Lec 1 - CH1

OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Course Objectives
 Recognize the fundamentals of operating systems concepts.
 Explain the basics of how the operating system works.
 Describe the different components of an operating system.
 Recognize the basic functions of operating systems.
 Explain the concept of resources sharing, systems structures, process
management, memory management strategies, and other related topics.
 Compare examples of many real-world operating systems to illustrate
fundamental operating-system concepts.
Lecture Time
 Tuesday 10:30 AM – 12 PM
 Tuesday 12 PM – 1: 30 PM
Evaluation
 MT 20 Marks
 Final 50 Marks
 Lab Project and Assignments 30 Marks
Course Content
 Reference Book : Operating System Concepts, Abraham Silberchatz, ninth
Edition, Wiley.
 Chapters:
 1- Introduction
 2- Operating Systems Structure
 3- Processes
 4- Threads
 5- CPU Scheduling
 8- Main Memory
Lecture 1
Chapter 1: Introduction
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Chapter 1: Introduction
 What Operating Systems Do
 Computer-System Organization
 Computer-System Architecture
 Operating-System Structure
 Operating-System Operations
 Process Management
 Memory Management
 Storage Management
 Protection and Security
 Kernel Data Structures
 Computing Environments
 Open-Source Operating Systems
Objectives
 To describe the basic organization of computer systems

 To provide a grand tour of the major components of
operating systems
 To give an overview of the many types of computing
environments
 To explore several open-source operating systems
What is an Operating System?
 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a

computer and the computer hardware
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier
 Make the computer system more convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
Computer System Structure
 Computer system can be divided into four components:

 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
 Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
 Users
 People, machines, other computers
Four Components of a Computer System
What Operating Systems Do
 Depends on the point of view

 Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
 Don’t care about resource utilization
 But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must
keep all users happy- The operating system in such cases is
designed to maximize resource utilization by Dividing CPU time,
memory, and I/O to all users
 Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability

and battery life
 Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles
System View
 OS is a resource allocator
 A computer system has many resources that may be
required to solve a problem: CPU time, memory space,
file-storage space, I/O devices, and so on.
 The operating system acts as the manager of these
resources.
 Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and
fair resource use
 OS is a control program
 Controls execution of user programs to prevent errors
and improper use of the computer
Operating System Definition
 No universally accepted definition

 The fundamental goal of computer systems is to execute user
programs and to make solving user problems easier.
 Computer hardware is constructed toward this goal. Since
bare hardware alone is not particularly easy to use,
application programs are developed.
 These programs require certain common operations, such as

those controlling the I/O devices. The common functions of
controlling and allocating resources are then brought together
into one piece of software: the operating system
 Operating systems exist because they offer a reasonable way

to solve the problem of creating a usable computing system.
Operating System Definition (Cont.)
 “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is a

good approximation
 But varies wildly
 “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel.
Computer Startup
 bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot

 Typically stored in ROM ( Read Only Memory)or EPROM
(Erasable Programmable ROM), generally known as
firmware
 Initializes all aspects of system from CPU registers to device
controllers to memory contents
 Loads operating system kernel and starts execution

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Lec 1 - CH1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

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OPERATING SYSTEM

 To describe the basic organization of computer systems

 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a

 Computer system can be divided into four components:

 Depends on the point of view

 Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability

 No universally accepted definition

 These programs require certain common operations, such as

 Operating systems exist because they offer a reasonable way

 “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is a

 bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot

 Loads operating system kernel and starts execution

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