hoche, general, 50 b, 52 c 58 b; a fief of the Romish Ionian islands captured by the Jay, 49 f
Heilbronn, 32 c, 36 c Ilochkirchen, victory of, 48 b church, 13 a ; first hereditary English, 50 a, b; acquired by Jaya Chandra, 23 n
Hein, naval successes of, 36 a Hochot, 36 c king of, 11 c ; freed from taxes, France, 50 a; republic of, Jean-sans peur, duke of Bor-
Heine, 67 e Hochstedt, 42 c, 43 c 57 a: invaded by the Turks, 52 e, f; occupied by Russians, gundy, 20 e
Heinsius, 59 e; grand-pension¬ Ilody, H., 63 e 47 d ; laid waste by the Mon¬ 53 e Jeaurat, 70 b
ary, 40 c, 42 d, 43 a Hoek, J. van, 69 a gols, 17 f Ipsara taken, 54 a Jedburg founded, 14 c
Hejira.orflightofMohammed, 5d Hoemceophatic system, 70 b Hungerford market opened, 50 b Irak invaded by the Persians, Jefferson, president, 55 a, 67 d
Helena of Mecklenburg, 50 a; Hofer, 52 c Hunniades, John, 21 k, 22 g, 49 b Jeffrey of Monmouth, 15 b
St., discovery of, 26 a Hoffmann, Fr., 64 c, 67 e; E. 23 k Ireland, conquest of, 14 d; united Jeffreys, bloody assizes of, 38 b
Heligoland, ceded to England, Th. W., 65 c Huns compelled to embrace to England, 50 b ; the French Jehandar, shah, k. of India, 45 d
53 a Hoffmannsualdau, 61 c Christianity, 6 d ; ravage Ger¬ attempt the invasion of, 46 b, Jehangin, of Mogul, 37 c
Helraers, 65 b Hogarth, William, 69 c many and Italy, 10 e; White, 50 b; martial law in, 50 b ; Jelel ad din, 17 m ; Feroz, 23 n
Helmont, Bap. v., 60 c, 64 b Hogg, Jas., 65 a wars of with Parthia, 3 f; traded with, 17 h Jelaleddin Akbar, 37 c
Helvetian republic, 50 a, 52 b Hohenfreidburgh, victory of, 44 c invade Italy, 8 e Irene, 7 d, 9 d Jemappe, victory of, 52 a
Helvetian possessions lost by Hohenlinden, victory of, 52 c Hunt, H., 50 b, 66 a, 67 d ; L., Irish Catholics, revolt of, 34 a; Jena, victory of, 50 a, 52 c, 53 e
Austria, 21 g Hohenstaufen, house of, 14 f, 16 65 a church temporalities bill, 57 a; Jenner, Ed., 70 b
Helvetius, 48 a, 64 b g, 58 a, 73 Hunter, John, 70 b ; Wm., 70 b coercion bill, 51 a; invade Jenkinson, 67 d
Helvoet Sluys, v., 57 b, 18 e Hohenzollern, house of, 73 Huntley, earl of, revolts, 30 b England, 12 c; monasteries, 4 Jenkinson, Anthony, 33 d
HemansJMrs., 65 a Holbach, baron von, 64 b Hurmaz II., 3 f; III., 3 f a; parliament, independence Jenyns, 70 b
Hemling, Hans., 24 c Holbein, Hans,24 c, 59 e, 69 a, d Ilurwuntghur conquered, 29 f of acknowledged, 46 c; re¬ Jephson, 65 a
Hemoo, 33 e Holberg, Lud. v., 65 b Huskisson, Wm., 50 b, 66 d, 67 bellion, 50 b, 66 a ; volunteers, Jerome, of Prague, 21 i, 22 a ;
Hemsheck, J., 69 b Holcot, Robert, 24 a c, d armed associations of, 46 c Buonaparte, 50 a, 72
Hemsterhius, 63 e Holcroft, Thos., 65 a Huss, John, 21 i, 22 a Irishmen, united, society of, 50 b, Jersey retained by the English,
Holinshed's, R., Chronicle, 60 d
Ilenault, 64 d llussan Subah, 9 e, 13 e 51 a 20 e
Hendinos, 3 a Hollingshed, 59 e Hussanees, 9 e Irnerius, 15 b Jerusalem captured by the Arabs,
Hengist, 2 a Holkam house, Norfolk, 64 e Hussein, Shah sultan, of Persia, Iron mask, incarceration of, 62 c 5 c; Persians, 5 a, e ; by
Hengstenberg, 52 g Holkar, 49 c 41 g Irving, Washington, 65 a Saladin, 15 e; by the Turks,
Henrietta Maria, 34 a Holkar, house of, 54 d Hussein, Mohammed, 49 b Isaac, exarch of Ravenna, 4 d ; 13 e, f, 17 i; redeemed by
Henries, Three, war of, 30 d Holland, 27 g, 42 c, 47 a, 52 a Hussites, 16 i, 21 i, 31 e I., of Gr. empire, 13 d ; II., Rich., earl of Cornwall, 16 e ;
Henry, duke of Bavaria, 14 f Holland and Belgium, union of, Hutcheson, Thos., 64 b 15 d ; of Ghizni, lie; Hen., church of, lost to Christianity,
Henry’s administration in France, 52 a Hutchinson, Lucy, 64 d 24 c 5 a ; kingdom of, 13 b; mosque
62 a Holland joined to France, 50 a, b Ilutchinsonians, rise of, 44 b Isabella of Castile, 20 b; sister founded at, 5 d
Henry, duke of Anjou, 30 d Holland, Napoleon, kingdom of, Hutton, Charles, 64 e, 70 b of Charles V., 28 e; q. of Jervis, admiral, 50 b
Henry, Don, infante of Aragon, 66 a Hutton, V., 59 e Edward II., 18 e ; of France, Jesuits, 27 e, 39 a, 44 b, 46 b,
20 b Holland, earl of, 34 a; lord, 51 a ; Huygens, 64 c 35 a ; of Portugal, 27 f, 28 b ; 47 e, 52 f, 58 b, 61 d
Henry I., England, 14 d, 56 a ; sir N., 64 e Huysum, Jo. v., 69 b q. of Spain, 51 c, 72 Jesuits in Abyssinia, 35 h ; in
II., 14 d, 57 a, b; III., 16 e; Hollar, Wen., 69 c Hyde, earl of Clarendon, 38 b Isdegerdes II., 3 f America, 45 f; in Bohemia, 32
IV., 18 e, 20 d; V., 20 d ; Hollis, 34 a Hyde. Thos., 63 e Isidorus, historian, &c., 5 b c ; in China, 41 i; in France,
VI., 20 d, 61 a; VII., 20 d, Holstein, counts of, 22 d Hyder Ali, 49 c Ising, dynasty of, 37 d 30 d, 34 b, 46 b, 48 a ; in Hol¬
61 a ; VIII., 26 c, 58 a Holstein subdued by the Danes, Isle, F, Adam, 29 c land, 44 b ; in Hungary, 32 d ;
Henry I., France, 12 d, 72; II., 17 a; exchanged for Olden- Iberians, 2 b Ismail of Ghizne, 11 e ; shah, in Italy, 52 g; in Paraguay,
26 d, 30 d, 60 a, 72; III., 30 burgh and Delmenhorst, 48 c ; Ibrahim, khalif of Damascus, 7 e 29 c, e ; 11., k. of Persia, 33 d; 37 e; in Poland, 33 a; in
d. 60 a, 72; IV., 30 d, 34 b, overrun by the Russians and Ibrahim, sultan, 37 a ; pasha, Samani, 9 e Portugal, 26 a, 46 a, 48 a; in
59 c, 72; V., 72 Swedes, 53 a 54 a Ismail taken by the Russians, 48 Russia, 48 f, 53 e; Two Sici¬
Henry I., of Germany, 10 e; II., IIolstein-Gottorp, house of, 44 d, Ibry, 30 d f, 49 a lies, &c., 47 f, 48 a; Spain, 47
17 k ; III., emp., 12 e, 73; 48 d, f, 73 ; treaty of partition Iceland subjected, 17 e; founda¬ Ismailoff, embassy of, 45 e g, 43 a; in Switzerland, 35 a;
IV., 12 e, 14 f, 73; V., 14 f, of with Denmark, 28 e tion of the republic of, 9 c ; Isolani, 59 a in Sweden, 32 f; in Venice,
73; VI., 14 f, 73 Holstein-Oldenburg, count of, be¬ company, Danish, 36 f Ispahan, 19 m, 29 c, d, 33 d, 45 39 d
Ichangin, 23 m Jeswunt Zingh, rajah, 41 h
Henry I., emp. of Hayti, 55 b comes king of Denmark, 21 h c, 60 a, e
Henry I., of Castile, 16 b, i; II., Holte, Thos., 60 e Ichan, shah, 23 m 1 stria, defeat off, 14 f Jeux, Academia de, 19 b
of Leon and Castile, 18 c; III., Holy alliance, 52 d, 53 c, 66 b Iconium, kingdom of, 15 e Istria, d’, Capo, 54 a Jewels, grant to the p. of Wales
18 c; IV., 20 b Holy league, 26 c, 27 a, f, 28 b, Ida, king of Bernicia, 2 a Institute, French national, 67 e for, 51 a
Henry of Luxemburgh, 18 g ; of 58 b Iffland, A. W., 65 c Italian cities begin to form into Jewish nation, congress of, 52 g
Meisnia, 16 g ; I., of Navarre, Holyrood house founded, 14 c Iglau, compact of, 21 i free republics, 4 d; cities, Jews, bill in favour of, 51 a; acts
16 b; Frederic, stadt. Ne¬ Holywood, John, 17 a Ignatius Loyola, 27 e league of, 14 f; republics, 8 e, for naturalising, 46 d ; persecu¬
therlands, 36 a ; k. of Portu¬ Home, Sir E., 70 b Igor of Russia, 11 c 50 a, 52 e ; opera in Paris, 64 tion of, 4 b, 13 a, 14 d, 16 e, i,
gal, 31 a ; d. of Saxony, 14 f; Home, H., 64 b Ildefonso, historian and moralist, a ; in London, 64 a 18 f, 22 a, 26 a, 27 d, 48 a,
of Thuringia, 16 g; of Valois, Homer, edited in Athens, 22 b 5b Italy, 4d, 6 e, 10 e, 14 f, 16 f, 57 a
k. of Poland, 33 a; of Hunt¬ Homs, defeat at, 54 a Ildefonso, St., pacification of, 46 31 c, 35 c, 39 d, 43 g, 52 e Joachim, margrave of Branden¬
ingdon, 15 b Hone, 51 a a, 47 g Italy, ravaged by the Franks, 3 c ; burg, 32 g ; I. of Prussia, 73 ;
Henry, Robt., 64 d ; Patr., 63 d Hongre, !e, 64 e Hek, 13 e southern, subject to the Greek 11., 73
Henslow, rev. J. S., 70 b Honorius and Arcadius divide the Illiger, 70 b empire, 9 d ; invaded by the Joachim-Frederic, 36 h, 73
Henzi, conspiracy of, 43 b Roman world, 3 e Illinois joins the Union, 55 a Huns and Saracens, 8 e, 10 e ; Joan, pope, 9 a
Hepburn, earl of Bothwell, 30 b Honorius I., pope, 5 a; II., 15 Illuminati, rise of the society of, invaded by the Lombards, 3 d, Joanes, Juan de, 69 c
Heraclius, 5c; prince of Geor¬ a; III., 16 i; IV., 16 i; the 47 c 6 e ; invaded by the Ostrogoths, Joanna, of Castile, 27 f, 31b;
gia. 48 f Mystic, 24 a Illyrian provinces, 50 a, 52 c 3 c, e ; treaty for the neutrality 1., queen of Naples, 18 k; II.,
Herald’s college founded, 19 b Hontanon, 60 e Imad al Daulah, lie of, 47 e 21 m ; queen of Navarre, 16 b
Herat, 29 e, 33 d, 45 c, 54 b Hood, admiral, 46 b, 50 h Image worship, 7 a, d Ithaca, 52 e Jodelle, Et., 61 c
Herbart, 70 a Hooft, Piet. Corn., 61 c Imams, descent of, 5 e Ivan I., of Russia, 22 h, 73 ; II., John d’Albret, 27 f; of Alexan¬
Herbelot, 63 e, 64 d Hoogley, English factory at, 41 h Imperial chamber, 28 b, 58 c 73; III., 73; IV., c. of Rus¬ dria, 5b; I., of Aragon, 18 b;
Herbert, lord, of Cherbury, 60 d, Hoogvliet, 65 b Imperial family statutes, 50 a sia, 29 b, 33 b, 58 a, 59 a ; Don, of Austria, 31 b, 32 a,
64 b Hook, Nath., 64 c, d ; Th., 65 a Imprimerie Royale, 26 d V., and Peter, emp. of Russia, 39 b ; of Bohemia, 18 i ; duke
Herculaneum, 64 a, e Hooker, botanist, 70 b Ina, 4 a, 6 a 41 e; VI., emp. of Russia, of Burgundy, 21 f; II., of
Herder, 63 e, 64 b, 65 c, 70 a Hopital, 1’, 30 d Incas, 29 g 45 a Castile, 20 b; of Damascus,
Hereditary fiefs, 8 e; nobility Hope, 70 b, entom. Incendiary fires, 50 b Ivanovitseh, Dimitry, 19 i 7 b; king of Denmark, 22 c ;
formed, 8 e Hops in England, 59 b Inchbald, Eliz., 65 a Ivara, F., 64 e king of England, 14 d, 16 e,
Hereward, 12 c Hormisdas, 3 d, f Incledon, 65 d Ivrea, margravate of, 12 e 56 a ; king of France, 18 f, 72 ;
Herman, 67 e Horn, baron, 48 d In Coena Domini, 27 e, 31 e, 35 Ivry, victory of, 30 d -» 1., Comnenus, Gr. emp., 15 d;
Hermandad, 20 b, 58 c Horn, count, 32 a ; gen., 59 a h, 48 a Palreologus, 191; Cantacuzene,
Hermann, 69 a Horne, 29 d Income tax, 50 b, 66 d Jaafar, khan, k. of Persia, 49 b 19 1; VII., 23 i ; Latin emp.,
Hermannus-Contractus, 13 b Horneck, Ottocarde, 19 b India, 29 f, 33 e, 37 c, 41 h, 49 Jachiel, Nalhau ben, 15 b 17 k; I, of Leon and Castile,
Hermeric, 2 b Horsa, 2 a c, 54 d ; act for the govern¬ Jackson, Andrew, 55 a ; general, 18 c ; Gaston, de Medici, of
Hermes, 65 c Horsfield, 70 b ment of, 49 c ; British influ¬ 55 a, 66 a; J., 69 c; eng., Tuscany, 43 g; II., Navarre,
Herrenhausen, 42 c, 44 c, e Horsley, 65 d ence universal in, 54 d ; com¬ 69 c 20 b; of Padua, 60 e; Albert,
Heirenhutters, rise of, 44 b Ilortense, 72 merce of, shared by Alexandria Jacob II., Ar., 18 b ; k. of king of Poland, 22 g; Casimir,
Herrera, Ant., 59 e, 60 d ; Fern, Horticultural societies, 67 b and Constantinople, 5 d Sicily, 16 h of Poland, 41 d ; I., pope, 3 d;
de, 61 b Hoskins, John, 69 d India, East, company, Danish, Jacobi, 65 c 11., 3d; III., 3d; IV., 5a;
Herrick, Rob., 61 a Hospinian, 31 e 44 d ; Dutch, 36 a, 37 c ; Jacobin principles, spread in V., 5 a ; VI., 7 a; VII., 7 a;
Herschel, sir Wm., 46 c, 64 a, c, Hossein, 5 d English, 30 c, 37 c, 41 h, 54 Italy, 47 e; clubs, 46 b, 50 a VIII., 9 a; IX., 9 a ; X., 11a;
70 b ; sir John, 70 b Hoste, capt., 50 b d; French, 39 c, 46 b, 63 c; Jacobinism, edicts against, 48 b XI., 11 a; XII., 11a; XIII.,
Here, 65 d Hotel des Invalids, 39 c, 63 a,64e Swedish, 44 e Jacobins, sway of, 46 b 11a; XIV., 11 a j XV., 11 a;
Hesdin taken, 30 d Hotham, admiral, 50 b India, governor-general appointed Jacobites, victory of, 38 b ; in¬ XVI., 11 a; XVIII., 13 a:
Hess, Hen., 69 a Hotspur, 20 c for, 36 a; overrun by the surrections of, in England, 42 XIX., 13 a; XXI., 16i; XXII.,
Hesse Cassel, k. of Sweden be¬ House and Window tax, 62 d Mahrattas, 45 d; invaded by c, d 19 a; XXIII., 22 a ; I., of Por¬
comes prince of, 43 c Houstan, 55 b the Persians, 45 c; Seiks ra¬ Jacqueline of Hainault, 20 d tugal, 18 a, 20a, 72 ; II., 20 a,
Heveningham, 34 a Hoveden, Roger de, 15 b vage, 45 d ; Portuguese in, 58 Jacquerie, 18 f, 19 b, 56 a, 57 c 58 a; 111.,26 a,31 a ; IV., 35a,
Hewson, conspiracy of, 45 f Howard, sir E., 26 c ; lord, 30 c ; b; invaded by Tamerlane, 23 Jacques I., emp. of Hayti, 55 b 39 a, 72; V., 42 a, 72; VI.,
Hexham, battle of, 20 d painter, 69 c n; missions sent to, 44 b; Jaffa stormed, 15 e 51 b, 72 ; Plato, of Ravenna,
Heyne, Hein., 65 c, 67 e Howe, adm., 47 g, 50 b ; general, passage to discovered, 22 b Jagellon, house of, 19 g, 21 i, 22 4 d; king of Sweden, 17 d;
Heywood, Jno., 61 a ; Thos., 61 a 46 c Indemnity, act of, 42 d g, 28 c, 33 a 111., 32 f, 73; Sigismond, of
Hieres, naval victory in the bay Huber, 70 b Independents, rise of, 31 e Jaleladdin Akbar, 33 e Transylvania, 32 d, 73
of, 42 d, 50 b Hubertsburgh, peace of, 47 c, 48 Index Expurgatorius abolished, Jamaica taken by the English, 38 John, St., of Jerusalem, order of,
Hieroglyphics, phonetic, 67 e b, 62 b 46 a b, 41 k, 62 b, 63 c 15 a, 19 k
Higden, Rainulph, 19 b ; Ralph, Hudson, Jo., 63 e Indiana joins the Union, 55 a Jamblichus translated, 24 a Johnson, Sam., 65 a, 70 b;
61 a Hudson’s bay discovered, 37 e; Indigo, act for the cultivation of, James I., of Aragon, 16 b general, 55 a
O’Higgins, 55 b ceded to England, 45 f; com¬ 45 f James I., k. of England, 34 a, 58 Joinville, John de, 16 i, 17 a,
High commission, court of, in pany, English, 41k Indore taken, 54 d a; II., 38 b, 42d, 62 a 19 b
Scotland, 34 a Huerta, Vine. Garc. de la, 65 b Indulf, king of Scotland, 10 b James I., k. of Scotland, 20 c, 61 Joliba, expedition to explore the,
Highland Host, 38 c Hugh, brother to Phil, I. of Indulgences, 27 e, 38 b a; II., 20 c; III., 20 c; IV., 70 c
Highlands devastated by the France, 12 d Infernal machine, 50 a 20 c; V., 26 b; VI., 30 b Jolintha, 16 g
English, 42 d I Hugh of Vermandois, 13 b Ingelend, T., 61 a Jameson, George, 69 d; prof., Jomine, gen., 67 a
Hildebrand, 6 e, 13 a I Hughes, Th., 61 a lngelstrdm, 53 e 70 b Jomsberg, 11 c, 15 c
 t

80 GENE IIA v INDEX.

Jllfl*1
Jomelli, 65 d Kesselsdorf, 43 c Ladislas I., of Hungary, 13 c ; Legge, chancellor of the exche¬ subjugated by Sweden, 36 g, Luden, 67 d
Jones,. Gale, 51 a ; Inigo, 60 e; lvetilmundson, Matth., 19 d of Naples, 18 k; IV., of Poland, quer, 46 d 62 b Ludlam executed, 51 a Jliilf
sir W., 65 a Keux, Le, 69 c 36 i Leghorn, 27 c, 35 d Livonian knights, 17 e, 28 g, Ludlow, defeat at, 20 d jliiai®
Jonkoping, peace of, 53 a Ivexholm taken, 36 g, i Laennec, R. T., 70 b Legion of Honour, 50 a, 67 a 33 a Ludlow, Edm., 64 d
Jonson, Ben., 59 e, 61 a Khaja Jehan, 23 n Lafayette, 46 b, 49 f, 55 a, 62 a, Legislation and jurisprudence, 56 Livingston’s, Ed., penal code for Ludovico, 21 1 C««
Jordaens, Jacob, 69 a Khalifat, 7 e, 9 e, 11 e, 12 a, 13 67 a c, 58 c, 62 c, 66 c Louisiana, 66 c Lugosch, battle at, 47 d, 49 a
Jordan, Mrs., 65 a g 56 a Lafeldt, general, 42 c, 43 a Legitimists, catholic, 67 d ; pro- Livingstone, sir Alex., 20 c Luitbert, 6 e jljstff
Jorgens, 59 c Khalifs, 15 f, 17 m, 56 b Lagos, cape, victory off, 46 c testant, 67 d Llewellin, king of Wales, 16 e Luitbrand, the Lombard, 6 e (tip
Joscelyn, 15 e Khalil, sultan, 23 1 Lagrange, 67 e, 70 b Legnano, battle of, 14 f L’Lorente, 70 c Luitprand, historian, 11 b
Jliw
Jose, Ant., 65 b Khanian era, 19 n Lahore, kingdom of, 23 n, 29 f, Leibnitz, 44 c, 64 c Lloyd, 70 b Luke, St., society of, 68 a
Joseph I., of Germany, 43 c, 73 ; Kharizm independent, 15 f; sul¬ 54 c Leicester, earl of, 30 c, 32 a, 60 a Loans, forced, 34 a, 50 a, 66 d Lulli, Raymond, 24 a
II., 47 c, 62 c, d ; I., of Hun¬ tans of, 17 m Lairesse, Gerhard, 69 b Leighton, 34 a Lobeira, Pasco, 24 b Luna, Don Alvaro de, 20 b
Leignitz, victory at, 48 b Lock, Matt., 65 d lltjs?
gary, 43 e; Emanuel, of Por¬ Kherim khan Fund, king of Per¬ Lake, commander, 54 d Lunablad, 70 c cm
tugal, 42 a, 72 ; I., king of the sia, 49 b Lalande, 64 c Leipsic, 36 c, 50 a, 52 c, 59 a; Locke, John, 63 d Luneville, peace of, 50 a, 52 c,
Romans, 40 e; Napoleon, of Khilji dynasty, 23 n Lalljestraele, 65 b fairs, 59 c Loder, 65 d 66 b ijii
Spain, 50 a, 51 c, 72 Khitan, 17 n Lally, 46 b, 49 c Leith, 30 b Lodge, Thos., 61 a Lupton, T., 61 a
Josephine, q. of Napoleon, 50 a, Khondemir, 23 1 Lamarck, 70 b Leland, J., 59 e, 60 d Lodi, victories at, 52 e Lupus, bishop, 10 a
tjtk
72 Khorassan overrun, 33 c; in¬ Lamartine, 65 c Lelewel, Joach., 70 c Lodi Khan, 37 c Lusatia ceded to Saxony, 36 c
Lely, Peter, 69 d Lodi, Ibrahim, 29 f Jilt®
Josse of Moravia, 21 h vaded by the Persians, 49 b ; Lamb, Chas., 65 a Lusiad published, 31 a {tltol1
Jourdan, general, 50 a, 52 a, b, c reduced by the Persians, 29 e; Lambert, 64 b; king of Italy, 8 e Lemercier, 65 c Lodomiria acquired by Austria, Lussac, 70 b
kill
Journal des Savans, 63 e by the Tartars, 19 m Lambertini, pope Benedict XIV., Lemigius, 4 d 47 c, 48 e Lutf Ali Khan, king of Persia, 111
Jouvenet, J., 69 d Khosroo, revolt of, 37 c 44 b Leo I., Gr. emp., 3 c ; II., 3 e; Lofft, Capel, 67 d 49 b, 54 b
111
Jovius, Paul, 60 b, d Khuzetan ceded to the Porte, Lammenais, de, 67 d, 70 a III. , the Isaurian, 6 e, 7 d ; Logan, 61 e Luther, 27 e, 28 b, 59 e, 60 f, 61 jlilitli
Judges, twelve, appointed, 56 c 45 b Lam piero, Domenico, 68 d IV. , 7 d ; V., Arminian, 9 d ; Logic, Aristotle’s, comes into re¬ c, d
VI. , 11 d Jlilfc
Judicial combats suppressed, 16 f Kia King, 54 e Lancaster, house of, 18 e, 20 d, 71 pute, 15 b Lutheranism, 27 e, 28 b, e, f,
Leo II., pope, 5 a; III., 7 a; Logie, Margaret, 18 d Jiltln
Judicial torture, 19 b, 47 c, 56 c Kiachta, 63 c Lancaster executed, 18 e 59 d
fltlill
Julian, count, 6 c Kidd, Dr. 70 a, b Lancers, 59 a IV., 9a; V., 11a; VI., 11a; Logothetes, Georg. Acrop., 17 a Lutter, 36 c
Jill
Julian of Toledo, 5 b ; II., 27 c Kiel, peace of, 53 a Lando, pope, 11a VII. , 11 a; VIII., 11 a; IX., Lohetjstein, 61 c Liitzen, 36 c, g, 50 a, 52 c, 59 a
lift
Juliana Maria, 48 c Kielmeyer, C. Fr. v., 70 b Landon, Miss, 65 a 13 a; X., 27 e; XI., 35 h ; Lollards persecuted, 20 d, 26 c Luxemburg, 27 g, 39 c, 40 b, 60 e Villet,
Juliers, duchy of, 36 c Kien-Long, emp. of China, 45 e, Lands, Conrad, 57 b XII., 52 g Lombard cities, struggle of, 16 f; Luxemburgh, house of, 18 g, 73
Julius III., pope, 31 e 49 d, 54 e Landseer, 69 c Leo, 63 e; grammarian, 13 b; kingdom, 3 b, 4 d, 6 e, 27 a, Luxuries, manners, and customs, <
Leon., 65 d 60 a, 64 a !*»
Jumla Khan, conquests of, 41 h Kilbournou ceded to Russia, 48 f Lanfranc, 13 b, 24 a, 57 d 35 f, 43 i
Hike
Jumma Musjeed built, 37 c Kilij Arslan, 15 d Lanfranco, Giov., 68 b, d Leon, kingdom of, 6 c, 10 c, 12 a Lombards successful against the Luynes, de, 34 b
Langara, defeat of, 47 g Leon and Castile, 16 b, 18 c Greeks and Franks,3b; invade Luzan, Ign. de, 65 b W
Juno discovered, 70 b Killykrankie, 38 b jili-ti
Junot at Lisbon, 50 a, 51 b Kilmarnock, lord, executed, 42 d Langendyk, Pet., 65 b Leon-Dufour, 70 b Italy, 3 b; settle in Pannonia, Luzzara, 43 i
Leonard of Pisa, 22 b 3e Luzzi, Mondini de, 19 b til
Junius, letters of, 46 c, 63 d Kilwarden, lord, chief justice, Langles, 67 e Hlai
Junta, administrative, 51 b 51 a Langtoft, Peter de, 19 b Leoni, Giac., 64 e Lombardy acquired by the French, Lyamon, 24 b
Langton, Stephen, 16 e, 17 a Leonicenus, Nic., 60 c Jtf
Jury, trial by, 8 a, 30 a, 56 c, 62 King’s Bench, 16 e, 38 a, 56 c 52 c, e ; ceded to Austria, 42 c, Lydgate, 24 b, 61 a
Ijii
a, 66 a, c Kinker, 65 b Languedoc, 6 d, 16 f, 39 c Leontius, 5 c, 19 b 62 b Lyly, Jno., 61 a
Languet, H., 59 d Leopold I., king of Belgium, 50 b, Lombardus, Peter, 24 a IjEi
Jurisprudence, 56 c, 58 c, 62 b Kinloss founded, 14 c Lyndhurst, lord, 51 a, 67 d
Jurje II., 17 h Kioprili, rise of the family of, 41 f Lanner, 65 d 52 a, 62 a ; I., emp. of Germ., Loncarty, victory of, 10 b Lyonne, 39 c
JusConsuetudinarium Tlungariaj, Kiovia, capture of, 19 i Lannes, general, 50 a 40 e, g, 43 c ; II., 47 c ; II., London, bishopric of, founded, Lyons, council at, 16 i; peace of, |
28 d Kiow burnt, 17 f; ceded to Rus¬ Latinoy, 27 d grand duke of Tuscany, 52 e, 3 d ; bridge, 50 b, 64 e ; first 35 e; riot at, 50 a ; treaty of, i
62 c Jil*
Jussieu, 70 b sia, 41 e Lansdowne, marquis, 51 a, 67 d charter of, 24 d, 56 a ; obtains 34 b ; declares against the Na- t
Lantern, battles of, 52 c Leovigild, 2 b the right to elect its own mayor, tional Convention, 50 a; cap- jj Jilts
Justices of Assize instituted, 56 c Kiov, grand duke of, 13 c Mel
Justiciary reformed in Spain,20 b Kipchak, khan of, 17 h, n, 19 i, Lanzi, 70 c Lepanto, 31 b, c, d, 33 c, 59 a 16 e; mayor of, first titled ‘ lord,’ tured by the Republicans, 50 a
Justin, 3 e ; II., 3 e 22 h Lanzknechte, 59 a Leppi, 61 b 18 e; tower of, built, 57 d; Lyra, Nicholas de, 19 b
Laon, 10 d, 50 a Lerambert, 64 e treaty of, 50 a, 55 a Lyttleton, Geo., lord, 65 a Han.
Justinian 3 e; convokes the fifth Kippis, Dr. And., 70 c
Jilin
council of Constantinople, 3 d; Kirby, 70 a, b Laondo settled, 31a Lerma, duke of, 31 a, 35 b Longhi, 68 b
Laplace, 67 e Lescot, 60 e Longinus, 3 c Jili nl
war of, with the Ostrogoths, Kirk-Klisseh, defeat of, 54 a
Lapland conquered, 17 d Lesghi, war with, 53 e Longitudes, Bureau of, 67 e Mably, 64 d Hinli
3 c; pandects and code of laws Kisf, Carl, 65 b
Lapo, Arnolf di, 17 a, 57 d Lesko king of Poland, 17 f; II., Longjumeau, peace of, 30 d fated
of, 3 e ; II., 5 c, 7 d Kisfaludy, Alex., 65 b Mabeuze, John de, 69 a, d
Justiza, 56 a Lappenberg, Dr., 70 c 17 f; IV., 9 c, 11 c Longlands, Thomas, 24 b Macao, 26 a ih:
Kitts, St., settled, 37 e
Jutes, 2 a Lardner, 70 b Lessing, G. E., 63 e, 64 b, 65 c Long parliament, 34 a, 38 b Macartney’s, lord, embassy to j Hieit
Klaproth, 67 e
Laiistan acquired by Turkey, 37 c Lesson, 70 b Longueville imprisoned, 34 b China, 49 d, 50 b KUDO,
Jutland, 11 c, 28 e Kleber, 54 a
Klein, 65 d Lascaris, John, 17 1; Constantine, Lestock, adm., 42 d Loots, 65 b Macbeck, Jno., 60 f Him
Kaaba, Mohammed’s pilgrimage Kleist, 65 c 22 b; Theodore, 17 1 Lestocq, fall of, 45 a Lord of the Isles, 26 b Macbeth, 12 b Bill
to, 5 d Klinger, 65 c Las Casas, 29 g, 70 c Leti, 64 d Lorenzetto, 60 e Macdiarmid, Jo., 70 c Jtonj
Kabul possessed by Baber, 29 f Lascy, general, 44 e Letti, 17 e Lormc, Philibert de, 60 e Macdonald, general, 52 c line
Klober, 67 d
Kader, khalif, 11 e, 13 e Klopstock, 65 c Lassen, 67 e Letters of Majesty, 36 d; of Lorraine, Claude, 68 b, 69 e Macdonough, capt., 55 a Untie
K ad jar dynasty, 54 b Kloster-Zeven, abrogation of the Lasso, Orl., 60 f Marque, first, 16 a, 56 b Lorraine, house of, 47 c, 52 c, 73; Macduff, 12 b til:
Kaher, khalif, 11 e Lateran council, 15 a; second, Lettres de Cachet, 62 a duke of, 34 b, 39 c, 40 e, g Mace, Thos., 65 d Ms.
convention of, 46 c
Kahler, 70 a Kneller, Godfrey, 69 c 15 a; third, 15 a; fourth, 16 i; Leuchtenberg, duke de, 51 b, 72 Lorraine divided, 8 e ; invaded, Macedonian dynasty, 9 d, 13 d Men
Kahoul, defeat of, 49 a Knigge, 64 b fifth, 27 e Leuthen, 48 b 30 d; obtained by France, 42 c, Machiavelli, 27 c, 59 a, d, e, 60
Kaifong Fu, 17 n Knight errands, 13 b Latham, 70 b Leuwenhoek, 64 c 43 c, 46 b, 62 b ; ceded to d, 61 b Ham,
Kai Khatu, 17 m Knights of St. John dissolved, Latimer, 59 e Levant Company chartered, 30 c Germany, 8 g Machinery applied to the indus¬ Hay
Kaikobad, 23 n 26 c Latin empire, 17 k, 56 b Levesque, 70 c Lothaire, king of France, 10 d, trial arts in England, 63 c, 67 c 1b I
Kaim, khalif, 13 e Knights templars, 15 a, 18 b, f, Latin language superseded by the Lewes, battle at, 16 e 72; k. of Italy, 10 e; II., of Machuca, 60 e link
Kaisersberg, John Geller v., 24 b 19 a Teutonic, 4 c ; by the French, Lewis, M. G., 65 a Germ., 14 f, 56 a ; II., of Lor¬ Mack, general, 52 c kill
Kalderoon, 29 c, e Knighton, Henry, 19 b 62 b; commanded to be used Lexington, skirmish at, 49 f raine, 8 e Mackenzie, rebel, 55 c JKISi
Kalil Bey, 23 m Knobelsdorf, 53 c in divine service, 5 a ; discon¬ Lex Regia sanctioned, 41 a Lothiaus, the, subdued, 6 b Mackintosh, sir J., 65 d, 67 d, e, ISItlf
Kalka, defeat on, 17 h Knolles, R., 60 d tinued by act of pari., 42 d Leyden, Lucas van, 69 b Lotteries, 64 a 70 a, c Iiili
Kalisch, 19 f, 41 c, 45 a, 53 e Knout introduced into Russia, Laud, 34 a Leyden, dissensions at, 35 h Lotto, Lorenzo, 68 c Macklin, Ch., 65 a til,
Kalkbrenner, 65 d 29 b Lauderdale, 38 b, 51 a Liberation, war of, 53 e Lorris, William of, 24 b Macleay, 70 b Sim,
Kalliwoda, 65 d Knowle, 60 e Lauenburg, duchy of, 53 a Liberum veto, first instance of, Loudon, 34 b Macoa recovered by Portugal, Ut
Kam-Hi, of China, 41 i, 45 e Knowles, S., 65 a Lauremberg, 61c 41 d ; confirmed, 48 e Louis II., of Anjou, 18 k ; of Ba¬ 39 a Hstli
Kaminiek ceded to Turkey, 41 Knox, American, 49 f; John, 26 Laurentius, 3 d Libraries, public, increase, 19 b varia, 18 g; II.,k. of Bohemia, Macomb, general, 55 a Intel
d, f; to Poland, 41 f b, 31 e, 59 e Lausanne, 28 a Libraries founded, 22 b 28 c; of Brunswick, prince, 47 Macpherson, Jas., 65 a Cull
Kandahar, revolt of Afghans in, Knut, king of Denmark, 13 c Lautrec, 27 d Library of the Fatimites, 7 b; of a; II., of France, 8 f, 72 ; III., Macready, 65 a kill,
45 c ; acquired by Persia, 29 e, Knutson, Charles, 22 e Lavaleja, 55 b Cordova, 7 b; of Matthias Cor- 8 f, 72; IV., 10 d, 72; V., 10 Maczieiowicz, defeat at, 53 e Inn
37 b, 45 c ; reduced by the Knyvett, Mrs., 65 d Lavoisier, 67 e, 70 b vinus burnt, 28 d; of the Pa¬ d, 72; VI., 14 e, 72; VII., Madain, conquest of, 5 e
Tartars, 19 m ; attacked by the Kock, Jos., 69 a; Paul de, 65 c, Law’s bank in France, 62 d, 63 c ; latine sent to Rome, 35 h 14 e, 72; VIII., 16 f, 72 ; Maddy, 70 b fed
Usbeks, 37 c 70 c Mississippi bank, 42 c ; Missis¬ Libri, Girolamo dai, 24 c IX., 16 f, 72; X., 72; XI., Madeira colonised, 20 a
Kanikoff, 53 e Kochanowski, 61 c sippi scheme, 42 c Licensing system, Napoleon’s, 20e, 72; Xll.,20e,72; XIII., Mademo, Car., 60 e Si,
Kansfi-Ghori, 29 c, d Koeppen, 70 a I,awes, Hen., 65 d 50 a 34 b, 72; XIV., 34 b, 39 c,42 Madison, James, 55 a kii;
Kant, Emmanuel, 52 g, 67 d, e, Kohbrausch, 70 c Lawrence, sir Thomas, 69 c; capt., Lichtenstein, Ulrich v., 24 b c, 62 b, c, 64 a, 72 ; XV.,41c, Madoc, 29 g W,i
70 a Kondemir, 22 b 55 a Licinio, Gio. Antonio, 68 c 42 c, 46 b, 72; XVI., 46 b, 72; Madonna di San Sisto, 69 a bdi
Karacoram, 17 n Konigsberg, 17 e, 53 e Laws, projects for general codes Lidner, 65 b XVII., 72; X VIII., 67 a, 72 Madoo Rao, 49 c 'Kill
Karamites, 9 e, lie Konigsmark, 36 d of, in the language of the Liege, revolution in, 47 c ; taken Louis Philippe, king of the French, Madras founded, 37 c
Karamsin, Nik., 65 b, 70 c Koniyeh, battle of, 54 a people, 62 c; of Alfred the by Marlborough, 42 d 50 a, 67 a Madrid, treaty of, 27 f; insurrec¬ bit
Kara Mustapha Kioprili,41 f Koran, publication of, 5 b, d Great, 56 c; Aragon code of, Light horse, 63 a Louis the Pious, emp. of the tion in, 47 g; entered by the
Kara Ulugh Othman, 23 m Koributh, 22 g 56 c; first code of, in Britain, Lignitz, battle of, 17 f West, 8 e English and Portuguese, 42 b ;
Kandesh, kingdom of, founded, Korsakow, 52 c, 53 e 4 a ; of Charlemagne, 56 c ; of Ligny, defeat at, 50 a, 53 c Louis I., of Germany, 73 ; the entered by Murat, 51 c ; cap¬
23 n Kosegarten, 65 c Edward the Confessor, 56 c; Ligorio, Pirro, 60 e German, 8 g, 73 ; the Child, tured by Ramiro II., 10 c; cap¬ «c,(
Karelia ceded to Russia, 45 a Koskiusco, 48 e, 53 c English, foundation of, 56 c ; Ligurian republic acknowledged, 8 g, 73; IV., 10 e tured by Wellington, 51 b; c »jk
Karism reduced by the Tartars, Kossova, defeat near, 21 k French, foundation of, 56 c; 50 a Louis Napoleon, k. of Holland, Madrones discovered, 29 g toiuci
19 m Ko-tou, 54 e of Justinian, 3 e; improved by Lilburne, 34 a 50 a, 52 a, 72 Maffei, Scipio, 65 b
Karismian Turks, 17 i Kotzebue, 52 c, 65 c, 66 a Leovigild, 2 b; Lombard code Lille acquired by France, 39 b, Louis the Great, king of Hungary, Mafra, monastery of, 64 e
Kasan, siege of, 29 b, 33 b Krarnach, Lucas, 59 e, 69 a of, published, 5b; Roman, 43 a 19 g, h, 56 a, 57 c Magdalene of France, 26 b
Kasova, victory of, 19 1 Krasicki, 65 b comes into general use, 19 b ; Lille, Alan of, 17 a Louis II., k. of Italy, 8 e; emp. Magdeburg ceded to Branden-i
Kasvin, capital of Persia, 33 d Krause, 70 a introduction of the Roman and Lilly, 59 e, 60 a of Italy, 10 e burg, 36 c ; taken by the im¬ bad
Katsbach, defeat on, 52 c Kray, general, 52 c canon, 56 c ; revisal of Russian Limburg, 27 g Louis of Nassau, 32 a perialists, 36 h ; acquired by
Kaufman, Angelika, 69 a Krazinpki, 48 e code,36 k; new code of,in Savoy, Limerick, 38 b Louis-Philip, Egalite, d. of Or¬ Prussia, 41 c
Kaulbach, 69 a Kremlin fortified, 22 h 47 e ; Saxon code of, published, Linacre, 59 e leans, 72 Magelhaens, 29 g, 60 a
Kaunitz, count, ministry of, 47 c Kretschmann, 65 c 5 b; code of, for Sweden, 56 c ; Lincoln’s Inn, 64 e Louis, king of Sicily, 18 1; k. of Magi oppress Persarmenia, 3 f Jtji
Kean, Edm., 65 a Kreuzer, 65 d first written, promulgated at Lincoln, battle of, 14 d Spain, 72 Magianism gives way to Moham¬ , i!
Keats, Jno., 65 a Klim Gherai, 49 a Vislicza, 19 g ; of Waldemar, Lindau ceded to Bavaria, 52 c Louis, mount, peace of, 14 d medanism, 5 e tea
Keble, 65 a KristnaRay raja, 29 f 17 b Lindesferne, 6 a, 57 d Louisburg taken by the English, Magiars, or Hungarians, 9 c
Kehl restored to the Empire, 40 e Ivronenburg, castle of, 32 e Layamon, 15 b Lindley, 65 d, 70 b 45 f Magic practised, 19 b fc
Keightley, 70 c Krotzka, 43 e Laybach, congress at, 52 d Lingard, 70 c Louisiana ceded to France, 45 f, Magister Sententiarum, 24 a
Keiser, R., 65 d Krug, 70 a Layer executed, 42 d Linna, 19 b 50 a, 51 c; transferred to Spain, Magister, Thomas, 19 b
Kelly, II., 65 a; W., 63 c Kruswiez, dukes of, 9 c Leach, entom., 70 b Linnaeus, 44 e, 64 c 46 c; purchased by U. S., Magna Charta, 16 e, 56 a, 57 a
Kellgren, 65 b Kublai Khan, 17 n Leader, 67 d Linva, 2 b, 4 b 55 a Magnates, insurrection of, 47 d bin
Kelso founded, 14 c Kudah fortified, 36 i League of Augsburg, 39 c, 40 Linz fortified, 67 a Louvel, 50 a Magnenus, J. C., 60 b, 64 b
Kemble, Jno. P., 65 a; Chas., Kufa, war at, 5 d c, e ; of Cambray, 26 c, 28 b ; Lippe-Buckeburg, count de la, Louvais, war minister in France, Magnus I., the Good, of Norway
65 a ; Fanny, 65 a Kultub ad din, 15 f Catholic, 36 c ; Catholic, op¬ 46 a 39 c, 63 a , 13 c; II., 13 c; III., 13 c bit
Kemeni, 40 g Kunnersdorf, defeat of, 48 b, f posed to that of Smalcald,28 b ; Lippi, Fra Filippo, 24 c, 68 a Louvet, 65 c, 70 c 15 c ; Smek, king of Norway S
Krempfer, 41 g, 64 a Kuhersky, 69 a wars of the, 58 a ; Scotch, 34 a; Lipsius, J., 59 d, 60 b Louvre at Paris, 26 d, 60 e 19 d ; I., of Sweden, 17 d ■tin,
Kempis, Thomas a, 22 b, 24 a Kurdistan added to the Ottoman Triple, 38 b, 39 c, 40 b Lisbon, 14 b, 39 a, b, 48 a, 59 c Lovat, lord, executed, 42 d Magyar war-system, 21 k Si
Kenilworth, 60 e empire, 29 c Learmont, Thomas, 17 a Lisbon destroyed by an earth¬ Lovelace, Rich., 61 a Mahadajee Sindia, 54 d
Kenmure, lord, executed, 42 d ,1!
Kur Khan, 15 f Lebrun, Pig., 65 c quake, 46 a; patriarchate of, Lovino, Bernardin, 68 d Mahicbandra Rantone, 23 n Si
Kennet, W„ 64 d Kurnaul, battle of, 45 c Lecapenus, lid 42 a Lowositz, defeat at, 47 c Mahmoudiah canal, 54 a Na
Kenneth of Scotland, 8b; III.,, Kutahia, peace of, 66 b Lech, 36 c Lisle, Rouget de, 65 d Loyset, 24 c Mahmood, of Cabul,54 c; sultar
10 a, b; IV., 10 b Kutchuk-Kainardji, peace of, 48 Leek, 3 a Liston, 65 a Lubeck, 17 b, 28 e, 52 c of Ghizni, 11 e, 13 f, 23 n ; I.
Kent, kingdom of, 2 a, 4 a f, 49 a, 62 b Lecomte, 64 e Litanies first used, 3 d Lublin burnt, 17 f, 41 c; high Ott. Emp., 45 b, 49 a; II.
Kent large county meeting, 51 a Kutteb ab din, 23 n Leczinska, q. of Louis XV., 42 c Literature, 9 b, 11 a, 13 b, 15 b, court of, 33 a 54 a •at,
Kent, earl of, 18 e ; Wm., 64 e KutusofF, 53 e Lee, Dr., 67 e; gen., 46 c ; Nath., 17 a, 19 b, 22 b, 67 e Lubormirski, revolt of, 41 d Mahmud Shah, 29 f
Kentucky admitted into the Union , Kyd, Thos., 61 a 65 a; Wm., 59 c Lithuania, 19 g, i ; incorporated Lucaris, Cyrilus, 35 h Mahommed Khodabandeh, 19 n
49 f Lefevre, 69 d with Poland, 29 a, 33 a ; laid Lucas, 34 a Mahommedans in Spain, 6 c
Kenwulf, 8 a „ Laah, Peter von, 69 b Legal government, first great ef¬ waste by the Russians, 41 d; Lucca restored to independence, Mahratta power, rise of, 41 h
Kepler, 32 e, 59 e, 60 c Lacepede, 70 b fort towards, 16 e overrun by the Swedes, 44 e 18 g; silk manufacture at, 16 f Mahrattas overrun India, 45 d jb
Keppel, adrn., 46 b s
Lacretelle, Ch., 70 c Legates, papal, sent to the various Liverpool railway opened, 50 b Lucerne, 18 h, 52 b war of England with, 54 d'
Kerkholm, 36 g, i Lacroix, de, 65 c courts of Europe, 13 a Liverpool, lord, 51 a, 67 d Lucie, St., 39 c; ceded to England, 62 b
Kerman, 29 e Lacy, lloger de, 16 f Legation, disputes respecting Livonia ceded to Russia, 45 a; 50 a, b Mahteddi, khalif, 9 e
Kertsch ceded to Russia, 48 f Ladbrog, Ragnor, 9 c 1.58
rights of, 44 a invaded by the Saxons, 44 f; Lucius II., pope, 15 a; III., 15 a Mahu, Steph., 24 c k
 GENERAL INDEX. 81
Mailath, count, 65 b poleon, 50 a, 52 e, 72 ; I., q. Mayors of the palace, 2 c, 4 c, Michael Coribut Wiepnowifki, of f; Mehdi, 7 e ; Raghib Pashaj Morpeth, lord, 67 d
Maillotins, 56 a of Portugal, 46 a ; da Gloria, 56 a Poland, 41 d ministry of, 49 a; Tooghlek, Mortimer, conspiracy of, 18 e
Mail posts in Prussia, 67 c q. of Portugal, 51 b, 72; queen Mayronis, Fr., 24 a Michael Romanoff, czar, 36 k 23 n Mortimer, earl, 20 d ; John, 69 c;
Maimonides of Cordova, 15 b of Sicily, 18 1 ; queen of Sigis- Mazanderan ceded to Russia, 45 a Michael I., Gr. emp., 9 d ; II., Mohammedanism, progress of, 5 marshal, 50 a
Maine colonised, 37 e; joins the mund, 19 g Mazarine, 34 b, 39 c, 58 a, b 9 d; III., 9 d; IV., 13 d; a, d Morton, 30 b
Union, 55 a Maria-Theresa, 39 b, c, 43 d, 62 Mazarins, 34 b V., 13 d; VI., 13 d; VII., Mohammedans, divisions among, Morveau, Guyton de, 70 1)
Mairet, J., 61 c a, b, c, 72 Mazzeppa, revolt of, 45 a 13 d 9 e ; in India, 23 n Mosaic painting revives in Italy,
Maistre, le, 67 d, 70 a Maria, S., Novella, church of, Mazzusla, Francesco, 68 c Michael, St., church of, at Pavia, Mohs, Fried., 70 b 13 b
Maittaire, M., 63 e built, 57 d Meal-tub plot, 38 b 57 d Moine, Fran, le, 69 d Mosca, 65 d
Maitre Roux, 69 e Mariana, J., 59 d, e, 60 d Mecca, 11 e, 29 c, 54 a Michaelis, 63 e Moiz ad din, 23 n Moschelles, 65 d
Majano, Benedetto, 22 b ; Giulio Marianburg becomes the capital Mechanics’ institutions, 50 b, 67 c Michelozzi, 22 b Moktedi, khalif, 13 e Moschopulus, Eman., 22 b
da, 57 d of Prussia, 19 f; ceded to Po¬ Mecherino, 68 b Mickiewicz, Ad.,-65 b Mol, Peter van, 69 a Moscow founded, 15 c; burnt,
Majesty, title of, first assumed by land, 22 f Mechlin, 27 g Mickle, W. J., 65 a Moldavia occupied by Russians, 17 f, 33 b, 53 e; garrisoned by
Charles V., 28 b Marianus Scotus, 13 b Mecontens, 30 d Microscope invented, 64 c 48 f, 49 a, 53 e, 54 b ; lost to the Poles, 36 i; besieged by
Malacca discovered, 26 a ; taken Marianwerder, league of, 22 f Media, a province of the Par¬ Middlesex, earl of, 34 a Russia, 45 a the Tartars, 29 b
by the Dutch, 35 b; Dutch Marignano, victory of, 26 d, 27 a thian empire, 3 f Middleton Conyers, 63 e Moliere, J. B., 65 c Moser, Just., 63 d, 64 d
settlements in, 36 a ; captured Marin, pope, 9 a Mediation, the act of, 52 b Middleton, Jno., 61 a; Richard, Molinos, 40 a Moslems baptized, 27 f
by the English, 50 b Marine, 57 b, 63 a; school at Medical science, 60 c 17 a Molisch, 54 a Mosque founded at Jerusalem, 5 c
Malatesta family, 27 b Rochefort, 63 a Medicine and astrology, college Miecislas I., of Poland, 10 e, 11 Molitor, 70 a Moss, convention, 53 a
Malcolm, John, 70 c ; of Cum¬ Mariner’s compass improved, 19 b of, 19 b c, e; II., 13 c; III., 15 c, Moluccas conquered by the Most Faithful Blajesty, title of
berland, 10 a ; I., of Scotland, Marino, Giam., 61 b Mtklecin, Ecole de, 64 e 17 f Dutch, 35 a, 36 a ; captured assumed, 42 a
10 b; II., 10 b, 12 b ; 111., Maritime law of England, 53 e Medici, 18 i, k, 21 1, 27 c, 58 b Mieris, Fr. v., 69 b by the English, 50 b ; ceded to Mosul conquered by Turkey, 37 a
12 b; IV., 14 c Maritime search, armed neutrality Medici, Alexander de, 27 c; Mignet, 67 e, 70 c Portugal, 26 a Motadhed Billah, khalif, 9 e
Maleolus, 22 b against, 48 d, f Cath. de, 60 a; Cosmo de, 21 Migrations of the German tribes, Mollwitz, victory of, 44 c, 43 d, Motaki, khalif, lie
Maldachini, Olympia, 35 h Mark ceded to Prussia, 41 c 1, 31 e, 59 c; Ferdinand de, II., 3 b, e s 63 d Motassem, khalif, 9 e
Malebranche, Nic., 64 b Marlborough, duke of, 42 d, e, 39 e; Giulio, 21 1; Lorenzo Miguel, Don, 50 a, 66 a, 72 Monachism, 16 k Motawakel, khalif, 9 e
Malek Umber, 37 c 43 a de, 21 1, 27 c ; Mary de, 34 b ; Milas, 52 c Monarchies, absolute, 62 a Mothe, Franp de la, 64 b, 65 c
Malik raja Faruki, 23 n Marlowe, 59 e, 61 a Pietro de, 21 1, 27 c; Sylves¬ Milessimo, victory at, 52 e Monarchy abolished in England, Moultan, 29 f, 49 c, 54 c
Mallebois, general, 42 c, 43 c Marmont, general, 50 a ter de, 18 i Milan, 14 f, 26 d, 27 a, 35 f, 43 34 a Mountain, party of the, 50 a
Mallet, Dav., 65 a Marmontel, 65 c Medina, Khalifs at, 5 d ; subject i, 56 a, 67 e Monasteries become numerous, 5 Mountjoy, lord, 30 c
Malmsbury, lord, 50 b Marot, Cl., 59 e, 61 c to the sultans, 29 c ; taken, 54 a Milan decree, 50 b ; acquired by a, 9 a; suppressed in England, Mourad Bey, revolt of, 49 a
Malmo, treaty of, 28 e Marozia, 10 e Medina-Celi, duke de, 31 d, 39 b Austria, 43 c, f, h; taken by 26 c ; dissolution of in Ger¬ Mouton, J., 24 c
Malone, Edw., 65 a Marquez, 55 b Medina Sidonia, duke of, 31 b the French, 43 i; ceded to many, 47 c; dissolved in Por¬ Mowbray, Roger de, 12 b
Malplaquet, 42 d Marriage act, royal, 46 c Mediterranean, dominion of se¬ France, 52 c; taken by the tugal, 51 b; abolished in Spain, Mozambique settled, 26 c
Malt-tax causes riots in Scotland, Marriages, early, premiums offered cured by the English, 50 b French and Spaniards, 43 i; 51 c ; restored in Spain, 52 g Mozart, 65 d
42 d on, 35 b Medwall, H., 61 a sacked by the Franks, 3 c; a Monastic vows prohibited in Muattemed, khalif, 9 e
Malta given to the knights of Marriotte, 64 c Meer Ashrat, of Persia, 45 c Spanish province, 27 a; in¬ France, 48 a Muattez, khalif, 9 e
Rhodes, 27 d, 29 c ; occupied Marsaglia, 39 c, f Meer Mahmood, k. of Persia, 45 c vaded by the Swiss, 28 a Monboddo, lord, 64 b Mubarik, 23 n
by the French, 50 a ; acquired Marseilles pillaged by the Nor¬ Meersburgh, battle at, 11c Militia, American, 67 a Monckton, general, 49 f Mubarikabad, built, 23 n
by England, 50 b, 54 a, 63 c ; mans, 8 e; besieged, 26 d, 28 b Meer-Weis, k. of the Afghans, Militia Burgher, 59 a Monpon, treaty of, 36 b Mufti head of the spiritual power,
occupied by Saracens, 10 e; Marshall, 70 c 45 c Militia in England, 21 h, 34 a, Moncontour, 30 d 19 1; deposes the sultan, 37 a
besieged by the Turks, 31 c, d, Marshall, Alex., 69 d Mehdi, Mohammed, 7 e 46 c, 51 a, 57 b; permanent Mondovi, victory at, 52 e Muhlburg, battle of, 28 b
33 c Marshman, J., 67 e Mehemed Ali’s expedition against French, 16 f Monembasia besieged, 39 d Muktader, khalif, 11 e
Maltebrun, 70 c Marsilius, 19 b, 24 a the sultan Mahmood II., 66 b Military conscription in France, Money, nominal value of raised, Muktefi, khalif, 11 e
Malvasia, 27 b Marston, Jno., 61a Mehul, 65 d 67 a ; government in England, 41 b Mulgrave, lord, 51a
Malverhal Nahr, sultan of, 9 e Marston-Moor, 34 a Meinhard, 21 i 38 a; revolutions in Spain, Mongarten, battle of, 57 b Miilhaussen, 28 a, 39 c, 40 e
M alvezzi, 39 g Marsy, Casp., 64 e Meisnia, Henry of, 16 g Portugal, &c., 67 a ; system, Monge, 67 c, e, 70 b Muller, 65 d
Malwa, 29 f, 33 e, 45 d Martel, Charles, 6 e, d, 7 e, 16 Meister-singers, 24 b 44 c, 63 a; tactics, new sys¬ Mongols, 56 b; invade China, Muller, Ad., 67 d ; A., 65 c
Malwynawe, Rodri, 6 a 17 h, 56 a Melanchthon, 27 e, 31 e, 59 e, tem of, 59 a ; uniforms, 59 a 17 n ; invade Europe, 17 f, h ; Muller, J. G. von, 65 c, 69 a ; F.
Malz ad din, 11 e Martens, 70 c 60 b, 61 d Mill, James, 70 c power of declines, 19 n von, 65 c, 69 a
Mamelukes, 49 a, 54 a, 56 b ; de¬ Martignac, ministry of, 50 a, 67d Melbourne, viset., 51 a, 66 a, Millar, Dr., 70 c Moniteur, the, 67 d, e Mulwa, kingdom of, founded, 23 n
feated near Aleppo, 29 c; rule Martin, painter, 69 c ; San, 55 b ; 67 d Millenarians, rise of, 35 h, 38 b Monk, gen., 38 b Muniments burnt at Moscow, 41 e
in Egypt, 17 i; in Syria, 17 m V. Ar., 18 b, 1, 20 b Melchtal, 18 h Miller, A,, 59 e; John, 70 c Monks greatly increase, 5 a Munich taken, 36 e, 52 c
Mammett, 70 b Martin I., pope, 5 a ; II., 9 a; Melek Shah, 13 f Milman, H. H., 65 a, 70 c Monks and clergy, quarrels of, Miinnich, ministry of, 45 a
Mamun, khalif, 9 e III., 11 a; IV., 10 i; V., 22a Melilla besieged by the Moors, Mira, 17 n 10 a \ Munster, negotiations at, 36 e
Man, isle of, annexed to the Martin, k. of Sicily, 18 1 47 g Milton, 59 d, 61 a Monmouth, rebellion of, 38 b Munster, compact for the secu¬
crown, 46 c Martin’s, St., church, London, Melissus, Paul, 61 c Mina, 51 c Monomachus, 13 d larisation of, 53 c
Man, rights of, Paine’s, 46 b, c 64 a Mello, don Francisco de, 35 g Minas Geraes’ gold mines dis¬ Monmouth, Jeffrey of, 24 b Muntesser, khalif, 9 e
Manchester, earl of, 34 a Martini, V., 65 d; J. B., 65 d Meloria, victory of, 16 f covered, 39 a Monnier, le, 64 c Miinzer, Thomas, 28 b, 58 a
Manchester political meetings, 51 Martinique, 37 e, 39 c Melozzi, 68 d Mincio, victory on the, 52 c Monro, 70 b Municipal corporations reform
a, 66 a Martinique, captured by the Eng¬ Melrose founded, 14 c Minden, defeat of, 46 b, 47 c Monroe, president, 55 a bill, 51 a
Mander, Charles van, 69 b lish, 46 b, 49 e, 50 b Melville, lord, impeached, 51 a Mineralogy, 70 b Monsen Puelle, victory of, 18 f Municipal system, Roman, over¬
Mandeville, sir John, 24 b Martinistes, 48 a Mending, 24 c Mines worked in Bohemia and Monsignori, Francesco, 68 c ; thrown, 56 a
Manesse, Rudiger v., 24 b Martino, Simone di, 24 c, 68 a Memmi, Lippo, 24 c, 68 a; Hungary, 57 c Girolamo, 68 c Municipal regulations in Prussia,
Manetti, Gian., 24 b Martinuzzi, 28 d, 32 d Simone, 68 b Ming, dynasty of, 37 d Monsigny, P. A., 65 d 67 c
Manfred, 16 h Martyn, anat., 70 b Mendicants established at Ox¬ Mini, Antonio, 68 a Monstrelet, 22 b Municipalities in France, 56 a,
Mangu Khan, 17 n Marvel, And., 61 a ford, 16 e, 17 a Ministerialists, 66 a Montague, Basil, 66 c, 70 b 62 d, 63 c, 66 a
Manhatten founded, 37 e Marwar conquered, 33 e Mendoza, viceroy of N. Spain, Ministers answerable to parlia¬ Montaigne, Mich, de, 59 e, 60 b Murad I., Ottoman emp., 19 1,
Manilla burnt, 31 b, 33 f; con¬ Mary, q. of England, 30 c; II., 29 g; Hurtado de, 60 d, 61 b ment, 56 a ; first example of Montalbert’s system of fortifica¬ 57 b ; II., 23 k; III., 33 c;
quered by the English, 46 c ; 38 b ; of Guise, 26 b, 30 b ; Menehould, St., peace of, 34 b impeachment in France, 66 a tion, 63 a IV., 37 a
restored to Spain, 46 c q. of Scotland, 26 b, 30 b ; of Meneses, F. X. de, 65 b Ministry, the Cabal, 38 b Mont-Cassel, 39 c, 40 b Murad Bey, 49 c ; Buksh, 37 c
Manilla galleon taken by Anson, York, 38 b Mengs, Raphael, 68 b Minnesingers, 17 a, 24 b Monteagle, la, 67 d Murat, Achilles, 67 d ; grand-
42 d, 45 f Maryland granted to lord Balti¬ Menou, general, 54 a Mino, 68 b Montecuculi, 40 g duke of Cleves, 52 c ; king of
Mansart, Franf., 64 e; Jul. FI., more, 37 e Mentz, first archbishop of, 7 b Minorca acquired by England, Montemayor, Jorge de, 61 b Naples, 50 e, 52 f
64 e Masaccio, 24 c, 68 a Mentz seized by the French, 52 42 b, d, 46 b, c, 47 g, 50 b Monte-Murlo, 27 c Muratori, 64 d
Mansfeldt, count, 32 d, 36 c Masand, 13 f, 15 f c ; sedition at, 14 f Minorca restored to Spain, 46 c Monte Notte, victory at, 52 e Murchison, 70 b
Mantegna, Andrea, 24 c, 68 c Masaniello, 35 g, 58 a Menzel, k. ad, 70 c Minot, Laurence, 24 b Montesquieu, 46 b, 62 c, 63 d, e, Murdoch, 20 c
Carlo del, 68 c Mascarenha, 31 a Menzel, Wolfg., 65 c, 70 c Minsters built, 57 d 64 d Murhard, 67 d
Mantel 1, 70 b Masdeu, 70 c MenzikofF, prince, ministry of, Minstrels'in England, 17 a Montevevde, Cl. de, 60 f Murillo, 69 c
Mantua occupied by the Austrians Masi di S., Giovanni, 68 a 45 a Minstrels, court of, 19 b Montezuma, 29 g Muris, John de, 24 c
43 f, h ; capitulates to the Maskelyne, Nevil, 70 b Mercandante, 65 d Mint, national, in Arabia, 5 d Montferrat succession, wars of, Murphy, Arthur, 65 a, 70 c
French, 52 c Masks, 61 a Blerchant Taylor’s school, 59 e Minto, lord, 54 d 35 a Murray, sir G., 51 a, 67 d
Mantuan war of succession, 34 b, Mason, J., 37 e; Wm., 65 a Merchant, adventurers, society of, Mirabeau, 46 b, 67 d, e Montfort, Simon de, 16 e, f Musa, 6 c
35 b, c, d, e, f, g, 58 b Masos, 13 c 24 d Miranda, Saa de, 61 b Montgolfier’s air-balloon, 64 a Musa al Hadi, 7 e
Manuel I., Greek emp., 15 d; II., Masovia united to Poland, 29 a Mercia, kingdom of, 2 a, 4 a Miravelt, Mich., 69 b Montgomery, general, 49 f; Jas., Musa khan, 19 n
19 k, 23 i Mass, canon of, instituted, 3 d Mercier, le, 60 e, 65 c Mirbel, 70 b 65 a Muscat, 26 a
Manuel excluded from the cham¬ Massachusetts bay colonised, 37 e Merida, revolts in, 8 c Mirkond, 22 b, 23 1 Montholon, 70 c Musee, Napoleon, 67 e
ber of deputies, 50 a Massena, gen., 50 a, 51 b, 52 c Merimee, 65 c Mirza Jani Bek, 33 e Monthly chronicle, 67 d Museo Borbonico, 64 e; Capi-
Manuel, Juan, 24 b Massenbach, 70 c Merino sheep introduced into Misnia, margravate of, founded, Monti, Vine., 65 b tolino, 64 e; Pio-Clementiano,
Manufactures, Austrian, flourish¬ Masseres, Fr., 70 b Spain, 19 b 10 e Montlhery, battle of, 20 e 64 e
it
ing period of, 63 c, 67 c; Massinger, Ph., 59 e, 61 a Merli, faction of, 39 g Missi dominici created, 8 g Montlieu, Blaise de, 60 d Museum, British, 46 b, 63 e
American, 67 c ; Danish, 44 d ; Massovia a polish fief, 19 g Merovingians, 2 c, 4 c, 6 d, 56 a Missionary society, native, of N. Montpelier, treaty of, 34 b Museums founded, 64 e
first in Egypt, 67 c ; English, Masovian line, founder of, 17 f Merovius, 2 c America, 52 g; English, found¬ Montreal captured by the Eng¬ Music, 24 c, 60 f, 63 e, 65 d.
59 c, 67 a ; in France, encou¬ Mastys, Quintin, 69 a Mersch, van der, 47 a ed, 52 g lish, 46 b ; riots at, 55 c Music, roy. acad. of, 65 d
raged by Napoleon, 67 c ; in¬ Mathematics, 60 c, 64 c, 67 e, Merton, statute of, 57 c Missionaries to China, &c., 45 e, Montrose, marquis, 34 a, 38 b Music, Flemish school of, 60 f
troduced into Poland, 67 c ; in 70 b Merville, 65 c 63 e Montserrat settled, 37 e Musical notation invented, 24 c;
Prussia, 67 c ; in Russia, etc., Mathias, archduke, 32 a, 36 c Merwan I., 5 d ; II., 7 e Missionaries sent to England by Montserrat, marquis, 17 i notes printed, 24 c ; scale in¬
63 c, 67 c ; Spanish, decline of, Mathias, emp. of Germany, 36 c, Mery, 65 c pope Gregory, 2 a, 3 d Mooltanconq.by the Moguls, 33 e vented, 13 b ; time, founder of,
59 c; in Sweden, 36 g, 59 c 73 Meshed, defeat at, 49 b Missions, college for foreign, 20 a Moore, sir John, 51 b; sir T., 24 c
Manzoni, Aless., 65 b Matilda, daughter of Henry I., Mesmer, Ant., 64 c Mississippi first descended, 41k; 59 d; Til., 65 a ; Jno., 65 a Musicians, English, 60 f, 65 d ;
Mar, earl of, 20 c 13 a, 14 d Mesopotamia added to the Otto¬ scheme, 42 c ; company, Fr., Moors in North Africa, 26 a ; op¬ French, 65 d ; German, 60 f,
Mar, La, 55 b Mattheis, Nic., 65 d man empire, 29 c ; reduced by 45 f; joins the Union, 55 a pressed, 27 f; expelled from 65 d ; Italian, 60 f, 65 d ;
Marais, theatre du, 67 c Matthews, 65 a ; ndm., 42 d the Persians, 29 e Missolonghi, 54 a Spain, 35 b Spanish, 65 d ; Venetian, 65 d
Maranon explored, 37 e; Com¬ Matthias Corvin, k. of Hungary, Messina blockaded, 39 g ; mono¬ Missouri joins the Union, 55 a Morales, Luis, 60 d, 69 c Musiq., Acad, de, 63 e
pany incorporated, 49 e 21 k polises the silk exports, 39 g Mitford, M. R., 65 a Moralities, or moral plays, 61 a Muskets, brought into use, 37 b,
Marat, 50 a, 67 d Matthison, 65 c Messis, Quinten, 24 c Mitford, Wm., 64 d, 70 c Morastein, assembly at, 19 e 59 a
Maratta, Carlo, 68 b Maturin, Wm., 65 a Mfisy, M. de, governor of Canada, Moawiah II., 5 d Morat, defeat at, 20 e, 21 f, g Muskiroan, 19 n
Marback, league of, 21 h Maud, 14 d 41 k Modena, 35 f, 52 e Moratin, Nic. Fern, de, 65 b Mustagin, khalif, 9 e
Marburg, protestant university of, Maunegato, 6 c Metals, art of transmuting, 19 b Modena, Barnabo da, 68 c; Moratin, Leand. Fem., 65 b Mustali, khalif, 13 b, e
28 b Maurepas, ministry of, 46 b Metaphysicians, 70 a Setafino d6 Serefiuo da, 68 c; Moravians, 16 i, 31 e, 44 b Mustanjed, 15 f
Marbuse, John, 69 a, d Maurice, 67 e Metastasio, Pietro, 65 b Pelegrino da, 68 c Moray, 30 b Mustansar, 17 m
Marcello, 65 d Maurice, Gr. emp., 3 e, 5 c Methodists, rise of, 44 b Mogul dynasty, 33 e; empire, Morazan, 55 b Mustanzi, 15 f
Marcellus II., pope, 31 e Maurice of Nassau, 36 a; of Methodism, rules of, 44 b 33 e, 37 c, 58 b, 62 b More, II., 64 b ; Thos., 59 e Mustapha Kiuprili, 40 g
Marcels, 18 f, 56 a Orange, 32 a, 36 a, 59 Methodus, 9 a Moguls, great, 29 f Morea, revolt of, 49 a, 54 a Mustapha I., sultan, 37 a; II.,
March, count de la, 16 f elctor of Saxony, 28 b, 31 Methuen treaty, 63 c Mohabet khan, 37 c Morea, expedition of the French 41 f, 45 b; III., 49 a; IV.,
f March, fields of, 56 a 58 b ; T., 70 c Metrical romances, 24 b Mohammed, 5 d ; assumes the to the, 50 b; conquered by the 54 a
i 11 Marchetti, 24 c Mauritania captured by the Arabs, Metternich, 52 c, 66 a, b character of prophet, 5 d; Turks, 23 i, 43 f, 45 b ; given Mustasem, 17 m
Muteia, khalif, lie
■
v Marcian, 3 e 5 d Metz, 30 d, 32 c, 34 b flight from Mecca, 5 d up to Venice, 39 d, 41 f
Marciano, defeat at, 31 c Mauritius, conquest of, 50 b, 54 d Metzu, Gabriel, 69 b Mohammed, of Cordova, 12 a Moreau, general, 50 a, 52 c Mustekfi, khalif, 11 e, 15 f
Marco, St., palace of, 57 d Mauro, St., 52 e Meunier attempts to kill the Mohammed al Mehdi in Egypt, Moreland, George, 69 c Mustershid, 15 f
Marcomanni, league of, 56 b Maurus, Rhabanus, 24 a Louis Philippe, 50 a 11 e Morene, Francesco, 24 c Muzeffer Shah, 23 n, 33 e
Marengo, victory of, 52 c Maxen, victory of, 47 c Mexico acquired by Spain, 59 c; Mohammed I., of Grenada, 16 e; Moreto, Aug., 61 b Mysore, kingdom of, 49 c, 54 <1
Margaret of Anjou, 20 d ; sister Maximilian I., emp., 21 h, 28 b, discovered, 29 g, 33 f; in¬ II., 16 c Morgan, lady, 65 a Mystery, first in Italy, 24 b ; in
of Edgar Atheling, 12 b; of 29 b, 58 b, 59 a, c, 73; II., vaded, 27 f, 29 g Mohammed I., Ott. emp., 23 k ; Morgan, buccaneer, 41 k England, France, &c., 24 b
Austria, 27 g ; queen of Den¬ emp. of Germ., 32 q Mexico declares itself indepen¬ 11., 23 k; III., 33 c, 37 a; Morgarten, battle of, 18 h, 59 a Mystical naturalists, 64 b
mark, etc., 19 c, 22 d ; of Eng¬ Maximus, theologian, 5 b dent, 51 c IV., 37 a, 41 f Morgen, 68 b Mysticism, 19 b, 22 b, 24 a,
land, 26 a, c ; queen of Na¬ May, Thos., 64 d Mexicans, revolt of, 41 k Mohammed, khalif of Persia, 15 Mori, 65 d 52 g
varre, 61c Mayence, book trade at, 24 d ; Meyer, 70 b f; shah, of Persia, 54 b; Moriale, Fra., 57 b Mystics, 24 a, 40 a, 64 b, 70 a
Marguerite de Valais, 60 d taken, 36 c ; retaken by the Meyerbeer, 65 d 1., of Spain, 8 c ; Abou- Moriamur pro rege nostro Maria Mytilene conquered by the Turks,
Maria, John, 21 1; Philip, 21 1 Prussians, 50 a Mezarihoff, Russian general, 45 a Dahab, 49 a ; Ali, pasha Theresia, 43 d 23 i
Maria-Antoinette, q. of Louis Mayenne, duke of, 30 d Mezeray, 64 a of Egypt, 54 a ; Ghori, 23 n ; Morier, 65 a
XVI., 46 b Mayer, 64 c Mezzabarba, legation of, 44 b Hussein, 49 b; Hukeem, bro. Morillo, 55 b
of Akbar, 33 e ; Khan, 19 n; Moriscos, rebellion of the, 31 b Nadir Sijaij, of Persia, 45 c,
Maria, duchess of Burgundy, 21 Mayhew, Thomas, 37 e Miaulis, victories of, 54 a
f, 58 b; Leczinska, q. of Louis Mayor of London first titled‘lord’, Michael Abaffi II., of Transyl¬ Khan Lodi,29f; Khodabundah, Morley, Thos., 60 f 62 b
XV., 42 c ; Louisa, q. of Na¬ 18 e vania, 40 g k, of Persia, 33 d ; Kioprili, 41 Morosini, 39 d Naiton, 6 b
 S2 GENERAL INDEX.
Nakidschiwan ceded to Russia, Neukomm, 65 d North-west passage, 26 c, 50 b Oppelen, duchy of, ceded to Hun¬ c, 68 a; French, 69 e; Ger¬ Passau, treaty of, 31 e, 32 c, 58 b ;
53 e Neustria, 2 c, 6 d Norton, Thos., 61 a gary, 36 e man, 24 c, 59 e, 69 a; Lom¬ ceded to Bavaria, 52 c
Namur, 27 g Neutrality, armed, 48 c, f, 50 b, Norvius, 70 c Opslo, battle of, 58 a bard, 24 c; Mantuan, 68 c; Passerotti, Bartolommeo, 68 d
Nancy, defeat at, 20 e, 21 f, g 53 a Norway, 7 c, 9 c, 11 c, 13 c, 15 Optics, foundation of the science, Milanese, 24 c, 68 d ; Moden¬ Passive obedience, disputes on
Nangis, Gulielmus de, 19 b Neve, passage of, 51 c c, 17 c, 19 d, 22 d, 28 e, 32 e; 60 c ese, 68 c ; Neapolitan, 68 b ; 38 b
Nani, 64 d Neville’s Cross, battle of, 18 d aristocracy suppressed in, 58 a ; Oran, 27 f, 47 g Parmesan, 68 c ; Roman, 68 b Patans, revolt of, 41 h
Nanini, 60 f Nevis settled, 37 e conquered by the Danes, 13 c ; Orange, house of, 42 d Painting and sculpture, French Patch, 70 b
Nantes, diet of, 30 d, 34 b, 39 c, New Albion discovered, 33 f invaded by the Swedes, 44 d ; -parties, rise of, in Holland, academy of, 63 e Patkul outlawed, 41 b; given up
40 a, 63 c Newbottle founded, 14 c ceded to Sweden, 53 a, b; con¬ 47 a Paisiello, 65 d to Charles XII., 44 e
Napier, admiral, 51 b ; John, Newbury, battle of, 34 a stitution of, 66 a -prince of, 38 b ; elected Paix perpetuelle, 26 d, 28 a Patriarchate of Lisbon, 42 a
60 c ; lord, 54 e Newcastle, first discovery of coal Norwich, woollen manufacture at, provincial stadtholder, 43 a -petite, 30 d Patriarch of Moscow, 33 b
Naples, 3 c, 16 g, 18 h, k, 21 m, at, 16 e 15 b -lodges, debate on, 51a Pakenham, sir Edw., 55 a Patriarchate, Russian, abolished.
27 d, 35 g, 39 g, 44 a, 47 f, 52 Newcastle, duke of, ministry of, Nostrodamus, 60 a -principality of, claimed by Palais Royal, 60 e 45 a •
f, 58 a, 66 a, b, c 46 d Notables, assembly of, 46 b Prussia, 44 c Palatinate devastated. 39 c Patriarchal period, 56 a, c
Naples a province of Aragon, 21 Newcastle, fortress of, built, 12 c Notre-dame built, 57 d Oratorios, 60 f, 65 d Palatine abolished, 40 g -;-system, 56 a
m ; acquired by Austria, 42 c, New Coll., Oxford, 64 e Nottingham ravaged by the Danes, Oratory, 63 d Palatins, 9 c Patricius, 59 e
43 h; conquered by Don Carlos, Newfoundland discovered, 24 d ; 8 a Orde, 70 b Palazzo Vecchio, 57 d Patrizzi, Franc,, 60 b
44 a; conquered by the French, fisheries, 37 e; ceded to Eng¬ Nottingham, earl of, 42 e Ordeals go out of use, 19 b Palmolagus, And., 19 k; John, Paul, exarch, 6 e ; I., pope, 7 a ;
20 e, 27 f, 50 b ; occupied by land, 42 d, 45 f Noushirvan, 3 f Order of St. Esprit, 30 d Gr. emp., 19 k ; Michael, 17 1 11.. 22 a; III., 27 e, 58 d ; IV.,
the Imperialists, 44 a; Napo¬ Newgate, 64 e Nova Colonia captured by the -St. Stephen, 31 c Palermo taken by the Saracens, 31 e ; V., 35 h; emp. of Russia,
leon’s kingdom of, 66 a ; oc¬ New Granada conquered, 29 g Spaniards, 46 a, 47 g -of the Thistle, 26 b 9 e ; made capital of Sicily, 27 d 53 e, 73
cupied by Russians, 53 e ; New Netherlands conquered by Novalis, 65 c, 70 a Ordnance companies, 59 a, 63 a Palestine invaded by the Persians, -rebellion of, 4 b
ceded to Spain, 26 d ; invaded the English, 41 k Novara, defeat of, 26 d, 27 a, Ordonnances of Charles X., 50 a 5 e; subdued by the Turks, Paul’s, St., cathedral, 64 e ;
by the Turks, 28 c New Orleans, battle of, 55 a 28 a ; ceded to Savoy, 43 i Ordono I., king of Leon, 8 d ; II., 13 f church, Covent Garden, 60 e;
Naples Anjou, house of, 19 h Newski, Alex., 17 h Nova Scotia conquered by the 10 c; III., 10 c Palestrina, 59 e, 60 f school, 61 d
Naples and Sicily, 44 a, 52 f Newspaper, first Egyptian, 54 a ; English, 49 f; dispute on the Orebro, diet of, 28 f; peace of, Paley, William, 70 a Paulet, 58 d
Napoleon Buonaparte, 50 a, 62 a, first Russian, 63 e ; first Turk¬ boundaries of, 46 c, 49 f 53 b Palfi, count, 43 d Pauline Borgbese, 50 a
66 a, b, c, d, 70 c, 72 ish, 54 a, 67 e ; stamps, 51 a ; Novelists, English, 65 a; French, Orellana, 29 g Palgrave, sir Fras., 70 c Paulupius Anabestus, 6 e
Napoleon code, 66 c; first con¬ 62 d 65 c ; German, 65 c Organs brought into use, 7 a, b, Palimban, sultan of, subdued, Pavia, burnt, 10 e, 12 e; battle
sul, 66 a; concordat of, with Newspapers, English, 30 c, 59 e, Novello, Clara, 65 d 24 c 52 a of, 26 d, 27 f, 57 d
the pope, 50 a; emperor, 66 a ; 67 d ; influence of, 67 e Novels, modern, 65 e Organists, English, 65 d; Ger¬ Palladio, 59 e, 60 e, 64 e Paxo, 52 e
Ital. campaigns of, 67 a ; ac¬ Newton, sir I., 63 e, 64 c Novera, Dom. Maria, 22 b man, 65 d Palladius, 6 b Pazzi, 21 1
knowledged as king of Italy, 52 New York, 37 e, 38 b, 55 a, 67 c Novgorod, Hanseatic settlement Oribe, 55 b Pallas, the planet, discovered, Peace of Aix -Ia-Chapelle, 39 b, c,
c ; overthrow of, 66 b ; king of Ney, marshal, 50 a at, 17 h ; sacked, 17 h; inde¬ Orida, 2 a 70 b 40 c, 42 b, d, 43 a ; Amiens,
Rome, 66 a Niagara captured by the English, pendent, 19 i; captured, 22 h ; Orient, L., victory of, 50 b -Parth. emp., 3 f 50 a ; Blois, 26 d, 27 f;
Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt, 49 f inhabitants massacred, 33 b; Orientalists, 63 e, 67 e Pallenus, Robert, 15 b Bromsebro, 36 f, g; Cardis,
67 a ; family, kingdom erected Nice, congress of, 27 e, 28 b; places itself under Sweden, 36 Orissa ceded to the E. I. Com¬ Palma, Jacopo, 68 c 41 e; Crespy,26 d,27 f,28b;
for, 66 b ; Russian expedition, siege of, 13 b, 17 1, 27 a, d ; g..i pany, 49 c Palmella, ministry of, 51 b Florence,50a; Hanrburg,48d;
66 b, 67 a occupied by the French, 50 a, Novi, victory of, 52 c Orkhan, 19 1 Palmerston, lord, 51 a Kutchuk-Kainardji, 48 f, 49 a ;
Napoli, 27 b, 54 a 52 e ; conquered by the Otto¬ Noyon, treaty of, 26 d, 27 f Orkney islands acquired by Scot¬ Palm tree, first in Spain, 6 c Lubeck, 36 c, f; Luneville,
Napper Tandy, 50 b mans, 19 1 Nubia conquered, 54 a land, 20 c Panama founded, 29 g ; sacked by 50 a; Menehould, 34 b; Paris,
Narbonne wrested from the Arabs, Nicephorus I., 9 d ; II., of Gr. Nuds-pieds, expedition of, 34 b Orleans, house of, 72 ; first coun¬ the buccaneers, 41 h 46 b, c, 47 g, 49 e, 50 a, 52 e ;
6 d ; taken by the Arabs, 6 c; empire, lid; III., Gr., 13 d Nullifiers, 55 a cil of, 2c; duke of, (uncle to Pandects, copy of, discovered, 15 Passarowitz, 43 e, f; Peters-
conquered by the Franks, 2 b Nicephorus, conspiracy of, 7 d Nuncios, first that visit France, Louis XV.,) regent, 41 c, 42 c ; b, 56 c burgh, 50 b, 53 a; Prague,
Nardo, Bernardo, 21 1 Nicephorus, Gregoras, 19 b 6d duke de, Egalite, 46 b, 50 a; Panic, commercial, in London, 36 c, g; Presburg, 50 a ; Py¬
Narses settles the affairs of Italy, Nicetas Acominatus, 15 b Nuraddin, 15 e the maid of, 20 d 50 b, 67 c renees, 39 b, c, e, f, 40 c;
3 e; overthrows the Gothic Nichol, Dr., 67 e Nuremberg, first burgrave of, 73 ; Orley, Bernard van, 69 a Panicale, Masolini di, 68 a Rastadt, 42 b, 43 c, h; Ros.
monarchy, 3 c Nicholas I., emp. of Rus., 53 e, 73 burgher army of, 57 b ; min¬ Orloff, Gregory, ministry of, 48 f, Panin, ministry of, 48 f kilde, 41 a; Szistova, 47 d,
Narva taken by the Russians, 45 Nicholas I., pope, 9 a ; II., 13 a; ster built, 57 d; merchants, 49 a Paniput, 29 f, 49 c 49 a ; Teschen, 47 c, 48 b, f;
a ; battle of, 63 a III., 16 i; IV., 16 i; V., 19 liberties of, 18 h Ormonde, duke of, 42 d Pannonia vacated by the Lom¬ Tilsit, 50 a ; Utrecht, 42 b, d,
Naseby, battle of, 34 a a, 22 a Nushero, defeat of, 54 c Ormuz, 26 a, 35 a bards, 3 b 43 a, c; Vervins, 30 d, 31 b;
Nash, Thos., 61 a Nicholas, sir Harris, 70 c Nymphenburg, 43 c Ornano, count of, 31 c Panoramas in London, 64 a Vienna, 43 c, 50 a; Zurawno,
Nasir ad din, 15 f, 23 n Nicholson, Wm., 64 d Nyssa, victory at, 22 g, 23 k Ornithologists, 70 b Panormita, Ant. Beccadella, 22 b 41 d
Nassau, Adolphus of, 16 g Nicole, 64 b Nystadt, peace of, 44 e, 45 a, Oropesa, Conde de, 39 b Pantheon, Paris, 64 e Peace, justices of, instituted, 56 c
Nassau-Diez, prince of, 43 a Nicolini, 65 b 62 b Orsini, pope Benedict XIII., 44 b Pantormo, 68 a Peasantry, 19 b, 37 c, 56 a, 57 c,
Nassir-allah, 49 b Nicomedia conquered by the Ot¬ -princess, 42 b Panzini, 34 a 58 a, 63 b ; revolt of Bohemian,
Nathan ben Jachiel, 15 b tomans, 19 1 Ort, Albert van, 69 a Paoli, 43 f, 47 e 40 f, 63 b ; insurrections of
National assembly, French, 46 b, Nicopolis, defeat at, 19 h Obegoso, 55 b Orthogrul, 17 1 Papacy assumes a warlike cha¬ German, 28 b, 59 b ; insurrec¬
50 a Nicot, 60 a Obeid Khan Usbek, 29 e Ortiz, 33 f racter, 27 c tion of, in Hungary, 28 d, 59 b;
National convention of France, Niebuhr, 67 e, 70 c Obelisks re-erected in Rome, Ortok, sons of, 13 e Papal bull burnt by Luther, 28 b; Russian, 58 a, 59 b; insurrec¬
decree to assist all nations to Niebuhr’s travels in Arabia, 64 a 31 e Osman II., sultan, 37 a decree, kingof France dethroned tion of Swiss, 63 b
establish liberty, 62 b Niels, k. of Denmark, 15 c Oberkampe, 63 c -pasha, 33 c by, 7 a Beckham, John, 17 a
National debts, 58 d, 62 d, 66 d Niemcewicz, Urs., 65 b, 70 c Oberleitner, 67 e Osman-Paswan-Ogli, revolt of, -power declines, 19 a Peckwater, Oxford, 64 e
National debt in England, 38 b, Niemen, conferences of the, 53 e Obrecht, Jac., 24 c 49 a -States, 27 c, 52 g Pedro II., of Aragon, 14 b, 16b;
42 d, 62 d. 66 d Nigetti, 60 e Ocampo, 60 d Ossuna, duke of, 35 e, g Papas Oghli, 49 a 111., 16 b; I., emp. of Brazil,
National debt, first, of France, Nile, battle of, 50 b ; expedition Occam, William, 19 b, 24 a Ostade, Isaac van, 69 b Paper, art of making, 7 b, 19 b, 55 b; II., 55 b; I., of Na¬
26 d to explore the, 46 c, 70 c Occhiali, 33 c Ostend, siege of, 36 a, 59 a; 22 b varre, 12 a ; II., of Portugal,
National debt of- the United Nimeguen, 38 b, 39 b, c, 40 b, e Ochterlony, victories of, 54 d Company, 42 d, 43 a Paper money, in China, 24 d ; 39 a, 42 a
States, 49 f Ninche, Tartars, 17 n Ockhenheim, Joh., 24 c Ostermann, ministry of, 45 a depreciated in France, 42 c; Pedro, Don, 50 a, 51 b, 66 a, 72
National guard in France, 62 a, Nineveh, victory of, 5 e Ockley, Simon, 63 e Ostrach, victory of, 52 c abuse of, in Germany, 47 c Peel, sir R., 51 a,66a,c, d,67d,e
66 a, 67 a Nismes, pacification of, 34 b Octa, 2 a Ostrogoths, 2 b, 3 c; joined by Papineau, 55 c Peele, Geo., 61 a
Natolia conquered by the Turks, Nissa, victory at, 21 k Octai, 57 b the Bulgarians, etc., 3 e ; take Pappenheim, 36 h, 59 a Peels, 57 d
191 Nitard, 39 b Oczakow taken by the Russians, Rome, 3 c ; overthrown in Paracelsus, Theoph., 60 b, c Peers of France, 10 d, 66 a
Natterer, 70 b Nizam-.Tedid organised, 54 a 45 a, 48 f Italy, 3 e Paraguay, 33 f, 49 e Pegu discovered, 26 a
Naturalists, physicians, &c., 60 c, Nizam Shah, 33 e Odenburg, house of, 22 c Oswald, 4 a ; Jas., 64 b Parapinaces, 13 d Peishwahs supplant the rajahs.
64 c, 70 b Nizam-al-Mulk independent in -diet of, 40 g Oswy, 4 a Parc aux serfs, etc., 46 b, 64 a 45 d
Natural sciences, 19 b, 22 b, 59 e, India, 45 d Odericus Vitalis, 15 b Otford, victory at, 6 a Pardo, 42 b, d Peishwah, deposed, 54 d
67 e, 70 b Noailles, cardinal de, 44 b Odescalchi, pope, 40 a Othlo, 24 a Paris, 2 c, 18 f, 30 d, 34 b, 42 e, Pekin, earthquake at, 45 e; built,
Nauman, 65 d Nobility formed, 56 a; under Odessa founded, 48 f, 62 b, 63 c Othman, khalif, 5 d; I., Ott. 50 a, 56 a, 62 a ; entered by 17 n
Nautical almanacs, institutor of, Charlemagne and his successors, Odo, archbp. of Canterbury, 10 a, emp., 17 1; III., 49 a the allies, 50 a ; council of, 19 a; Pelagius I., 3 d ; II., 3 d
70 b 8 e ; in Denmark, 62 a; 11a Otho I., emp., 10 d, e, 56 a, 73 ; threatened by the Imperialists, Pelayo, 6 c
Naval laws, code of, published, English, 60a, 62 d ; in France, Odoacer sacks Rome, 3 c II., 10 e, 73; III,, 10 e, 73; 34 b; congress of the Jewish Pelham, 42 e, 46 d
48 b 16 f, 17 a, 50 a, 56 a, 58 a, 62 (Ecolampadius, 27 e, 28 a IV., 16 g, 73 ; king of Greece, nation at, 52 g ; besieged by Pellegrino. 68 d
Navarete, battle of, 18 c a, d, 63 b ; German, 18 g, 62 d, Oehlenschlaeger, 65 b 54 a ; bishop of Friesengen, the Normans, 8 e, f; Russian Pellew, adm., 50 b
Navarete, Juan Fernandez, 69 c 66 d ; in Norway, 28 e, 53 b, Oeland conquered, 19 c 15 b troops in, 53 e ; parliament of, Pellico, Silvio, 65 b
Navarino, battle of, 50 b, 53 e, 58 a, 66 a Oersted, 70 b Otranto destroyed, 21 m 34 b, 46 b, 56 c, 62 a ; peace Pembroke, William, earl of, 16 e
54 a Nobility and burghers in Russia, CEsel annexed to Denmark, 17 b Ottacar II., king of Bohemia, 16 g of, 52 e, 55 c, 62 b; treaty of, Pembroke, earl of, 64 e
Navarre, kingdom of, 8 d, 12 a, 66 a Oesel, islands of, ceded to Russia, Otterbourne, battle of, 18 d 66 b Penal laws, 30 c, 58 a
14 b, 18 b, 27 f, 51 c Nobles and bishops, massacre of 45 a Otto, 70 c ; V., of Hungary and Parisian national guards dissolved, Penda, 2 a, 4 a
Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 16 b Swedish, 28 f, 58 a Oesser, 69 a Bavaria, 19 h 50 a Pendulum discovered, 60 c
Navigation act, 38 b, 62 d, 66 d ; Nodier, Ch., 65 c Ofen, parliament of, 21 k Ottoboni, pope, 40 a —--sections, war of the, 50 a Penenden heath meeting, 51 a
under Cromwell, 63 c ; in Nola, revolution at, 52 f OfFa, 6 a Ottoman empire, 17 1, 19 1, 23 i, Paris, Abb6,44 b; Matthew, 17 a Penn, adm., 38 b; William, 41
America, 67 c Nollekins, Jos., 64 e Ofterdingen, Heinrich v., 24 b 29 c, 33 c, 37 a, 41 f, 45 b, 49 Parkes, 70 b k, 62 c
Navy, Dutch, formation of, 59 a ; Nominalism first appears, 24 a Ogla, 11 a, c a, 54 a Parliament, houses of, burnt, Pennafert, Raymond de, 17 a
of England, 8 a, 18 e, 59 a ; Non-Intercourse act, 55 a Ohio, defeat on the, 46 c -Moniteur, 67 e 50 b ; right of petitioning, firmly Pennaforte, 56 c
French, formation of, 59 a; Non-jurors, 38 b, 44 b —-joins the Union, 55 a Otway, Thos., 65 a established, 46 d ; privileges of, Penni, 68 b
Russian, rise of, 63 a; Turk¬ Non-resistance, disputes on, 38 b Ojeda, 29 g Oudenarde, 42 d disputes respecting, 46 d ; first Penny Magazine, 67 e
ish, 59 a Noor-Mahal, sultana, 37 c Oken, 70 a, b Ouverture, L’, Touissant, 55 c regular, 16 e, 56 a ; first speaker -Post, 64 a
Nawabs independent, 45 d Noor-Othmani, mosque of, 49 a Olaf king of Denmark, 19 c ; IV., Ougtai Khan, 17 n of, 56 a ; divided into two Penryn Bill, 51 a
Neate, 65 d Noot, van der, 47 a 13 c; I., of Norway, 10 a; II., Ouriques, battle of, 14 b houses, 56 a; ministers answer- Penshurst, 60 e
Necker, comptroller-general, 46 b, Nordkbping, diet of, 36 g of Norway, 13 c ; III., 13 c Overbecke, Fr., 69 a able to, 56 a; first united, of Pennsylvania planted, 41 k
62 a', d Nordlingen, 36 g Olach, 41 f Overyssel, 27 g Great Britain, 42 d ; of Wir- Pepe, Morelli, 52 f
Nectan, 6 b Nore, mutiny at, 50 b Olaus Petri, 27 e, 28 f Oviedo built, 6 c ; kings at, 6 c tenburgh, 17 b Pepin d’Heristal, 4 c, 6 d
Neer, Ar. van der, 69 b Norfolk, conspiracy of the earl of, Olbers, 70 b Owen, Jno., 61 a, 63 e; Dr., Parliamentary reform, rise of, 46 d -the Short, 6 d
Neerwinden, 39 c, 40 b, 50 a 30 b Oldcastle, sir John, 20 d 70 b; Will., 69 c Parliaments septennial in France, Pepoli, Aless., 65 b
Negapatam ceded to England, 46 Noricum subjugated, 3 c Oldenburg and Delmenhorst ex¬ Oxe, Peter, 32 e 50 a Pera ceded to Genoa, 17 1
c ; taken by the English, 47 a Normanby, marquis, 67 d changed for Holstein, 48 c Oxenstiern, ministry of, 36 g -triennial, 38 a Percival, ministry of, 51 a, 67 d
Negatifs and Representans, dis¬ Normandy overrun, 20 d Oldys, Wm., 64 d Oxford, Harley, earl of, 42 d, e Parma, 27 c, 31 c, 35 f, 52 e; Percy, bp., 65 a ; earl, 20 c, d
turbances between, 47 b Norman sea-kings ravage every Oleg, czar of Russia, 9 c, 11 c -university of, founded, 9 b ceded to Austria, 43 i, 44 a ; Pere la Chaise, 39 c
Negoro, Diepo, 52 a coast of Europe, 9 c Oliva, 41 b -famous parliament at, 16e ceded to France, 50 a; taken Peretti, pope Sixtus V., 31 e
Negro slaves first imported, 29 g, Normans invade England, 12 c ; Olivarez, count-duke, 35 a Oxfordshire militia, mutiny of, by the French and Spaniards, Perez, Ant., 31 b, 60 d
37 e, 59 c first descent of, upon France, Oliver, Peter, 69 d; Isaac, 69 d ; 51 a" 43 i; ceded to Don Philip, Pergolesi, G. B., 65 d
Negroes declared free, 55 c ; code 8 e ; settle in south Italy, 12 e; the spy, 50 b 42 d, 43 d Per;, Jac., 60 f
for the protection of, 41 k embrace Christianity, 11a Olivia, peace of, 62 b Pacchiarotto, Jacopo, 68 b Parma and Placentia, duchy of, Periodical literature, great influ¬
Neill, Miss O’, 65 a Normandy, dukes of, 10 d Olivus, Peter John, 19 b Pachymeres, Georgius, 17 a 27 c ence of, 67 e
Nekodar, 17 m Norman kings of England, 12 c, Olnitz, 36 c Pacification, diet of, 44 f Parma, duchess of, 32 a; prince Peripatetics, 15 b, 60 b
Nelson, admiral, 50 b, 53 a, 67 a 14 d, 71 Olympius, 4 d Pacini, 65 d of, 30 d, 32 a Pernambuco Company incorpo¬
Nemours, edict of, 30 d Noronna, 31 a, 65 b Omar I., khalif, 5 d; II., 7 e Pacta Conventa, 33 a, 36 i, 58 a Parmegiano, il, 68 c rated, 49 e
Nemours, due de, 26 d ; duchess Norris, 31a Omar, rebellion of, 8 c Padilla, 27 f Parnel, sir H., 51 a Pcrottus, Nic., 24 b
de, 44 c North, convention of the, 53 a -Mohammedan general, 6 c Padua ceded to Venice, 21 1 Parnel, Thos., 65 a Perrault, Ch., 64 e, 65 c ;
Neoplatonic system founded, 22 b, North, lord, 46 c, d,51 a; sirT., Omer, St., reduced by the French, Paez, 55 b, 65 d Parr, Dr. Sam., 67 e Perrier, Cas., 66 a, b, 67 d
24 a 60 d 40 b Paflas, 70 b Parrocel, 69 d Perry, capt., 55 a
Nepotism introduced, 16 i Northampton, defeat at, 20 d Ommiyade dynasty, 5 d, 6 c, 7 e, Paganini, 65 d Parry, capt., 70 c Persarmenia submits to the
Neri, St. Philip, 31 e Northcote, James, 69 c 12 a Paganism abolished in the north Parthenon, the, injured, 39 d Greeks, 3 f
Netherlands, 27 g, 32 a, 36 a, 52 Northern seas, map of the, con¬ Onate, count de, 35 g of Europe, 11c Parthenopeian republic, 52 f Persia, 5 e, 29 e, 33 d, 37 b, 41
a, 58 b, 62 b, 66 a structed, 19 b Oneglia, 31 c Pagans, the last European, 19 g Parthia, wars of, with the White g, 45 c, 49 b, 54 b; subdued
Netherlands united to Austria, Northmen invade England, 8 a O’Neill, earl of Tyrone, 30 c Pahlin, 67 e Huns, 3 f by the Arabs, 5 e ; war of, with
21 h ; conquered by the French, North pole, voyage to, 70 c Onod, diet of, 43 e Paine, T., 46 c, 63 d, 67 d Partida published, 18 c the Greek empire, 3 e, 5 c; in- >
50 a; separated from Spain, Northumberland yielded up to Opdam, adra., 40 b Pains and Penalties, bill of, 50 b Paruta, Paol., 60 d vaded by Heraclius, 5 e ; con¬
58 a Henry II., 14 c Operas, French, 65 d; Italian, Painting, 13 b, 24 c, 59 e, 68, 69; Passarowitz, peace of, 45 b quered by Ismail Samani, 11 e; i
Netscher, Casp., 69 b Northumberland, rebellion of the 65 d distemper, revives in Italy^l 3 b; Pascal, Bl., 64 b subject to the Mongols, 17 m; I
Neufchatel, canton, 52 b; ac¬ earl of, 30 c; duke of, his rental, Opie, John, 69 c ; Mrs., 65 a oil, inventer of, 24 c, 69 a; Paschal I., pope, 9 a ; II., 13 a, war of, with the Porte, 33 c,
quired by Prussia, 43 b, 44 c 63 b Opitz, Mart., 61 c Cremonese school, 68 c ; 15 a; III., 15 a 45 b; invaded by the Tartars,
Neuhaussel taken by the Turks, Northumbria, kingdom of, 2 a, 4 a, Oporto, revolution at, 51 b ; taken Dutch, 69 b; English, 69 d; Pashas, African,supplanted, 37 a 19m; conquered by the Turks,
40 g 10 a I by Soult, 51b Flemish, 69 a; Florentine, 24 Paskewitch, 53 e, 54 a 13 f; khans of, 17 m, 19 n; j

reached by English merchants,
30 c
Persian language revives, lie
Pertharis, 4 d
Peru, 27 f, 29 g, 49 e, 51 c, 55 b,
59 c
Perugino, Pet., 24 c, 68 b
Peruzzi, Baldassare, 60 e, 68 b
Pescara, 59 a
Pestalozzi, 65 c, 67 d, e
Pestel executed, 53 e
Pesth, diet of, 28 d; yearly par¬
liament at, 21 k
Peter IV., of Aragon, 18 b; I.,
emp. of Brazil, 55 b; king of
Hungary, 13 c; Latin emp.,
17 k; the Cruel, of Leon and
Castile, 18 c; I., of Portugal,
18 a; II., 72 ; the Great, of
■Russia, 41 e, 45 a, 62 a, b, c,
63 a, c, 73; II., 45 a, 73 ;
111., 48 f, 73; I., of Sicily,
16 h; II., 18 1
Peter-Leopold, g. d. of Tuscany,
47 e
Peter’s, St., patrimony, given to
the popes, 7 a
Peter’s, St., sepulchre, keys of,
6d
Peter-pence, 4 a, 6 a, 12 c
Peter de Blois, 15 b; the Hermit,
13 b; of Duisberg, 19 b ; the
Lombard, 15 b
Peterborough, earl of, 42 b
Peters, Bon., 69 a
Petersburgh founded, 45 a
Petersburgh attempted by the
Swedes, 48 d
Peterwardein, battle of, 45 b
Petion, 55 c
Petilot, S., 69 d
Petition of rights, 34 a
Petra, siege of, 3 f
Petrarch, 18 i, 19 b, 24 b
Petrikau, high court of, 33 a;
diet of, 22 g; first diet of
country deputies at, 22 g; first
meeting at, 58 a
Petronella, 14 b
Petty, lord, 51a
Petyt, Th., 60 d
Peyrouse, la, 61 c
PfafF, 44 b
Pfinzting, Melch., 61 c
Phanzes, George, 22 b
Pharamond supposed to have led
the Franks across the Rhine, 2 c
Phelyppes, sir Thus., 60 f
Philadelphia founded, 41 k ; con¬
gress at, 49 f
Philelphus, Fran., 24 b
Philes, Manuel, 19 b
Philagian marbles, 64 e
Philharmonic society, 65 d
Philhellene, 54 a
Philibert, Emmanuel, 31 c
Philip of Anjou, 39 c ; d. of Bur¬
gundy, 21 f; k. of Castile, 27 f
Philip I., Fr., 12 d, 14 e, 72 ;
11., 14 e, 57 b, 72; 111., 16 f,
56 a, 72 ; IV., 18 f, 72 ; V.,
18 f, 72; VI., 18 f, 72
Philip III., k. of Naples and
Sicily, 31 d ; V., acknow¬
ledged in Naples, 44 a
Philip II., Sp., 30 c, 31b, d, 60
a, 73; III.,31 b,35 a,73 ; IV.,
35 a, g, 39 b, 73 ; V., 42
b, 72
Philip of Neri, 31 e, 60 f
Philip-haugh, battle of, 34 a
Philippicus, 7 d
Philippines discovered, 29 g ; ac¬
quired by Spain, 31b
Philippine company formed, 49 e
Philips, 70 b
Phillips, 65 d; Amb., 65 a; Jno.,
65 a
Philologists, 63 e, 64 b
Philoponus, 5 b
Philosophy, 24 a, 60 b, 64 b, 70
a ; progress of in England, 64
b, 70 b; in Italy, 60 b ; gra-
gually detached from theology,
24 a; cabalistic and magical,
60 b; natural, great change in,
■ 60 c ; scholastic, 17 a, 60 b ;
new systems of, 60 b, 70 a
Philosophers’ stone, 19 b
Philosophical transactions, 63 e
Phocas, 5 a, c, 11 d
Phocop, 57 b
Phonetic hieroglyphics, 67 e
Photius, 9 b
Phrenology, founders of, 70 b
Physicians, 64 c, 70 b
Physics, 60 c, 64 c, 67 e, 70 b
Physiocrats, the, 46 b
Physiology, 64 c, 70 b
Piacenza, 52 d
Pianists, English, 65 d
Piast, king of Poland, 9 c, 56 a
Piasts, dynasty of, 9 c, 11 c, 17 f,
19 g
Piazetto, Giov. Batt., 68 c
Piazza di San Marco built, 31c
Piazzi, 70 b
Picard, 64 c
Picardy invaded by the English,
26 d ; invaded by the Impe¬
rialists, 34 b, 35 b
Piccini, Nic., 65 d
Piccolimini, iEn. Sylv., 22 b,
34 b
Pichegru, general, 50 a, 52 a
Pichler, C., 65 c
Picken, Anar., 65 a
Piets, 2 a, 6 b, 8 b
Pictures, collections of, formed,
63 e
Picus, John, 24 a ; T. Fr., 24 a
Piedmont taken possession of by
the French, 50 a ; revolution
in, 66 a, b
Pierce, Edw., 60 e
Pierre, St., 63 d, 65 c, 70 a
Pietro II., de Medici, 21 1
Pigalle, 64 e
Pignatelli, pope, 40 a
Pilnitz, conference of, 47 c, 48 b
Pilon, 60 e
Pilpay, fables of, translated into
Persian, 3 f
Pindar, Peter, 65 a
Pindarees, rise of, 54 d
Pindaree war, 54 d
Pindemonti, Giov., 65 b
Pine, John, 69 c
Pinkerton, John, 70 c
Pinkie, 26 b
Pinturchio, 24 c
Piombino ceded to France, 50 a
Piombo, Sebastiano del, 68 c
Pir Mohammed, 23 1
Pisa, 12 e, 14 g, 21 1, 27 c ;
council of, 22 a; under the
Visconti, 18 i ; Leonard of,
22 b
Pisano, victory of, 18 i
Pisani, 17 a, 18 i
Pisans take Corsica and Sardinia,
12 e
Pits, J., 60 d
Pitt, Chr., 65 a
Pitt, William, 42 e, 63 e, 67 d, e;
ministry of, 46 d, 51 a; sink¬
ing fund of, 46 d
Pitt’s (the elder) administration,
46 d, 62 a; prohibitive system,
63 c
Pitti palace, 22 b, 57 d
Pius II., pope, 22 a, 47 c ; III.,
27 e; IV., 31 e; VI., 48 a, 52
g; VII., 52 g; VIII., 52 g
Pixis, 65 d
Pizarro, 29 g
Place, La, 70 b
Placentia, 27 c, 31 c ; ceded to
Austria, 43 i, 44 a ; council of,
13 b; ceded to Don Philip, 42
d, 43 d; taken by the French
and Spaniards, 43 i
Placentinus, 17 a
Placidia, 2 b
Plague of London, 38 b; in
Moscow, 48 f
Plantagenets, 14 d, 16 e, 18 e,
26 c
Plantagenet, Geoffrey, 14 e
Planudes, Maximus, 19 b
Plassey, victory of, 46 c, 49 c,
62 b
Plate fleets taken, 38 b
Platina, historian, 22 b
Platina, Barth., 24 b
Plato translated, 24 a
Plato of Ravenna, 4 d
Platonists, neo-, 60 b
Platt, 51 a
Platsburgh, victory of, 55 a
Playfair, Jas., 64 d; Wm., 64 d,
70 b
Playford, Jno., 65 d
Plays, 61 a
Plentlenberg, Walter de, 28 g
Pleskovv, victory of, 28 g
Pletho, George Gemislhus, 24 a
Pleyel, 65 d
Plotinus translated, 24 a
Plunkett, 51 a
Pococke, Ed., 63 e
Podestas, institution of, 14 f
Podiebrad, G., 21 h, i
Podolia conquered by the Poles,
19 g ; ceded to Poland, 41 f;
ceded to Turkey, 41 d, f
Poetry and works of imagination,
24 b, 59 e, 65 a, b, c, 67 e
Poets, Danish, 65 b; Dutch, 65
b ; English, 24 b, 61 a, 65 a;
French, 61 c, 63 e, 65 c;
German, 61 c, 65 c ; Hunga¬
rian, 65 b ; Italian, 61 b, 65 b ;
Polish, 61 c, 65 b ; Portu¬
guese, 61 b, 65 b; Russian,
65 b; Spanish, 24 b, 61 b, 65
b; Swedish, 65 b
Poganatus, 5 c
Poggius, 24 b
Poictiers bat., 18 e, 57 b
Poitou lost to France, 14 d
Poland, 9 c, 11 c, 13 c, 15 c, 17
f, 19 g, 22 g, 29 a, b, 33 a, 36
i, 37 a, 41 d, 44 f, 48 e, 53 e
Poland, duchy of, 3 a, 56 a;
raised to a kindgom, 13 c ;
partition of, 47 c, 48 b, f, 53 c,
62 b, 66 a, b; revolution in,
53 c, 66 b, a, 67 a ; united to
Russia, 53 e, 66 a ; constitu¬
tion of, 48 e, 56 a
Polar star, order of, instituted,
44 e
Pole, de la, 18 e
Police, imperial, 28 b ; London,
established, 50 b; Parisian,
39 c
Polignac, ministry of, 50 a
Politianus, Angel, 24 b
Political economy, study of,
founded by Smith, 63 d ; sci¬
ence, 59 d, 63 d, 67 d
Politicians, English, 67 d; French,
67 d; German, 67 d
Politics and foreign relations, 30
d, 56 b, 58 a, 59 e, 62 b, 66 b,
67 e
Pollenberg, Corn., 69 b
Poll tax, 26 c
Polo, Marco, 17 a
Poltrot, 30 d
Polytechnic school at Paris, 63 c,
67 e
Pombal, marquis of, ministry of,
46 a
Pomerania invaded by the Danes,
44 d ; last duke of, 36 h ;
French in, 53 b ; Polish, an¬
nexed to Denmark, 17 b ;
settled with emigrants, 48 b
GENERAL INDEX.
Pomfret, Jno., 65 a
Pompadour, madame de,42 c,46b
Pompeii discovered, 64 a, c
Pornpiliana, 43 f
Pomponatius, P., 60 b
Pondicherry, 63 c; captured by
the English, 46 c, 49 c, 50 b,
54 d ; French colony at, 41 h,
46 c, 62 b
Poniatopki, 48 e, 53 d
Ponsonby, 51 a, 67 d
Ponte, Jacopo da, 68 c
Pontiffs, Roman, profligacy of, 9 a
Pontine marshes drained, 48 a
Pont-Neuf commenced, 30 d
Poole, Matth., 63 e
Poouah taken, 54 d
Poor-laws, 30 c, 51 a, 58 d, 65 b
Pope head of the church, 56 b ;
election of transferred to car¬
dinals, 13 a; obliged to be con¬
firmed by the emperor, 11 ; last
payment of tribute to by Eng¬
land, 16 e; supremacy of, first
acknowledged in England, 5 a
Pope, Alex., 63 e, 64 b, 65 a
Popes, 27 e, 31 e, 35 h ; at Avig¬
non, 19 a; and emperors,
struggle of, 56 b ; dependent
upon France, 56 b; become
independent of the Greek em¬
perors, 5 a, 7 a
Pope’s temporal sovereignty, ori¬
gin of, 7 a
Popery and protestantism, con¬
test of, 35 h ; act against the
growth of, 42 d ; abolished in
Norway, 28 e
Popham, 49 c
Popish plot, 38 b
Population, decay of, 5 c ; Eng¬
lish, decreases, 59 b; of Eu¬
rope, change in, 59 b
Porado, 55 b
Poros, fleet burnt at, 54 a
Porphyrogenitus, lid
Porpora, Nic., 65 d
Porson, 67 e
Porta, C., 60 f; Gian. B. de la,
60 c '
Port au Prince burnt, 49 e
Porte, first negotiations of with
France, 26 d
Porter, capt., 55 a; Jane and
Anna Maria, 65 a
Porteus riots, 42 d
Portici Museum, 64 e
Portland, duke of, 51 a, 67 d
Porto-Bello founded, 29 g ; taken
by the Buccaneers, 41 k ; taken
by the English, 42 d, 45 f
Portocarrero, 39 c, 42 b
Portraits, first painter of, 24 c
Port-Royal, convent of, 35 h,
44 b
Portugal, kingdom of, 14 b, 16 a,
18 a, 20 a, 26 a, 31 a, 35 a, b,
39 a, 40 a, 42 a, 46 a, 51 b, 58
b, 66 b ; Dutch attack the co¬
lonies of, 35 a; league of, with
England, 51b; peace of, with
France, 50 a, 51 b ; subdued
by Spain, 31 a ; invaded by
the Spaniards, 46 a, 47 g ; re¬
volutions in, 18 a, 66 a, b ;
treaty for the partition of, 50 a;
new constitution of, 66 a
Portuguese at Ormuz, 29 e;
India, 23 n, 26 a ; commerce,
59 c; maritime discoveries,20 a
Posselt, 70 c
Possevin, 31 e
Post letters in France and Eng¬
land, 24 d
Post-office, new, 50 b
Posts established in India, 33 e;
introduced into Poland, 36 i;
established in Turkey, 54 a
Poswal, treaty of, 33 a
Potatoes first planted in France,
63 b
Potemkin, ministry of, 48 f
Potojki, 48 e
Potosi, mines of, discovered, 29 g
Potsdam founded, 44 c
Potter, 65 d; tried for conspi¬
racy, 52 a ; Jo., 63 e; Paul,
69 b
Poundage, disputes respecting,
34 a
Pourpain, G. Durand, de, 24 a
Poussin, Nicholas, 68 b, 69 e ;
Gaspar, 68 b, 69 e
Powtran, Max., 60 e
Powis, state of, 6 a
Poyning’s Act, 20 d, 58 a
Pozzo di Borgo, 66 b
Pradt, de, 67 d
Praga stormed, 53 e
Prague, diet of, 32 c ; massacre
of, 36 c, d ; congress of, 52 c ;
emperor imprisoned at, 18 g ;
besieged by the Prussians, 47 c
Pragmatic sanction, 16 f, 20 e,
27 e, 42 b, c, d, 43 a, c, d, f,
45 a, 62 a, b
Predestination, controversy re¬
specting, fomented, 9'a
Prefects in France, 62 a, 66 a
Premislas II., Pol., 17 f
Preobraschenski regiment, revolts
of, 45 a
Presburg, diet at, 28 d, 40 g ;
peace of, 50 a, 52 c
Presbyterianism and episcopacy,
contest of, 35 h ; presbyteri-
anism predominates, 34 a
Presbyterians expelled parliament,
34 a ; persecuted, 38 c
Prescott, defeat at, 55 c
Press, censorship of, in France,
50 a, 66 a; liberty of, in
Baden, 66 a; liberty of, Carls¬
bad revolution against, 66 a;
freedom of, in Denmark, 62 a ;
liberty of, in England, 38 a, 62
a, 63 e ; liberty of, in France,
62 a, 66 a, 67 e ; freedom of,
in Sweden, 48 d, 66 a
Prester, John, 29 d
Preston, 42 d ; T., 61 a
Pretender, manifesto of, 42 d ; re¬
bellion of, 42 d
Preti, Cav. Mattei, 68 b
Preussisch-Eylau, defeat of, 53 e
Prevadi, defeat of, 54 a
Prevesa ceded to Venice, 43 f
Prevost, 65 c
Prevotal laws of Napoleon, 66 c;
of the Bourbons, 06 c
Prez, Josquin de, 24 c
Price, Rich., 64 b
Pride, colonel, 34 a
Priestley, Dr., 46 c,'64 b, 70 b
Priests fanciful garments come
into use, 3 d
Priests of the missions, 35 h
Primaticcio, Francesco, 60 e, 68
d, 69 e
Primeval legislation, 56 c
Printing invented among the
Chinese, 11 b; invented at
Mayence, 21 h, 22 b ; first
office in America, 37 e; in
England, 20 d, 24 b, 59 e ; in¬
troduced into Iceland, 28 e;
first press in Spain, 20 b ; press
introduced into Turkey, 45 b
Prior, Matt., 65 a
Pritchard, 70 b
Prithevi Rai, 23 n
Privateer expeditions, 30 c
Privy council office, 64 e
Proccaccini, 68 d
Proceres and Procuradores, 51 c
Procida, John of, 16 h
Proclus translated, 24 a
Procopius, 3 e
Proctor, 65 a
Procurators in France, 63 c
Prodromus, Theodoras, 13 b
Prohibitive system, 38 b, 62 d,
67 c
Prome captured, 54 d
Propagandist college, 35 h
Property tax in France, 62 d
Protestant union, 36 c
Protestants, origin of, 27 e, 28 b;
named Huguenots, 31 e; in
Austria, 43 d; in Bohemia, 36
d ; in France, 34 a, 41 c, 44 b,
48 a ; in Germany, 28 b, 47
c ; in Hungary, 36 e ; in Po¬
land, 33 a, 44 f, 56 b; in
Scotland, 31 e; in Zurich, 28 a
Prout, 70 a
Provencal troubadours, 24 b
Provence, becomes a separate
state, 4 c ; invaded by Chas.
V., 26 d, 28 b; acquired by
France, 16 f; joined to the
empire of the Ostrogoths, 2 b,
3 c; Provence invaded by d.
of Savoy, 31 c; Eleanor of,
16 e
Prusa, capital of Ott. empire, 19
1; academy of, 19 1
Prussia, 17 e, 19 f, 22 f, 28 g, 32
g, 36 h, 44 b, c, 48 b, 53 c, 62
b, 66 a, 67 c ; house of Bran-
denburgh succeeds to, 36 c ; a
vassal of Poland, 22 f; in¬
vaded b.y the Russians, 48 b, f;
conquered by the Teutonic
order, 17 e; reduced to a
second rate power, 53 c; plan
for the partition of, 47 c
Pruth, defeat on the, 45 a
Prynne, 34 a
Psellus, Michael, 13 b
Ptarsko, 21 i
Puckler, prince, 65 c
Puffendorf, Sami, v., 63 d
Pugar, Fernando del, 22 b
Pugatscheff, revolt of, 48 f
Puget, P., 64 e
Pulapki, 48 e
Pulci, 24 b
Pulleyn, Robert, 24 a
Pulteney, Mr., 42 e
Pultowa, defeat of, 44 e, 45 a
Pultusk, victory of, 44 e
Punjab invaded by Amir Sheikh
Ali, 23 n; invaded by the
Sieks, 49 c
Purcel, 65 d
Purchas, Sam., 60 d
Puritan sect, 30 c, 31 e, 34 a, 35
h, 37 e, 58 a, 59 e
Purveez, 3 f
Pusey, 67 e
Putter, 63 d
Pye, engraver, 69 c
Pym, 34 a
Pynson, Rich., 59 e, 60 d
Pyramids, victory of, 54 a
Pyrenees, victory of, 51 c
Quadruple alliance, 43 a, c,
50 a
Quakers, 35 h, 42 d
Quarles, Fr., 61 a
Quarterly Review, 65 a, 67 d
Quebec founded, 37 e ; taken by
the English, 46 b, c, 49 f
Quedlinburg acquired by Prus¬
sia, 41c
Queenstown, victory at, 55 a
Queen’s coll., Oxford, S4 e
Quellen, Eras., 69 a
Quenel, New Testament of, 44 b
Quentin, St., battle at, 30 d, 31 b
Quesnay, 62 d
Quesnay’s physiocratic system,
63 b
Quesne, du, 39 c; expedition
against, 49 f
Quevedo, Franc, de, 61 b
Quhele and Chattan, combat
between, 18 d
Quietists founded, 40 a
Quinault, Phil., 65 c
Quinet, Edg., 65 c
Quintana, 65 b
Quiroga, 51 c, 55 b
Quito, 29 g
Raab taken, 32 d, 33 c
Rabant, 70 c
Rabanus Maurus, 9 b
Rabelais, 59 e, 61 c
Rachis, 6 e
Racine, Jean, 65 c
Racoczi, Francis, revolts, 43
e ; George, of Transylvania,
36 e; Sigismond, p. of Transyl¬
vania, 36 e ; II., George, 40 g
Radagaisus invades the Roman
empire, 2 c
Radburtus, Paschasius, 9 a
Radcliffe, Mrs., 65 a
Radclifte’s library, Oxford, 64 e
Radicals, 66 a, b
Radjienski, palatine, 41 d
Radnor, earl, 67 d
Radoald, 4 d
Radom, confederation of dissi¬
dents at, 48 e
Radulf, 4 c
Radzivil, 48 e
Raffael, 68 b
Ragimbert, 6 e
Ragnor Ladbrog, 8 a, 9 c
Ragusa, 52 d
Railways in England, 50 b, 63 c,
67 c ; of U. S., 55 a
Rajpoots attacked by Aurung
Zeb, 41 h
Rajpoot princes, confederacy of,
29 f
Rajahs supplanted by the Peish-
wahs, 45 d
Rakos, election field at, 21 k
Raleigh, sir Walter, 30 c, 33 f,
34 a, 59 e, 60 d
Ramadeva, 23 n
Ramanie, victory of, 54 a
Rameau, J. P., 65 d
Ramenghi, Bartolommeo, 68 d
Ramilies, 42 d
Ramiro I., of Aragon, 12 a; II.,
14 b; I., Christian, Spain, 8 d;
II., of Leon, 10 c
Rammekins in custody of the
English, 32 a; restored by
the English, 36 a
Ramsay, Allan, 65 a; David,
70 c
Ramus, Peter, 60 b
Rana Sanka, 29 f, 37 c
Rangoon captured, 54 d
Randolph, 18 d, 49 f
Raphael, 59 c, e, 60 e, 68 b
Rapin, 64 d
Rapp, 70 c
Rascelinus, 13 b
Rashid, khalif, 15 f
Rastadt, congress at, 50 a, 52 c
Ratisbon, diet of, 28 b, 36 c, 39
b, 40 e
Ratisbon, battle at, 52 c ; duchy
of, ceded to Hungary, 36 e
Rationalists, rise of, 52 g
Ratramus, 9 a
Raucoux, 43 a
Raumur, 67 e
Rava iliac, 34 b
Ravenna, Greek exarchs at, 3 c,
6 c ; captured by Luitbriand,
6 e ; battle of, 26 d, 27 a ;
siege of, 3 c
Ravensburg ceded to Prussia, 41 c
Ray, Jno., 64 c
Rayahs, edict for the toleration
of, 52 g
Raymond of Toulouse, 13 b, 16 f;
Mich., 65 c; de Sabonde, 22 b
Raynal, Abbe, 63 d, 64 a
Raynouard, 65 c
Razia Begum, 23 n
Razi, khalif, lie
Rozzi, Giannantonio, 68 b
Real, St., 63 d, 64 d
Realism, 24 a
Reason, temple of, 50 a
Reaumur, 64 c
Recared, 2 b; II., 4 b
Receswind, 4 b
Record Commission, 70 c
Reding, 52 b
Redwald, 4 a
Reed, Isaac, 65 a
Reeve, 65 d
Reformation, 26 b, c, 27 e, 28 b,
58 a, b, 59 d, e ; origin of the
English, 27 e
Reform, parliamentary, rise of,
46 d ; bill, 51 a, 66 a, b
Regale, dispute on, 40 a
Reged, kingdom of, 10 b
Regency, question of, 50 b
Regiomontanus, Joh. Muller, 22 b
Regis, Pierre Syl., 64 b
Registration act, 51 a
Regnard, J. F., 65 c
Regnault, 69 d
Regnier, 21 m, 61 c
Rehberg, 67 d
Reichard, 65 d
Reichenbach, convention of, 47 c,
60 b, 53 c
Reichstadt, duke of, 72
Reidinger, 69 a
Reimarus, H., 64 b
Reinhart, C., 69 a
Reinhoed, 70 a
Reiske, 63 e
Rembrandt, Paul, 59 e, 69 b
Reni, Guido, 68 d
Rennel, James, 70 c
Rennie, Jno., 64 e
Renschild, general, 44 e
Repnin. general, 43 e
Representative government, ori¬
gin of, 16 e
83
Representatives of cities, fits
trace of, 18 a
Republican governments sup¬
planted by feudal system, 8 e
Republicans, French, 67 e
Republics, rise of, 56 a; of S.
America formed, 55 b; of Hol¬
land, &c., 58 a; of Italy
changed into hereditary princi¬
palities, 56 b ; of Switzerland,
56 a
Requesens, 32 a
Reservatum Ecclesiasticum, 32 c
36 c
Restitution, edict of, 36 c
Retford, battle at, 4 a
Retz, de, 34 b, 39 c, 64 d
Reuchlin, 59 e, 60 b
Revel taken by the Russians, 45 a
Reversals signed by the archduke
Ferdinand, 28 c
Revolution in America, 46 c ; in
Belgium, 52 a ; in Brazil, 55
b ; in Brunswick, 52 c ; of the
Carbonari, 52 f; in England,
34 a, 38 b, 58 a ; French, 46
b, 50 a, 52 g, 58 b, 62 b ; in
Geneva, 52 b; in Greece, 54 a;
in Liege, 47 c ; in the Nether¬
lands, 58 a; by the Portuguese
army at Oporto, 51 b; in the.
Papal states, 52 g ; in Sardinia,
52 e ; by the Spanish army, 51
c ; in Sweden, 53 b ; in Swit¬
zerland, 52 b, 56 a; at War¬
saw, 53 e
Rex Anglorum, title of, first taken,
10 a
Reyendas, Phil., 69 a
Reynolds, Joshua, 65 a, 69 c
Rezzonico, pope Clement XIII.,
48 a
Rhazes, lib
Rhe, expedition to, 34 a
Rheggio burned, 27 d
Rheims, English college at, 30 c ;
minster of, built, 57 d
Rheinfeld, 36 c
Rhine, confederation of, 50 a, 52
c, 66 a ; league of the cities of,
16 g, 24 d; famous passage of,
52 c
Rhodes, colossus of, destroyed,
5 d ; captured by the Greeks,
7 d; knights of St. John es¬
tablished at, 19 k; attempt of
the Turks upon, 23 i; capitu¬
lates, 29 c
Rhastia wrested from the Ostro¬
goths, 2 c
Rhetel, duke de, 35 d
Rhyme, first English writer in,
17 a
Rhymer, Thomas the, 17 a
Rialto built, 31 c
Ribera, Guiseppe, 55 b, 68 b
Ricardo, 62 d
Ricci, 35 h
Riccioli, 64 c
Rice, Spring, 67 d
Rice introduced into Carolina,
45 f
Richardson, 63 e; Jonathan,
69 c ; Sam., 65 a
Richard I., of Normandy, 10 d ;
11., 10 d ; I., of England, 14 d,
57 b; II., 18 e; III., 20 d
Richard, botanist, 70 b
Richelieu, ministry of, 34 b, 50 a,
58 a, b, 59 e, 60 a
Richmond, duke of, 51 a ; Henry,
earl of, 20 d
Richter, J. P. F., 65 c
Ridolfi, Carlo, 68 c
Rienzi, 19 a
Riego, 51 c
Ries, 65 d
Riflemen introduced, 63 a
Riga built, 17 e; an archbishop¬
ric, 17 a; besieged by the
Poles, 44 f; taken by the Rus¬
sians, 45 a; taken by the
Swedes, 36 i
Rigaud, 69 d, 70 b
Rights, petition of, 34 a
Riley, J., painter, 69 d
Rimini, Gregory of, 24 a, 27 b
Rimoro III., of Leon, 10 c
Rincon, Antonio del, 69 c
Rio de la Plata, 29 g, 33 f
Ripon, earl of, 31 a
Ripperda, ministry of, 42 b, c
Risbon taken, 36 f
Risby taken by the Danes, 36 g
Ritson, Jos., 65 a
Ritter, 70 c
Riumin, Beschutef, count, minis¬
try of, 48 f
Rivoli, defeat at, 52 c
Rixa, 19 g
Rizocopus, John, 6 e
Rizzio, 30 b
Robert, first duke of Burgundy,
72; count of Clermont, 72 ;
1., king of France, 10 d, 72 ;
11., 10 d, 12 d, 72; Latinemp.,
17 k; the Good, king of Naples,
18 i, k ; duke of Neustria, 8 e;
of Normandy, 10 d, 12 d ;
count palatine, 21 h ; II., of
Scotland, 18 d ; III., 18 d, 20 c
Robert, I,., 69 d
Robertson, 63 e; Wm., 64 d
Robespierre, 50 a
Robinet, J., 64 b
Robinson, Mr., 51 a
Robulcund, Mahrattas settle in,
45 d
Robusti, Jacopo, 68 c
Rocafuerte, 55 b
Rochambeau, 49 f
Roche, Paul de la, 69 a
Rochefort, military school at,63 a;
marine school at, 63 a
Rochelle, peace of, 30 d
8*
Rochelle, reduced, 34 b
Rochester, earl of, 65 a
Rockiogham ministry, 46 d
Rocroi, victory of, 34 b, 35 b
Roden, lord, 67 d
Roderic,6 c
Rodney, admiral, 46 c, 47 g
Rodoan, 49 a
Rodolph,emp., 16g; II.,32c,73
Rodolphine tables, 32 c
Rodrigo, of Zamora, 22 b
Rodri JVlalwynawe, 6 a
Roe, sir Thomas, 37 c
Roebuck, 67 d
Roger of Bruges, 69 a
Roger, duke of Sicily, 14 g; II.,
14 g, 24 b
Rogers, Sam., 65 a
Roget, 70 a
Rohan, duke de, 34 b, 36 b
Rohault, 64 b
Ilokh, Shah, 23 l,m, 49 b
Roland, 6 d ; Mad., 70 c
Rollenhagen, 61 c
Rollin, Chas., 64 d
Iloilo the Dane, 10 d
Romagna ceded to the pope, 16 g
Romain, Pierre Mignard le, 69 e
Roman de Rou, 15 b
Romance language, 8 f, 24 b, 67 e
Romano, Giulio, 60 e, 68 b, c ;
Eccelino da, 16 f
Romanoff, dynasty of, 36 k, 73
Romanus, exarch of Ravenna, 3 c;
1., Gr. emp., lid; II., lid;
111., 13 d; pope, 9 a
Romanzoff, 48 f
Romanzow, Russian ambassador,
47 c
Romberg, 65 d
Rome taken, 3 c, 8 e, 14 f, 27 e,
59 a, 68 b ; joined to France,
50 a; sacked by Odoacer, 3 c ;
peace of, with the Visigoths,
2 b ; besieged by Vitiges, 3 c ;
democracy at, 19 a; senators
of, 16 i
- Constantinople, &c., oli¬
garchy of the bishops of, 3 d
Roman empire, division of, be¬
tween Arcadius and Honorius,
3 e ; in the West, finally over¬
thrown, 3 c
-and Gr. churches, schism
between, 3 d, 5 a
--law, 19 b, 56 c, 66 c;
republic, 52 g; manners
adopted in England, 2 a
Romilly, sir S., 66 c, 67 d
Romney, Geo., 69 c
Roncaglia, diet of, 14 f
Roncesvalles, Roland’s death at,
6d
Rondeau, 55 b
Ronsard, Pierre de, 61c
Rooke, 65 d ; admiral, 42 b, d
Rosa, Mart, de la, 65 b
Rosamond, 14 d
Rosas, de, 55 b
Rosbecq, battle of, 18 f
Roscellin, 24 a
Roscoe on Penal Jurisprudence,
66 c
-Will., 70 c
Roscommon, earl of, 65 a
Rosenmuller, 67 e
Roses, wars of the, 20 d, 56 a
Rospigliosi, pope, 40 a
Ross, capt., 70 c
Rossbach, defeat at, 47 c, 63 a
llossi, Ch., 64 e ; Aug., lb.
Rossini, G., 65 d
Rosso, 24 c, 68 a, 69 e
Roswitha, 11 b
Rotari, Piet., 68 c
Rotgans, 65 b
Rutharis, 4 d, 5 b
Rothe, J., 22 b
Rotrou, Jean de, 61 c
Rothsay, duke of, 18 d
Rotteck, Carl, von, 67 d, 70 c
Rottenhammer, Joh., 69 a
Rottman, 69 a
Roubilliac, L. F., 64 e
Rouen, capital of Normandy, lOd;
pillaged by the Normans, 8 e ;
captured, 20 d
-and Aix, parliaments of,
26 d
Roundheads, 34 a
Rousseau, 46 b, 48 a, 62 b, 63
d, e, 64 b, 65 c, d
Roussillon revolis from Spain,
34 b ; taken by the Spanish,
50 a
Routh, Dr., 67 e
Roux, Maitre, 24 c
Roveredo, victory at, 52 e
Rowe, Nich., 65 a
Roxalana, 33 c
Roxburg, captured, 20 c
Royal marriage act, 46 c
Royal Society, 63 e, 64 c
Royer, 67 e
Rubens, Peter Paul, 59 e, 69 a d
Rubruquis, 17 a
Rucceliai, Giov., 61 b
Rudolph, of Austria, 18 g; of
Bavaria, 12 e ; I., of Bohemia,
73; of Burgundy, 10 e; of
France, 10 d; II., of Germany,
36 c
Rudshuk, capture of, 53 e, 54 a;
victory of, ib.
Rue, Pierre de la, 24 c
Ruel, treaty of, 34 b
Ruffo, card., 52 f
Rugby school, 59 e
Rugen, capitulation of Swedes at,
53 b
Rugians, subjugated, 3 c; nu¬
merous bodies of, taken into
Italy, 3 c
Ruhlieres, Cl. Carl, de, 70 c
Ruisch, Raphael, 69 b
Rukn ad din Feros, 23 n
Rules, Richard de, 57 c
Rum, kingdom of, 13 d, 15 d,
17 1
Rump parliament, 34 a, 38 b
Runjeet Singh, 54 c
Rupert, prince, 34 a
Ruric, dynasty of, 9 c, 17 h, 33 b,
73 ; of Russia, 9 c
Rurik, 56 a
Rusconi, Cam., 64 e
Russel, adm., 38 b; lord, exe¬
cuted, 38 b
Russell, 67 e ; lord John, 51 a,
67 d, 70 c; Dr., 70 c
Russia, 9 c, 13 c, 15 c, 17 h, 22
h, 29 b, 33 b, 36 k, 41 e,45a,
53 e; converted to Christianity,
11a; first intercourse of Eng¬
land with, 30 c; etnperor of, 73;
first grand-prince of, 56 a ; first
interferes in Persian affairs,
62 b ; war of, with Sweden, 43
a, 44 e, 45 a, 48 f; under the
Tartars, 19 i; laid waste by
Tartars, 29 b; peace of, with
Shah Tahmasp, 45 a; first war
of with Turkey, 62 b ; treaty of,
with the Porte, 66 b ; manufac¬
tories in, 63 c; directing senate
established in, 45 a, 62 c
- Red, re-united to Hun¬
gary, 19 g; ceded to Poland,
19 g
Russian trade, 48 f, 59 c, 63 c,
67 c ; navy, 62 b, 63 a, 67 a ;
military colonies, 67 a; cam¬
paign of Napoleon, 50 a, 53 ;
monarchy founded, 9 c
Russians defeated by Livonian
knights, 28 g
Ruthven, Raid of, 30 b
Ruyter, adm., 38 b, 40 b
Ryehouse plot, 38 b
Ilyland, Wm., 69 c
Rymer, Thos., 64 d
Rysbrach, Jn. M., 64 e
Ryswick, 38 b, 39 b, c, 40 c e
Saadat-Khan independent in
India, 45 d
Saalfield, defeat of, 53 e, 70 c
Sabaktegin, 11 e
Sabbatini, Andrea, 68 b
Sabert, 4 a
Sabinian, 5 a
Sacchetti, 19 b, 24 b, 64 e
Sacchi, Andrea, 68 d
Sacchini, 65 d
Sacheverell’s impeachment, 42 d
Sachs, Hans, 61 c
Sacile, defeat at, 52 e
Sacrilege, law of, 50 a
Sacro Bosco, John of, 17 a
Sacy, Silvester de, 67 e
Sadat dynasty, 23 n
Sadi, 17 m
Saduk Khan, king of Persia, 49 b
Safarian dynasty, 9 e
Sagaralli, Gerhard, 19 b
Sage, Rene le, 65 c
Sahhib Gherai, 29 b
St. Croix, isle of, purchased by
Denmark, 44 d
St. Deny, church of, 57 d
St. Domingo, French expedition
to, 50 a ; ceded to France, 51 c
St. Elmo, 27 d
St. Eustace, conflict at, 55 c
St. Gall, canton, 52 b
St. George, company of, 57 b
St. Germain-en-l.aye, 30 d, 41 c
St. Helena, Buonaparte banished
to, 50 a
St. Louis, order of, instituted,
39 c
—-code of, 56 c
St. Maur, congregation of, founded,
35 h
St. Patrick, 6 b
St. Paul’s church, 4 a, 57 d;
school, 59 e
St. Peter’s at Rome, 27 e, 57 d,
60 e
St. Peter’s (Westminster abbey)
founded, 4 a
St. Roch, church of, 60 e
St. Sagramento ceded to Spain,
49 e
St. Simonians, 52 g
St. Sophia, church of, built, 3 e,
57 d
St. Stephen, order of, established,
31 c
St. Stephen’s chapel built, 57 d
St. Sebastian, repulse at, 51 c
St. Vincent, cape, victory off, 51
b, c
Saiutes, defeat at, 16 e
Sakti Beg, 19 n
Salah ad din, 15 e
Salamanca cathedral, 60 e; vic¬
tory at, 51 c
Salankaman, 28 d, 40 g, 41 f
Salat, J., 70 a
Saldalha, marshal, 51 b
Saldanha bay, victory of, 50 b
Salerno, school of, 12 e
Salian Franks, 56 c
Saliari, 65 d
Salic law, 2 c, 18 f, 47 g, 51 c,
56 c, 62 a, 66 a
Salimbeui, Ventura, 68 b
Salis, 29 g
Salisbury, countess of, 26 c
-cathedral built, 57 d
Salmasius, 59 d
Salt, 67 e
Salt-tax, 57 a
Salt works of Bochnia, 17 f; of
Wiliczka, 17 f
Saluees, 31 c, 35 e
Selvandy, 65 c
Salvi, Giambatista, 68 b
Salviati, Francesco di, 68 a
GENERAL INDEX.
Salzburg reinforced by emigrants,
44 c ; ceded to Bavaria, 52 c
Samanians, 13 e
Samana, kingdom of, founded,
23 n
Samarcand taken, 17 n
Sambajee, of Mahratta, 41 h
Sam Mirza, of Persia, 37 b
Samo, 4 c
Samogitia ceded to Poland, 22 f
Samarcand conquered by the
Arabs, 7 e
Sanchez, Fr„ 64 b
Sancho I , Aragon, 12 a ; II., of
Castile, 12 a ; III., 14 b ; IV.,
of Castile and Leon, 16 b ; I.,
of Leon, 10 c; II., of Navarre
and Castile, 12 a; IV., of Na¬
varre, 12 a; V., 14 b; VI.,
14 b; VII., 16 b; I., of Por¬
tugal, 14 b, 16 a ; II., 16 a
Sandoval, 31 a, 60 d
Sandrait, Joachim van, 69 a
Sandys, G., 61 a
San Estevan, 39 g
Sangallo, Giul., 60 e ; Ant., 60 e
Sanguin, 15 e
Sanjar, khalif, 15 f
San Miguel, 29 g
Sannazaro, Jac., 61 b
San Pietro, 31 c
Sanscrit literature introduced, 63 e
-college, 67 e
San Salvador, 26 a
Santa Anna, 55 b
-Cruz, 33 f
-Junta, 58 a
Santander, gen., 55 b
Santern, 69 d
Santiago, foundation of the order
of, 14 b
Sanzo, conspiracy of, 35 g
Sapieha party, 44 e
Sapio, 65 d
Saracens, ravage Asia Minor, 9 d ;
settle in Calabria, 8 e ; driven
out of Europe, 58 b ; wars of,
with the Greeks, 9 d ; invade
Italy, 8 e; occupy Sicily, etc.,
10 e
Saragossa captured by the Chris¬
tians, 14 b; revolt of, 31 b;
siege of, 51 c
Saratoga, surrender at, 46 c, 49 f
Sarazin, 64 e
Sarbiewski, 61 c
Sardinia united to Aragon, 20 b,
21 m; acquired by Austria,
42 c, 43 c, h ; exchanged by
Austria for Sicily, 43 d; sub¬
dued by the English fleet, 44 a;
conquered by the Pisans, 12 e ;
occupied by the Saracens, 10 e ;
given to Savoy, 44 a; con¬
quered by Spain, 18 b. 44 a ;
given Up to Spain, 43 f; revo¬
lution in, 52 e
Sarmatians, 3 e
Sarnar, 52 b
Sarpi, P., 59 e, 60 d
Sarrans, 70 c
Sarli, Gius., 65 d
Sarto, And. del, 24 c, 68 a, 69 e
Sassannides, dynasty of, 3 f, 5 e
Sassoferato, 68 b
Saumara built, 9 e
Saumur, conspiracy at, 50 a
Savage, 65 a
Savannah, steam-boat, 55 a
-founded, 45 f
Savary, 70 c
Savigny, 66 c, 67 e
Savona, battle at, 50 b
Savoy, 27 a, 34 b, 35 e, 39 f, 43
h, 47 e ; restored to Emmanuel,
31 c ; seized by France, 27 a,
43 f, i, 50 a, 52 e ; war of,
with Genoa, 35 d, 39 d, f; duke
of, 28 a
Saxons, 3 b, 10 a, e, 15 c, 56 b;
subdue Bohemia, 36 c; first
visit England, 2 a ; shake off
the Frankish yoke, 4 c ; invade
Italy, 3 b; transplanted into
Italy, 6 e
Saxon heptarchy formed in Bri¬
tain, 2 a; line restored in Eng¬
land, 12 c
-school founded at Rome, 4 a
Saxe, marshal, 42 d
Saxe-Coburg, prince of, 50 a
Saxo Grammaticus, 17 a
Saxony, 14 f, 43 c, 52 c, 66 a ;
conquered by the Prussians,
47 c ; claimed by Spain, 43 c ;
invaded by the Swedes, 44 e ;
dukes of, 8 g ; house of, 10 e,
73
Say, Fr., 62 d ; lord, 34 a, 37 e
Sayab, Ala ad din, 23 n
Sayid Khizr Khan, 23 n
Sayib Mohammed, 23 n
Sayid Mubarik, 23 n
Sayri-Capac, 33 f
Sbigniew, 15 c
Scala, 18 i
-at Milan, 64 e
Scaliger, Jul. Caes., 59 e, 60 b
Scamozzi, V., 60 e
Scanderbeg, 21 1
Scandinavia, 7 c, 9 c, 11 c, 13 c,
15 c
Scania ceded to Sweden, 41 b
Scarlatti, Ab., 65 d
Scarron, 65 c
Sceptical writers, 60 b
Schalken, 69 b
Schaffhausen, 28 a, 52 b
Schechner, 65 a
Schedone, 68 e
Scheemakers, Pet., 64 e
Schefer, Leop., 65 c
Scheldt, dispute on the navigation
of, 47 a; opened, 52 a, 63 c
Schelling, 70 a ; F. W. Jos., 70 b
Schiavone, Andrea, 68 c
Schicht, 65 d
Schism, the Great, 19 a
Schick, G., 69 a
Schiller, F. von, 63 e, 65 c
Schimelmann, 48 c
Schimelpennink, 52 a
Schlegel, A. YV. and F. J. E.,
65 c, 67 d, e
Schleswick ceded to Denmark,
44 d
Schliermacher, 67 e, 70 a
Schloser, 63 d
Schlosser, 70 c
Schmauss, 64 d
Schneider, 65 d, 67 e
Schnorr, J., 69 a
Scholarius, George, 24 a
Scholastic philosophy, 13 b, 15 b,
19 b, 22 b, 24 a
Scholasticus, 6 e
Schomberg, count, 39 a
Schonen acquired by Sweden, 19 c
Schongauer, Martin, 24 c
Schools founded in monasteries,
7 a
-of Athens suppressed, 3 e
Schopenhauer, 65 c
Schoreel, Jo., 69 b
Schroch, 64 d
Schroeder, 65 d, 67 e
Schubart, 65 c
Schubert, 70 a, b
Schulze, 65 d, 70 a
Schumacher, Peter, 41 a
Schuster, 65 d
Schwartz, Ber., 19 b
Schweitz, canton, 18 h, 52 b
Schweppermann, 18 g
Schwerin subdued by the Danes,
17 a
Scissa, 2 a
Sciences, academy of, founded at
St. Petersburg, 45 a
-Acad, des, 39 c, 63 e,
64 c
Scio, massacre of, 54 a
Sclavonia subdued by the Aus¬
trians, 41 f
Sclavonians, 3 b
Scotland, 6 b, 8 b, 10 b, 12 b, 14
c, 16 d, 18 d, 20 c, 26 b, c, 30
b ; a fief of England, 14 c ; in¬
dependence of, acknowledged,
18 d ; invaded by Henry IV.,
20 c ; united to England, 30 c,
42 d, 62 a; religious wars in,
30 b
Scotch rebellion, 42 d
Scots and Piets, inroads of into
England, 2 a
Scott, Sam., 69c; Michael,24 a;
sir W., 65 a, 67 e
Scotus, Duns, 24 a; Erigena, 9 a,
b, 24 a; Marianus, 13 b
Scribe, Eug., 65 c
Scrop, Henry le, 20 d
Scrzynecki, gen., 67 a
Scutages, 14 d, 57 a
Sculptors, Dutch, 60 e; English,
60 e, 64 e; French, 60 e;
Italian, 60 e, 64 e ; Spanish,
60 e
Seabury, Dr., ordination of, 48 a
Sea kings, 7 c, 8 d
Sebastian, k. of Portugal, 31 a
Sebastiani, 54 a
Secret service money, Walpole’s,
42 e
Secundus, historian, 5 b
Sedgewick, prof., 70 a
Seditious meetings, act for sup¬
pressing, 51a
Segedin, peace of, 23 k
Seghers, Dan.,69 a
Segur, 67 e; the elder, 70 c
Sehested, count, 36 f
Seidlitz, 63 a
Seid Mourad, k. of Persia, 49 b
Seids put to death, 45 d
Seifdar Jung, 49 c
Seiks, 54 c
Seik wars, 45 d, 49 c
Sekander Lodi, 23 m, n, 29 f
Selby, 70 b
Seleucis destroyed, 7 e
Self-denying ordinance, 34 a
Selim Shah Soor, 29 f, 33 e
Selim 1., 29 c; II., 33 c, 49 a;
111., 54 a; sultan, 58 b, 59 a
Seljuk, 13 f
Seljukian Turks, 13 d, f
Sempach, battle of, 18 h
Sempere, 70 c
Senate house, Cambridge, 64 e
Sendomir, confederation of nobles
at, 36 i
Senef, 39 c, 40 c
Senegal ceded to England, 46 c;
restored to France, 46 c
Senfl, Ludg., 60 f
Seni, 60 a
Sennert, 64 b
Septennial Act passed, 42 e
Septimania conquered, 6 d
Sepulveda, 60 d
Seraphim, order of the, instituted,
44 e
Serfs emancipated in Denmark,
48 c
Sergius I., pope, 5 a; II., 9 a;
111., 11 a; IV., 13a
Seringapatam, 49 c, 54 d
Serlio, 60 e
Servetus, 31 e
Servia and Croatia, kingdom of,
founded, 5 c
-conquered by the Porte,
43 e ; revolt of, 54 a
Sesto, Caesar da, 68 d
Sessions of the Empire, 52 c
Sessions established, 26 b
Settlement, act of, 42 e
Seur, Eustache le, 69 e
Sevajee, 37 c, 41 h
Seven Years’ War, 46 b, c, 47 c,
48 b, 62 b
Severia ceded to Russia, 41 d
Severinus, pope, 5 a
Seville, 2 b, 16 b, 27 f, 51 c, 57 b
Seyfarth, 67 e
Seymour, lord, executed, 26 c
Sfondrata, 31 e
Sforza, Francis, 21 1,27 a ; Ludo¬
vico, 21 1, 27 a; Maximilian,
27 a
Shaddad, Boahaddi Ibu, 15 b
Shaftesbury, trial of, 38 b
Shah Alim I., k. of India, 45 d ;
II., emp. of Delhi, 49 c, 54 d
Shahjehan, sultan of Mogul, 37 c
Shah Rokh, k. of Persia, 45 c
-Soofi 1., k. of Persia, 37 b
-Sujah, 37 c
-Zeman, 54 c
Shahin Gherai, 49 a
Shaibek Khan, 23 m, 29 e
Shahnameh, 13 e
Shaitan-Kuli, 29 c
Shakspeare, 34 a, 59 e, 61 a, 65 c
Sharfaddin, Abdallah, 15 b
Sharpe, archbp., murdered, 38 c ;
YVm., 69 c
Shaw, George, 70 b
Sheahs rebel, 29 c
Shee, 69 c
Sheep-breeding in England, 59 b;
in Spain, 59 b
Sheep, Spanish, brought into
Saxony, 63 b
Sheikh Faizi, 33 e
-Hasan, 19 n
Shelburne, secretary of state,
46 d ; ministry of, 46 d
Shelley, P. B., 65 a
Shelley, Mrs., 65 a
Shems ad din Altmish, 23 n
Shenstone, YVm., 65 a
Shere Shah Soor, 29 f
Sheridan, 46 c, d, 51 a, 63 d, 65
a, 67 d, e
Sheriffmuir, 42 d
Sherifs, dynasty of, 29 d
Sherlock, 44 b
Shetland conquered by the Nor¬
wegians, 11 c
Shiahs, sect of, 5 d
Shibli, 37 a
Ship money, 34 a
Shiraz seat of Persian government,
49 b
Shires, England divided into, 8 a
Shirkoh, 15 e
Shirley, 38 a, 61 a
Shirwan conquered, 33 c; ac¬
quired by Russia, 45 a, 53 e,
54 b
Shore, Jane, 20 d ; sir John, gov.
gen. of India, 49 c
Shortswords, defeat of, 17 h
Shrewsbury school, 59 e
-battle of, 20 d
Shuja-al-mulk, 54 c
Shumla, repulse at, 53 e, 54 a
Shumsodeen, nawab of, 54 d
Shute, John, 60 e
Siam discovered, 26 a
Siberia, principality of, 22 h
-- discovered, 60 a
Sicilian vespers, 16 f
Sicily, 16 h, 18 1, 21 m, 27 d, 31
d, 35 g, 39 g, 43 f, h, 44 a, 47
f, 52 f, 66 a; taken by the
African Aglabites, 9 d ; invaded
by the Arabs, 5 d ; united to
Aragon, 20 b; conquered by
Don Carlos, 44 a; overrun
by the French, 27 d ; recovered
by the Greek empire, 9 d;
united to Naples, 44 a, 52 f;
conquered by the Normans, 12
e ; subdued by the Ostrogoths,
3 c; occupied by Saracens, 10
e ; exchanged by Savoy for
Sardinia, 43 d ; seized by the
Spaniards, 44 a
Siddons, Mrs., 65 a
Sidmouth, lord, 51 a, 67 d
Sidney, Alg., 63 d; sir Philip
32 a, 59 e, 61 a
Sidon taken, 15 e
Sieks, 45 d
Siena revolts from Florence, 31 c;
council of, 22 a
Sierra Leone, settlement of, 49 e
Sieverhausen, battle of, 32 c
Sieyes, abbd, 46 b; Eu. J., 67 d
Sigard, 15 c
Sigeberl I., k. of Austrasia, 2 c;
II., 4 c
Sigeric, 2 b
Sigeth besieged, 33 c
Sigered, 8 a
Sigismond, George, elector of
Brandenburg, 36 h ; John, elec¬
tor of Brandenburg, 36 h
-k. of the Burgundians,
3 a; emp., 21 h, 73; k. of
Hungary, 21 k ; of Luxemburg,
19 h ; L, k. of Poland, 29 a ;
II., 29 a; III., 33 a, 36 g, i;
k. of Sweden, 32 f, 73 ; Bat-
thori, of Transylvania, 32 d,
36 e
Signorelli, Luca, 24 c, 68 a
Sigonio, 60 d
Sikandar Shah Soor, 33 e
Silbermann, 65 d
Silesia ceded to Bohemia, 19 g;
incorporated with the empire,
18 g; conquered by the Prus¬
sians, 44 c; ceded to Prussia,
43 d, 47 c, 48 b
Silesius, Ang., 61 c
Silingi, or Y’andals, 2 b
Silistria, capture of, 53 e, 54 a
Silk culture in Lombardy, 67 b
-exports monopolised by Mes¬
sina, 39 g
- manufactures introduced,
24 d; introduced into England, | if*1
Ik
34 a ; introduced into France,
wl
34 b ; of Lyons, 67 c;
Spain, lib, 59 c
trade with Persia,
••"■••J 59 c.
w\
Silkworms introduced from China, t#
3 e w
Silo, 6 e w
Silver mines in the Hartz moun¬ I *rw*.
jib
tains, 11 b ; in Saxony, 59 b
Silverius, 3 d
Silvester II., pope, 13 a; III.,
13 a
Silveyra, 26 a
Simancus, battle of, 10 c
Simeon of Bulgaria, 11 d; Gr.
writer, 22 b ; of Durham, 15 b
Simone, Maestro, 68 b; Francesco
di, 68 b
Simons, Ralph, 60 e
Simplicius, 3 d
Simplon, military road over, 67 a
Simson, 64 d
Sinclair, sir J., 67 b
Sindia, Mahadajee, 54 d
• rise of, 49 c
Sinking fund established, 46 d
• in Holland, 62 d
Sitisheim, 39 c, 40 e
Siorod, 36 f, g
Sirhund sacked by the .Afghans,
45 d
Siri, abbe, 64 d
Siroes, 5 e
Sisebert, 4 b
Sisenand, 4 b
Sismondi, 70 c
Sissek, defeat at, 32 d
Sisinnius, pope, 7 a
Siward, 12 b
Sixtus IV., pope, 22 a; V., 31 e I Ch
Sizinski, 62 a
Skelton, John, 24 b, 61 a
Skinner, case of, 38 a j .
Skippon, 34 a V
Skryznecki, 53 e
Slave trade, efforts for the abolish¬
ment of, commenced, 49 e;
abolition of, 46 c, 51 a, 67 c ;
abolished by Congress, 55 a
Slavery abolished in Mexico, 55 b; ■ f f!:
Brazil, 55 b 1
Slavi, or Sclavonians, 3 b, 9 c ; pel!
subdued by the Germans, 10 e;
invade Italy, 4 d ; found the
kingdom of Servia, 5 c
Slavonic nations, 9 c, 11 c, 13 c,
15 c
Sleidan, Johan, 60 d
Sleswick-Holstein, duke of, 28 e
Sleswig subdued, 10 e
Slingelandt, Pet. v., 69 b
Sloan, sir H., 64 c
Sloboja, armistice of, 53 e truce
of, 54 a
Smalcaldic war, 58 a
Smalcaldists, 27 e, 28 b
Smaragdus, 3 c, 4 d
Smart, Chr., 65 a
Smirke, sir R., 64 e
Smith, 59 e ; Adam, 62 d, 63 d,
64 b ; Hamilton, 70 b ; sir J.,
70b; Jas. and Hor., 65 a;
Char., 65 a
Smithfield, first cattle show, 67 b
Smolensko, 29 a, 36 i; captured
by the French, 53 e; ceded to
Russia, 41 d
Smollett, Tob., 64 d, 65 a
Snape defends the non-jurors,
44 b
Snell, Wm., 60 c
Sneyders, Fr., 69 a
Snowball, 70 b
Soane, sir J., 64 e lb
Sobieski, John, 40 e, 41 d, f,
62 b
Soccage tenants, 57 c
Societies, agricultural, 67 b
Societd des Amis des Noirs, 49 e
Society of German naturalists,
70 b
of St. Luke, 68 a
Socinian heresy, 31 e
Socinianism in Poland, 33 a, 41 d
Socinus, 31 e
Soeur, Hub., 60 e
Sofis, empire of, overthrown, 62 b
Soissons, battle at, 2 c
Solario, Antonio, 68 b
Soleure, canton, 21 g. 52 b
Solger, 70 a
Soliman, khalif of Damascus, 7 e
Soliman, 29 c, 32 d, 33 c; Shah,
of Persia, 41 g, 58 b ; the Mag¬
nificent, 60 a
Solimanyah, mosque of, built,
33 c
Solimene, Francesco, 68 b
Solis, 64 d ; Ant. de, 59 e, 61 b
Soltikof, 48 f
Solway Moss, battle of, 26 b
Somers, lord, 42 e, 64 d
Somerset house, 60 e, 64 e
Somerset, 26 b ; beheaded, 30 c
Somerville, 65 a
Somner, Wm., 64 d
Song, dynasty of, 17 n
Sonnets, first English, 61 a
Sonntag, 65 d
Sonput, battle at, 33 e
Soofi II., of Persia, 41 g
— dynasty, 29 c, 45 c, 58 b
Sooni, Persian sect, 45 c
Sophia, queen of Ivan I., 22 h ;
electress of- Hanover, 38 b,
42 d
Sorbonne, 60 e
Sorel, Agnes, 20 e
Sorr, battle of, 44 c
Sosapetra rased, 9 d
Sotheby, Wm., 65 a
Soubise, 34 b
Soufflot, J. G., 64 e
Soult, marshal, 50 a
 GENERAL INDEX 85
Sound, tolls paid by Sweden for i Stewart, earl of Arran, 30 b; earl Swerker II., 17 c Templars suppressed, 18 b, f Tilhings, England divided into, g; commercial, of Turkey with
the navigation of, 44 e of Bothwell, 30 b; Dugald, Swift, 63 a, 65 a Temple, sir VVm., 64 d 8 a, 56 c France and Holland, 37 a ; of
Southey, It., 65 a, 67 e, 70 c 70 a ; the Hebraist, 67 e Swineshead, Richard,"24 a Temple of Reason, 50 a Titian, 59 e, 60 c, 68 c Turkey and the Empire, 37 a;
South sea first reached, 29 g Still, Jno., 61 a Swintila, 4 b Temuchin, 17 n Tobacco first brought to Europe, of Vienna, 29 a; of VVehlau,
—--scheme, 42 d, 45 f Stirling, battle of, 16 d Switzerland, 18 h, 28 a, 32 b, 36 Tencin, card., 42 c 30 c ; first brought to Turkey, 41 c; of Westphalia, 59 a
Sovverby, 70 b Stockash, victory of, 52 c b, 40 d, 43 b, 47 b, 52 b; Tenda, 31 c 37 a ; first brought into Virgi¬ Trebia, victory of, 52 c
Spada, Lionella, 68 d Stockholm founded, 17 d ; diet of, aristocratic governmentin, 66a; Teniers, David, 69 a, b nia, 37 e ; monopoly, 39 c, 58 Frebizond, kingdom of, 17 1; con¬
Spafield riots, 51 a 41 b ; peace of, 44 c; royal free republic of, 21 g, 36 b; Tennessee joins the Union, 55 a d, 62 d quered by the Turks, 23 i
Spagnoletto, 68 b palace, 64 e revolution in, 52 b, 56 a, 66 a Tenth penny levied, 58 d Tobago ceded to England, 46 c, Trelawney, 65 a
Spahis, tumults of, 33 c Stoicism, revival of, 60 b Swiss confederacy formed, 18 h ; Terburg, Ger., 69 b 50 a. b ; restored to France, 46 Trent, council of, 23 b, 31 e
Spain, 4 b, 6 c, 8 c, 10 c, 12 a, Stolberg, 65 c reclamation against the perse¬ Terceira, marshal, 51 b; regency c, 49 f Tresham, Henry, 69 c
14 a, 16 b, 20 b, 27 f, 35 b, Stolbova, 36 g, k cution of the Huguenots, 32 b; of, 51 b Tobolsk founded, 33 b Treveris, P., 59 e
42 b, 51 c, 62 b ; Greeks in, Stollhafen, 42 c body guards, 63 a, 67 a; first Ternate taken by the English, Toggenburg, war respecting, 21 Treves taken, 40 e; elector of,
3 e, 4 b; conquered by the Stolzer, Thomas, 24 c in service of France, 59 a 50 b g ; disputes respecting, 43 b attacked by Spain, 35 b
Arabs, 6 c, 7 e ; reduced to a Stone, Henry, painter, 69 d; Sword, order of, instituted, 44 e Terneux, 67 c Toghrel Beg, 13 f; sultan of Trevisa, John de, 19 b
Roman province, 2 b; inva¬ Nich., 60 e Syagrius, 2 c Terouenne taken, 30 d Persia, 15 f Treviso, march of, ceded to Otho,
sions of, by barbarians, 2 b ; Stowe’s Chronicle, 60 d Sydenham, Thos., 64 c Terra Firma conquered, 29 g Tograi, 15 b 10 e
wrested from the khalifat of the Strachan, sir R., commander, Sydney, Algernon, 38 b Terror, reign of, 46 b, 50 a; in Tohoan-Tymur, 17 n Trianon, tarif of, 50 a, 67 c
Abassides, 6 c ; Gothic mon¬ 50 b Sylvester II., pope, 11 a Portugal, 51 b Tokay, 28 d Triennial parliaments, 38 a
archy of, 2 b ; goes to the French Strada, 60 d Sylvius, Aineas, 21 h, i Teschen, congress of, 47 c ; peace Tolbaic, battle of, 2 c Trieste harbour founded, 47 c,
house of Anjou, 62 b; war of, Stradivari, 60 f Symmachus I., 3 c, d of, 47 c, 48 b, f Toledo, 8 c, 16 b, 27 d, 31 b, 35 63 c ; made a free port, 43 d ;
with Morocco, 47 g ; with Strafford, earl of, 34 a Symnel, Lambert, 20 d Tesin, canton, 52 b d; taken by Alfonso, 12 a; commercial company at, 63 c
Franee, 27 f, 34 b, 35 b, 39 e, Stralsund capitulates to Charles Syncellus, George, 7 b Test Act, 38 a, c, 42 d, 51 a, fourth council of, 4 b Trincomalee taken by the Eng¬
50 a ; with England, 35 b, 39 XII., 44 e ; siege of, 53 b Synod, Holy, established in Rus¬ 55 c Toleration, edict of, 36 d ; se¬ lish, 47 a
b, 42 b, 46 c, 49 e ; Napoleon Strange, sir Rob., 69 c sia, 45 a Tetzel, 27 e cured to German protestants, Trinidad discovered, 29 g; con¬
kingdom of, 66 a; war of, with Strasburg seized by France, 39 c; Syria, 3 e, f, 37 a ; conquered by Teusina, peace of, 33 b 31 e quered by the English, 46 c,
the Dutch, 35 a ; with Portu¬ taken by Louis XIV., 62 b; Ali Bey, 49 a ; Greeks in, 5 c ; Teutonic language supersedes the Tollens, 65 b 49 e, 50 b ; ceded to France,
gal, 35 a ; treaty of, with the burgher army of, 57 b ; insur¬ overrun by Greeks, 11 d; in¬ Latin, 4 c 'l'olosa, Navas de, battle of, 16 b 51 c; restored to Spain, 46 c
Porte, 31 b, 47 g ; war of, rection at, 50 a vaded by the Persians, 5 e ; -order, 15 a, 19 f, 22 f, 28 Tolstoi, Russian ambassador, 45 a Trinity College, Cambridge, 64e;
with Savoy, 35 e ; revolutions Stratiotichus, 13 d conquered by the Tartars, 23 1; g, 33 a Tonnage, disputes respecting, 34 a Oxford, 64 e
in, 66 a, b Strauss, 65 d subdued by the Turks, 13 f Tewkesbury, battle of, 20 d Tooghlek dynasty, 23 n Triple league, 38 b
Spaniards expelled from Mexico, Streater, Rob., 69 d Szathmar, pacification of, 43 e Texas, 55 b Tooke, Horne, 51 a Tripoli taken, 15 e, 33 c, 58 b
etc.. 55 b Strelitz corps, formation of, 59 a Szidzinski, palatine, 41 d Texel, surrender of the Dutch T opi itz, congress at, 52 d Tripolizza recaptured, 54 a
Spanish armada, 58 b, 59 a Strode, 34 a Szistova, peace of, 47 d, 49 a fleet at, 50 b, 52 a Torchi, 68 c Trissino, Giov., 61 b
-succession, renounced by Stroganoff, 60 a Thames, victory of, 55 a Torgau, victory at, 47 c; con. Tristrem, sir, 17 a
the emperor, 43 c; war of, 42 Strozzi, Bernardo, 68 d Tabohitks, 21 i -tunnel begun, 50 b gregation at, 31 e Triumph, imitation of ancient,
b, 68 a ; patriots, war of, 51 c -party defeated, 31 c Tabreez conquered, 33 c ; ceded -entered by the Dutch Tories favour the Pretender, 42 d 31 c
.-trade with the Indies cut Struensee, ministry of, 48 c to Persia, 37 a ; recovered by fleet, 38 b Torre, Della, family, 18 i Triumvirate, the Spanish, 35 c
off by the Dutch, 35 b Strutt, Jos., 64 d, 69 c the Turks, 37 a Thassillo, 73 Torricelli, 60 a, c Trivet, Nicholas, 19 b
■- Marche conquered by Stry, V., 69 b Tabris, pestilence at, 19 n Theatins, 27 e Tornea taken, 53 b Troll, archbp. of Upsala, 28 f
Chailemagne. 6 d Strype, J., 64 d Tagliamento, victory at, 52 c Theatre, Oxford, 64 e Torriani, 16 f* Trollope, Mrs., 65 a
Spalding, lands inclosed at, 57 c Stuart, house of, 18 d, 26 b, 34 a Tagus forced by the French fleet, Theatres, 61 a, c Torrigiano, Piet., 60 e Tromp, adm., 36 a, 38 b, 40 b
Spallanzani, 64 c Stuarts in England, 62 a; re¬ 51 b Theile, 65 d Torrijoz, 51 c Trotti, Gio. Battista, 68 c
Sparke, Jos., 64 d stored, 38 b, 63 e Taher, 11 e Thenard, 67 e, 70 b Torstensohn, gen., 36 c, 59 a Troubadours, 14 e, 17 a
Spee, Von, 61 c Stuart, Charles Edward, the pre¬ Taherite dynasty, 9 e Theodatus, 3 c Tortona burnt, 14 f Troxler, 67 d, 70 a
Speed, J., 60 d tender, 42 d Tahmasp, k. of Persia, 45 c Theodebert I., 2 c ; II., 2 c, 4 c Tortona ceded to Savoy, 43 i Troyes, treaty of, 20 d
Spelman, H., 60 d Stubbes, Geo., 69 c Tahmurasp, revolt of, 41 g Theodisel, 2 b Tortuga, settlement in, 37 e Tubi, 64 e
Spence, 70 b Sturbide, 55 b Taia, khalif, 11 e Theodomir, 6 c Torture, judicial, introduced, 19 Tucker, Abr., 64 b; George, 70 c
Spencer, earl, 51 a Sture family massacred, 32 f Tailbois, exploits of, 12 c Theodora, 3 e; of Rome, 10 e; b ; abolished in Austria, 47 Tucuman, 33 f
Spenser,Ed.,61 a; Ilughde, 18 e Sturleson, Snorro, 17 a Taillebourg, defeat at, 16 e Gr. emp., 13 d c ; abolition of, in Germany, Tudor, house of, 20 d, 30 c,58 a;
Spindler, 65 c Sturm, 64 c Taille, perpetual, 58 d Theodoric I., 2 b; II.,2b; III., 62 c; in France, 62 c ; in Owen, 20 d
Spinello of Arezzo, 24 c, 68 a Stuyvesant, Peter, 37 e Taj-Mahal built, 37 c the Great, 2 b ; invades Italy, judicial proceedings abolished Tuilleries, 30 d, 60 e
Spinetto, marquis, 67 e Suabia, house of, 14 f, 73 Takay, defeat of, 28 d 3 c, e ; duke of the Saxons, in Sweden, 48 d Tulchan bishops, 30 b
Spinning machines, 63 c, 64 a ; Suabian league, second, 21 h Talavera, victory of, 51 c 6d Tostig, 12 c Tulga, 4 b
in America, 67 c; first in Suabians, 10 e Talbot, 20 d Theodore baron Neuhoff, k. of Totila, 3 c Tulikote, battle at, 33 e
France, 63 c Subsidies of England, 42 d Talfourd, serj., 65 a Corsica, 43 f Tott, baron de, 49 a Tullin, Braum., 65 b
Spinola, 36 a, c Succession, Act of, 42 d, e Talikote, 33 e Theodorus I., Callopas, of Ra¬ Touche, de la, 65 c Tunis, 27 f, 29 d; becomes tri¬
Spinoza, Bar, 59 a, 64 b ; Bene¬ -wars of, 62 b Talleyrand, 50 a, 66 b venna, 4 d ; II., 4 d ; I., pope, Toul taken, 30 d ; ceded to butary to the Porte, 33 c;
dict, 40 a Suckling, Jno., 61 a Tallis, Thos., 60 f 5 a ; II., 9 a France, 34 b Moorish kings restored in, 29 d;
Spires, 23 b, 40 e, 42 c Sudermania, duke of, 32 f, 48 d, Talma, 65 c Theodosiancode of laws published, Toulon, surrender of, to the Eng¬ subjected to the 'Turks, 58 b
Spirits of wine first distilled, 19 b 53 b Talmud of Babylon, published, 3d 3e lish, 50 b Tunnel under the Thames beoun,
Spitalfields’ riots, 51 a Sue, Eug., 65 c Tamasp I., k. of Persia, 29 e Theodosius III., 7 d Toulouse conquered by the Franks, 50 b
Spoh n, 67 e Suerrir, N., 17 c Tamerlane, 19 m, 23 n Theologians, 19 b, 70 a 2 b ; battle at, 6c; duke of, Tupuc-Amaru, revolt of, 49 e
Spohr, 65 d Suevi become Arians, 2 b ; em¬ Tanered, 13 b Theophania, 10 e, 11 d 10 d Turenne, 34 b, 39 b, c, 59 a,
Spontini, 65 d brace the Catholic faith, 2 b ; Tanistry, 34 a Theo-philothropists, 48 a Touqueville, 67 d 63 a
Spranger, 69 a united to the Spanish monarchy, Tannenburg, victory at, 22 f Theophilus, 9 d Tourgouth nation, emigration of, Turgot, 46 b, 62 d, 63 b, c
Spurs, battle of the, 26 c 2 b; invade Spain, 2 b ; king¬ Tanner, Thos., 64 d Theophylact, of Ravenna, 6 e 49 d 1 urin, 39 c, 43 f, i; peace of, 18
Spurzheim, 70 b dom of, entirely overthrown, 2 b Tanucci, ministry of, 47 f Theophylactus Simocatta, 5 b Tournaments, 60 a i, 19 h ; taken by the French,
Spy-system, 51a Suffolk, duke of, 26 c Taou-Kwang, 54 e Theosophists, 60 b, 64 b Tournay, restored to France, 26 34 b
Squilaci, minister of finance, 47 g Suffrein, 49 c Taragona, parliament at, 18 b Thermometers, 60 a, 64 c c; acquired by France, 39 b; Turkestan, 9 e, 11 e ; invaded by
Stadler, 65 d Sugar, abb6, 14 e Targowitz, confederation of, 48 e Theudis, 2 b victory at, 50 a, b, 52 a Jangez Khan, 17 n
Stadtholdership made hereditary, Sugar cane first planted in Hispa¬ Tariffa, victory at, 18 c Thibalt II., of Navarre, 16 b, Tournefort, D., 64 c Turkey, 33 c, 49 a; English ex¬
43 a niola, 29 g; introduced into Tarik, 6 c 24 b Tournon, card., imprisoned by the pedition against, 50 b; and
Stael, mad. de, 65 c, 70 c Barbadoes, 37 e Tarnopol ceded to Russia, 53 e Thibaudeau, 70 c Chinese emp., 44 b Trance, fleets of, aid Corsica,
Stafarda, 39 c, f Suidas, 11 b, 15 b Tarnouski, 29 a Thibaut, 66 c Tours, victory at, 6 c, 56 a ; silk 31c; and Russia, 41 f, 45 a,
Staff, military, first permanent Suleiman, khalif of Cordova, 12 a Tartaglia, Nic., 59 a, 60 c Thibet acquired by China, 49 d manufactory at, 24 d b, 48 f, 49 a, 62 b; and
one, 59 a Suliman Khan, of Persia, 19 n Tartary, 17 n, 19 m Thierry I., 2c; II., 2 c ; III., Tourville, 39 c Persia, peace of, 37 a; in¬
Stafford executed, 38 b -Shah, Ott. emp., 17 1 -Crim, conquered by the 4 c; IV., 6 d; A., 67 e, 70 c Towns, free, rise of, 14 e troduction of the European mi¬
Stahl, G. E., 64 c ; E., 64 c Sullivan, general, 46 c Russians, 48 f Thiers, Ad., 67 d, e, 70 c Townshend, lord, 42 e; and litary system into, 67 a
Stahrenberg, victory of, 42 b Sully, ministry of, 30 d, 34 b, 58 Tartars invade Europe, 17 h; Thionville, defeat at, 34 b Grafton ministry, 46 d Turkish monarchy founded in
Stamboul, 60 a a, d, 59 c, 60 a, d overrun Persia, etc., 19 m; Thirlwall, Rev. C., 70 c Tower of London built, 57 d Asia, 3 e; Egyptian fleet de¬
Stamp act, 38 b, 62 a; for Ame¬ Sultaniah ceded to the Porte, 45 b subsidized against Russia, 29 a Thirty Years’ war, 35 a, 36 c, Towton, battle of, 20 d stroyed at Navarino, 67 a;
rica, 46 c, 49 f; in Prussia, 62 d Sulzer, 64 b -of the Golden horde, 17 h 58 a Tracts for the Times, 52 g government formed, 19 1; em¬
Stamps begun in Holland, 58 d Sumatra discovered, 26 a ; ceded -Liev and Tongusian, in¬ Thistlewood, trial of, 50 b Tracy, Destrutt de, 67 d, 70 a bassy to Vienna, 47 c
Stamp duties on advertisements to England, 52 a vade China, 17 n Tholuck, 52 g Trade and manufactures, 24 d, Turkmaus of the Black Sheep. 23
reduced, 51 a Sunderland, earl, 42 e -Mantchow, attack China, Thomas of Strasburg, 24 a 30 c, 59 c, 63 c, 67 c m ; of the White, 23 m ; ex¬
Standard, battle of the, 14 c Sundgaw acquired by France, 37 d Thomasius, 63 d Trade of the Greek empire with pelled from Persia, 29 e
Stanhope,earl, 46 c ; general, 42e 34 b - Tourgouth, submit to Thomasts, 24 a China, 3 e; with China, first Turkmanschai, peace of, 54 b
Stanislaus Leczinski, k. of Poland, Sunies persecuted, 19 n Russia, 41 e Thomson, Jas.,65 a ; Dr., 70 b Russian, 41 e; Danish, 59 c; Turks conquer Bulgaria, &c., 19
44 f; Poniatoyki, k. of Poland, Sunis, sect of, 5 d Tartini, 65 d Thompson, 69 c, 70 b ; P., 51 a Swedish, 59 c; free, in Hol¬ 1; coalition against, 62 b;
48 e Supernaturalism, 52 g, 64 b Tasso, Bern., 61 b ; Torg., 31 e, Thorisinond, 2 b land, 63 c ; unions, 50 b, 67 c first pass into Europe, 19 1 ;
Stanislas, bishop of Cracow, 13 c Supremacy, laws of, 30 c 59 e, 61 b Thorn founded, 17 e; peace of, Trading companies in England, invade Germany, 21 h, 28 b ;
Stanley, Ed., 64 d; lord, 51 a Surat sacked. 26 a ; English at, Tassoni, Aless., 61 b 22 f; massacre of the protest- 59 c send embassies to the Greek
Star-chamber, 26 c, 30 a, 34 a, 33 e, 34 a, 37 c Tattam, 67 e ants in, 44 f Trafalgar, victory of, 50 b emp., 3 e ; overrun Wallachia,
58 c Surinam, English in, 37 e Taurellus, Nic., 60 b Thornhill, James, 69 c Tragedy, first English, 61 a &c., 43 e
State inquisitors, 27 b' Surrey, earl of, 26 c, 61 a Tauris taken, 53 e Thorpe, John, 60 e Tragedians, English, 65 a Turner, botanist, 70 b; Sharon,
—— Paper Office, 64 e Sussex, kingdom of, 2 a, 4 a Taurlerus, J., 19 b Thou, de, 34 b, 60 d Tranquebar settled, 36 f 70 c ; painter, 69 c
Statesmen and Historians, 59 e Sutry, council of, 13 a Taverner, Jno., 60 f Thrace ravaged by the Ostrogoths, Transcendental philosophy, 70 a Turpin, archbp , 9 b
Stati degli Presidi, 43 c, h Suwarrow, 48 f, 52 c, 53 e Tavernier, 37 b 3 e; invaded by Russians, Transoxiana, 29 e 1 uscan fortresses garrisoned by
Statistics, 70 c Svenkasund, victory of, 48 d Tavaunes, 60 d 13 d; ravaged by the Saracens, Transubstantiation, doctrine of, Spaniards, 43 f
Statute of Merton, 57 c Svein Otho of Denmark, 10 a,l 1 c Tax, first imperial,21 h ; regular, 7 d; conquered by the Turks, established, 16 i Tuscany, 35 d, 39 e, 43 g, 47 e ;
Stauffacher, 18 h Sveyn Estritson, of Denmark, 13 c first in Venice, 58 d 191 Transylvania, 32 c, 36 e ; ceded duchy of, 27 c, 31 c; be¬
Stauracius, 9 d -VI., of Denmark, 15 c; of Taxation, in Austria, increase of, Thulden, Theod. van, 69 a to Austria, 41 f; reunited to queathed to the holy see, 13 a ;
Steam boats, 55 a, 67 c England, 12 c 62 d; unlimited power of the Thummel, 65 c Hungary, 40 g ceded to France, 50 a
-carriages in England, 67 c Swainson, 70 b king of Denmark in, 62 d ; ar¬ Thurgau, canton, 52 b Travelsof Chardin,Tavernier,&c., Tusser, Thos., 61 a
-engine, 63 c, 64 a Swanevelt, Herm., 69 b bitrary in Spain, 62 d ; nobility Thuriugia, dukes of, 8 g ; con¬ 63 e Twilier, Wonter Van, 37 e
Steele, 64 b Swan river settlements, 50 b of Sweden freed from, 57 a quered, 2 c Travendahl, peace of, 44 e Twysden, Rog., 64 d
Steenkirke, 39 c, 40 b Swante-Nilsson-Sture, 28 f Taxes, 30 a, 38 b, 51 a, 57 a, 58 Thuringians, 3 b, 4 c Travenstadt, victory at, 44 e Tyler, Wat, 18 e, 56 a, 57 c
Stefano, Thomasi di, 24 c, 68 ab Swatopolk, 13 c d, 62 d ; in England, reduced Thurn, count, 36 c Treaty of Allahabad, 49 c; An- Tymur Khan, 17 n
Steffens, 67 d, 70 a, b Swatoslav of Russia, 11 c by lord Althorpe, 66 d; in Tibaldi, 68 d drussow, 41 d, e ; Antwerp, 43 Tyre taken, 15 e
Stein, 53 c, 70 c Sweaborg taken by the Russians, France, 66 d ; in Hungary, Tiberias, victory of, 15 e a; succession, between Aus¬ Tyrol acquired by Austria, 18 h,
Steinbock, general, 44 e 53 a, e 57 a, 58 d Tiberius, Gr. Emp., 5 c; II., 3 e tria and Spain, 35 a; of Ba- 40 e, 52 d; ceded to Bavaria,
Stenkil, king of Sweden, 13 c Sweden, 7 c, 9 c, 13 c, 15 c, 17 Taxfin, 14 a Tickell, Th., 65 a renwalde, 36 c ; of Bayonne, 52 c ; insurrection in, 52 c
Stenkils, race of the, 13 c, 15 c c, 19 e, 22 e, 28 f, 32 f, 41 b, Tax-Paulette, 58 d Ticonderago captured by the 50 a; Buen Retiro, 42 d; Tyrone, earl of, 30 c
Stenko Razin, insurrection of, 44 d, e, 48 d, 53 b, 56 a, 62 c; Taylor, 65 d ; Thomas, 70 a English, 49 f Cambray, 27 f; Copenhagen, Tyrrel, Jas., 64 d
41 e coalition against, 62 b ; code Tchernigow ceded to Russia, 41 d Tieck, Lud., 65 c, 67 e 45 a; commercial with Den¬ Tyrwhitt, Th., 65 a
Stenography, 64 a of laws for, 56 c; war of, with Tchesme, victory of, 48 f, 49 a Tiepolo, Giov. Batt., 18 i, 68 c mark, 50 b ; subsidiary, of Tzetzes, John, 15 b
Sten Sture, king of Sweden, 22 e, Denmark, 36 g, 44 d, 48 c, d; Tea used in England, 64 a Tierney, 51 a, 67 d England with Austria, 42 d ;
28 e, f; II., 28 f,58 a with England, 42 d, 50 b ; Tebriz taken, 17 m Tiers itat declares itself the Na¬ subsidiary, of England with Uccello, Paolo, 68 a
Stephen of Chartres, 13 b ; k. of loses German provinces, 44 e; Teeg-Bahadur, chief of the Sieks, tional Assembly, 46 b Prussia, 46 c, f; subsidiary, Uckert, 70 c
England, 14 d; the Saint, of union of Norway with, 53 b ; 45 d Tighe, Mrs. H., 65 a of France with Spain, 34 b; Udal, Nic., 61 a
Hungary, 11 a, c, 13 c; V., war of, with Poland and Rus¬ Teflis, 53 e, 54 b Tilly, 36 c, h, 59 a France with Sweden, 34 b; Udayapur, kingdom of, 23 n
17 g, 19 h ; Bathori, k. of Po¬ sia, 32 f, 33 a ; revolution in, Tegner, 65 b Tilsit, peace of, 50 a, 53 e the Hague, 40 g; Holland Uddevalla, 41 a
land, 32 d, 33 a ; II., pope, 53 b; league of, with Russia, Tehan Tymur, 19 n Timur Leng, 19 i, m, 23 1, n ; with England, 52 a; of Lon¬ Uden, Lucas van, 69 a
7a; III., 7 a; IV., 7 a; V., 44 e, 45 a ; war of, with Rus¬ Teheran ceded to the Porte, 45 b shah, k. of Cabul, 49 c don, 50 a; of Lyons, 34 b; Udine, Giov. da, 68 b
9 a; VI., 9 a; VII., 9 a; sia, 32 f, 41 e ; act of union, Teias, 3 c Tinchebrai, battle of, 14 d of Madrid, 26 d ; of Methuen, Uffa, 2 a
VIII., 11 a; IX., 11 a, 13 a; 62 a Tekeli, count, 40 g Tincton, 24 c 42 a, d ; of Milan with Franee, Uhland, Lud., 65 c
II., of Sweden, 15 c ; 111., 15 c Swedes converted, 9 a ; in Saxony, Telescopes, 60 a, c Tin mines of Cornwall flourish, 28 a ; for the partition of Por¬ Ukeit, 70 c
Stephens, 65 d ; entom., 70 b ; 43 c Telesius, Bern., 59 e, 60 b 24 d tugal, 51 b, c; of Rendsborg, Ukraine given up to Russia, 41
Rob. and Hen., 59 e ; R., 60 e Swedish diet, 62 a Tell, William, 18 h Tintoretto, 68 c 41 a, b; of Ruel, 34 b; of e; ceded to 'Turkey, 41 d;
Sterne, Laur., 65 a -officers, revolt of, 48 d Tellier, 39 c Tiphernas, Gregorias, 22 b Russia with China, 45 a, e ; cossacks subjugated, 33 a
| Stettin, peace of, 32 e; occupied Swedenborg, Emanuel, 44 b Temeswaer ceded to Austria, 43 Tippoo Sultan, 49 c, 50 b, 54 d commercial, of Russia, 48 f; Uladislas I., of Poland, 13 c ;
by the French, 50 a, 53 c ; Swentibold founds the kingdom e, 45 b Tissot, 64 c of Seville, 42 c; commercial, 111., 15 c
seized by Prussia, 44 c of Bohemia, 8 g Temminck, 70 b Tithe bill, Irish, 51 a of Sweden with the United Uland, 67 e
Stevens, Geo., 65 a Swerkers, 13 c, 15 c Tempesti, Antonio, 68 a Tithes, 7 a, 50 b, 56 c States, 48 d ; of Temeswaer, 40 Ulfeld, count, 36 f, 41 a
86
Uljuitu, Khan, 19 n
Ulric, duke of Wurtemburg, 28 b
Ulrica Eleonora, q. of Sweden,
44 e, 73
Ulrich, 59 e; Ant., 65 c
Ulster colonised, 34 a
Ulugh Beg, 23 1, m
Umar, 23 n
Uminski, gen., 67 a
Unum Sanct'um, 19 a
Unction, (extreme) introduced,
3d
Underwalden, canton, 52 b
Ungaria, 8 b
Ungus, 8 b
Uniformity, laws of, 30 c, 38 c
Unigenitus, papal bull, 42 c, 44
b, 48 a
Unitarians, rise of, 31 e
United Provinces declare their
independence, 32 a; at the
height of their power, 36 a
United States’ army, 55 a, 67 a ;
constitution of, 62 a; exports
of, 55 a; imports of, 55 a; de¬
clare their independence, 49 f;
war of with England, 50 b ;
navy of, began, 55 a, 67 a; po¬
pulation of, 55 a; provinces of,
27 g; republic of, founded, 62
b; revenue of, 55 a ; roads of,
55 a ; tariff, 66 d, 67 c ; trade
with China, 67 c
University of Abo, 36 g; Alcala,
27 f; Bologna founded, 7 b;
Cambridge, 61 d; Coimbra,
19 b; Cologne, 18 g, 19 b ;
Compostella, 27 f; Copen¬
hagen, 22 c, 36 f; Cracow,
19 b, g; Dorpat founded, 53
e; Dublin, 59 e; Edinburgh,
59 e;. Erfurdt, 18 g, 19 b ;
Florence, 19 b, 22 b ; Frank¬
fort, 59 e; Frankfort-on-Oder,
28 b; Freiburg, 22 b; Ge¬
neva, 28 a, 59 e; Giesen,
59 e; Glasgow, 20 c, 22 b;
Greifswald, 22 b; Greno¬
ble, 19 b ; Groningen, 59 e ;
Halle, 41 c; Heidelberg, 18 g,
19 b; Helmstadt, 59 e;
Huesca, 19 b; Ingoldstadt, 21
h, 22 b ; Jena, 59 e; Kiel,
59 e ; Konigsberg, 28 g, 59 e;
Lausanne, 28 a; Leipsic, 21 h,
22 b; Lerida, 19 b; Leyden,
59 e ; Lima, 29 g; Lisbon, 16
a, 17 a, 26 a ; London, 50 b,
67 e; Louvain, 22 b, 47 a;
Lyons, 19 b; Marsburg, Pro¬
testant, 28 b; Mentz, 22 b;
Mexico, 29 g, 59 e; Milan,
59 e ; Moscow, 45 a; Munich,
67 e; Naples, 17 a; Ofen, 21
k ; Oxford, 9 b, 17 a, 61 d ;
Padua, 16 f, 17 a ; Paris, 7 b,
17 a, 19 b; Pavia, 7 b, 18 i;
Perugia, 19 b; Perth, 19 b;
Petersburg, 53 e ; Pisa, 27 c ;
Poictiers, 22 b ; Quinque Ec-
elesiae, 19 h ; Rheims, 30 d ;
Rostock, 22 b ; Salamanca, 17
a ; Siena, 19 b ; Sioroe, 36 f ;
Strasburg, 59 e ; Toledo, 22 b;
Toulouse, 17 a; Trier, 22 b ;
Tubingen, 22 b ; Turin, 22 b ;
Upsala, 22 b ; Utrecht, 59 e ;
Valencia, 22 b ; Venice, 22 b;
Vienna, 18 g, 19 b; Witten-
burg, 28 b, 59 e ; Wurzburg,
22 b
University club-house, 64 e
Unkiar-Skelessi, treaty of, 54 a
Unterwald, 18 h
Upsal, temple at, human sacri¬
fices in, 11 c
Upsala, 28 e
Uracca, 14 b
Urban II,, pope, 13 a; III., 15
a ; IV., 16 i ; V., 19 a ; VI.,
19 a; VII., 31 e; VIII., 35
h, 60 a
Urbano, Pietro, 68 a ; Raffaello
Sanziodi, 68 b
Urf6, Hou. d’, 61 c
Urgung taken, 17 n
Uri, 18 h, 52 b
Ursini, 19 a
Uruguay, 55 b
Usbeks, 23 1,29 e; attack Kanda¬
har, 37 c; repulsed by the
Persians, 45 c
Uscocci, 35 c
Ushant, victory off, 46 b, 50 b
Usher, 64 d
Usan Hasan, 23 m
Utrecht, conferences at, 42 c ;
peace of, 44 a, c, 45 f, 63 a ;
union of, 32 a
Uzeda, duke d’, 35 a
Vacade Castro, 29 g
Vacarius, 15 b
Vaccination, discovery of, 70 b
Vachero, conspiracy of, 35 c
Vaga, Perino Buonaccorsi del,
68 b
Vaivodes, 9 c
Val de Junquera, victory of, 10 c
Val-Romei surrendered to France,
34 b, 35 e
Valois, 16 f, 27 a, 28 a ; canton,
52 b ; house of, 20 e, 30 d, 72;
incorporated with France, 52 b
Valdez, Melendez, 51 c, 65 b
Valencia conquered, 16 b
Valenciennes, 50 a, 70 b
Valentine, pope, 9a; le, 69 e
Valetta founded, 31 d
Valette, de la, 31 a, 33 c
Valigfort, Richard, 19 b
Valla, Laur., 22 b ; Lorenzo,
24 b
Valabha, 23 n
Valladolid, parliament at, 18 c
Valle, Petro della, 37 b
Valma, 64 e
Valmy, defeat at, 53 c
Valtelin, 52 d
Valteline occupied by the Spa¬
niards, 36 b ; disputes, 35 f
Van conquered, 33 c
Vanbrugh, sir Jn., 64 e, 65 a
Van Buren, pres., 67 d
Vandals cross over into Africa, 2
b ; overthrown in Africa, 3 e
Van der Mersch, revolt under, 47
a ; Noot, revolt under, 47 a ;
Velde, 65 c, 69 b, d
Vandyke, Antony, 59 e, 69 a, d
Vane, 34 a
Vauloo, J. Bapt., 69 d
Vanni, Francesco, 68 b
Vansittart, 51 a, 67 d
Vanvitelli, 64 e
Varanes V., 3 f
Varangians, 9 c
Vargas, Luis de, 55 b, 69 c
Varna, battle of, 21 k, 22 g, 23 k;
taken, 54 a
Vasa, house of, 73
Vasari, Giorgio, 60 d, 68 a
Vasco de Gama, 20 a
Vases, Hamilton collection of,
64 e
Vasili, 73 ; Chwofski, czar, 36 k
Vasilviche the Great, 22 h
Vaticanfounded,22b; restored,31
c, e ; library of, founded, 22 b
Vattel, 63 d
Vau, la, 64 e
Vauban’s system of fortification,
63 a
Vaucelles, treaty of, 30 d, 31 b
Vaud, canton, 52 b
Vaudois, 26 d, 39 e, 40 a
Vaughan, 65 <1
Vauquelin, 67 e, 70 b
Vecchi, Orazio, 60 f
Vecchio, Palma, 68 c
Veccus, Johannes, 17 a
Vega, Garc. de la, 61 b; Lope
de, 59 e, 61 b
Vehm, 56 c
Veit, Ch., 69 a
Velasquez, painter, 69 c
Velley, 64 d
Velthuysen, Lamb., 64 b
Vendee, civil war in, 50 a
Vendome, due de, 39 b, 42 b, 43 i
Venezuela, confederation of, 55 b;
first congress of, 55 b
Venice, 18 i, 27 b, 35 c, d, h, 39
d, 43 f, 47 e; doges of, 4 d;
black nobles of, 58 b; grand
council of, formed,56 a; ceded
to Austria, 52 c ; fleet of, de¬
stroyed by the Saracens, 8 e ;
and Florence, league of, 18 i;
acquired by France, 50 a ; and
Genoa, war of, 18 i; acquires
many Greek islands, 21 1; and
the Porte, war between, 31 c,
33 c, 35 c, 41 f, 43 e ; league
of, 21 h
Venius, Otto, 69 a
Venlo taken by Marlborough,
42 c
Ventenat, 70 b
Verdan taken, 53 c
Verden sold to Hanover, 44 d, e
Verdun, treaty of, 56 b ; partition
of the Carlovingian empire at,
8 e; taken, 30 d ; British de-
tanus at, 50 a; ceded to France,
34 b
Vergennes, ministry of, 46 b
Vergniaud, 67 d
Vermandois reunited to France,
14 e; conquered, 16 f
Vermont admitted into the
Union, 49 f
Vernet, Charles, 69 d; Horace,
69 d ; Jos., 69 d
Verneuil, victory at, 20 d; mar¬
chioness of, 60 a
Vernon, adm., 42 d, 45 f
Verocchio, 24 c, 68 a
Verona ceded to Venice, 21 1
Veronese, Paolo, 68 c
Verrio, Antonio, 69 d
Versailles, alliance of, 42 c, 62
b ; court at, 39 c ; palace of,
attacked, 46 b, 64 a, e ; peace
of, 46 b, c, 47 a, g, 49 f, 62 b
Vertot, 64 d
Vertue, Geo., 69 c
Vervins, peace of, 30 d, 31 b
Vesalius, And., 60 c
Vesta discovered, 70 b
Vestris, Mad., 65 a
Vesuvius, eruption of, 52 f
Viadini, L., 60 f
Viborg, defeat of, 48 d; ceded to
Russia, 45 a
Vicenza ceded to Venice, 21 1
Vicetas, 15 b
Vico, Bapt., 63 d
Victor II., pope, 13 a; III., 13
a, 15 a; IV., 15 a
Victor-Amadeus I., d. of Savoy,
35 e ; II., 39 f, 43 b ; III., 47
e; k. of Sicily, 44 a
Victor Emanuel, k. of Sardinia,
GENERAL INDEX.
52 e; St. Hugh de, 24 a ;
St., Richard de, 24 a
Victoria, q. of England, 50 b;
president of Mexico, 55 b
Vidfame, Svar, 7 c
Vieilot, 70 b
Vieneis, Petrus de, 17 a
Vienna, 43 c ; compact of, 47 c ;
congress of, 52 b, d, 53 c, 66b;
council at, 19 a ; entered by
the French, 52 c ; captured by
Matthias, 21 h ; pacification
of, 36 d ; peace of, 50 a, 52 c,
53 d; polytechnic institution,
67 c ; treaty of, 53 c, 62 b;
besieged by the Turks, 28 b,
29 c, 40 e, 41 f, 58 b, 62 b
Viennet, 65 c
Vieu, 69 d
Vigilius, 3 d
Vignola, 59 e, 60 e
Vigny, Alf. de, 65 c
Vigo attacked by the English,
42 b; galleons destroyed at, 42 d
Vigors, 70 b
Vijaya Nagar founded, 23 n
Vikingr, 7 c
Villani, 19 b
Villa Nova, Arnold di, 19 b
Villars, marshal, 42 c
Villa-V^osa, 39 a, 42 d
Villegas, 61 b
Villeinage abolished in Denmark,
48 c ; abolished in Germany,
47 c
Villele, ministry of, 50 a, 67 d
Villeroi, 39 c, 42 b
Villiers, ministry of, 34 a
Vimiera, victory of, 51 b
Vimiero, count, 65 b
Vince, Samuel, 70 b
Vincent, 69 d; St., cape, victory
off, 50 b
Vincente, Gil., 61 b
Vinci, Leonardi di, 24 c, 65 d, 68
a, d, 69 e
Vineam Domini, bull of, pub¬
lished, 44 b
Viola, Giov. Batt., 60 f, 68 d
Virginal book of queen Elizabeth,
60 f
Virgilius, 7 b
Virginia, 30 c, 33 f, 37 e, 59 c
Visala deva Chouhan, 23 n
Vischer, Pet., 60 e
Visconti, 16 f, 21 1; John, 18 i;
Barnobo, 18 i; Galeazzo, 18 i;
Matteo, 18 i
Vishegrad, peace of, 19 f, g
Visigoths, 2 b; become inde¬
pendent of Rome, 2 b; king¬
dom of, 4 b, 6 c
Vistula crossed by the French,
53 e
Vitalian, pope, 5 a
Vilalis, Odericus, 15 b
Vitallian brothers, 19 e
Vitet, 65 c
Vitiges, 3 c
Vitteric, 4 b
Vittoria, Al., 60 e ; victory of,
51 b
Vitruvius Britannicus, 64 e
Vi try, storming of, 14 e
Vivien, 69 d
Viziers established over the Par¬
thian empire, 3 f
Vladislas I., k. of Bohemia, 21 i;
II., 21 i; HI., Hun., 17 g, 21
k; IV., 17 g; III., Pol., 22
g; IV., 19 g; V., 19 g
Vocal society, 65 d
Vogelweide, Walther v. d., 24 b
Vogler, 65 d
Voigt, Joh., 70 c
Volga, great battle at the, 29 c
Volhynia, capture of, 19 i
Volney, 70 c
Volta, Alex., 70 b
Voltaire, 46 b, 48 a, 63 e, 64 b,
d, 65 c
Volterra, Daniele di, 68 a
Volunteers, English, 50 b
Vondel, Jos. van der, 61 c
Vonitza ceded to Venice, 43 f
Vortigern, 2 a
Voss, J. H., 65 c
Vossem, 39 c
Vossius, 59 e
Vouet, Simon, 69 e
VougR, battle at, 2 b
Voyages and travels, 60 d
Vroom, II. C., 69 d
Wace, Robert, 15 b, 24 b
Wachsmann, 65 c
Wager, Lewis, 61 a ; W., 61 a
Wagner, E., 65 c ; Jac., 70 a
Wagram, victory of, 50 a, 52 c
Wahhabi sect, 49 a, 45 b, 54 a
Wakeel, 49 b
Wakefield, defeat at, 20 d
Wallachia conquered by the Rus¬
sians, 48 f, 49 a; occupied by
Russians, 53 e, 54 a; overrun
by the Turks, 43 e ; revolt of,
33 c; subdued by the Hunga¬
rians, 19 h
Walcheren, expedition to, 50 b,
52, a, c
Waldemar I., of Denmark, 15 c;
II., 17 b, 56 c; IV., 19 c; k.
of Sweden, 17 d
Waldenses, 5 a, 14 e, 15 a, 39 e,
40 a
Waldo, Peter, 15 a
Waldstate, 18 h
OXFORD : PRINTED BY D. A, TALBOY5.
Wales, conquest of, 16 e
Walid I., 7 e ; II., 7 e
Walker, 70 b
Wall, ministry of, 47 g ; governor,
executed, 50 b
Wallace, sir William, 16 d, 17 a
Wallenstein, 36 c, 59 a
Waller, Ed., 61 a
Waller’s plot, 34 a
Wallia, 2 b
Wallingford-house, cabal of, 38 b
Wallington, battle near, 8 a
Wallis and Carteret’s voyage of
discovery, 46 c
Wallis, 64 c
Walpole, ministry of, 42 e, 62 a,
65 a
Walsingham’s embassy, 30 c
Walter of Brienne, 18 i; the
Pennyless, 13 b; de Plitten-
berg, 28 g
Walton, Isaac, 64 d
Walton’s Polyglott, 63 e
Waltz composers, 65 d
Walworth, 18 e
Wamba, 4 b
War and Marine, 57 b, 59 a, 63
a, 67 a
War between Poland and Prus¬
sia, 28 g, 29 a; Poland and
Russia, 29 a, 33 a, 36 i, 41 d,
e; Polish succession, 42 c, 43
c, i ; Poland and Sweden, 32 f,
33 a, 36 i, 41 b, d; Poland
and Turkey, 36 i, 41 f; Turkey
and Austria, 41 f; Turkey and
France, 50 a; Turkey and
Germany, 32 d; Turkey and
Hungary, 28 d, 40 g, 43 e
Warbeck, Perkin, 20 c, d
Ward, Mrs., 65 a
Wardein taken by the Turks,
40 g
Warefredus, Paul, 7 b
Warren, adm., 42 d, 50 b
Warsaw, citadel of, founded, 53
e ; diet of, 36 i, 44 e, 48 e;
duchy of, 50 a, 53 d, 66 a;
duke of, 52 d ; taken by the
French, 53 e ; revolution at, 53
e; occupied by the Russian
troops, 53 e; taken by the
Swedes, 41 c, 44 c
Wartenherg, count de, ministry
of, 44 c
Warton, Thos. and Jos., 65 a
Wartowsky, 32 c
Warungul taken, 23 n
Warwick, 20 d; Dudley, earl of,
26 c
Warwicke, Thos., 65 d
Washington, 55 a; gen., 46 c, 49
f, 62 a; seat of government,
55 a
Water Gueux, 32 a
Waterloo, Ant., 69 b; battle of,
50 a; bridge, 50 b, 64 e
Wathek Billah, khalif, 9 e
Watson, 51 a ; trial of, 50 b
Watt, J., 63 c
Watts, Dr. I., 65 a
Webb, John, 64 e
Weber, 65 d ; Veit, 24 b
Webster, 67 d ; Jno., 61 a
Weckherlin, Rud., 61 c
Wedgewood-ware, 63 e
Wegscheider, 52 g
Weigel, Val., 60 b, 65 d
Weiller, v., 70 a
Weimar, charter for, 52 c
Weisse, 65 c
Welch invade England, 12 c
Weldon, J., 65 d
Welcker, Carl. Th., 67 d
Welker, Rob., 69 d
Wellesley, marquis, 54 d
Wellington, duke of, 50 b, 51 a, b,
66 a, b, 67 d
Wells, 63 e
Welser family, 59 c
Wenceslas, emp., 73
Wenceslas, k. of Bohemia, 18 g;
III., H., 19 h ; k. of Poland,
17 f; II., 19 g
Wendland, 15 c
Wends, 15 c
Weneslas, St., 10 e
Wenix, Jo., 69 b
Wentworth, earl of Strafford, 34 a
Wenzel, k. of Boh., 21 i
Werbocz, tripartit of, 58 c
Werden acquired by France, 53 c
Werela, peace of, 48 d, f
Weremouth plundered by the
Danes, 6 a
Werf, Adrian van der, 69 b
Werner, A. G., 64 c ; Zach., 65 c
Wernerus, 15 b
Wesel seized by France, 53 c
Wesleyans separate from the
church, 44 b
Wesley, methodist, 44 b
Wessel, 65 b ; John, 22 b
Wesselini, conspiracy of, 40 g
Wessex, kingdom of, 2 a, 4 a
West, Benjamin, 69 c; Gilb.,
65 a
Westerhaas, diet of, 28 f
Western empire, foundation of
the second, 6 d; overthrow of,
56 a
Westmacott, Rich., 64 e
Westminster, 38 b, 40 b ; abbey
built, 57 d; college, 59 e ; hall
built, 13 b, 19 b; review, 67 d
Westmoreland, rebellion of the
earl of, 30 b
Westphalia, 34 b, 35 b, 36 a, b,
c, a, g, h ; 52 c, 66 a ; peace
of, 34 b, 53 e, 58 a, 62 b
Westwood, 70 b / W ran gel, 36 c, 59 a
Wetherel), sir C., 51 a
Whale-fishing, 59 c
Whateley, Dr., 70 a
Whetstone, 61 a
Whewell, 70 a, b
Whigs, 34 a, 38 b, 62 a, 67 d
Whiston supports Arian doc¬
trines, 44 b
Whitbread, 51 a, 67 d, e
White, H. K., 65 a; Jno., 60 f
White-caps, revolt of, 49 d
Whitehall, 60 e
Whitelock, 64 d
White mountain, victory of, 58 a
White plains, battle of, 49 f
Whitfield, methodist, 44 b
Wiasma, 36 i
Wickliff, 18 e, 19 a, b
Wickliffites, 16 i
Widdin, revolt of the pashaof, 49 a
Widfadmi race, end of, 13 c
Wiefoowipki, of Poland, 41 d ;
party, 44 f
Wieland, 63 e, 65 c
Wier, John, 60 b
Wiglaf, 8 a
Wilberforce, 51 a, 67 d
Wilbrand, 70 b
Wilfred, 4 d
Wilibrod, 7 a
Wiliczka, salt works of, 17 f
Wilken, 70 c
Wilkes’s riots, 46 c, d
Wilkie, 69 c
Wilkins, 67 e, 70 c
Willaert, 60 f
Wille, 69 d
Willich, 70 a
Willman, 65 d
Willmanstrand, defeat at, 44 e
Wilmot, T., 61 a
Wilna, 33 a, 41 e
Wilhelm, meister, of Cologne,
24 c
William the Conqueror, 10 d, 12
c, 56 a, 57 b ; 11., of England,
12 c, 57 b ; III., 38 b, 40 b,
42 d, 62 a, b, d; IV., 50 b ;
duke of Guienne, 24 b; of
Holland, 16 g ; p. of Orange,
32 a; II., stadt., 36 a; IV.,
43 a; V., 47 a ; of Malms-
bury, 15 b; I., k. of the Ne¬
therlands, 52 a; of Newbury,
15 b; k. of Scotland, 14 c, 16
d; of Spires, 13 b ; of Tyre,
15 b; of Wykeham, 18 e
William-Henry taken by the
French, 49 f
Williams, 34 a
Willoughby, lord, 30 c
Wilson, 65 a, d ; H. H., 65 a,
67 e ; Richard, 69 c ; ornith.,
70 b
Wilton, battle at, 8 a
Wimpfen, 36 c
Winchester, cardinal, 20 d;
school, 19 b, 61 d
Winckelmann, Joh. J., 64 e
Wind, Wm, 64 e
Windham, 42 e, 51 a
Winifred, Saxon monk, 7 b
Windsor castle, 64 e
Winer, 67 e
Winkilried, Arnold of, 18 h
Winter, van, Mr. and Mrs., 65 b
Winthropp, J., 37 e
Wirgman, 70 a
Wirtemberg, abolition of predial
bondage, 67 b; constitution,66a
Wirzburg, Conrad v., 24 b
Wisby conquered, 19 c, 22 f
Wise, Mich., 65 d
Wisemann, 67 e
Wisloch, 36 c
Witchcraft, 60 b
Wither, Geo., 61 a
Withred, 6 a
Witikind, 6 e
Witiza, 4 b, 6 c
Witt, de, 38 b, 40 b, 70 a
Wittenagemots, 2 a, 56 a
Wittstock, 36 c
Witzen, battle at, 33 a
Witzleben, 65 c
Wladimir I., of Russia, 11 a, c ;
the Great, 13 c
Wolcot, Jno., 65 a
Wolf, 67 e, 70 b
Wolfe, general, 46 c, 49 f
Wolhgemuth, Michael, 24 c, 69 a
Wollaston, Dr., 70 b; W., 64 b
Wolsey, 26 c
Wonter, van Twiller, 37 e
Wood, Ant. a, 64 d
Wood, Mr. and Mrs., 65 d
Woodes, N., 61 a
Woodville, Eliz., 20 d
Wool the only export of England,
15 b; growth of, very flourish¬
ing in Van Dieman’s Land,
67 b
Woollen manufactures first in
England, 24 d; in Russia,
67 c
Woollett, Wm., 69 c
Wootten, John, 69 c
Worcester, 38 b
Worde, Wynkinde, 59 e, 60 d
Wordsworth, 65 a, 67 e
Worlidge, Thos., 69 c
Worms, alliance of, 43 i; diet of,
14 g, 21 h, 28 b, 40 e
Worsted, manufacture at, 15 b t
Wouvermans, Phil., 69 b
Wrad, 8 b
Wraxall, Nath., 70 c
Wren, sir C., 64 e
Wright, 70 b; capt., 50 a;
Mich., 69 c
Wulfhere, 4 a
Wurmser, general, 52 c
Wurtemburg an hereditary duchy,
21 h ; kingdom of, 52 c
Wurtzburg, victory at, 52 c
Wurz, defeat at, 53 e
Wusterhausen, treaty at, 44 c
Wyat’s, sir Thomas, rebellion,
30 c
Wyatt, Jas., 64 e ; Thos., 61 a
Wyatville, Jeff., 64 e
Wycherly, Wm., 65 a
Wynants, 69 b
Wyndham, W., 67 d
Wynton, Andrew of, 24 b
Wyon, E. and B.,
Xanthopot.us, Calixtus, 19 b *
Xavier, 26 a, 27 e
Xenes, victory at, 6 c
Xiersi, edict of, 8 f
Ximenes, cardinal, 20 b, 27 f, 5 4
b, 59 a; Garcia, 8 d *
Yabuk, ben Leis, 9 e
Yakub Bey, 23 m
Yalden, Thos., 65 a
Yandabn, peace of, 54 d
Yaroslav, k. of Russia, 13 c
Yarrell, 70 b
Yassi, peace of, 48 f, 49 a
Yegros, 55 b
Yemen conquered, 29 c
Yeni-kali ceded to Russia, 48 f *
Yeomanry, English, augmented,
50 b
Yermak, Hetman, 33 b
Yermuk, victory of the Arabs^n
the, 5 c
Yezdejird, 3 f, 5 e I.
Yezid, khalif, 5 d; II., 7 e ;■
III., 7 e
Ynglings, race of, 9 c
Yogis, revolt of, 41 h
Yong-tching, emp. of China, 45"£,
York, archbp. of, receives thi
pallium from the popes, 5 a;
claims spiritual superiority over
Scotland, 14c; house of, 20 dh;
duke of, 50 a; minster burnt,
50 b, 57 d
Yorkshire meeting, 51 a
Yorktown, capitulation at, 46 c,
49 f
Youdebnik, 29 b
Young, 70 b; Arthur, 67 b;
Dr., 67 e; Edw., 65 a
Ypres taken by the French, 43 a
Ypsilanti, Alex., 54 a ,•
Yu-en dynasty, 17 n
Yussuf, 8 c, 12 a
Zaccarello, war concerning,
35 c
Zachary, 6 e, 7 a
Zachau, 65 d
Zacotecas, mines of, discovered,
29 g
Zalaca, battle of, 12 a
Zama, 6 c
Zamolski, 33 a
Zamora, siege of, 12 a
Zangaro, il, 68 b
Zante, 52 e
Zapolia, 33 a, b
Zapolski, John, 28 d ; Stephen,
28 d
Zara, peace of, 19 h
Zarlino, 60 f
Zea, ministry of, 51 c
Zealand, 27 g
Zeck,3 a
Zehir-eddin Baber, 29 f
Zebra, gardens of, 10 c
Zeman, shah, 54 c
Zemomysl, duke of Poland, 11 c <
Zengi, 15 e
Zeno, 3 e; Apost., 65 b ; victory
of, 18 i
Ziegler, Ans. von, 65 c
Ziemowit, k. of Poland, 9 c
Ziethen, 63 a
Zigabenus, Euthymius, 13 b f
Zimisces, John, lid
Zimmerman, 69 a
Zingarelli, N., 65 d
Zinzendorf, count, ministry of,
43 c
Zip, county of, occupied by Aus¬
trians, 47 d
Zipser cities mortgaged, 21 k
Zisca, John, 21 i, 57 b
Zoe, 11 d, 13 d
Zollern, count of, 73
Zonares, Jo., 15 b
Zoologists, 60 c, 70 b *
Zorndorf, victory of, 48 b
Zorzi, F. Geo., 60 b
Zschokhe, 70 c
Zucchero, 68 b, 69 d
Zug, canton, 52 b
Zuinglius, 27 e, 28 a
Zumbo, 64 e
Zummerhausen, 36 c -
Zumsteeg, 65 d
Zurich, 27 e, 28 a, 52 b
Zuriia, 60 d
Zutphen, 27 g, 32 a