Science A BookANotemaker

SCIENCE A
BOOK
NEW EDITION FOR LEVEL 5 SCIENCE IN THE NEW CURRICULUM
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WORKSHEETS AND TESTS

Contents
Nature of Life Matter & Particles
Worksheets Worksheets
Unit 1: Living Things........................................ 3 Unit 18: State of Matter ...........................67
Unit 2: Cellular Life......................................... 6 Unit 19: Changing States ............................70
Unit 3: Diversity of Life................................ 9 Unit 20: Moving Particles............................73
Unit 4: Microscopic Life.............................. 12 Unit 21: Dissolving Away..............................76
Test ................................................................. 15 Test .................................................................79
Plant Life Processes Atoms & Reactions

Unit 5: Nutrition & Food.............................. 19 Unit 22: Atoms & Elements.........................83
Unit 6: Circulation of Water.......................22 Unit 23: Inside Atoms..................................86
Unit 7: Reproduction.....................................25 Unit 24: Reacting Atoms..............................89
Unit 8: Growth & Sensitivity......................28 Unit 25: Gases & Reactions.........................92
Test ................................................................. 31 Test .................................................................95
Energy Changes & Heat Solar System & Life

Unit 9: Types of Energy...............................35 Unit 26: The Planets.....................................99
Unit 10: Energy Transformation................38 Unit 27: The Sun & Stars.......................... 102
Unit 11: Thermal Energy............................... 41 Unit 28: Earth's Motion............................. 105
Unit 12: Heat Transfer................................44 Unit 29: Conditions for Life...................... 108
Test .................................................................47 Test ................................................................ 111
Waves & Energy

Worksheets
Unit 13: Light Waves.................................... 51
Unit 14: Reflecting Light..............................54
Unit 15: Refracting Light.............................57
Unit 16: Colour & Wavelength.....................60
Unit 17: Sea & Sound Waves - not included
Test .................................................................63
✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 1: Living Things
Living and Non-Living

1 B is the study of living things. The name for an i living thing is an
o . The scientists who study organisms are called b .
2 Biologists find it difficult to d exactly what it means for an object to be living.
3 It is useful to distinguish between living and d objects, and also between living
and n l objects.
A Living Object … A ‘Non-living’ Object … A Dead Object …

… is an object that carries … is an object that has … is an object that was
out life p . n been alive. o alive.
4 P and a are organisms, but there are other organisms that are n
plants nor animals. Indicate which category the following organisms belong to.
Life Processes   
1 Living o are able to carry out certain activities called l p . If an
object carries out these life processes it is considered to be a .
2 Dead objects l carry out these l p .
3 Some organisms do carry out all of the l p . For example, a worker bee
does not r .
4 O made by h (e.g. robots or cars) may carry out some of the life
processes (e.g. movement) but they are regarded as being a .
 MRS C GREN     Differences between Plants and Animals   

The mnemonic MRS C GREN is There are significant differences in the ways plants and
a useful way of remembering all animals carry out m ,n and s .
the life processes.
Animals … Plants …
M … are usually m or … are fi or fl ;
R have l which can be some have parts that
moved. can m slowly.
S
… obtain f by eating … make their own f
C p or other a . by p .
G … have a n … have no n
R system and many have system or brain to
ab as well. c activities.
E
… have well-developed … have no special s
N
s organs. organs.
Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 3

M G R
• some plants can move • organisms change over • organisms produce new
parts slowly time - this may be an offspring that are similar
• animals can move their increase in size or a life to the parents by sexual
whole body or just limbs cycle change or asexual reproduction
R E
• organisms are able to • organisms dispose of
LIFE
obtain energy from their wastes produced by
food using a process PROCESSES their cells that would
called respiration otherwise poison them
S N C
• organisms can detect • organisms either able • organisms circulate
and respond to changes in make their own food or food, gases and wastes
their external or internal get food by eating other around their bodies to
environment organisms where they are needed
 Cells – Building Blocks of Life   

1 All organisms are built out of c – the s objects that can be considered to
be a . Cells have different s (parts), each with their own f (role).
2 Both plants and animals are made out of c . Plants cells have thick c w . Animal
cells have a cell wall.
3 All plants and animals are m - they are made of many cells. There is a wide
variety of different types of plant and animal cells.
Animal Cell Types Plant Cell Types
4 Another group of m organisms are the fungi, e.g. m and m .

5 Microorganisms are microscopically s organisms, e.g. b , amoeba
and some a . They are called u as they consist of a single cell.
 Adaptations for Survival   

All organisms have features that help them s and r in their environment.
These features are called a .
Types of Biological Adaptations
structural p of an organism that helps it carry out one of the l p
physiological c or process i an organism that aids its survival
behavioural a an animal does that enables it (or its group) to s

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 1: Living Things
 Basic Definitions     Life Processes   

1 Life processes are carried out by
biology = all l o .
organism = 2 They can be remembered using the
life processes = mnemonic :
M –R –
S –C –
cell =
G –R –
E –N
multicellular =
3 Life processes are longer
unicellular = carried out by dead objects.
structural adaptation = 4 Not need to occur for an
organism to be alive, e.g. a worker
bee does not r .
physiological adaptation =
 Cells – Building Blocks of Life   
1 All o are composed of c .
behavioural adaptation =
2 Cells are the s part of an
o considered to be a .
3 Cells have different s
 Living and Non-Living    (parts), each with its own f
1 An organism can be l or d ; it cannot (role).
be described as n -l . 4 Organisms are either u or
a) A dead object was once l . m .
b) A non-living object has n been a . a) Unicellular o are made
of a s cell only, e.g.
2 Plants and animals are all o , but there
b , some a &a .
are organisms that are n plant nor
animal. b) M organisms may have:
•t of cells, e.g. very
 Animal and Plant Differences    small p and a
Animals … • or b of cells, e.g. l
… are usually m or can m their limbs. plants and a .
…c plants and/or a for food. 5 F are m organisms,
… have a n system and often a b . e.g. mushrooms, t ,m
… have well-developed s o .  Survival Adaptations   
… have cells with no c w .
Adaptations are features that help
Plants … organisms s and r in
… are usually fi , but parts may move s . their e . There are three
… make food by p . t of adaptations:
… have nervous system or b . a) s (parts)
… have special s organs. b) p (processes)
… have cells with t outer c w . c) b (activities).

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 2: Cellular Life
 Building Blocks   
1 All l things are c out of t ‘building blocks’ called
c . The first c to be discovered were box-like, which is why
they are now called ‘cells’.
2 A cell is the s part of an o considered to be alive.
3 Cells are usually very small, and most can only be seen with the
aid of a m . Even so, cells are built out of thousands of
different types of m .
4 Organisms are classified as:
a) u if they are made of a single cell only, e.g. bacteria
b) m if they are made of many cells, e.g. p and animals.
 Specialised Building Blocks   

Cells can look very different because they carry out different f . The structure
of a cell is called its f . The form of a cell enables it to carry out its f (role).
Name: photo- Name: plant Name: animal Name: animal Name: animal
synthetic cells g cells m cells n cells c cells
Function: to Function: Function: Function: Function:

make f for allow g to enable limbs convey fast s debris
plant flow in/out to m m out passages
 Cell Structures    p cell The n is the control

Plant and animal cells have centre. It controls cell
many common i a and contains the
structures or o . c , which carry
the organism’s g .
There are also some
Genes determine i
differences. features.
Plant cells have a large
w -filled v with The c is a watery,
dissolved substances. The j -like substance that
water helps to keep the fills most of the cell.
cells under p . Chemical r occur
in the cytoplasm. E is
The c w is found released for the cell’s use
in p cells only. It is a cell and chemicals are m .
located outside the cell
m and provides The cell m is a thin, t sheet that
s for soft plant forms the ‘skin’ of the cell, holding everything inside. The
tissue. membrane controls en and ex of materials.

 Building Living Things    artery
1 A group of s cells found together is called a t , vein

e.g. connective t consists of sheets of epidermal c .
2 Different types of t are assembled together to make

ureter
an o , e.g. a kidney will have connective and nerve t . vein
3 O form organ s , e.g. the kidney, bladder and kidney

connecting tubes form the excretory s . artery
ureter
4 Organ s carry out life p , e.g. the e bladder
system carries out the life process of excretion.
muscle
urethra
 Cells as Factories   
1 Thousands of chemical r occur inside cells, mainly in the c .
M is the term used to describe these reactions. The reactions are
c by special chemicals called e .
2 In these reactions, c are manufactured or broken down. For example, cells
make p , fat and c molecules as required. The reactions in c
resemble the p that occur inside c factories so cells have been called
l factories.
 Cells and Reproduction   

One of the life processes of living organisms is r . Most organisms reproduce
by using t special types of cells called g .
a) The male parent b) The female parent c) Many s cells are

contributes small contributes l r close to eggs.
m cells called immobile c called They swim to the eggs
s . e . and one sperm will
f each egg.
d) The fertilised egg or

d z is a s cell.
a
f
c e e) It undergoes cell
b d to form t
cells.
h) As the embryo grows g) Eventually a m - f) Those two cells divide

c develop into cellular plant or animal to give f cells, and
d types. e forms. so on.

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 2: Cellular Life
 Basic Definitions   
cell =
organelles =
metabolism =
tissue =
organ =
organ system =
enzyme =
gamete =
zygote =
 Cells as Building Blocks     Plant Cells …   

1 All organisms are made of c . … have a t cell wall
outside of the cell
2 Cells are: m to provide
a) the s part of an r (strength) for the
organism that are a plant.
b) usually very s … have a large water-filled
c) made of thousands of m . v with dissolved
3 Organisms that consist of: substances to keep the
cells under p .
a) a single cell are u , e.g. b
b) many thousands or millions of c are  Cells and Reproduction   
m , e.g. p and animals. 1 Living organisms must
4 Cells may a very different because they r .
carry out different f . 2 For sexual reproduction:
 Cell Structures    a) the f parent
contributes l
Three important cell organelles (cell structures) i cells called eggs
include the cell m , the c and the
n . b) the male parent
contributes much s
a) The c m is a thin t sheet m cells called s
that h the cell contents and c what
goes in and out of the cell. 3 A sperm cell f the
b) The cytoplasm is the w ,j like egg to form a z .
substance found i the cell membrane, 4 The z grows through
where chemical reactions release e and many cell divisions to form a
manufacture new c . multicellular e .
c) The n is an organelle floating in the 5 As the e enlarges its
cytoplasm. It controls the chemical a cells develop into d
in the c and contains c cell types, e.g. b , bone,
carrying g . m and n cells.

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 3: Diversity of Life
 Defining a Species   
1 Biologists e that there are many trillions of l o on the surface of
planet Earth. It is necessary to c this vast number of organisms into g in
order to make the s study of living creatures possible.
2 The most basic biological group is the s .
a) A species is a g of organisms that have many a f in common,
including s adaptations (e.g. teeth structure), p adaptations
(e.g. blood proteins) and b adaptations (e.g. mate-attracting behaviour).
b) Members of a species must be capable of b with other members to
produce f offspring.
Different Breeds - Same Species Different Species

Combination Result Conclusion Combination Result Conclusion
two dogs f the two dogs horse and i horses and
of different puppies belong to the d mules donkeys
b species belong to
species
 Classification Hierarchy     The Five Kingdoms   

Organisms are classified into a hierarchy. Biologists work with a classification
system of kingdoms. The differences
Organisms that s many f between kingdoms relate to m ,
and breed together are put in the same n and structure.
s (e.g. species Canis familiaris).
Kingdom A
• multicellular organisms with nucleus
Closely related species are put in the • moving bodies and parts
same g (e.g. genus Canis). • internal digestion of food
Kingdom P
Similar genera are put in the same • multicellular organisms with nucleus
f (e.g. family Canidae). • immobile but parts move
• make their own food
Similar families are put in the same Kingdom F

o (e.g. order Carnivora). • multicellular organisms with nucleus
• immobile
• external digestion of food
Similar orders are put in the same
c (e.g. class Mammalia). Kingdom P
• cells with a nucleus
• uni- and multicellular
Similar classes are put in the same • includes the algae
p (e.g. phylum Vertebrata).
Kingdom M
• unicellular but no nucleus
Similar phyla are put in the same • most are mobile
k (e.g. kingdom Animalia). • variety of feeding methods

 Naming Species   
Over t million species have been discovered and each must have a u s name.
Rules for Scientific Naming  Example

1 Every species is given a unique t -word L the dog species – C
name. f
2 The first name identifies the g the species Canis includes closely related
belongs to. species – d ,w ,j
3 The second name identifies the particular familiaris indicates the
s within that genus. particular Canis species
4 The fi name begins with a c letter, anis amiliaris
the second name begins with a small letter.
 Phyla in Kingdom Plantae   

M Class
• seeds in one part
M Phylum F Phylum C Phylum F Plant • mostly narrow
Phylum leaves
• usually small • roots, stems and • roots, stems and
leaves leaves • roots, stem and • parallel veined
• soft
• spores on back of • cones and seeds leaves
• tiny green leaf-
lets leaves • needles or sharp • flowers
D Class
• live in damp con- • reproduction leaves • seeds in fruits
needs water and pods • seeds in two parts
ditions
• mostly broad
leaves
 Phyla in Kingdom Animalia    • net veined
J Phylum W Phylum M Phylum A Phylum V Phylum

• soft round bodies • long soft tube- • soft body and • hard outer • backbone
• possess tentacles like body shell ‘skeleton’ • skeleton inside
• live in water • body in segments • muscular foot • body in segments body
• live in damp or • live in water and • many jointed • body in parts
water on land limbs
I Class S Class M Class C Class

• three body parts • two body parts • long segmented • many specialised
• six legs • eight legs on body limbs
• many have wings front part • legs on each • live in water/
• make webs segment damp places
• centipedes/ • segmented bodies
millipedes
F Class A Class R Class B Class M Class

• scaly skin • moist skin • scaly skin • feathers • hair or fur on
• fins • lay eggs • lay eggs • warm blooded skin
• breathe with gills • adults on land • lungs • wings and flight • warm blooded
• live in water • four legs • four legs (most) • lay eggs • young born live/
suckled
• lay eggs • gills (young), • live in land • land creatures
lungs (adult) habitats
The common names have been used and the Starfish and Flatworm phyla have been omitted.

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 3: Diversity of Life
 Basic Definitions    2 All organisms are c

into five k .
classification = a) The kingdoms are
distinguished by:
• mode of m
species =
• mode of n
• c structure (uni- or
species name =
cellular and n
genus = presence or absence).
b) The five kingdoms are:
•A •P
 Defining a Species    •P •M •F
1 Trillions of living o exist on E .
C makes s study possible.  Naming Species   
2 Classification of organisms into a species is 1 A system for naming species is
determined by: necessary to avoid c
a) shared f such as 2 A species must have a u
species name.
• s , e.g. tooth structure
a) The name has two L words.
• p , e.g. blood proteins
b) The first name always
• b , e.g. mate-attracting features starts with a c letter.
• g , e.g. inherited information c) The second name always
b) successful b with other m of begins with a s letter.
the species to produce f offspring. d) The first name identifies
3 Dogs of different b appear to be very the g that the species
different, but when they m they produce f belongs to, e.g. Canis.
puppies so all dogs belong to the s species.
 Plant Kingdom Phyla   
4 Mating horses with donkeys produces s mules
so horses and donkeys are s species. The four important phyla are the
m ,f ,c and
 Classification Hierarchy    fl plants, which has two
1 Living organisms are classified as follows. classes, m and d .
 Animal Kingdom Phyla   

Classification Levels: The Dog
 as Example 1 Five major animal phyla are
the j ,w ,m ,
• s (similar organisms) C. familiaris
a and v .
• g (similar species) Canis
Increasing similarity
2 The arthropod phylum has

• f (similar genera) Canidae four major classes - the
• o (similar families) Carnivora i ,s ,m
and c .
• c (similar orders) Mammalia
3 The vertebrate phylum has
• p (similar classes) Vertebrata five major classes - the fi ,
• k (similar phyla) Animalia a ,r ,b and
m .

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 4: Microscopic Life
 Microorganisms   
1 A D scientist invented the first m and used it to
observe a drop of p water teeming with tiny creatures.
2 Tens of t of s too s to be seen with the unaided
e have been discovered using more powerful m .
3 M carry out all of the life p that l
organisms carry out.
As a living organism a microorganism must …

• M around • R gases • S changes • C materials
• G larger • R itself • E wastes • N itself
4 Microorganisms are extremely a – there may be over a billion in a teaspoonful

of s .
5 Microorganisms can be or harmful to humans.
Helpful Action of Microorganisms Harmful Action of Microorganisms

Decomposers Biotechnology Decay-causing Pathogens
They recycle They are used to They make f They cause diseases -
c &n make c ,y go m or te , tu
as they b w and b as bad. (TB), f poisoning,
down dead well as to produce th and a
o . m drugs. foot.
 Classifying Microorganisms   
Microorganisms are:
a) mostly u , with a s cell carrying out all l p
unicellular
b) sometimes m , with cells arranged to form t ,
round b or irregular m that are c of similar cells.
Microorganisms are Classified into three Kingdoms

multicellular
Monera Protista Fungi

• si , sm life •l unicellular • mostly m
forms organisms that have a • body consists of fine
•u organisms n t
with no • includes • includes mu
• includes b e , as well
&b - a as
g and mo
algae p

 Classes of Kingdom Monera   
Bacteria Class Blue-Green Algae Class

• u or in c •u or found in c
• very s organisms •i or g along smoothly
• may be c ,p •p – make their own food by
or d p
• reproduce by b • mostly reproduce by b fi
fi or by s • sometimes exchange g
 Classes of Kingdom Protista   
Euglena Class Amoeba Class Paramecium Class

• u •u • u
• fresh water • live in w • mostly a
• feed by p •m by extensions • move by beating of c
• can also a food g and pulling it • create c to
• d and move to l • pursue and consume p sweep food into mouth
• swim using a fl •b fi •b fi
• bi fi • also reproduce s • sometimes exchange g
 Classes of Kingdom Fungi   

1 Most f are made of very fine tangled t called h . These threads can
spread out i or they can form solid masses.
2 Fungi feed off living organisms as p or on dead organisms as d .
They break down t by r digestive e .
3 Fungi are spread in the air by tiny cells called s .
Mould Class Mushroom Class

• f appearance • t
• m • l fruiting bodies
• aquatic and terrestrial • d (of plant tissue)
• d or p • reproduce by s
• reproduce by s • have s reproduction
• fine threads invade h • some are p
 Reproduction of Microorganisms   
1 Microorganisms can form d s . Spores are t , r
reproductive cells produced when conditions are bad. They fl in air.
2 In suitable conditions of w ,w and a spores will g .
3 Most microorganisms reproduce rapidly by binary fi . The cell i in size
and makes a c of its g before splitting into two smaller cells, each with a copy
of the g .

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 4: Microscopic Life
• u and live in w
• r by binary fission
b) Euglena class
pathogen =
• make food by p
parasite = • can also a food
• detect and move towards l
decomposer = • swim using a fl
c) Amoeba class
spore = • m by extensions growing
outwards and p it along
• p and c prey
• r with sex cells
1 Microorganisms are very s single cells. d) Paramecium class
2 Each carries out all of the l p . • move by beating of tiny c
3 Microorganisms exist in huge n . • create c to feed
• sometimes e genes
Roles and Uses of Bacteria
3 Kingdom Fungi
Helpful Decomposers: recycle c a) Features of all :
and n as they b
• m
down organisms
• reproduce by s
Biotechnology: making
c ,y ,w ,b , • c make their own food
and medical d b) Mould class:
Harmful Disease: many cause d • f appearance
such as t , tuberculosis • aquatic and t
(TB), poisoning and th • d and parasites
Decay: food becomes c) Mushroom class:
• t
 Classifying Microorganisms    • large f bodies
1 Kingdom Monera • d (of plant tissue)
a) Features of all Monerans: • s reproduction
•r by binary fission
 Reproduction of Microorganisms   
• uni or exist in c
b) Bacteria class: 1 Spores are very small r
cells. They have a r coat and
• s – about 1 μm or less
can s in harsh conditions. They
• c ,p or d g in warm, moist places.
• reproduce by s
2 Binary fission is a r process and
c) Blue-Green Algae class has various stages:
• immobile or g along a) the cell g to a certain size
• p – can photosynthesise b) it makes a c of its genes
2 Kingdom Protista c) it splits into two smaller cells and
a) Features of all Protists: each has a copy of the g .

?
Check
Nature of Life Test Name: Class:
 Living and Non-Living   

1 Explain the difference between a living object and a non-living object.
2✔
2 What does the term ‘biology’ mean? 1✔
3 What is an organism? 1✔
4 What are ‘life processes’? 2✔
 Plants and Animals   

There are some important differences in the ways that plants and animals carry out the
life processes listed below. Describe these differences.
Life Process Animals Plants

movement 2✔
nutrition 2✔
sensitivity 2✔
2✔
 Adaptations and Life Processes   

1 What is one important structural difference between plant and animal cells found
outside the cell membrane? 1✔
2 The diagram opposite shows a leaf, which can be
described as a food-making ‘factory’.
a) Which life process are leaves associated with? 1✔
b) Describe a structural adaptation that increases the amount of
light striking leaves. 1✔
c) Inside leaves a chemical called chlorophyll captures light energy for food-making.
Is this process a structural, physiological or behavioural adaptation? 1✔
3 The table below lists some other adaptations of leaves. Identify the life process that
each adaptation is involved with, giving a reason for your answer.
Adaptation Matching Reason

 Life Process
vein network 2✔
pores in leaf 2✔
leaf loss in autumn 2✔
flowers 2✔
leaf buds 2✔
4 Reproduction is a life process that does not benefit the individual organism. 1✔
Why is it important? Page total = /29✔

Name: Class:
 Cells as Building Blocks and Factories   
1 Why are cells called building blocks? 1✔
2 What are organelles? 1✔
3 What is meant by the term ‘metabolism’?
2✔
4 What is the role of enzymes in metabolism?
2✔
 Cell Structures   
a)
The diagram opposite shows
typical plant and animal cells. b)
1 Label structures a) to e).
c)
2 Which drawing represents a B
plant cell? A d)
1✔
Give a reason for your 5✔
1✔ e)
answer.
 Levels of Organisation   
The diagrams below show the different levels of organisation that living organisms can
be studied at.
1 In the space below each drawing identify the level of organisation involved. Choose
from these terms: organ, cell, organism, tissue, organ system.
2 In the box under each term define that term.
Levels of Biological Organisation

microscopic
detail
gut lining of
human small intestine
intestine
5✔

5✔
 Cells and Reproduction    c)

b)
1 Name the cells shown opposite. 3✔
a)
a) cell b) cell c) cell
2 Write a brief description of the process of reproduction using these names in a
sentence.
3✔ Page total = /29✔

Name: Class:
 Defining a Species   
1 Why do biologists need to be able to classify living organisms?
1✔
2 A biologist finds a group of similar-looking insects on a tree and thinks that they may
belong to the same species. Describe how this could be confirmed.
2✔
3 What is a species?
3✔
4 What are four types of features that an organism will share with other members of
its species? • s •p •b •g 4✔
 Classifying and Naming    • two seeds in pods • two-part seeds

• segmented body • young in water
1 Choose four features from the box • broad leaves • outer skeleton
opposite that fit each organism below. • moist soft skin • specialised limbs
• many segments • flowers • jointed limbs
2 Complete the classification by naming
• lays eggs • live in water
the phylum and class that each organism • adult on land • 2 legs/segment
belongs to.
Organism: centipede Organism: frog Organism: pea plant Organism: crayfish
Features: Features: Features: Features:

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
Phylum: Phylum: Phylum: Phylum:
Class: Class: Class: Class:

6✔ 6✔ 6✔ 6✔
3 Each species is given a unique name. What are four rules that are followed when
naming a species?
a)
b)
c)
d) 4✔
4 The following terms are used in classifying groups of organisms. They have not been
written in any particular order.
• phylum • class • species • order • family • genus • kingdom
Rewrite them in order of increasing similarity of the organisms included in each group. 3✔
 ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜
Page total = /41✔

Name: Class:
1 What are microorganisms? 1✔
2 Some microorganisms are pathogens. What is a pathogen? 1✔
3 What are the three kingdoms that microorganisms are found in?
• • • 3✔
4 What are three ways in which humans use microorganisms?

• 3✔
5 ‘Microorganisms play an important role as decomposers.’ Explain this statement.
3✔
 Classifying Microorganisms   
1 The organisms opposite belonging to the same kingdom.
a) Name the kingdom to which they belong. 1✔
b) Give two reasons why they are placed in the same kingdom.
• • 2✔
2 The two organisms opposite belong to a different kingdom from those shown above.
a) Name the kingdom to which they belong. 1✔
b) Give two reasons why they are placed in the same kingdom.
• • 2✔
c) One of the organisms has a flagellum. What is it used
for? 1✔
d) The photo opposite shows an organism undergoing binary
fission. What is binary fission?
3✔
 Fungi and Reproduction   

1 What are the two main feeding methods of fungi?
2✔
2 What are hyphae?
2✔
3 What is a fruiting body? hyphae
2✔
4 Fungi are spread by spores travelling in the air.

a) What is a spore? 1✔ fruiting
body
b) How do spores improve the survival of fungi?
2✔
c) What is a dormant spore?
2✔
d) Under which conditions will spores germinate? 3✔
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 134 x 100 = ÷ 134 x 100 = % Page total = /35✔

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 5: Nutrition & Food
 Plants as Producers   
1 All organisms need food to s and g . Food supplies e
for activities and c for growth and repair.
2 Food consists of energy-rich molecules in which c (C), o
(O), h (H) and n (N) atoms are bonded together.
Different Types of Food Molecules

Aspects Carbohydrates Lipids Protein
Examples: s and st f and o m , fi &e
Uses: •e fuel • energy s •g of tissue
• energy s •i •r of tissue
Atoms: C, H and O C, H and O C, H, O and N
Example Molecule:
3 Plants do obtain food from the s . They do get m needed to remain h .

4 Only plants can combine r materials using sunlight e to make f molecules.
Plants are called p because they produce food m .
5 All other o depend on plants for food. H feed on plants, while
c feed on animals that have e plants. All animals are called c
because they must consume other o to gain their f molecules.
6 A food chain shows how food m get p from organism to organism in a
c . Food chains must always begin with a p .
 Leaves as Food Factories    sunlight energy

O2 out
1 Food is mostly produced in the l by ph .
2 The process of photosynthesis requires:
a) raw m in the form of:
•w – absorbed from the s by the r
•c d – obtained from a entering the l
b) energy in the form of s . glucose
to plant
3 C in l absorbs the b , v and r CO2 in
light energy found in sunlight, and reflects g light.
4 The energy is used to combine c d and w
molecules into e -r glucose molecules.
5 A by-p of photosynthesis is o H2O up
gas , which is released back into the a .
6 The soluble s molecules are t along v
H2O
to other parts of the plant, where they are used as a in soil
source of e or stored as s molecules.

 Photosynthesis Reaction   
1 Photosynthesis involves many s but can be summarised as a chemical r
showing the r (starting chemicals) and p (final chemicals):
C d gas + w +l energy ➜ g s +o gas
+ + ➜ +
2 The rate of photosynthesis:
a) depends on s i and the abundance of r m - 2 and 2
b) increases with warmer t and d with cooler ones

c) can be measured by the growth in s of plants or by the amount of o produced.
 Adaptations for Photosynthesis   

1 Leaves have a that enable them to carry out p .
2 The external adaptations of a leaf for photosynthesis include:
a) having a wide b to maximise l capture
b) having a p to hold the leaf up to face the s
c) being very t to allow maximum light p
d) having a v network to s the blade and supply w
e) having microscopic p to allow c d to enter
f) having a w surface to prevent excessive w loss which would stop photosynthesis.
3 The internal adaptations of a leaf for photosynthesis are covered in the table below.
Internal Structure Cell Feature Adaptation Function

W layer made Reduces w
by upper loss and p
e cells. leaf.
P layer with Traps s

t packed efficiently and
synthetic then makes food
cells. m .
Leaf v with Xylem carries
thickened x w to leaf and
tubes as well as supports it. Phloem
p tubes. carries f .
S layer with Allows air to
l packed, c and
irregular photo- makes f
cells. molecules.
G cells in Control e and
lower epidermis e of g from
forming p the leaf.
(stomata).

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 5: Nutrition & Food
chlorophyll =
producer =
food chain =
adaptation =
glucose =
photosynthesis =
food =
stomata =
 The Importance of Plants    3 The rate of photosynthesis

can be measured by plant
1 Food contains the following molecules: g or o production.
•c , used for e and new t
•l , used for l -term energy s  Leaf Adaptations   
•p , used for g and r of tissue. External Adaptations
2 Plants are essential because: a) Wide b increases the
a for light absorption.
• only plants make food m by p
b) P holds leaf up to
• all other o require f molecules.
s .
 Leaves as Food Factories    c) T blade allows maximum
1 Leaves are the site of p . light p .
d) Veins s the leaf
2 To make food molecules, leaves need: blade and d water.
a) w (absorbed from the s by the r e) Leaf p allow carbon
then transported up s to leaf) dioxide to e .
b) c d (absorbed from a entering f) W surface reduces
the leaf via p ) water l .
c) s energy.
Internal Adaptations
3 The g chemical ch traps light e . a) Epidermal cells p leaf.
4 In photosynthesis energy- g molecules b) Tightly packed cells of
are formed by c carbon dioxide and palisade layer have many
water. They are t along v to where ch to trap much
they are used to supply energy or they are s . s .
 Process of Photosynthesis    c) The loosely packed cells of
the s layer allow CO2
1 The overall reaction for photosynthesis is: gas to .
C d +w +l ➜g +o d) Guard cells allow e of
2 The rate of photosynthesis depends on light CO2 and limit l of H2O.
i , carbon dioxide c , water e) X tubes in v bring
a and the t . H2O to photosynthetic cells.

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 6: Circulation of Water
 Using Water   
1 W is essential for l o and gaining it can be a problem for t
(land-dwelling) organisms.
2 Water plays many important roles in terrestrial plants.
a) Without water p cannot make f by photosynthesising.
b) Water l by e helps to c plants.
c) Water p inside the soft parts of plants helps to
s those parts. If too much water is l , the plant w .
d) M from the soil need to be transported in a d
state through fine t to the leaves. S produced by the leaves need to
be t in a dissolved state to other parts of the plant. The minerals and
sugars are dissolved in w .
e) Many chemical r occurring inside c require water, and for other
reactions water is needed to d the chemicals involved. H2 O
Leaf
 Losing Water   
1 Most of the water that terrestrial plants absorb is
lost to the a when they make food m .
2 Leaves need s ,w , and c d to
make food molecules.
Stem
3 Leaves are wide and flat to c lots of s .
4 Water absorbed from the soil moves u from
the r through the v .
5 C d moves into the leaves through pores
called s .
Root
6 In daylight stomata are wide o to allow c
d to enter, but at the same time water in the
leaf cells e as the leaf is h by the sun
and moves through the pores.
7 This process of losing water is called t . In osmosis
making food, plants lose up to 90% of the water they H2 O
absorb by transpiration.
8 If a plant loses too much water the stomata
will c , thus r water loss, but this will
s d photosynthesis.
9 Other leaf a to reduce w l are
w surfaces and having most of the stomata
on the u of the leaves.
open stomata
 Absorbing Water   
1 Important functions of roots include a the plant in the anchorage
ground, absorbing m from the soil, and a water

from the soil. water minerals

2 To i the amount of w absorbed, the r
system spreads out widely through the s .
3 Each root has fi h (see diagram opposite) near its
t , which are projections from root c .
4 M of root hairs on the root system provide a large
H2O
s a for a water molecules from the soil.
5 The m (outer surfaces) of root hairs are p and allow w
m to or leave the root cells.
Diffusion and Osmosis
1 Plants use a process called o to get soil w to move into their root h .
2 Osmosis is a special type of d , s p
which is the natural tendency of
concentrated to move to areas r h
where they are less concentrated. s m
3 The water inside root cells has many
w d
s molecules d in it. These
sugar molecules l the water r h c
c inside the root compared
to the water concentration in the s . So water molecules e the root by d .
4 The sugar molecules are too l to escape out through the m into the soil.
 Lifting Water    transpiration pull

1 Plants must be able to l water from their r
up to their l . Two forces are involved. H2O
2 Water is absorbed into the roots by o . This

‘osmotic p ’ force helps lift w a little way.
3 Water travels through b of very fine, hollow
t called x vessels. Each vessel runs from
the r up into a l vein, and is fi with water, attraction
forming a continuous column. between
water
4 As the sun h the cells in the leaf, water molecules
m evaporate and escape out of the leaf
s (pores). This is called t .
5 This process l the water c in the
leaf cells, which causes water molecules to move by
o from the xylem t in the leaf v into
the leaf c . osmotic push
6 There are strong forces of a between H2O
water m . As water molecules leave the t
end of xylem vessels they p up the column of water from below. This is the major
water-lifting force and it is called ‘t pull’.
7 Basically water is lifted up a plant using the h energy of the s as it warms the
leaves.
8 Plants also use the l energy of the sun to make food by p .

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 6: Circulation of Water
evaporation =
root hair =
xylem vessel =
transpiration =
diffusion =
osmosis =
wilting =
 Losing Water    4 This causes water molecules to

m from the soil into the root
1 Leaves need s ,w and c cells by o .
d (CO2) to make food by p .
2 S (pores) control the entry and exit of  Lifting Water to the Leaves   
g from the leaf by o and c . 1 Leaves are continually l water,
3 In daylight the stomata are usually w which must be r with the
o to let a with carbon dioxide gas in,but water e the roots.
at the same time water v inside the 2 Water is lifted using the sun’s h .
leaf e . a) There is a continuous c of
4 T is the loss of water vapour water in x vessels, running
from the leaf due to the sun’s h . from the roots to the l .
5 If excessive water is l the stomata will b) Water v is lost from leaves
c , which also shuts down photosynthesis. by e . This l the
water concentration in leaf cells.
 Root Function and Adaptations    c) Water moves f xylem vessels
1 Roots absorb w and soil m . in veins i leaf cells by o .
d) Strong f of attraction
2 A for increasing the absorption of
exist between water m .
water include:
e) Water molecules leaving the
• roots s outwards into the soil l end of a xylem vessel p
• hairs on root tips increase s a for up the water column b .
absorption f) This f lifting the water col-
• membranes of root hairs are p umn is called t pull.
(allow water molecules to pass across).
 The Importance of Water   
3 Roots also a plants in the ground.
Water is e for plants and
 Roots and Water Absorption    plays many roles, such as:
1 Soil usually has a h water concentration. • being a r material in f making
2 Root cells have high s concentrations. •c plants by evaporation
• providing s
3 The high sugar concentration r the
water concentration inside the root c . • acting as a t medium
• acting as chemical r .

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 7: Reproduction
 Reproduction With and Without Sex   

1 Organisms are l things. All organisms belong to a particular s . Members of
the s species are able to with each other to produce new i .
2 Reproduction is the p of new o . As all organisms eventually d ,
reproduction is necessary for the s of the s .
3 In many species new organisms may be produce (with sex) or
(without sex). In some species natural reproduction can only occur sexually.
4 This table outlines differences between sexual and asexual reproduction. (Genes are
instructions found in the cell nucleus that determine what the organism will be like.)
Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

• involves parent organisms • involves just parent organism
• two types of r cells • only type of reproductive cell
(e and s ) are produced is produced (e.g. s )
• sperm must be t to eggs • no transport of s involved
• sperm must f egg • fertilisation involved
• two parents contribute g • parent contributes genes
• offspring have d genes • all offspring have s genes
from each p and each o as p and each other
• offspring are d • offspring all look i
• may result in many or few o • produces m offspring r
5 The table below outlines similarities between sexual and asexual reproduction.
Similarities between Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

•g (inherited instructions) are passed on to the o
• the offspring r the parent(s) involved
• new o of the same s are produced
•m offspring are produced than the n of parents involved
• the s can continue when older organisms d
6 Sexual reproduction involves t types of g (sex cells). The female gametes

( ) are usually l than the male gametes ( ). The eggs are usually i
and the sperm must either s to the e or be transported in some other way.
7 When a sperm reaches an egg, its n enters the egg and f with the egg‘s
nucleus. This process is called
f and results in genes n with g
from t parents being mixed
together to give an offspring s
that r each parent,
yet is d from both. e e &s nuclei f

 Flowers    Sex Organs of Kowhai Flower
1 Flowers are the sex o of
m sex organ
flowering plants. Many flowering
plants can also reproduce a
(e.g. using potatoes, daffodil bulbs). fi
e
2 Flowers usually contain b the a
male and female sex organs. In some
o
species the male and female sex
organs are found in s flowers,
which may be on d plants. s
3 The m gametes (sperm) of
f sex organ s
flowering plants are found inside
p g . Pollen is produced by
an a , which is part of a male sex o . The female gametes ( ) of flowering
plants are found inside an o , which is part of a f sex organ.
4 Pollen grains need to be moved from the m organ of one flower to the f
organ of another flower. This event is called p .
5 If the pollen comes from the flowers on the same plant then -fertilisation
occurs. If the pollen comes from the flowers on another plant of the same s ,
then -pollination occurs. Cross-pollination helps ensure d amongst the
o , which contributes to the s of the species when conditions c .
6 Some plants will p themselves if cross-pollination does not occur. This
produces offspring that are g identical to the parent plant and e other.
 Pollinating Agents and Flowers   

1 Plants cannot m , so the pollen grains containing the m gametes must be
t from the male organs to the f organs. Transferring pollen grains
from one flower to another requires an a such as the w , i or b .
2 Flowers a pollinating animals by releasing a s , which sends a signal over a
wide a . They also produce c petals to indicate w the flower is, and
offer n to f the pollinating agent.
3 As the pollinating animal feeds, pollen is b off the anthers onto the animal’s
b . The animal moves to another flower, where some of the pollen may be brushed
onto the top to the f organ (stigma).
4 Some flowers have special s . This allows only one type of animal to p it,
which increases the c of pollen being transferred to a plant of the s species.
 Fertilisation and After    p

1 After a pollen grain has landed on the stigma (p ),
it develops a t that grows along the s until it
reaches an egg in an o .
2 A male gamete s down the tube and f the f
egg. The new cell formed when the n of a sperm
g
fuses with that of an e is called a z .
3 The zygote grows through cell d into a multicellular e inside a s . The
enclosing o becomes a fruit or pod. The seed g into a new plant.

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 7: Reproduction
reproduction =
sexual reproduction =
asexual reproduction =
genes =
male gamete =
female gamete =
fertilisation =
zygote =
cross-pollination =
self-pollination =
germination =
 Comparing Reproductive Strategies     Pollination Methods   

1 Pollinating agents include w ,
Asexual Sexual i and b .
single p t parents 2 Ways of attracting insects & birds:
many o f or m offspring a) releasing s
i genes in d genes in b) producing c petals
parents & o p and offspring c) offering a n reward.
often occurs r usually take l 3 Special flower s , e.g. orchids,
s process special s a) restrict pollinating a
b) ensure that p is transfer-
red to plants of s species.
 Flower Structures and Functions   
1 Flowers are the s organs of fl  After Pollination   
plants. The following events occur:
2 Flowers have m and f organs: a) pollen grains germinate on s
b) pollen develop t
Sex Organs Function c) tubes grows along s until
produces pollen they reach an e in an o
organ
supports the anther d) male g (sperm) s

along tubes to reach eggs
contain male gametes
e) a sperm e an egg and
receives pollen grains sperm and egg n fuse to
connects stigma to ovary form the z (f )
organ
f) zygote d repeatedly to
protects/nourishes ovules
form e inside s
contains female gametes g) ovary becomes a p or f .

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 8: Growth & Sensitivity
 Spreading of Seeds   
1 Plants produce large n of seeds because very f grow into m plants.
Most seeds never even get to g .
2 Seeds are new plants in a d (resting), de (dried out) state. Each seed
contains:
a) an e plant ready to germinate when c are right
b) a store of f usually in the form of s .
3 Seeds need to be d away from the s of the parent plant in order to gain
sufficient l for food-making, and s for growth. They will also need w and
m from the soil.
4 As plants cannot m they must either:
a) passively rely on dispersal a such as the w ,w ,i and a , or
b) actively e them away from the p plant.
5 Plants have different a to ensure that they are effectively dispersed.
Example Special Features How Features Aid Dispersal

• sweet t The smell attracts a and b ,
• fleshy f who e the sweet-tasting flesh.
•m seeds The seeds p through the animal’s
• attractive s g and are dispersed in d .
•h shells The hard-shelled seeds m
• large food s inside excellent food stores for b and
• very r shells small m , who t them
to new l .
•l seeds As the pods d out they s open,
• pods d out and the light flax seeds are b
• seeds readily b in wind out of the pods in the breeze to be
d elsewhere.
• very l The light sycamore seeds have thin
•w area but wide w that are s like
•p -shaped propeller blades. They s when the
seed falls, c it further away.
•h shell The coconut seeds get s out by
•w proof the wide. As they fl and are
• fl in water waterproof they can s in the
sea till w up on another beach.
•l seeds The hooks on the seeds c on the
• many little h fur of p animals and the seed
• seed heads p off easily heads are p off. At a different
location the animal d the seeds.

 Seed Structure    External t Internal
View View
1 A seed consists of:
p
a) an e plant
b) a c (s) with a store of food r
c) a p seed coat or t .
2 Seeds contain either one or two c , which c
are rich in s .
3 Plants with two cotyledons are called d , and plants with one are m .
4 The embryo has a r , which develops into the main r , and a p , which
develops into the first s . The plumule is w at first, until it is exposed to l
above the ground.
 Seed Germination   
1 Germination of seeds requires w ,o from the air and w .
a) Water is needed for c reactions to commence in the cells.
b) Oxygen is needed for r , which releases energy from f molecules.
c) Warmth is needed to ensure that r occur rapidly.
first
2 Respiration in seeds: l
emerging
• requires o from the air p
• requires g sugar, which is
absorbed from the c
s
• releases e for germination
• produces c dioxide and w as by-products emerging
r root
• can be represented by the chemical reaction:
h
G +o ➜e +c d +w
3 The seed s as it absorbs w from the s . The radicle e and forces its
way through the seed c and grows into the s . Behind the root tip tiny root h
grow outwards to increase the surface a for water a .
4 The p emerges from the seed after the radicle and grows towards the l . It
becomes the main s . Tiny l rapidly unfold and expand, turning g as they
are exposed to light.
5 The green leaves start to make f molecules (glucose) by the process of
p . The c food supply is soon exhausted.
6 The g stage ends when the first leaves appear.
 Responses to the Environment   

1 Plants do not have s organs, but they are able to sense c in their external
e , and respond to them by directional g and slow m of organs.
2 At is a growth r that occurs when a plant senses an e change.
a) P is the growth of shoot tips towards the source of light.
b) G is the growth of root tips downwards in response to the pull of gravity.
c) H is the growth of root tips towards high soil-water areas.
d) T is the bending of new stems in response to touch.

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 8: Growth & Sensitivity
seed =
testa
embryo =
cotyledon =
radicle =
plumule =
germination =
respiration
tropism =
 Tropisms    2 Dispersal ensures

that seedlings are not
competing with the parent
Tropism External Plant plant for:
 Factor Response
•l •s
phototropism l stem t curve •m •w
towards light s
geotropism g r tips grow d  Germination Conditions   
hydrotropism w root t grow towards 1 Germination requires:
m in soil a) w – for chemical
r to occur.
thigmotropism c s c around objects
b) o – to release
energy in r
 Future Roles of Seed Structures   
c) w – for chemical
Identify the mature functions of the seed structures. reactions to occur fast
enough.
Structure Function
2 Germination does not
cotyledon require l .
testa 3 Respiration in seeds:
radicle a) requires o from
plumule the a
b) releases e from
embryo
g sugar
 Dispersal Agents    c) produces c
d and w as
1 Dispersal agents for seeds include: by-products.
a) a , e.g. bidibidi seeds, kiwifruit
4 The new l are making
b) w , e.g. sycamore and dandelion seeds f by photosynthesis,
c) c , e.g. coconut, and s flow, e.g. kowhai replacing energy supplied
d) e from pods, e.g. gorse. by the c .

?
Check
Plant Life Processes Test Name: Class:
 Plants as Producers   
Use the diagram opposite to help answer the following
questions on photosynthesis.
a) Write a word equation for the process of
photosynthesis:
C d +w +l ➜g +o 2✔
Next write out the reaction using chemical symbols:
2 + 2 + light ➜ C6H12O6 + 2 2✔
b) Describe the sources of the three raw materials
required for photosynthesis to occur.
•
•
• 3✔
b) Describe the destinations of the two products of
photosynthesis.
•
• 2✔
 Leaves as Food Factories   

1 Why are plants called producers? 1✔
2 What is a food chain?
2✔
 Leaf Adaptations   
1 Name the leaf cell types shown below and identify their function.
A B C D E
• cells • cells • cells • cells • cells
- allow to - control - carry - and - carry out 10✔
& of up from leaf
2 Which three cell types are involved in photosynthesis and how do you know?
• 2✔
3 Describe how the cells in A differ from those in E.
•
2✔
4 Which type of cell produces a waxy layer on the outside of the leaf, and what is its
function? 2✔
5 What is a petiole and what is its function?

Name: Class:
 Water’s Importance   
1 Water is needed as a raw material for photosynthesis. Describe four other
important roles that water plays in the life of plants.
•
•
•
• 4✔
2 What causes wilting?
2✔
 Losing Water   
1 Leaves are flat and wide in order to intercept as much light energy as possible.
a) What other type of energy do leaves receive from the sun? 1✔
b) What effect does heating have on the leaves?
1✔
c) How does this help protect leaves against overheating? 1✔
2 Plants wilt if they lose too much water. What are three adaptations of plant leaves
that help prevent excessive water loss?
•
•
• 3✔
3 Stomata (pores) need to be open to allow CO2 into leaves for food-making. What also
occurs when the stomata are open? 1✔
 Gaining Water   
Water enters the root through the root hairs - tiny extensions of root cells.
a) What are two features of root hairs that enable them to absorb sufficient water?
•
• 2✔
b) What is the process involved in absorbing water? 1✔
c) Describe how this process takes place.
3✔
 Lifting Water   
1 What are the tubes inside the veins that transport water called? 1✔
2 What other substance is transported in these tubes? 1✔
3 Water is mainly lifted by ‘transpirational pull’. How does this occur?

2✔
4 Which form of energy drives the process of ‘transpirational pull’? 1✔
5 Where does this energy come from?

Name: Class:
 Comparing Asexual & Sexual Reproduction   
1 What is asexual reproduction?
2✔
2 What are three advantages of asexual reproduction?
•
•
• 3✔
3 How does sexual reproduction differ from asexual reproduction?
2✔
4 What advantage does sexual reproduction offer compared to asexual reproduction?
2✔
5 The diagram illustrates fertilisation and the cell division

that follows. Describe what is happening at stages A and B.
Stage A: A
Stage B: 2✔ B
 Flower Structure and Function   

a)
The photos opposite show two views of a fuchsia flower.
b)
1 What are the functions of the following structures?
a) anther – d)
b) stigma – c)
c) style – 3✔
2 What is structure d) called? Describe its function after fertilisation. 1✔
2✔
3 The flower in the photos is pollinated by insects. Describe two ways in which the
flower would attract insects.
2✔
 Pollination and Fertilisation   

1 What does each of the following terms mean?
a) pollination –
2✔
b) fertilisation –
2 The box below describes different stages of a plant life cycle arranged in an
incorrect order. Rewrite the letters below to show the correct order.
➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ 2✔
A A pollen tube grows down the style
B Zygote keeps dividing to form an embryo
C Gametes are produced inside sex organs
D Male and female gametes fuse together
E Pollen grain lands on top of the stigma Page total = /23✔

Name: Class:
 Seed Dispersal   
Four photos of seeds, pods or fruits are shown. For each, name the dispersal agent
involved and state how the object(s) is specially adapted for dispersal by that agent.
Agent: Agent: Agent: Agent: 4✔
Adaptation: Adaptation: Adaptation: Adaptation:
4✔
 Seed Functions   
1 Describe the function of each seed structure during the germination process:
a) cotyledon –
b) radicle –
c) plumule – 3✔
2 Describe a simple laboratory test that can be used to test for the presence of
starch inside a seed.
2✔
 Germination Responses   
1 When the right conditions are present, a seed will usually respond by germinating.
a) What three conditions do seeds need in order to germinate?
• • • 3✔
b) Light is not required for germination, but it is necessary afterwards. Why?
2✔
2 Tropisms involve the directional growth of plants in response to environmental
stimuli, such as light, the pull of gravity, or the presence of water in the soil.
In a positive response the plant grows towards
the factor, but with a negative response it
grows away from it.
The diagram opposite shows different stages
of the germination process of a bean seedling.
a) Which part of the seedling is showing a
positive geotropic response?
b) Which part of the seedling is showing a negative geotropic response?
c) Which part of the seedling is showing a positive phototropic response?
d) Which part of the seedling is showing a positive hydrotrophic response?
e) If the shoot tip of the growing bean plant rubbed against a stake it would start to
coil around it. Is this a positive or negative thigmotropism? 5✔

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 9: Types of Energy
 Energy at Work    Examples of Energy Being Used to Change Things

1 S find it hard
to d exactly what the sun w a rock f a firework
energy is. Energy is a your skin on a car roof e
substance nor an object
that you can touch or a child b Energy at a student
hold, but substances on a trampoline Work p his bike
and objects can possess
energy.
a woman s ingredients are a log b
2 A useful working
her legs m in a cake in a fire
d is that energy
is something that is
r to make things change. Energy is needed to make objects m or change
their s .
3 In the chart above there are e of how energy makes things change.
 Active and Stored   

1 Energy can be classified into two types – a energy and s energy.
2 Energy can be stored in an object due to its:
a) p (e.g. a skier at the t of a ski slope has energy), or
b) n (e.g. both petrol and batteries have stored e ).
3 All forms of stored energy are called p energy.
4 There are many situations in which energy is being used to actively c objects.
Examples of active energy include a firework e and an avalanche r down
a mountain side.
5 Different types of energy are defined and classified in the tables below.
Active Forms of Energy Potential Forms of Energy

Type Examples Type Examples
displayed as light, infra- possessed by climbers,
red, radio waves, X-rays hang-gliders and
and microwaves aircraft passengers
demonstrated by music, possessed by inflated
speech and explosions balloons and stretched
possessed by cyclists, rubber bands
runners, swimmers and possessed by the nucleus
gliders of a uranium atom
internal energy of a possessed by food,
substance due to the firewood, explosives and
motion its particles batteries
carried by TV, radio and possessed by an iron nail
computer circuits held near a magnet

 Types of Active Energy   
(Heat)
Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy
Associated Associated Associated Associated Associated

with e with v with m with the with the
and m objects objects. movement of e
waves that making w The amount the p that can
travel at that travel depends on (atoms) that travel along
the s of at 330 m/s the object’s make up c
light. through a . m &s . m . such as wires.
 Types of Potential Energy   
Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy
Stored in a Stored in a Stored in the Stored in Stored in

r object. s or n of the b iron or steel
It changes s each atom. between objects held
into k object. It Released as a in in a m
energy when changes into h ,l , molecules. fi .
the object k energy and other Released as Released as
f . when released. r . h or l . k energy.
 Energy Changes   
1 Energy can be t from one object to another, e.g. when a heater warms your
legs. A transfer of e does involve a change in the t of energy involved.
2 Energy can also be changed or t from one type into a , e.g. a lamp
will transform e energy into l and h energy.
3 Often when energy is transformed, it is changed into s d types of energy,
e.g. a car transforms c energy of petrol into k ,s and h energy.

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 9: Types of Energy
energy =
potential energy =
active energy =
energy transfer =
energy transformation =
 Defining Energy     Active and Potential Energy   

Energy: 1 Forms of Active Energy
a) is not a s or an o a) R - forms of energy that travel
b) cannot be h or t at the s of l , each with its
c) can make things m and c . own wavelength, e.g. l , X- ,
i -r light and m .
 Energy Changes    b) S - waves created by v
1 Energy Transfers objects and travel at m/s,
e.g. music and speech.
• Energy p from one object to
a . c) K - possessed by m objects
and depends on its m and s ,
• The type of energy does change.
e.g. runners, flying birds and cyclists.
• For example, h may be transferred
d) T - associated with m
from one object to another.
of particles (atoms) of matter. Gaining
2 Energy Transformations thermal (heat) energy raises the
• Energy c from one t to t of an object.
another. e) E - energy carried by
•S types of energy may be e moving along a c ,
formed from the o type. e.g. in TV, radio and computer circuits.
• For example, c p in 2 Forms of Potential Energy
petrol is transformed into kinetic, a) G - possessed by objects
sound and heat energy in a car. r above the ground, e.g. by
• Other examples include: climbers.
b) E - possessed by st or
Example Energy sq objects, e.g. an inflated
 Transformation balloon.
fire c p into c) N - energy stored within the
burning h and l energy nucleus of an a , e.g. the nucleus of
a uranium atom.
trampolinist k into e
bouncing p energy d) C - energy stored in the b
between a , e.g. fuels, firewood,
rock g potential food, explosives and batteries.
falling into k energy
e) M - energy stored in metal
vacuuming e into k objects placed in a m fi , e.g.
the house and s energy a compass needle.

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 10: Energy Transformation
 Energy Changes   
1 Energy is required to make things m or c their physical or chemical s .
2 Some forms of energy are a involved in moving or changing objects, others
forms involve stored or p energy.
3 Energy is t into d types in many everyday situations. Often o
type is transformed into s different types.
4 Energy transformations occur inside your b (e.g. in a m muscle), inside
a and devices (e.g. in an ipod p music), as well as in n processes
(e.g. in a l storm).
5 Every energy transformation has an energy i (energy source) and energy o
(types of energy produced).
Energy Energy Energy

I Transformation O
 Measuring Energy   
1 The scientific u for energy is the j and the unit’s s is .
2 A joule is a very s amount of energy, so scientists usually use k (kJ)
instead. One kilojoule = joules, or 1 = 1,000 J.
Energy Example Energy Transformation or Transfer Energy Gained

• a 1 kg object is lifted up k g potential joules
by 1 metre
• 1 ml of water is heated h energy of heat energy of joules
up by 1°C flame w molecules
 Energy Stories and Chains   

Energy transformations can be traced back to find the original s of the energy.
An energy chain
S energy, K energy, for the music
as waves move as speaker energy story
through a cones v
c energy
Music Energy Story

e energy
E
C energy energy, as k energy
stored inside electrons
b flow in w
s energy

An energy chain
P energy, N energy,
for the food
as stored in a h as stored
energy story
body, and t within the s
energy of a h body
n energy
L
energy, as l energy
Food Energy Story s falls
on Earth
c energy
K
energy, C k energy
as the energy,
person as stored
g and
w in f
t energy
 Conserving Energy   
1 Scientists have discovered some important facts about energy:
a) Energy can keep c its form but it never just d .
b) Energy doesn’t just a ; it must come from a s .
2 These discoveries led to the Law of E C , which has three parts:
Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

Energy must c Energy may change Energy can never
from s
it is n c
; + its f
a
but the
of energy
+ be d
it can only be
;
out of n . remains c . t .
 Wasting Energy   
1 When an energy change occurs inside an appliance (or device) the o energy is
transformed into d energy f . For example, electrical energy is changed
into light and thermal energy by a lamp.
2 Some of the original energy becomes u energy utilised for the
p of the appliance, e.g. lighting a room, but the rest of the energy
is often w , e.g. the h produced by a light bulb.
3 According to the Law of Energy Conservation:
Energy I = Energy O
As the energy output consists of the useful energy and the waste energy,
the formula can be changed to:
Energy Input = U Energy + W Energy
4 To save energy (and costs), designers are keen to design appliances that produce the
m amount of useful energy by r the amount of wasted energy. The
energy e of an appliance can be measured using this formula:
 U Energy x 100
Energy Efficiency % =
Energy I

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 10: Energy Transformation
energy =
joule =
energy transformation =
energy chain =
Law of Energy Conservation =
waste energy =
useful energy =
energy efficiency =
 Energy Transformations    a) Energy must come from s .

1 Energy can make things m or c . b) Energy may c its form, but the
a remains c .
2 Energy that is stored in an object is c) Energy cannot be d .
called p energy.
3 Energy transformations occur:  Energy Chains   
• inside your b 1 The original source of energy for many
• inside a and d energy chains can be traced back to the
• in n processes. sun.
4 An energy transformation always involves: 2 Complete the energy chain below, which
traces the origin and destination of the
• an energy i of o type, and energy a student used to ride to school:
• energy o , usually of several
d types of energy. N energy in sun ➜ l energy of
sunlight ➜ c energy of glucose
 Energy Unit    sugar in plants ➜ c energy inside
a banana eaten by student ➜ k
1 Scientists are able to m energy:
energy of student’s moving muscles ➜
• The unit of energy is the j . k energy of cyclist ➜ t
• The unit symbol is . energy of cyclist and tyres
• J = 1 kJ (kJ stands for k )
 Calculating Energy Efficiency   
2 Energy requirements:
1 Law of Energy C implies that:
a) Lifting an object gives it g
potential energy. Lifting a 1 kg object Energy I = Energy O
up by 1 m requires 10 j of energy. 2 Energy output is either useful or wasted:
b) Heating water increases its Energy Input = U Energy + W Energy
t . To heat 1 ml of water 3 Appliance designers use the measure
by 1° C requires joules of energy. of energy e to m useful
 Law of Energy Conservation    energy and r waste energy:
% Energy Efficiency =
The law has t parts:
U Energy x / Energy I

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 11: Thermal Energy
 Hot and Cold   

1 Objects are made up of p called a or m , which are groups of atoms.
The particles can all v but some particles can also rotate and move about.
2 These particles vibrate according to how much t energy they have.
3 The particles of a hot object will vibrate much f than the
particles of a cold object. A hot object has more t energy
than a c object.
4 Supplying thermal energy to an object or substance will cause the
p to vibrate more r . They will gain more k energy.
5 If an object or substance loses t energy, then the p will vibrate more
s . They will l kinetic energy.
6 So the a of thermal energy an object possesses is r to how much kinetic
energy all of its p have.
7 Sensory cells in your s are able to sense how r the particles of an object are
v , thus giving us an idea of whether the object is hot, warm or cold.
 Effects of Heat   
1 Temperature indicates how h or c an object or substance is. Temperature
is related to the a kinetic energy of the particles making up the object or
substance.
2 Heating an object can have two effects:
ar in because the heating

temperature i the k
If heat energy may occur, energy of the particles.
is a to
an object or
substance, then a change of because the energy is
s , e.g. m being used to f up
, may occur, the particles.
3 Cooling an object can have two effects as well:
a in because the loss of heat

temperature d the k
If heat energy may occur, energy of the particles.
is l from
an object or
substance, then ac of because the particles
state, e.g. f become a in a
, may occur, fi pattern.

60
 Measuring Temperature Changes    50
1 At is used to measure the temperature of a substance.

40
Thermometer In a Hot In a Cold Labels

Substance Substance
• fine hollow t 30
Thermal energy… … is g … is l from

by liquid liquid in bulb •l of liquid
20
in bulb to s •s -5 to 100°C
Liquid in bulb … …e …c in •i of 1°C 10
in volume volume •g rod
Liquid in tube … … is forced … shrinks d • a (red) 0
u tube the tube
• unit C (°C) °C
Temp. reading … … r up …f down
the scale the scale •b of liquid
2 The scale on a thermometer was fixed against t known temperatures

by the manufacturer:
a) the Point (the temperature at which pure ice m )
b) the Point (the temperature of s above boiling water).
 Heating Substances   
1 The amount of t energy an object or substance has d on two factors:
a) how h it is (its t in °C), and
b) its m (in kg). Effect of Heat on Temperature of Oil & Water
120
A red-hot needle has much l thermal energy Key:
than a red-hot poker, even though they both
Temperature of liquid (°C)
 oil
100  water
might have the same t .
80
2 Different substances respond differently when
60
h . Oil will heat up much more r than
w will. Water is able to a thermal 40
energy without its t rising as much.
20
3 The graph opposite shows the results when
0
the same m of oil and water were heated 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
under the same conditions. After 10 minutes Heating time (minutes)
the temperature of the oil was °C but the water was only °C.
 Heat and Expansion   

1 When a substance is heated its particles move f , collide more o , and push
each other f apart.
2 So heating causes solids, liquids and gases to e in volume.
a) Solids expand the l . There are strong forces of a between particles.
b) Liquids expand m . The forces between the particles are w .
c) Gases expand the m . There are a no forces holding particles t .
3 A substance that loses heat c in volume. This is because the particles move
m slowly and do collide as often, thus they do not push apart as m .

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 11: Thermal Energy
particles =
thermal energy =
temperature =
thermometer =
Celsius scale =
state change =
mass =
 Heated Particles     Heat and Expansion   

1 Substances consist of incredibly s particles 1 The amount of thermal energy
called a or m (groups of atoms). an object has depends on:
2 Matter p are constantly in m . Solid • its t , and
100
particles just v . Liquid and g particles • its .
can vibrate, r and m about. 2 The temperature of a
90
3 The motion of particles is caused by t energy. substance after heating
4 Particles vibrate: depends on:
a) more s if they lose thermal e
80
• the t of substance
b) more rapidly if they g t energy. • the m of the substance
70
• the amount of heat
5 The a of thermal energy is related to the t .
total k energy of all of its p .
60
3 Solids, liquids and gases
 Measuring Temperature    e in volume when they
1 Temperature is a measure of the a 50 are heated.
amount of k energy of particles. a) Solids expand the l .
There are s forces
2 The particles of a hot object have m kinetic 40
of a between
energy on a than those of a c object.
the solid particles.
3 A laboratory thermometer: 30
b) Liquids expand m than
a) usually has a C scale with units called solids. The forces between
d Celsius (°C) 20 the particles are w .
b) has a scale fi by two known temperatures c) Gases expand the m .
- the I Point and S Point. 10 There are almost no
4 When placed in a hot substance, the l in the f holding the gas
thermometer b gains h energy. The motion particles t .
0
of its particles i causing the liquid to 4 A substance that loses heat
e , forcing the liquid further the glass rod. °C will c in volume. This
5 When placed in a cold substance, the liquid is because the particles
in the bulb l heat energy. The m of move l vigorously and so
its particles d causing the liquid to do not get p as far
c , so the liquid in the glass rod s . apart.

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 12: Heat Transfer
 From Hot and Cold   

1 Heat can only be transferred from a h object to a c one.
2 As heat is t , the colder object becomes w and the hotter object
becomes c . Eventually both objects will reach the same t , unless one
object is receiving heat energy from another s .
3 ‘Cold’ cannot be a . When you have the sensation of feeling cold, it is because
you are l heat energy to the colder e around you.
4 A refrigerator makes objects c by transferring h from the objects to an
even c coolant liquid.
5 Heat transfer from hotter objects to colder objects occurs in one of t ways:
•C of heat along a s object from atom to atom.

Heat Transfer
Methods of
•C currents transfer heat through l and g .
•R of heat w away from hot objects.
6 When objects or substances gain heat energy their particles will move f .
 Conduction of Heat   
1 Conduction is the heat t process involved when a poker heats up in a fi or
the bottom of a pot on a stove e heats up.
2 Heat conduction occurs mostly in s . Heat energy travels from the h end of
the object a to the colder end.
3 In a solid the particles (atoms) are in fi positions. They can only v .
4 The more thermal energy the atoms in a solid gain, the faster they v . This
vibrating action affects n particles, which begin to vibrate f as well,
thus transferring h .
5 So heat travels from the hot end to the cold end of a solid by energetic p
jostling their l energetic neighbours, thus giving them extra h energy.
M energetic Less e
particles (a ) particles (a )
end
C
end
H
T of heat by e
atoms j neighbours

 Thermal Conductors and Insulators   
1 A t conductor is an object or substance that conducts heat w .
2 M are good thermal conductors because they conduct heat r away from
the h end of the metal to the c end.
3 The outer e of metal a are free to
t from atom to atom. These f electrons
s heat rapidly from e atoms to
l energetic ones.
4 Plastic, glass, wood and pottery do have free electrons, so the conduction of heat
in these substances o occurs by energetic atoms j their n .
5 Poor heat conductors are called thermal i .
 Convection of Heat    c h
particles particles
1 Convection is the t of t energy by c .
2 Convection currents occur in heated l , where the
particles (m ) are f to move about. (They also
occur in g .)
3 When a liquid is heated the particles move f and
s further apart. The heated liquid becomes less
d than the surrounding c liquid, so the lighter
heated liquid fl upwards. Cooler denser liquid s warmer cooler
and takes the place of the heated liquid. lighter heavier
liquid liquid
4 This rising of l h liquid and sinking of h rises sinks
c liquid causes c currents to occur in the
body of water (or gas).
 Radiation of Heat   
1 Both heat c and c can only occur through a medium of some sort
(e.g. air, water or a metal).
2 Radiation or r energy involves
rapidly v electromagnetic waves
that travel the s of light.
3 These waves can travel through different m , but they do need a medium
to travel. Radiant heat from the s travels all the way to Earth through s .
4 Heat radiation travels as i -r waves, which are i to our eyes, but we can
sense their effect on our s as it w up.
5 Infra-red waves r out from a h object (e.g. a bar heater) until they
hit another object (e.g. our skin). If the object a the radiant energy its
t will rise.
6 Other forms of radiant energy include m ,l waves, r waves, T
waves, u -v waves as well as -rays. These different types of radiant energy
form the el m sp .
7 Dark objects absorb m radiant energy than s or l -coloured objects, which
reflect more h . Dark objects also radiate heat f than light-coloured objects.

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 12: Heat Transfer
conduction =
thermal conductor =
thermal insulator =
convection =
radiation =
infrared waves =
medium =
 Heat Transfer     Convection of Heat   

1 All matter is made of vibrating atoms. 1 Convection c occur naturally in a
2 Heat transfer has these effects: h liquid (or gas). They occur
because:
Effect on Heat Gain Heat Loss a) heated liquid e in volume
vibrations b) expansion makes a liquid less d
c) less dense liquid fl upwards
kinetic energy
d) cooler, denser liquid s downwards.
temperature
2 Convection currents do occur in
3 Heat can be transferred by: solids because solid a or m
•c in s are not able to fl .
•c currents in l and g  Radiation of Heat   
•r (no m required).
1 R energy involves rapidly v
 Conduction of Heat    electromagnetic w that travel at
the s of light.
1 Heat conduction occurs mainly in s .
2 Electromagnetic waves do require a
a) The h transfer is from the h
m in order to travel.
to the c ends of the solid.
b) The heat transfer will c until 3 Heat radiation involves the t
both e of the solid reach the of heat as i -r electromagnetic
same t . waves.
2 Metals are good t conductors 4 If infra-red waves are a by an

because the o electrons of their object, then the object’s t
a are f to travel from atom to will rise.
atom. This enables h to be r 5 All hot objects continually r
distributed throughout the metal. i infra-red waves.
3 Plastic, glass, wood and pottery are 6 D -coloured objects are very good at
thermal i as they have no free a radiant energy, but they also
e . Heat is only transferred by r that heat away quickly.
e atoms jostling n
7 Light-coloured objects r infra-
atoms.
red waves and do heat up much.

?
Check
Energy Changes & Heat Test Name: Class:
 Energy and its Forms   

1 What is energy? 1✔
2 Explain the difference between active and potential energy forms.

a) Active forms of energy
b) Potential forms of energy 2✔
3 What is the difference between an energy transfer and an energy transformation?
2✔
4 All appliances are energy transformers. Complete the following table.
Transformer Energy Transformations Carried Out by Appliance

TV remote control energy ➜ energy ➜ radiant energy
wall clock energy ➜ electrical energy ➜ energy
solar-powered calculator energy ➜ energy ➜ chemical energy
hand-held megaphone chemical energy ➜ energy ➜ energy
microwave oven energy ➜ radiant energy ➜ energy 10✔
 Potential and Active Energy   

1 For each of the five objects listed below identify the type of potential energy store in
it, describe how the energy is stored, and state the type(s) it is transformed into.
Object Energy Type How Energy is Stored Type Transformed Into

catapult elastic in stretched objects kinetic
firework
atomic bomb
parachutist
electromagnet 12✔
2 In each of the following situations active energy is transformed into potential energy.
Identify the type of energy involved.
a) winding up a clock: ➜ potential energy
b) charging a car battery: ➜ potential energy
c) lifting a wooden box: ➜ potential energy
d) magnetising a needle: ➜ potential energy 8✔
3 We receive the energy we need for living through energy stored in our food. Describe
the main energy transformations involved in these activities:
a) running: chemical ➜ energy ➜ into energy
6✔
b) lifting: chemical ➜ energy ➜ into energy
c) thinking: chemical ➜ energy ➜ into energy Page total = /41✔

Name: Class:
 Identifying Energy Transformations   
1 When does an energy transformation occur?
1✔
2 Identify the energy transformations occurring in each of the following situations:
a) waterfall:
b) torch:
c) television: 6✔
3 Identify the energy input and all of the energy outputs for each situation below:
Energy
Transformation
Situation
Energy Input • • • •
Energy Outputs • • • •
• • • •
• • • • 8✔
 Measuring Energy   
1 What is the scientific unit for energy? What is its unit symbol? 2✔
2 How many joules are there in a kilojoule? 1✔

3 Ten joules are needed to lift one kilogram up one metre. A 1 kg rock was lifted 5 m.
1✔
a) How much energy would be needed to lift the rock?
b) How much gravitational energy would the rock have gained? 1✔
c) If the rock was dropped, how much kinetic energy would it have when it hit the
ground? 1✔
c) Which part of the Law of Energy Conservation do your answers to a) and b) above
support? 1✔
 Energy Chains   
1 Which source of energy do energy chains involving living things begin with?
1✔
2 What is the origin of the sun’s energy?

2✔
 Energy Wastage   
A bedside lamp receives 60 joules of electrical energy per second.
a) If it produces only 6 joules of light energy each second, how much energy is
wasted each second? 1✔
b) What type of energy is the wasted energy? 1✔
c) Calculate the energy efficiency % of the lamp. Show all the working.
3✔
Energy Efficiency = x /
= x / = % Page total = /30✔

Name: Class:
 Effects of Heat    100
diagram diagram
The diagrams opposite show the motion of the same gas A B
particles at different temperatures. 90
1 Which diagram represents the motion of colder gas

particles? 1✔ 80
2 What two features helped you reach this conclusion?

a) 70
b) 2✔
60
3 What are three possible effects of a gas losing heat energy?
a)
50
b)
c) 3✔
40
 Effects of Heat   
1 What is the temperature of a substance a measure of? 30
2✔
2 What is the temperature reading on the thermometer at right? 1✔ 20
 Heating Substances   
10
1 What two factors determine the amount of heat energy an object possesses?
a) b) 2✔ 0
2 What three factors determine the final temperature of a substance that is

°C
being heated?
a) b)
3✔
c)
 Heat and Expansion   

1 Railway tracks are laid end to end with small gaps between the ends. Why is this
done? 2✔
2 Explain why a metal rod expands when heated.
Effect of Heat on Temperature of Oil & Water

120
3✔ Key:
Temperature of liquid (°C)
 oil
 Heating Substances    100  water
The graph shows the heating oil and water. 80
a) After four minutes what is the temperature 60

of each liquid?
40
• oil: • water: 2✔
20
b) The oil line is steeper than that of the
water. What does this mean? 0
1✔ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Heating time (minutes)
c) What variables need to be the same during the experiment?
Page total = /24✔
2✔

Name: Class:
 Conduction   
1 What is heat conduction?
2✔
2 The diagram shows the atoms of a solid rod that is being heated at the left end.
Explain how heat travels from the hotter to the cooler end. Use words such as
‘atoms’, ‘fixed’, ‘vibrations’, ‘neighbouring’, ‘energetic’ and ‘transfer’ in your answer.
4✔
 Thermal Conductivity   
Sam’s bicycle has lost the rubber grip on one end of the handlebar of his bike. On a cold
frosty morning, Sam has to ride his bicycle to work without any gloves.
a) Which hand will feel coldest?
1✔
b) Explain why that hand feels so cold.
2✔
c) What is the method of heat transfer involved? 1✔
d) Why does his other hand not feel so cold?
2✔
 Limiting Heat Loss   

Vacuum rubber
A thermos flask is designed to minimise heat loss or gain by the Flask stopper
contents of the flask. The illustration opposite shows the internal

outer
glass structure of a typical flask. glass inner
wall glass
1 When would the flask contents tend to lose some heat energy wall
to the surrounding air? outer

silver
inner
silver
1✔ coating coating
2 When would the flask contents tend to gain some heat from the vacuum contents
surrounding air?
1✔
3 How does having a silver coating on the outside of the outer glass wall prevent radiant
heat from warming the flask contents? 2✔
4 How does having a silver coating on the inside of the inner glass wall prevent radiant heat
from escaping from the flask? 2✔
5 How does having a vacuum between the two glass layers prevent heat loss or gain?
2✔
6 How does the rubber stopper prevent heat conduction? 1✔

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 13: Light Waves
 Light and Energy   

1 Light is the type of r energy that i the world for us
because our eyes are very sensitive light energy d .
2 Objects which give off their o light rays (e.g. the sun, a candle or a
light bulb) are called light s .
3 We can see other objects that are not light sources (e.g. the moon or
an image on a movie screen) when light r from a source b off
them and then e our eyes.
4 If light rays r (bounce) off an object (e.g. a mirror) in a r
way, then the object is called a r . The s surface of the
mirror reflects the light rays in a regular way that allows us to see an
i of the o light source.
5 Most objects have i surfaces and reflected light rays do form an image.
6 Light can be considered to be r that travel in a s line, but light actually
travels as energy w .
 Waves of Energy   
1 Light rays travel a from a light s
as e waves.
2 Light waves are formed by rapidly v el and m fields, so they
are called e m waves.
3 Light waves travel extremely f at the speed of l . They s out from the
light source heading away in all d .
4 There are other types of electromagnetic waves, including r waves, T waves,
m ,i -r (heat) waves, u -v waves, -rays and g rays.
5 The distance between wave crests is called the wavelength. The different types of
electromagnetic w have different w , but they all travel at the s
of light.
6 Together these different types of e
w make up the electromagnetic spectrum. The
colours of the r make up the v part of
that spectrum.
 Light Rays   
1 As of light waves travelling in the same
direction, such as the one shown above, is called a
light r .
2 A light ray can be represented by a s line with
an a at one end showing the direction in which the
light is travelling away from the s or r .
3 A ray of l light is a very concentrated, narrow

beam of light waves, all of the same c .

 Light Terms   
Light rays may be … Objects are called …

…a when they strike an …t if all light passes
object and do not emerge again. through the object, e.g. window glass.
…r (bounced off) when they …o if no light is able to pass
strike an object. though the object, e.g. black plastic.
…r when they pass through …t if some light passes
an object, changing direction a bit. through the object, e.g. shopping bag.
 Light Waves   
1 Light waves travel in s lines away from the s
of light or the object that they have been r off.
Even inside the curved fibre optic cable shown opposite
light t in a straight line, b off the walls.
2 Light waves are able to t through the v of outer
space. They travel from the sun to E through space.
3 Light w travel at 300 000 k per second
through s . Waves going this fast are said to be
travelling at the s of l .
4 Light can also travel through a , w and g . Each of these substances is called
am . Light waves can also travel when there is medium, such as in s .
5 Light waves travel more s in media such as air, water and glass, but still v fast.
 Light and Shadows   

1 As is an area that light rays reach because an o object is b
their pathway.
2 If the light source is s relative to the object b the light, then a s shadow
with a clearly defined edge is formed behind the object. This is called the u .
3 If the light source is l relative to the object blocking the l , then a partial
s forms around the outside of the umbra. This is the p .
4 The moon does produce its own light, which is why it is only lit on the side f
the sun. The side facing away from the sun is in total d . This can be observed
when the moon is w or waning.
5 A solar eclipse is when the sun’s l is blocked off. This occurs when part of Earth’s
s moves into the s of the moon. For this to occur the moon must lie
d between the sun and E .
6 A small section of
Earth‘s surface will
Earth
experience a t
moon
eclipse because it is sun
the umbra. A large
full eclipse
area experiences a partial eclipse
p eclipse.

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 13: Light Waves
radiant energy =
electromagnetic waves =
light waves =
light ray =
transparent object =
translucent object =
opaque object =
medium =
 Nature of Light Energy     Light Sources   

1 Light travels as e w or ripples. Light sources are objects
2 Light waves are e ripples. that produce their own
light, such as the s , a
3 Eyes are light wave d . s , a fi , a fi ,a
4 Light s produce their own light; other c ,at , a light b ,
objects r light waves. and g worms.
5 Ar reflects waves in a regular way.  Wave Types   
6 Most objects reflect light waves i . Light waves belong to a f of
waves called the electromagnetic
 Properties of Light Waves   
s . The different types of
1 As of light waves travelling in the same waves listed below are arranged from
d is called a light r . the l to the m energetic:
•r waves (lowest energy)
• T waves
•m waves
2 Light waves travel:
•i -r waves (heat waves)
• in s lines
•l waves (including laser light)
•a from light sources
•u -v rays (cause sunburn)
• away from objects they have r off
• -rays
• very f .
•g rays (highest energy).
3 Light waves can travel through the vacuum of
s , but they can also travel through  Light and Shadows  
certain m , such as air, water and glass.
1 A shadow is an area that light
4 Light waves travel through space at rays reach because an
kilometres per second: this is called the object is b their pathway.
s of l .
2 A solar eclipse occurs when the
5 Light waves do travel as f through moon prevents s from
media such as air, water and glass, but they r part of the surface of
still travel v fast. Earth.

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 14: Reflecting Light
 Reflecting Surfaces and Images   

1 When light rays hit the surface of an object or substance there are three effects.
a) The light rays may be a by the surface.
b) The light rays may be transmitted t the object or substance.
c) The light rays may be r off the surface.
2 The light rays that strike an object or substance
are called i rays.
3 The light rays that bounce off the surface of an i ray r ray
object or substance are called r rays.
m
4 S surfaces, such as shiny metals, mirror
surfaces or still water, can reflect light rays in a r way to form a clear i
of the s of light.
5 Rough or i surfaces, such as
concrete or paper, will reflect light rays o
in many d directions, which does r
allow a clear image to form. ray i
ray
6 L rays coming from a tree can be
reflected in s water to produce a water surface
clear i of the tree. This makes the
tree appear as if it is growing u i
down the water.
7 As your b assumes that light rays travel in s l only, you see an i
that the tree is beneath the water. It is called an o illusion.
 Objects and Images   

1 When you look directly at an object you see it where it
is, but when you look at it in a mirror you are looking at a
r of the object. The image appears to be b
the mirror.
o i
2 An i is a view of an object at a place o than where
it actually is. Images occur when you look at an object using a m or through a
l .
3 An image is said to be r if it can be focused on a s placed where the image
appears to be. For example, the image produced by a m projector is real because
it can be focused on the screen.
4 An image is said to be v if it can be f on a screen placed where the
image appears to be. For example, the image seen in a
mirror appears to be behind the mirror, but image will
form on a screen p behind the mirror, so the image is
a virtual one.
5 The image of the swimmer’s face appears to be u the
water. It is a v image, because an i of her face
could not be focused on a s held underwater.

 Images in Mirrors  
1 A plane mirror consists of a completely fl sheet of glass with a thin l of s
coating on the b . laterally
inverted
2 With a plane mirror the image is:
a) always the s size as the o same
b) e (right way up) size
c) laterally i (left and right in line

sides swapped) with
object
image
same
d) always as f behind the mirror as object
distance
the object is in f behind
mirror
e) always in l with the object. virtual image
behind mirror upright
3 As the image is located b the
mirror where no i can be focused on a s , the image is a v one.
 Laws of Reflection   
1 An is an imaginary line drawn at r angle of n r ray
angles (perpendicular) to the mirror s i
angle of
at the point where the i ray hits the i ray r
surface.
2 The angle between the incident ray and the
n is called the angle of i .
m
3 The angle between the r ray and the
normal is called the a of reflection.
4 Ap can be used to m the angles of incidence and reflection.
5 Reflected light rays always obey two laws.
1st Law of Reflection 2nd Law of Reflection

The r ray always lies in the The angle of r always e
same p (flat surface) as that the angle of . (The light ray
formed by the incident ray and the reflects at a m angle.)
n . r ray angle of angle of
i ray i r
6 These t laws of reflection ensure that the image in a p

mirror as shown in the photo opposite is:
•v
•l inverted
• the s distance behind the mirror as the image is in f .

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 14: Reflecting Light
reflection =
image =
lateral inversion =
real image =
virtual image =
plane mirror =
normal =
 Reflecting Surfaces and Images     Laws of Reflection   

1 Light rays that hit the surface of an object may: 1st Law:
a) be a by the surface The reflected ray a lies
b) be r off the surface in the same p as that
c) pass t the object. formed by the i ray
and the normal.
2 An incoming light ray that strikes the s of an
object is called the i ray. 2nd Law:
3 An o light ray that has b off the The angle of r
surface of an object is called the reflected ray. always e the angle of
incidence.
4 Some surfaces can reflect light to form i .
5 Sm , sh surfaces reflect light rays in a regular  Drawing Ray Diagrams   
way to form a s image. 1 A light ray is drawn as a
6 R , d surfaces reflect light rays in many s line with an a
d directions, which does allow an image -head indicating the
to be formed. d in which the light
is travelling.
 Objects and Images    2 The n is drawn at
1 The reflection of an object seen in a mirror lies right angles to the surface
b the mirror. The reflection is called the i . at the point where the
2 Ap mirror has a fl polished surface, with a i ray strikes it.
s coating on the back. 3 The angle of:
3 The image formed by a plane mirror: a) i is the angle
a) is a the same size as the object between the incident
ray and the n .
b) is e , but laterally i
b) reflection is the a
c) is in l with the object. between the r
4 The distance of the image b the mirror surface ray and the normal.
is e to the distance of the o in front of the 4 Ap can be used
mirror. to draw the n and
5 The image is v as it is located b the mirror to m the a of
where it be focused on a screen. incidence and reflection.

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 15: Refracting Light
Bending Light Rays   

1 Am is any s that will allow light w to travel through it. Examples
of different media include a , w and g .
2 Light waves travel through d media at different s ; this is because each
medium has a different o density.
3 The higher the optical d of a medium, the s light rays will travel through
it, but they still travel v fast.
4 When light waves enter a n medium they will change their s and their
d . This occurs at the point where the waves e the new medium.
5 This change of speed and direction of light waves normal
is called r . i ray
a) Refraction a occurs when the new medium
has a d optical density from the o
medium. air
b
b) The change in direction at the boundary between glass block
the two media is a – the light waves do not
bend in a c .
c) Refracted light waves travel on in a s line. r ray
The Laws of Refraction   

1 When light waves enter a more optically dense medium (e.g. going from air into glass),
they s down and bend t the normal.
2 When light waves enter a less optically less dense medium (e.g. going from glass into
air), they s up and bend a from the normal.
3 The angle between the refracted ray and the n is called the angle of r .
4 Refracted rays obey t laws.
1st Law of Refraction 2nd Law of Refraction

If the optical density of the new me- If the optical density of the new medium
dium is greater than that of the old is less than that of the old medium,
medium, then the angle of refraction then the angle of r will be
will be l than the angle of i . g than the angle of incidence.
i ray angle of i ray angle of

i i
air normal normal

glass block
glass block air
m l
d angle of d angle of
r ray r ray
r r

 Optical Illusions   
1 The r (bending) of light as it passes from one m to
another can create an optical i , such as the broken pencil
illusion opposite.
2 If light waves enter a new medium at r angles (at 90°) to the
s , then the waves do refract (bend) at all but continue
on in a s line.
angle of angle of
 Critical Angle   
i ray i r r ray
1 If light waves going from a
more to a less dense medium semi-circular
(e.g. glass-air) are b so glass block
much that they emerge glass
r ray
p to the boundary, air
then the angle of incidence normal
involved is called the c angle for angle of
that type of boundary (e.g. glass-air). r
2 When light waves emerge parallel to the b , the angle of refraction (the angle
between the refracted ray and the n ) will be °.
 Total Internal Reflection   

1 The light waves can angle of angle of
be r as well i ray i r r ray
as refracted at a
b . glass semi-circular
2 If light waves approach a less dense air normal glass block
medium at an angle g than the
c angle for the boundary type,
then refraction (light-b ) will occur but r (light-bouncing) will.
3 When all light is reflected back into a medium at a boundary this is called t
i r .
4 In the above diagram, the angle of reflection will e the angle of i
because of the s law of reflection.
 Optical Instruments   
1 The principle of total internal reflection is utilised in fi o cables. Light waves
are sent along inside a n glass fibre by continually b (reflecting) off the
walls, which means that the fibre need not be s .
Binoculars
2 The a light waves strike the s of the fibre is
always g than the critical angle involved so light
escape out through the surface. It emerges out
the other e of the fibre travelling at a very high s .
3 Total internal reflection also occurs in the p often
found inside optical instruments such as cameras and
b . The prisms can alter the pathway of light by
° or 180°. p

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 15: Refracting Light
medium =
boundary =
optical density =
refraction =
angle of refraction =
critical angle =
total internal reflection =
prism =
 Bending Light Rays     Critical Angle   

1 R (light-bending) occurs to light 1 When light w approaching a
waves at the b between two m particular type of boundary (e.g.
with different o densities. glass-air) emerge p to that
2 When light waves pass through a boundary: b , the angle of incidence
involved is called the critical angle.
a) the s of the light waves will c
b) the d of the light waves will change 2 The angle of r will be 90°
c) the r ray will travel on in a a of
s line. angle of i
r
= critical angle
3 If light waves hit a new medium at a r
angle (90°) to the surface, then:
a) the speed of the light waves change
b) but their direction will (the emerging
r will carry on in a straight line).
angle of r = 90°
 Laws of Refraction   
1 When light enters a more dense medium, it  Total Internal Reflection   
s down and bends t the normal. 1 T i reflection occurs when
1st Law of Refraction light waves approaching a particular
If the optical density of the new medium is type of b (e.g. glass-air) have
g than that of the old medium, then an angle of incidence g than
the angle of r will be less than the the c angle for that boundary.
angle of i . 2 refraction will occur as all light
is r back into the m .
2 When light enters a less dense medium, it
s up and bends a from the normal. angle of angle of
i
= r
2nd Law of Refraction
If the o density of the new medium is i ray r ray
less than that of the old m , then the
angle of refraction will be g than the
angle of incidence.

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 16: Colour & Wavelength
A colour-detecting
organ – the eye
 White Light and the Spectrum   
1 Light coming from the sun is called w light. It is not a p colour but
am of all the d colours making up the r .
2 S can be separated into the visible s of colours. The visible spectrum
is that part of the el m spectrum that our e are able to detect.
3 The separating of white light into its component colours is called d .
4 Use coloured pencils to colour in the appropriate sections of the box below.
r o y g b i v
5 The colours of the v spectrum always occur in a certain o when they are
separated: red-orange-yellow-green-blue-indigo-violet. An easy way to remember the
order is by using the mnemonic .
6 Red light w are the least e ;v light waves
are the m energetic.
7 Dispersion occurs naturally when r are formed.
a) As sunlight passes through r ,w light is
d to give the colours of the visible s .
b) The order of colours is a the same. From the
outside to the inside the colours will be r -o -
y -g -b -i -v .
c) With a d rainbow, the order of colours is
r for the outer rainbow.
8 A prism is a t glass b that
is used to d w light into the
red
v spectrum. orange
yellow
9 A spectrum is formed by a prism green
because the d colour light w blue
making up white light r at slightly indigo
violet
different a at they pass through b between air and glass.
 Colour and Wavelength    w

1 Light travels as el m w or ripples.
2 The distance between two c is called the w .
3 Light waves have different c , because they have d wavelengths.
4 Colours with shorter wavelengths have m energy than colours with l wavelengths,
because shorter wavelength waves v more r as the wave moves forward.
5 Violet light waves have s wavelengths, which means that
they vibrate r and carry m energy.
6 Red light waves have l wavelengths, which means that
they vibrate l rapidly and carry l energy.
7 C depends on w .

 Primary Colour Lights    red green blue
1 Red, green and blue are called the p
colours, as they be formed by
m together other coloured lights.
Colour in the three single circles opposite.
red + green red + blue blue + green
2 Mixing together p of the p light
colours using s will give the
s colours: yellow, magenta and
cyan. Colour in the three pairs of circles.
y m c
3 Mixing together red, green and blue light
of equal i gives w light. Colour green
in the three circles opposite and their
y c
overlaps in the appropriate colours.
4 By using t or t of the primary w
coloured spotlights, and varying the red
i of each light, a huge r of blue
different colours can be produced. m
 Seeing in Colour
1 Our eyes have special colour r cells, which Structure of the Eye
are found at the b of the eyeball in a special
l -sensitive layer called the retina. l e
2 There are t types of colour receptors in the
p r
eye:
a) receptors that are more sensitive to r light
w
b) receptors that are more sensitive to g light
waves i
c) receptors that are more sensitive to b light
waves.
fluid optic n
3 The b assesses the information coming from
the different types of light r and then
interprets this information as a p colour, e.g. emerald green.
4 The colours that you can see on a t screen are caused by spots of different-
c light arranged in r .
5 The pattern involves alternating rows r spots g spots
r ,b and g dots. The rows can
be seen with a m lens.
6 Our e detect the relative i of
the red, green and blue signals coming
from the television screen, and the b b
interprets the combined information as a spots
particular c , e.g. purple.

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 16: Colour & Wavelength
Basic Definitions   
visible spectrum =
dispersion =
prism =
wavelength =
primary colour =
secondary colour =
receptors =
Nature of White Light    3 The w of a light wave

determines its c .
1 Sunlight or w light:
a) is a m of all the colours of the 4 Light waves with s wave-
v spectrum lengths (e.g. violet light waves)
have m energy than light waves
b) can be separated into its c colours.
with l wavelengths (e.g. red
2 S white light into the visible light waves).
s is called d .
5 Going across the v spectrum
3 The o of the colours in the visible from red-orange-yellow-green-
spectrum is r -o -y -g -b - blue-indigo-violet, the wave-
i -v . The mnemonic can lengths get s and the waves
be used to recall that order. are more e .
Producing the Visible Spectrum    Mixing Primary Colour Lights   

1 Ar is an example of natural dispersion. 1 The three p colour lights
a) Sunlight is d and r by are r , g and b .
r to give the rainbow colours. 2 Primary colour lights can be
b) The o of colours from the o to combined to give other colours.
the i of the rainbow is red-orange- a) P of primary colours combine
yellow-green-blue-indigo-violet. to give the s colours -
2 A glass p (triangular glass block) can be y ,m and c .
used to d white light. b) All t primary colours (of
a) Different-c light waves r the s intensity) combine to
(bend) by different a when they give w light.
enter and leave the g of the prism. c) Primary colour lights of v
b) This s the colour w as they intensity can be combined to
emerge from the prism causing d . produce other colours.
3 There are three types r
Colour and Wavelength    in the eye that are s to
1 Light travels as e m waves or red, green and blue light waves.
ripples. 4 The colours on a television screen
2 The d between crests of the waves is are caused by c of
called the w . r ,g and b light spots.

?
Check
Waves & Energy Test Name: Class:
Light and Energy   

1 What is light? 2✔
2 How do waves transfer energy? 1✔
3 Light waves are a type of electromagnetic wave. What are electromagnetic waves?
2✔
4 What are four other types of electromagnetic waves?
4✔
5 Light energy from the sun can be detected by our eyes. What other form of
electromagnetic energy from the sun can be detected by our skin?
1✔
6 The sun also radiates another form of electromagnetic energy that can cause
sunburn and skin cancers. What is the name of this wave type? 1✔
Properties of Light Waves   

1 How does light travel? 1✔
2 What is the speed of light waves in space? 1✔
3 How does the speed of light waves change when they enter media such as air, water
or glass? 1✔
4 Do light waves need a medium in which to travel? 1✔

How do you know? 1✔
Light and Shadows   
1 Why is the sun classified as a light source? 1✔
2 Why is the moon not classified as a light source?

1✔
3 Why does the moon shine in the night sky even though it is not a light source?
2✔
4 Describe the appearance of the side of the moon that is facing away from the sun.
1✔
5 Study the diagram
of an eclipse shown Earth
opposite, then answer moon
the questions. sun
a) What type of eclipse full eclipse
is it? 1✔ partial eclipse
b) Which heavenly
body is causing the shadow on Earth? 1✔
c) Which type of shadow occurs in the area experiencing a full eclipse? 1✔
d) Which type of shadow occurs in the area experiencing a partial eclipse? 1✔
e) Would the moon be visible just before the eclipse? 1✔ Page total = /26✔

Name: Class:
Reflecting Surfaces and Images   
1 When light rays hit the surface of an object or substance, what are the three
possible fates of those light rays?
3✔
2 What is the name given to a light ray when it is travelling from a light source to a
mirror surface? 1✔
3 What is the name given to the light ray when it has bounced off the surface of a
mirror? 1✔
4 What types of reflecting surfaces are able to form sharp images?
1✔
Objects and Images   

1 What is an image?
1✔
2 Images are either real or virtual. How can you test whether an image is real or virtual?
3✔
3 Are the images seen in a plane mirror real or virtual? 1✔

4 Would the image inside a camera be real or virtual? 1✔
How do you know? 1✔
5 Describe the following aspects of the image of the fly formed in the plane mirror.
a) Image size: 1✔
b) Image location: 1✔
c) Type of image:
1✔
d) Distance of image behind mirror:
1✔
object image
e) Vertical orientation of image: 1✔
f) Horizontal orientation of image: 1✔
Laws of Reflection   
1 What name is given to an imaginary line drawn at right angles to the surface of a
1✔
mirror at the point where an incident strikes the mirror?
2 Complete the following definitions:
a) The angle of incidence is 1✔
b) The angle of reflection is 1✔
3 The first law of reflection relates the incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray.
How are they related? 1✔
4 What is a consequence of the first law? 1✔
5 The second law of reflection relates the angle of reflection and the angle of
incidence. How are they related? 1✔
6 What is a consequence of the 2nd law? 1✔ Page total = /26✔

Name: Class:
Bending Light Rays   
1 What is a medium? 1✔
2 What aspect of a light wave does the medium affect? 1✔
3 What is meant by the term ‘refraction’?
2✔
4 Complete the labelling of the ray diagram ray angle of

opposite.
5 What happened to the light ray when it entered normal
dense
the glass block? 1✔ 3✔
glass block
6 Why did it do this? air
1✔
7 What happens to the light ray when it leaves angle of
the glass block? 1✔ ray
8 What determines the extent of the refraction

(light-bending) that occurs when light enters a new medium?
2✔
9 Under what two conditions will light rays experience no refraction as they pass into a
new medium?
a)
b) 2✔
Laws of Refraction   
1 The 1st Law of Refraction implies that light entering a denser medium will bend
towards the normal. The second law implies that light entering a less dense medium
will bend away from the normal.
a) Which law will light obey when it enters the glass block shown above? 1✔
b) Which law will light obey when it leaves the glass block? 1✔
2 What will happen to the speed of the light when it enters the glass block? 1✔
3 What will happen to the speed of the light when it leaves the glass block? 1✔
4 Describe how light rays change direction at a boundary of two different media.
2✔
Critical Angles and Internal Reflection    angle of angle of

1 What is the critical angle? incidence reflection
2✔
2 What will the angle of refraction be when the

incident angle equals the critical angle? 1✔
3 What happens when the angle of incidence is
greater than the critical angle? angle of
1✔ refraction
4 What will the angle of reflection equal? 1✔ Page total = /25✔

Name: Class:
 Nature of White Light   
1 What is meant by the dispersion of white light?
2✔
2 What is the visible spectrum?

2✔
3 When white light is dispersed by a prism:
a) which colour will be refracted the most?
b) which colour will be refracted the least? 2✔
 Spectral Colours   
1 What is the order of the different-coloured lights making up the visible spectrum,
starting with the most energetic colour? 2✔
2 How could you demonstrate to another student that white light is made up of all the
visible spectrum colours?
2✔
 Colour and Wavelength   

A
1 Two light waves are drawn opposite.
a) Which wave has the shorter wavelength? 1✔
b) Which wave is the least energetic? 1✔ B
c) If the two waves shown represent blue and orange light,
which wave would represent blue light? 1✔
d) Give a reason for your answer.
2✔
2 What effect does wavelength have on light waves? 1✔
 Colour Mixing   
1 What is a primary colour?
1✔
2 How are secondary colours formed? 1✔

3 If red, green and blue spot lights were shone onto a screen with equal intensity, what
colour will be seen where all three spots overlap? 1✔
4 Different-coloured lights were shone through a prism. Complete the table below by
stating which colours will emerge and why.
Light Light Colour(s) Explanation

Source Emerging
red red only a primary colour cannot be dispersed (no components)
cyan
yellow
green 6✔

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 18: State of Matter
Types of Matter  
1 Matter is the stuff that all physical o or s are made out of. Matter
occupies s and will have m .
2 Albert Einstein, in his famous f , E = mc2, proposed that matter and e
were really the same thing. M is just a very concentrated form of energy.
3 Matter can be v (e.g. a rock) or invisible (e.g. ). Some pieces of matter, like
a lump of i , can be held, but other sorts of matter are more difficult to hold on to
such as m .
4 S classify the everyday forms of matter that we encounter into t
states of matter: s ,l and g .
Physical Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases   

Solids, liquids and gases have different types of physical p .
Property Solids Liquids Gases

Examples:
Shape: have a fi t the shape of will take the s

shape the c of a c
Compression: compressible not c be compressed
(a pockets can be) into s volume
Volume: have a fi have a fi have fixed
volume volume volume
Density: v in density - vary in d - all are much l
from l to heavy from light to h than s or g
Flow: cannot be p be poured be poured
from a container from a c from a container
Rigidity: many solids are rigid at all rigid at all
q rigid
Explaining the Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases   

1 Ice, liquid water and steam are all different forms of w , but they have very
different physical p . (Physical properties are those that don’t involve
c reactions.) Scientists have sought an explanation of this in terms of the
p that make up matter and how these particles are a .
2 This explanation has come to be known as the p theory of m and it very
successfully e the properties of the different s of matter. Keep in mind
though that the particles involved are incredibly s and cannot be s individually.

Matter and Atoms   
1 Scientists believe that matter (except some forms that are found inside certain
stars) is made up of e small particles called a .
2 Atoms can be considered to be tiny s (balls), each occupying a minute s
and having a very tiny m . They do have a definite i structure though.
3 These atomic particles:
a) are the basic b b of everyday matter
b) be seen with our unaided e or with school lab microscopes
c) can be ‘seen’ in i produced by scientists using very sensitive e
d) exist in different a .
Atom Arrangements
Atomic particles can exist i , or form s groups or l groupings.
Solo Atoms Molecules Networks

Some type of atoms Some atoms form groups Other atoms form large
exist as s atoms, called m , e.g. n called lattices,
e.g. lighter-than-air o gas consists e.g. in s crystals large
h gas consists of of oxygen molecules. n of atoms are
single helium a . Electrical forces b held together by b .
the atoms together.
Physical Properties of Matter   

Physical properties are those properties that don’t involve c reactions.
State Colour Conductivity Conductivity

What state is the What c is the Does the Does the
substance in at substance? Is it substance conduct substance conduct
room t ? tr ? el ? h ?
Mass Physical Volume

How much m How much s
is in the substance Properties does the substance
in g or g? of Matter take up (L or L)?
Boiling Point Freezing Point Melting Point Density

At what temp- At what t At what temp- What is the m of
erature (°C) does (° ) does erature (°C) does ac centimetre of
the l boil? the liquid freeze? the s melt? substance ( /cm3)?

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 18: State of Matter
matter =
particle theory of matter =
physical properties =
state =
mass =
conductivity =
density =
freezing point =
melting point =
boiling point =
Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases    Matter and Atoms   

1 Everyday matter is c into t different 1 All matter is made up of
states - solid, liquid or gaseous. a .
2 The p of solids, liquids and gases depend on 2 Atoms:
the e and a of their particles. a) are the basic b
Properties of Solids b of matter
1 Solids have fi shapes and volumes. b) be seen but
images can be made
2 They may be fl or rigid. using sophisticated
3 Solids be poured. e
4 They cannot be c . c) exist in different
a .
5 They are m dense than gases.
Atomic Arrangements
Properties of Liquids
Atoms may exist:
1 Liquids take the s of the container.
a) as s atoms, e.g.
2 They have a fi volume. helium gas exists as
3 Liquids be poured. separate helium a
b) in groups called
4 They be compressed.
m where atoms
5 They are more d than gases. are bonded together,
Properties of Gases e.g. oxygen g exists
as oxygen O2 molecules
1 Gases have fixed shape.
c) in large networks called
2 They do not have a fixed v (fill containers). l where b
3 Gases be poured. link the atoms, e.g.
s crystals consist
4 They be compressed of billions of bonded
5 They have a very density. sodium & chlorine a .

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 19: Changing States
Melting and Freezing   

1 The three states of matter are s ,l and g . When a substance is heated
or cooled it may c its state, e.g. heated ice m and cooled water f .
2 These states of matter occur at fi temperatures s to the substance
involved, e.g. warming ice melts at °C and heated water boils at °C.
3 During a change of state, even though heat is being g or l , the temperature
of the substance will remain c , e.g. boiling water r at 100°C even
though the element is still h it.
4 If enough heat is applied to a solid substance it will eventually start to m .
a) M is the change of s from a solid to a liquid.
b) A solid substance will melt when its t reaches its M Point or MP,
e.g. the Melting P of ice
is °C. solid m liquid
state state
5 If a liquid is c enough it will e.g. freezing e.g.
eventually turn into a solid.
a) F is the change of state from a liquid to a solid.
b) A liquid substance will freeze when its temperature f to its Freezing P or
, e.g. the F Point of water is °C.
6 The Freezing Point of a substance is the s as its Melting Point (e.g. the FP and
the of water are both °C). During melting heat is being g by the substance,
but it is being l during freezing.
Physical Changes   
1 A physical change occurs when there is a change in a physical p of a s .
Physical properties are properties that do involve chemical r .
2 Physical changes are usually easily r because no substances have been
produced as in a c reaction.
3 Changes of state are all
p changes involving the Changes of State and Energy
g or losing of h energy.
gaseous
4 Recall that heat travels
state c
from a h to a c body.
e.g. steam
5 Melting and b both b
require heat to be s to
the substance, e.g. by a b . liquid
6 C and freezing both s state
involve heat being l by the e.g. water
substance to the en .
m
7 A substance in a gas state has Key:
solid a heat
m energy than when in a f
state
l state, which in turn has
e.g. ice l heat
more than when it is a s .

From a Liquid to a Gas and Back Again   
1 B and e are two ways that a liquid can change into a g .
a) Water boiling in the jug opposite:
• requires m heat energy
• occurs when the Boiling Point temperature is r
•r changes a liquid into a gas
• involves gas b forming in the liquid and r to the surface.
b) Water evaporating from the coffee cup opposite:
• needs l heat energy than boiling does
• occurs at temperatures b the Boiling Point
•s changes a liquid into a gas
• occurs when particles e from the liquid to form a v .
2 When heat energy is added to a liquid, its temperature will r until a certain
temperature is reached. Its temperature will then remain c while it b . This
boiling is a r change from a l to a gas state. It occurs at a fi temperature
called the B Point or , e.g. water boils at °C to produce s .
3 A liquid will slowly change from a liquid to a g state if it is left in an o container.
This process occurs at r temperature and it is called e .
4 In evaporation individual p in the liquid state gain sufficient h energy from
neighbouring particles to e from the s of the liquid to become g
particles. When water evaporates it forms w v .
5 Gas particles cool by l heat energy. If they cool sufficiently they will change
back into l droplets. This process is called c .
6 Condensation can occur rapidly to c steam at the C Point of water
( °C). Water vapour in the a will also condense when it l heat to a c
object, e.g. water vapour clouding a m in a bathroom.
Sublimation   
1 Some substances (e.g. dry ice) do have a liquid state, but change straight from a
s to a g state when heated to a certain t .
2 S is the name of the c directly from a solid to a gas.
Summary of Changes of State   

• Changes of state are r as they only involve h or c .
• Changes in state are related to the p gaining or losing h energy.
• Changes of state usually occur at s fi temperatures for each substance.
Gaining Heat Energy  Losing Heat Energy

The t of the substance may The temperature of the s
i . may d .
The temperature of the substance may The temperature of the substance may
remain c and a change of s r constant and a c of state
will occur, e.g. m or b . will occur, e.g. c or f .

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 19: Changing States
physical change =
melting =
Melting Point =
freezing =
Freezing Point =
boiling =
Boiling Point =
evaporation =
condensation =
sublimation =
Changing States of Matter    3 The B and C Points of a

substance occur at the s tempera-
1 A change of s : ture, e.g. w boils and steam
a) may occur during the h or c at °C.
c of a substance
b) will occur at a s temperature Evaporation   
for the type of s involved. 1 The process of evaporation:
2 During a change of state the • requires l heat energy than b
t of the substance will • occurs at l temperatures
remain c , despite continued • involves a s change of state
h or c .
• occurs when particles e from the
Melting and Freezing    liquid’s s to form a v .
1 A solid will m at a specific tempera- 2 A liquid will e completely if it is
ture if it g sufficient h energy. left in an o container over a period
of t .
2 A liquid will f at a specific
temperature if it l sufficient heat Sublimation   
e .
1 Usually when a solid substance is heated
3 The Freezing and Melting Points of a it will change into the l state and
s occur at the s then into the g state.
temperature, e.g. w freezes and i
2 If heat energy is added to c types
melts at °C.
of s , the substance will change
Boiling and Condensing    directly into a g state without passing
through a l phase.
1 A liquid will b at a specific t
if it gains sufficient h energy. 3 The process of going from a solid
directly to a gas is called s .
2 A gas will c into a liquid at a
s temperature if it l suffi- 4 Carbon dioxide or d i is an example
cient heat e . of a s that will sublime.

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 20: Moving Particles
Particles in Motion   
1 All matter is made of extremely s particles called a . The atoms may be found
i , or in groups called m , or in large n called lattices.
2 Particles of matter are in constant m . Moving particles have k energy.
3 Particles can move in t
distinct ways, depending on their
s and how much e they
possess. Particles may v ,
r or have f m . vibration rotation free motion
4 For particles to s moving altogether they would need to be c to a

temperature of °C. This temperature is called a z .
5 How particles move depends on three factors.
a) The e of the particles – the more energy particles have, the f they move.
b) The m of the particles – the h the particles, the more slowly they move.
c) The f of attraction between particles – the s the forces between
particles, the l freely they are able to move.
6 The temperature of a substance is related to the a k energy of its particles.
 Forces and Motion   
Solid Particles Liquid Particles Gas Particles

• have the l energy • have m energy • have the h energy
• mostly just v in •v ,r and move • can move f in
one p f past each other directions
• have s forces of • have m forces • have very w forces
a , keeping the of attraction, keeping the of attraction between them,
particles in fi places particles c together and are well s out
 Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases   Particles in a s

1 The particles of a solid have s forces of attraction between them.
This means that the particles are c together forming a d
substance that cannot be c . As the particles have l energy
they are in fi positions, which explains why solids have a definite Particles
s and cannot be p . in a l
2 The particles of a liquid have m forces of attraction between

them. This means that the particles are c together forming a d
substance that be compressed. But the extra e that the
particles have means that they are f to move about, which explains why
Particles
liquids have no fi shape and can be p .
in a g
3 The particles of a gas have w forces between them. This means that the
particles are well s out forming a l density substance that can be
c . The h energy particles are f to move, which explains
why gases having no fi shape.

 Evidence for Particles in Motion   
1 Evidence that m is made of extremely s particles in constant m comes
from two sources:
a) B motion - the r movement of small v particles (e.g. fine dust
in water or in the air). This is due to fast-moving air or water m randomly
s the dust particles.
b) D - the s out of concentrated p (e.g. when a bottle of
perfume is opened and the perfume molecules spread out so that they can be
smelt throughout the room). This process is due to the r motion of the
m .
2 Neither of these two events would occur if the particles (m ) were not in
constant motion.
 Moving Particles and Changes in State   

Changes in state, such as m or f , are caused by a substance gaining or losing
sufficient t e . The f of the particles changes in a change of state.
Melting and Freezing Boiling and Condensing

• Heating a solid increases the • Heating a liquid increases the s
v of fi particles. of the f -moving particles.
• When they gain sufficient e the • When they gain s energy
particles break f of the f the particles b free of the
that hold them in fi positions. forces that h them together in a
Fixed p become f -moving l state. Free particles become
particles held t by mutual f -moving, completely i
a , and the solid m into a particles, and the l boils into a
liquid. g .
fi f -moving f -moving i
particles particles particles particles
melting boiling
freezing condensing
• Cooling a liquid s down the free- •C a gas slows down the f -

m particles. moving independent particles.
• As they slow down f between • As they s down forces between
particles eventually become s particles eventually become s
enough to hold the particles in fi enough to hold the particles t .
positions again. F -moving particles I particles become free-
become fi particles, and the liquid moving particles held together by
f into a solid. mutual a , and the gas l .
Summary
Changes of s occur when particles gain or loose their f as a result of
gaining or losing t e .

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 20: Moving Particles
Basic Definitions     Particles and Changes of State   

1 When a solid is heated:
molecule = • the fixed particles v faster
lattice = • the binding f are overcome
kinetic energy = and the particles become f -
moving
temperature =
• the solid m into a liquid.
2 When a liquid is cooled:
absolute zero =
• the free-moving particles move
s
Brownian motion =
• the f between particles
become strong enough to hold
diffusion = the particles in fi positions
• the liquid f into a solid.
3 When a liquid is heated:
Particle Motion   
• the free-moving particles move
1 Particles, such as a or m , can have more r
t distinct types of motion:
• the faster particles e the
• (shaking about a fixed point) attractive forces from other
• (spinning round) particles and become i
• (moving a particular direction). • the liquid b into a gas.
2 The motion of particles is affected by their 4 When a gas is cooled:
e and m , and by the a forces • the fast-moving independent
between them. particles move m slowly
a) Higher e particles move f . • the attractive forces between
b) H particles move more slowly. particles become s enough
c) Greater f of attraction between to h the particles together
particles mean l freedom of movement. • the gas c into a liquid.
Physical Properties  
The p properties of solids, liquids & gases are due to particle m and p .
Solids have a fi Liquids have a fi Gases have fixed

shape and volume, a h volume but fixed shape or volume, a l
density, and shape, a density, density, and be
be and be compressed
compressed compressed because
because because their
their their energetic
particles particles particles
are … …c are … …f moving are … …i ,
packed in a but closely and widely
fi array. p . s .

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 21: Dissolving Away
 Crystal Forms of Matter  

1 Many solids have naturally occurring g shapes with regular
f and s edges. These solids are called c .
2 Crystals can have
different k of c t m t h
geometrical shapes.
Some c shapes
are shown opposite.
3 Crystals occur because
the a they are
made out of are
p together in a r , repeating arrangement. In the
diagram of the crystal opposite, the particles making up table s
are closely packed in a c pattern.
 Particles in Crystals   
1 The m particles that crystals are formed out of may be:
a) individual a , such as metal atoms in an iron bar
b) m (small groups of bonded atoms), such as the w molecules in ice
c) i (electrically c atoms or groups of atoms), such as the s and
c ions making up the table salt crystal shown above.
2 M also form crystal structures with their regularly packed a . The crystal
pattern can sometimes be seen when a metal is newly c .
3 Some solids do not form crystals as their matter particles do pack in a regular
way. They are said to be a .
 Dissolving Matter  
1 When a solid is mixed into a liquid and it d , the solid is said to have
d .
2 Two common examples of dissolving are stirring s crystals into your coffee and
adding s crystals to a saucepan of water.
3 Dissolving is different from melting.
a) In dissolving, two d substances (a s and l ) are mixed together.
b) In melting, a s solid substance turns into a l .
4 In the table there are some terms that describe aspects in the dissolving process.
100
Term Description
s
50 dissolving
d solute
s solvent
s
solution

 Explaining Dissolving    l d
1 As is the result of mixing a solid into a liquid. particles particles
2 The process of d a solid into a liquid can be

explained using the p theory of m .
3 The solid particles are in a fi arrangement, held
together by f of attraction between them.
4 The liquid particles are f to move and they can exert a
s
force of a on the s particles too.
particles
5 The liquid particles that come c to the o solid
particles p them off the solid. They are now free to m with the l particles.
6 This process can continue until the solid particles have d – mixed in
amongst the liquid particles.
 Solubility Curves   
1 Substances that do dissolve (e.g. chalk in water) are called i . Other
substances that will dissolve (e.g. salt in water) are said to be s .
2 Only a limited a of a soluble substance will dissolve in a particular l .
Eventually no m will dissolve.
3 The term s refers to the a of solid that will dissolve in a certain
v of a liquid.
4 The solubility of a substance depends on three factors:
a) the nature of the s (solid)
b) the n of the solvent (l )
c) the t of the solvent.
5 The solubility of a substance is given as the number of g of the s that will
d in grams of a particular l .
6 When no more solid will dissolve the solution is said to be s .
7 As solution can be described as d or c .
a) A dilute solution has a l concentration of s particles.
b) A concentrated solution has a h concentration of solute p .
8 As the t of the solvent increases, m solid will dissolve. The solubility
of a substance at different temperatures can be
plotted on a s c . Solubility Curve for Sugar in Water
Dissolved sugar (g/100g of H2O)
100
9 The number of grams of sugar (the s ) that 90
will dissolve in 100 grams of water (the s ) 80
at different water temperatures has been 70
plotted on the graph opposite. 60

50
10 Only g of sugar will dissolve in 100 g of 40
water at 10°C, but g of sugar will dissolve 30
at 60°C . 20
10
11 M solid particles dissolve at h tempera- 0
tures because the f of attraction between 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Temperature of water (°C)
solute and solvent particles are s .

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 21: Dissolving Away
crystal =
lattice =
ions =
amorphous =
dissolving =
solute =
solvent =
solution =
solubility =
saturated solution =
Crystals …    Solute Solubility   

… are solids with regular e and 1 In a particular solvent a solute may be:
f . •i (does not dissolve)
… are formed by the regular p of •r soluble (much will dissolve)
the p making up the c .
•s soluble (little will dissolve).
… can be formed by the regular packing
individual a , e.g. m atoms. 2 Solubility depends on three factors:
… can be formed by the regular packing • the nature of the s
of m , e.g. w molecules in ice. • the nature of the s
… can be formed by the regular packing • the t of the solvent.
of i , e.g. sodium & chloride ions in s . 3 Increasing the solvent temperature will
cause m solute to d , because
Shapes   
the f of attraction between
Crystals have distinct shapes. solvent & solute particles i .
t t 4Solubility is measured in g of s
that will d in grams of s .
Solubility Curves   
h m c
1 The solubility of a solute in a particular
Explaining Dissolving    solvent at different temperatures can
be plotted on a s c .
1 To form a solution, a s (a solid)
must d in a s (a liquid). 2 A d solution has a low
concentration of s particles;
2 Dissolving occurs because: ac solution has a h
a) the solvent particles a the concentration of solute particles.
o particles of the s 3 When more solute particles will
b) the outer particles of the solute dissolve in a s , the solution is said
break f and mix with the s to be s .
particles.

?
Check
Matter & Particles Test Name: Class:
 Matter   
1 What do scientists mean by the term ‘matter ’?
2✔
2 What did Einstein propose about matter?
2✔
3 What are the three states of everyday matter? 1✔
 Composition of Matter   
1 What is the name given to the basic building blocks of matter? 1✔
2 What is the scientific term used to describe the electrical force that holds together
the building blocks of matter? 1✔
3 The building blocks can be arranged in three different ways. What are they?
• • • 3✔
 Physical Properties of Matter   

1 What is a physical property?
1✔
2 The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.
a) Which state or states of matter can be compressed?
b) Which state or states of matter can be poured?
c) Which state or states of matter have a fixed shape?
d) Which state or states of matter will fill a container?
e) Which state or states of matter will take the shape of a container?
f) Which state of matter will have the lowest density?
g) Which state of matter has no fixed volume? 7✔
3 Describe the general physical properties of gases.
3✔
4 Describe the general physical properties of liquids.
3✔
5 Describe the general physical properties of solids.
3✔
6 Each substance will have specific temperatures at which changes of state occur.
Describe the changes of state that occur at the following temperatures.
a) Boiling Point:
b) Freezing Point:
c) Melting Point: 3✔
7 What theory is used to account for the differences between the three states of
matter? 1✔
What does the theory state?

Name: Class:
 Physical Change   
1 What is the difference between boiling and evaporation?
• Boiling is 1✔
• Evaporation is
1✔
2 What is the difference between melting and sublimation?
• Melting is
1✔
• Sublimation is
1✔
3 In the diagram opposite, a candle is burning. Identify two changes of
state that are occurring.
•
• 2✔
4 Changes of state are physical changes. There is also a chemical change occurring with
the candle. What is this chemical change? 1✔
 Describing States of Change   

1 What happens to the temperature of a substance being heated while it melts?
1✔
2 What happens to the temperature of a substance being cooled while it freezes?
1✔
3 Why does your skin feel cool while you sweat?
2✔
 Energy and States of Change   

Change of State Heat Gained or Lost?
1 Changes in state are due to the
sublimation
addition or loss of thermal (heat)
energy. Complete the table opposite condensation
by stating whether heat must be melting
gained or lost by the substance
for the change to occur. evaporation
2 A block of ice is placed in an empty freezing
glass on a hot day. After a while some boiling 6✔
of the ice has melted.
a) What will be the temperature of the water while the ice is melting? 1✔
b) What happens to the heat being gained by the melting ice?
1✔
c) What will happen to the temperature of the water after all the ice has melted?
1✔
3 Steam can cause a more serious skin burn than boiling water. Why is this so?
2✔
Page total = /22✔

Name: Class:
 Moving Particles   
1 What is the temperature of a substance a measure of?
1✔
2 What is Brownian motion?

1✔
3 What causes Brownian motion?

1✔
4 What is diffusion? 1✔
5 What causes diffusion? 1✔
6 What do Brownian motion and diffusion imply about the behaviour of matter
particles? 1✔
 The Particle Theory of Matter and States of Matter   

1 Why does a gas always expand to fill the container in which it is held?
2✔
2 What observation of the behaviour of gases suggests that the particles forming
gases are well spaced out? 1✔
3 Why does a liquid take the shape of a container in which it is held?
1✔
4 Why does a liquid not expand to fill the container in which it is held?
1✔
5 The diagrams below represent the particles in different states of matter.
a) Which diagram represents a solid? 1✔
What features indicate this?
2✔
b) Which diagram represents a gas? 1✔ A B C
What features indicate this?
2✔
c) Which diagram represents a liquid? What features indicate this?
3✔
 Melting and Freezing

1 What happens to the particles of a substance when it melts?
1✔
2 What happens to the thermal energy supplied to a melting substance?
1✔
 Boiling and Condensing   

1 What happens to the particles of a substance when it boils?

Name: Class:
Crystal Shapes   
1 The photo opposite shows a naturally formed salt crystal.
a) What features do these crystals show that are common to
all crystals?
1✔
b) Use these features to write a definition of a crystal.
2✔
2 The diagram opposite shows the particles making up a salt crystal.
What does the diagram suggest about the arrangement of
particles of matter in a crystal?
1✔
3 What relationship does the arrangement of particles in a crystal
have to its overall shape?
2✔
4 What are the three types of particles that crystals can be formed out of?
• • • 3✔
5 Name the geometrical shapes
shown by the crystals shown in
the three photos on the right.
a) b) c)
3✔
6 The photo above left shows obsidian (volcanic glass), which has no crystalline
structure. What are such solids called? 1✔
Dissolving Matter   
1 The diagram opposite shows sugar being dissolved in 100
water. Define each of the terms below. solute

50
a) solute:
b) solvent:
c) solution: solvent
solution
3✔
2 A student was given a sugar cube with the
instruction to dissolve the cube in water as quickly as possible. Suggest four
different ways in which the student could get the sugar to dissolve faster.
a)
b)
c)
d) 4✔

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 22: Atoms & Elements
Atoms and Elements   

1 There is a huge number of different ch in our world. Familiar chemicals
include g ,w ,w r, s , su , pe and pl .
2 Chemicals are forms of m , so chemicals are made of small p called a .
3 There is only a limited n of types of atoms, for
example g atoms and m atoms. Chemicals are
c as:
4 Some chemicals are classified as
el . An element is a s chemical E (made C (made
that contains type of atom only. An of type of atom) of s types)
element is a special type of c .
5 A gold nugget is an e because it is made of gold a only. A
drop of mercury is an element because it is made of m atoms
only. Oxygen gas is an element because it is made of oxygen atoms .
6 There can only be as many elements as there are t of atoms. As
there are naturally occurring types of atoms there are 92 e .
7 An element cannot be broken down into s chemicals. Sulfur
be broken down into simpler s , so it is an element.
8 W can be broken down into h gas and o gas, so it is an element.
Chemicals which are elements are called compounds. Most ch are compounds.
9 Most of the 92 elements are s s (e.g. i ,s ,g , Elements can be
c ,a &s ) at r temperature. Eleven classified by s :
are g (e.g. h , he ,o , fl ,n
and ch ). Just t are liquids (m and b ). S L G
10 Most of the 92 elements are m . Only or so are not
Elements can be
metals (e.g. c ,n ,o ,s and c ).
classified by nature:
These elements are called n - and they have quite
different p from metals. M N -
Chemical Symbols   
1 Each element has been given a unique n by the scientist(s) who d it.
2 Each element is also given a unique c s . The symbol can be either a s
letter (e.g. for carbon and for nitrogen) or a p of letters (e.g. for
magnesium and for aluminium).
3 The first or a single letter is always a c ; the second is always given in l case.
4 Most chemical symbols are derived from the element’s E name, but a few are
derived from the element’s name in another l .
5 You will need to learn the symbols for the following 28 elements:
• hydrogen • helium • lithium • beryllium • boron • carbon • nitrogen
• oxygen • fluorine • neon • sodium • magnesium • aluminium
• silicon • phosphorus • sulfur • chlorine • argon • potassium • calcium
• iron • copper • zinc • silver • iodine • gold • mercury • lead

 Mixtures   
1 If two chemicals are m and no substance is produced, then a m is
formed, e.g. if sand and sugar are combined together, the result is a mixture.
2 The substances in a mixture retain their original p – the sugar is still s
and the sand will still be g .
 Elements and Compounds   

1 A compound is a c formed when different types of a are b together.
2 Table s is a compound Element sodium ( ) Element chlorine ( ) Compound sodium
formed when s and chloride ( )
c atoms combine to
give sodium ch
crystals. • a soft grey metal that
• a thick
• a harmless white solid
green gas
3 Compounds are formed in burns and fizzes in water that is poisonous made of crystals
chemical r .
4 Compounds have different p and c properties from the e out of
which they are made.
5 Each compound has fi proportions of d atoms:
a) Table salt ( ) has e numbers of sodium and chloride atoms.
b) Water ( 2 ) always has t as many hydrogen atoms as o atoms.
6 The chemical name of a compound often indicates which e it is made of,
e.g. carbon dioxide contains c and o atoms, magnesium chloride contains
m and c atoms.
Sorting Substances   
1 C are scientists who study the p and b of chemicals.
2 C is the study of all chemicals that exist both inside and outside of the
l .
3 Substances can be c into t groups.
Elements Compounds Mixtures

• Elements are p • Compounds are p • Mixtures are i
substances made of substances that are substances that are
type of a only. f when different formed when
• Elements be t of atoms b chemicals are m
broken down into s together. without a r
chemical substances. • Compounds be occurring.
• Examples include s b down into simpler • Mixtures can be
gold, l mercury and chemical s . s into the
oxygen g . • Examples include solid o substances they
table salt ( ), liquid are made of.
water ( 2 ) and carbon • Examples include
dioxide gas ( 2). sandy sa and salty
su .

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 22: Atoms & Elements
chemicals =
elements =
atom =
compounds =
mixture =
reaction =
chemistry =
Sorting Substances   Elements   

Chemicals can be classified into t groups. 1 There are about naturally
a) Elements, such as gold or mercury: occurring elements.
• are p substances, each with a u 2 Most elements are m ,
name about are non-metals.
• are s substances 3 Most elements are at
• be broken down into simpler room t , are gases
c substances and are liquids.
• are formed from type of atom only, e.g.
pure gold is made of atoms only. Naming Elements   
b) Compounds, such as water or carbon dioxide: 1 Each element is given a unique
• are p substances n .
• are formed when atoms of d 2 Each element has a unique
elements b together c s – either a
• are formed in chemical r single l or a p .
• be broken down into simpler chemical 3 Some common elements are:
s • (C) • (He)
• have physical and chemical properties that • (N) • (Na)
d from those of the e out of • (S) • (Cl)
which they were formed • (H) • (Hg)
• have a fi whole number ratio of the • (Al) • (O)
t of atoms out of which they were
• (Cu) • (F)
formed
• are usually given a name b on the atoms Elements and Compounds   
they were formed from.
1 Compounds are formed by
c) Mixtures, such as salty sugar: c elements.
• are i substances.
2 Compounds can be s
• occur when different elements or into elements.
compounds are m together
3 Elements are s chemicals:
• are formed by chemical reactions
compounds are more
• can be s into the original substances. c chemicals.

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 23: Inside Atoms
Model A – Space-filling   
1 Atoms are too s to be seen directly even with the most powerful m ,
although recently s have been able to create i representing the s
of actual atoms.
2 Scientists use m to imagine what a might be like.
3 When scientists first discovered that m was made of atoms they thought that
atoms were s and i , rather like extremely small b b .
4 This model proved to be i , but it does help us to understand s of
m and how atoms are a in m .
5 In the s -filling model of molecules:
a) each t of atom is represented by a different c ball
b) the s of the balls indicate the r size of the atoms
c) the n of balls involved shows the number of the
d types of atoms
d) the balls are c to show how the atoms are b in the molecule.
Model B – Mini Solar Systems   

orbiting
1 Further investigations of atoms by scientists revealed e
that they were hard uniform balls, but had an
i structure with s -atomic p .
2 Three sub-atomic particles they discovered were
p ,e and n .
3 Protons and neutrons are found in the c core or
n of the atom. central
n
4 Electrons travel at high s around the n .
5 Atoms are largely e space except for the d orbiting
central nucleus. e
6 Rutherford, a famous New Zealand s ,
proposed that the electrons travelled around the central
nucleus in c orbits in a similar way to n
p
the p orbiting around the s . But later is was
found that the behaviour
Colour Code for Atoms
of e was more n
hydrogen atom complicated than that.
oxygen atom
Coloured Balls   
nitrogen atom
An international c -coding system is used when
carbon atom c or d space-filling models of a or
m .
chlorine atom
Colour the circles in the box alongside to match those in
your Pathfinder textbook.
sulfur atom

Sub-Atomic Particles   
1 The three s -atomic particles are e ,p and n . The m and
electrical c of the sub-atomic particles can be compared.
2 Electrons are much Particle Location Charge Relative Mass Speed
l than protons or
neutron. proton n p 1 s
3 An electron has a neutron n u 1 s

single n electric electron o n 0.0005 f
charge; a proton has a
single p charge; and a neutron has electrical charge - it is un (neutral).
Neutral Atoms    t
1 Usually atoms are considered to have the s number n
of e as p . This makes atoms e charges
n or uncharged, as the n of positive charges
+
in the nucleus is b by the number of n
charges on the e flying around it. + +
2 For example, the lithium atom shown opposite has t
t
protons in its nucleus and t electrons flying around
p
the nucleus. Three n charges on the electrons
charges
balance the three positive charges in the nucleus giving
an un lithium atom.
3 Atoms can g or l electrons. This results in c atoms called i .
Atomic Number    +
+ + +
1 Elements are p substances formed from
+ + +
o type of a only, e.g. the element sodium
+ + +
contains only s atoms. +
2 Atoms of an element all have the s number n e
of p . For example, all sodium atoms have p
protons. The number of protons is called the
A N . The Atomic Number of sodium
a is always 11.
3 The number of p in the nucleus of an atom determines what t of atom it is.
For example, all atoms that have 11 p are classified as s atoms.
e
Model C – Energy Shells   
s
1 As new discoveries were made the e s model was developed.
a) Electrons occupy d shells depending on their e level.
b) Each shell can accommodate up to a certain n of electrons.
c) The i shell can be occupied by up to t electrons.
d) The second shell can be filled with up to e electrons. fir
st shel
l
sec
d) The t shell can be filled with up to eighteen e . ond shell
2 Energy shells are really areas of s where the electrons are likely to be f .
3 Whether an atom has f or partly full shells affects how it r with other a .

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 23: Inside Atoms
Basic Definitions    Sub-Atomic Particles   

1 Electrons:
atoms = a) are extremely l ,
nucleus = n charged
particles
protons =
b) t at high s
electrons = around the nucleus.
2 Protons and neutrons are
neutrons = h ,s particles
mass = found in the n .
charge = a) Protons have p charge.
b) Neutrons are un .
ions = 3 The a that
positively charged p
elements =
have for negatively charged
atomic number = e keeps the electrons
electron shell = in o around the nucleus.
Neutral Atoms   
Billiard Ball Model of Atoms 1 Atoms are un , as

they have e numbers of
1 In this model atoms are regarded as s , electrons as protons.
extremely sm , indestructible b .
2 I are charged atoms that
2 The model can help to explain the s of matter have gained or lost e .
and how atoms are arranged in m .
3 This model was rejected when s -a particles Atomic Number   
were discovered. 1 An atom’s a number
4 S -filling m of molecules are indicates the number of
based on treating atoms as b . p in its n .
2 Atoms of an e all have
Solar System Model of Atoms    the same n of protons.
1 This model takes into the account the existence of The atomic n deter-
sub-atomic p –e ,p &n . mines what t of atom it is.
2 P charged protons and un neutrons Onion Shells Model   
are found stationary in the dense n .
1In this model electrons m
3 N charged electrons in s (spaces) around the
travel at h speed in c n depending on their
orbits around the n , like energy l .
p orbiting the sun.
2 Each shell can hold o a
4 Atoms are almost entirely e certain n of electrons.
space except for the n .
3 The inner shell can hold up
5 This model proved incorrect because e to ; the second shell up to
were found to be in s orbits like planets. ; and the third up to .

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 24: Reacting Atoms
Physical and Chemical Changes   

1 Changes to substances can be observed every day: ice m , toast
b , an egg is heated to become h -boiled, a candle b up.
2 These changes are either p or c changes.
a) A physical change:
• only involves a change in a physical p of a substance
• does not involve a chemical r
• can be easily r to give the o state.
b) A chemical change:
A Chemical Reaction
• involves a c
reaction gives
v
an
• results in n chemicals
mixed chemical
with d physical baking
with c
and chemical p s d
• usually be easily
r to give the original c .
Chemical Reactions  
1 A chemical reaction involves c chemicals to give n chemicals or b
down a chemical to give new chemicals.
2 The starting chemicals are the r . reaction
r p
3 The new chemicals formed are the p .
4 A reaction involves a
c from r v reacts with baking to give c
into p . liquid s d gas
5 The diagram opposite
summarises the r p
reaction shown above.
Chemical Properties   
1 Chemical properties describe how a substance r when heated with o chemicals.
2 Chemists are interested in:
a) the s of the reaction Chemical Properties
b) the p formed in the reaction.
1 Reaction when h
3 The strength with which a substance reacts with
2 Reaction with o gas
another is called its r .
3 Reaction with w
4 Important chemical properties of a substance are
listed in the table opposite. 4 Reactions with ac
5 Acids are chemicals that turn litmus paper r , e.g. 5 Reactions with al
v ,l juice and hydrochloric acid. Alkalis 6 Reactions with m
are chemicals that turn l paper b , e.g. oven
cleaners, det and sodium hydroxide. 7 Reactions with n -metals

Reaction Evidence   
It is not always easy to decide whether a change is a c reaction. If s of
the features below are observed, a change is likely to be a chemical reaction.
• new s • l is given • as is • b • a new s

appear off formed occurs is given off
• o substances • a g is • e • h is • ac change
disappear produced occurs released occurs
Recording Reactions   
1 Inside the shuttle’s main engine h and o gases burn
in a controlled explosion called c . The gases combine to
produce s and huge amounts of heat energy. The heat causes
the steam to e rapidly, which f the gas out of the
back of the rocket, thus powerfully p the shuttle forwards.
2 There are different ways in which the chemical reaction involved
can be described.
a) As a w description:
‘Hydrogen gas r with oxygen gas t g steam plus heat.’
b) As a word equation:
‘H gas + o gas ➜ s +h ’
The ‘ ’ symbol stands for ‘reacts with’ and the ‘ ’ symbol stands for ‘to give’.
c) As a chemical equation:
‘ 2 + 2 ➜ 2 + heat’
H2 is the formula for a hydrogen m ; O2 is the f for an oxygen
molecule; and H2O is the formula for a w molecule.
d) As a diagrammatic equation as shown opposite. +
Elements and Compounds   
1 An e is a chemical formed out of o type of atom only, e.g. oxygen gas and
hydrogen gas are elements.
2 A c is a chemical formed when atoms of d elements are
b +
together. For example, water (H2O) is a compound because each of
its m contain t atoms of hydrogen bonded to o atom of oxygen.
3 During a chemical reaction, atoms may be c or they may be s .
4 Atoms from two e can be combined in
ar to form a c , for example: +
H2 + O2 ➜ H2O
Element: Element: Compound:
5 Atoms in a c can also be s to h o w
form the original e , for example:
W ➜ h gas + o gas
or: +
E :
H2O ➜ H2 + O2 C : water E : hydrogen oxygen

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 24: Reacting Atoms
physical change =
chemical change =
chemical reaction =
reactants =
products =
reactivity =
combustion =
word equation =
chemical equation =
element =
compound =
Physical and Chemical Changes    Evidence for Chemical Changes   

1 Changes to substances can be p Evidence for chemical changes include:
or c . • new s appear
2 A physical change: • old substances d
• involves a change to a physical p •l is given off
of a substance, e.g. a glass b •h is released
• can be r quite easily, e.g. • a g is given off
melted ice can be re- . • an e occurs
3 A chemical change: •ac change occurs
• forms n substances, e.g. toast b •b occurs.
• cannot be readily r , e.g. a
h -boiled egg cannot be made soft. Recording Reactions   
1 Using a w description:
Chemical Reactions   
Hydrogen r with oxygen to g
1 A reaction changes r into water.
p .
2 Using a w equation:
2 A reaction occurs when elements are
c to give a c , e.g. H +o ➜w
hydrogen and oxygen gases combine to ‘+’ means ‘reacts with’
form the compound w . ‘➔’ means ‘to give’
3 A reaction occurs when a compound is 3 Using a chemical (f ) equation:
b up to form the original e , H2 + O2 ➜ H2O
e.g. water molecules are s to
4 Using a diagrammatic e :
form the elements hydrogen & oxygen.
4 Reactions can occur with o ,w , +
a , al ,m , n -metals & h .

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 25: Gases & Reactions
Gas Particles   
1 In gases, the particles of m are completely f to move
about and they travel very f . This means that the particles
are well s out, and that gases are l and have no fixed Argon gas
s or v .
Hydrogen gas
2 The particles of a few gases are s atoms, e.g. argon gas
consists of argon a flying around by themselves.
3 The particles of most gases are m - small g of atoms
that are b together. Examples include oxygen and hydrogen gas.
Oxygen Gas   
1 Oxygen is a gas that living things need for r (energy-
releasing) . It is made by p during sunlight hours by
p (food-making).
2 The gas is t and exists as m of t oxygen
Oxygen
atoms bonded together. The formula for oxygen gas is 2.
gas (O2)
3 Oxygen gas can be made in the lab by passing an electrical molecules
current through w .H gas is made as well.
4 Oxygen can also be made by breaking down a liquid called hydrogen
p (H2O2). A small amount of a b chemical called manganese
dioxide is added to the c liquid. Manganese dioxide acts as a
c - a chemical that speeds up a reaction but which is not a
r . The reaction is:
H p ➜ o gas + w H 2O 2 ➜ 2 + 2
5 When other chemicals are i in oxygen a reaction called c

(burning) occurs. Usually much h is released and a product called
an o is formed. For example when magnesium r is ignited in
oxygen gas, this reaction occurs:
Magnesium + o ➜ m o Mg + 2 ➜
6 The test to confirm that an unknown gas is oxygen is the
g s test. Oxygen is the gas that will make
a glowing splint re- .
t -tube of re-
Physical Properties    un gas splint
P properties of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are compared below.
Name State Code Colour Smell Density BP MP % of Solubility

 @22°C (g/cm3) (OC) (OC) Air in Water
oxygen
hydrogen
carbon -
dioxide

Hydrogen Gas   
1 Hydrogen gas is the l gas. It is o and t .
2 Hydrogen exists as m of t hydrogen atoms b together ( 2 ).
3 Hydrogen gas is highly c , even e . It reacts with o to release
a large amount of h . The reaction is:
H gas + o gas ➜ s H2 + 2 ➜ 2
4 Hydrogen was used in passenger b because it was very l . h

Modern balloons use h gas as it is not co . gas
5 Hydrogen gas can be made in the l by adding dilute h
acid to z metal. The reaction is:
Z +h acid ➜ h gas + z chlor h
acid
Zn + ➜ 2 + 2
6 The test to confirm that an unknown gas is

hydrogen is the p test.
Hydrogen is the gas z metal
that will pop when a l t -tube of l
splint is inserted into it. un gas splint
Carbon Dioxide Gas   

1 Carbon dioxide is a c ,o gas that does support burning.
2 It exists as m with t oxygen atoms bonded to a s carbon atom ( 2 ).
3 L things produce carbon dioxide gas in the process of r . Respiration
releases the e stored in f molecules. This reaction is for glucose s :
G +o ➜ c d +w +h
4 In c , fuels are burnt to release h .C dioxide is also produced in the
r , as shown below:
F +o ➜ c d +w +h
5 Carbon dioxide gas can be made in the l by adding h acid to m chips
(calcium carbonate). The reaction is shown below:
C c +h acid ➜ c chlor +w +c d
6 Inserting a l splint into carbon dioxide will e the flame, but it is not
the o gas that will do this.
t -tube of l m
un gas splint chips
7 The definitive t for carbon dioxide is to b the

unknown gas through l (calcium hydroxide c
solution). If the limewater goes c then the gas is h d
carbon dioxide, as other gas will produce this change. acid gas

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 25: Gases & Reactions
molecule =
catalyst =
combustion =
density =
solubility =
glowing splint test =
pop test =
limewater test =
Physical Properties of Gases    Hydrogen Gas   

Similarities: 1 Hydrogen gas has the formula 2 .
Oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are 2 It is highly c :
all t ,o gases at room
H2 + ➜ + heat
t . 2 2
3 H2 gas is made by adding dilute

Differences:
h acid to z metal:
1 H2 gas has a much l density than O2
+ ➜ H2 +
gas; 2 gas is denser than O2 gas.
4 It is also made by the e of H2O.
2 CO2 is m soluble than O2 gas in
water; H2 gas is i . 5 Hydrogen gas will cause a lighted splint
to make a p sound.
3 O2 gas is much m abundant in a
than either H2 or CO2 gas. Carbon Dioxide Gas   
4 Both H2 and O2 have s ,l and 1 Carbon dioxide gas has the formula .
2
g phases. CO2 has only solid and gas
phases as it undergoes s . 2 It is produced during r when
sugar is broken down to release e :
Oxygen Gas    G + 2 ➜ CO2 + 2
1 Oxygen gas has the formula 2 . 3 CO2 is produced during c :

2 It is produced by plants by p . F + 2 ➜ CO2 + 2
3 O2 gas is made in the l by breaking down 4 The gas is made by reacting m

hydrogen p into O2 and H2O with chips with h acid:
the aid of a c .
Calcium c + hydrochloric a
H 2O 2 ➜ 2 + 2 ➜ calcium chloride + 2 + 2
4 It is also made by the electrolysis of 2 . 5 It will e a flame as CO2 does

5 If a chemical is c in O2 gas it not support c .
releases h and forms an o : 6 CO2 gas will turn clear l c
Mg + ➜ when bubbled through it. This is the
2
definitive t to prove that an unknown
6 O2 gas will re- a glowing splint. gas is CO2.

?
Check
Atoms & Reactions Test Name: Class:
Elements and Compounds   

1 What is a chemical? 1✔
2 What are chemicals made of? 1✔
3 Some chemicals, such as gold, mercury and oxygen gas, are classified as elements.
What does the term ‘element’ mean?
1✔
4 Most chemicals are not elements. What are they classified as? 1✔
5 A test for whether a chemical is an element or not is whether it can be broken down
into simpler chemicals. What experiment can be used to confirm that water is not an
element?
3✔
6 Why does the chemical formula for water (H2O) suggest that it is not an element?
2✔
7 Elements can be classified as either metals or non-metals. What do metal elements
have in common?
2✔
Chemical Symbols   
1 What are two rules used in naming elements?
a)
b) 2✔
2 What are the names of the elements that the following symbols stand for?
•H– •C– •N– •O– • Cl –
• Mg – •S– • He – • Cu – • Si – 10✔
Mixtures   
1 What is a mixture?
2✔
2 Why would sandy sugar be classified as a mixture?

1✔
Compounds   
1 What is a compound?
2✔
2 What must occur for a compound to be formed out of several elements?

1✔
3 How would you know from the formula of a chemical that it was a compound? 1✔
Page total = /30✔

Name: Class:
Using Models   
1 What is a scientific model?
1✔
2 Why do scientists use models of atoms?
2✔
3 When does a scientific model improve?

1✔
 Atomic Models   
Diagrams of three models
of the atom are shown
opposite. fir l
st shel
1 What are models A, B sec
ond shell
and C called?
Model A Model B Model C
A=
B= B= 3✔
2 What did model A suggest about the nature of atoms?
1✔
3 What was model A useful for explaining?

2✔
4 Why was model A rejected eventually? 1✔

5 What does model B suggest about the nature of atoms?
2✔
6 What was model B useful for explaining?
2✔
7 Why was model B rejected eventually?
2✔
8 What does model C suggest about the nature of atoms?
1✔
9 What is model C useful for explaining?
2✔
Sub-Atomic Particles   
1 How are protons and neutrons similar? 1✔
2 How do protons & neutrons differ? 1✔
3 How are protons and electrons similar? 1✔
4 How do protons and electrons differ?
4✔
5 What stops the high-speed electrons from leaving their atoms? 1✔
Page total = /28✔

Name: Class:
Physical and Chemical Changes   
1 What is meant by a physical change?
1✔
2 What is meant by a chemical change?
1✔
3 Classify each of the following changes as either a physical or a chemical change.
• burning toast: • melting ice: • boiling an egg:
• popping corn: • making jelly: • boiling water: 6✔
4 Which type of change is readily reversible and why?
2✔
Chemical Reactions   
1 What are the two possible processes that can occur in chemical reactions?
a)
b) 2✔
2 What is the difference between reactants and products?

2✔
Recording Reactions   
The photo shows a strip of magnesium ribbon burning in oxygen in the air.
a) What observations indicate that a chemical reaction is occurring?
2✔
b) What are the reactants? 1✔
c) What will be the product of this reaction? 1✔
d) Write a word equation for this reaction.
1✔
e) Write a chemical (formula) equation for the reaction. 1✔
Describing Reactions   
The photo opposite shows baking soda reacting with vinegar to produce
a frothy gas. When the gas was collected it was found that it would
extinguish a flame and turn limewater cloudy when it was bubbled through
it.
a) Baking soda is a compound with the formula NaHCO3. What are the
four elements present in this compound?
1✔
b) How many atoms are there in each molecule of this compound? 1✔
c) What are the reactants in the reaction? 1✔
d) What is the name of the gas that is a product of this reaction? 1✔
e) Is this gas an element or a compound?
1✔
f) How do you know?

Name: Class:
Gases   
1 Describe how gas particles are able to move.
1✔
2 Gases are light. Why is this?
1✔
3 Gases can be formed from two types of particles. What are they?
1✔
4 What will happen if a gas is released into a sealed empty container?
1✔
5 Why does this occur? 1✔
Gas Properties   
1 The following questions are about the properties of the gases hydrogen, oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
a) Which gas is the least dense?
b) Which gas is reasonably soluble in water?
c) Which gas would need the coldest temperature to turn into a liquid?
d) Which gas is the most abundant in the air?
e) Which gas does not have a liquid state? 5✔
2 What physical properties do these three gases have in common?
2✔
Producing Gases   
The equipment shown opposite is being used to produce oxygen gas.
1 What would be the liquid in the flask? 1✔
2 The black solid in the flask is manganese dioxide. What is its role
in the reaction?
1✔
3 Write a word equation for the reaction. 1✔
4 Why is the gas being collected underwater? 1✔
5 Why is the collection test-tube upside down?
2✔
The equipment shown opposite is being used to produce carbon dioxide gas.
6 What would be the liquid in the flask? 1✔
7 What would the white lumps in the flask be? 1✔
8 Complete this word equation for the reaction.
Calcium carbonate + h a ➜ calcium chloride + c +w 1✔
9 Why is the gas collection test-tube the right way up?
1✔
10What happens to the air that was in the test-tube? 1✔

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 26: The Planets
The Solar System   

p s o
1 The Solar System consists of the s and
n other large spheres called p .
The planets hurtle through s around
the much more m sun.
2 The sun is actually a s . Other stars
have their planets as well.
3 Earth is one of the nine p that make up the S System.
The Sun   
s
1 The sun is only a m -sized star, but this star is a fl
still a h ball with a d of 1.4 million kilometres.
2 Our star is mostly made of incredibly hy and
he gases.
3 The sun’s g causes the gases to form a s .
4 N reactions occur inside the sun as h gas
is changed into h gas. This releases vast amounts
of h energy, which keeps the i temperature of
the sun as high as 14 °C.
5 The s temperature of the sun is about °C. The photo shows a s flare
occurring on the surface of the s .
6 R energy streams out in directions away from the sun. This energy b
the planets. We experience it as s and h from the sun.
 The Planets   
1 Satellites are h bodies that orbit l bodies. The planets are n
satellites that travel at h speed around the s .
2 All of the planets are s because of the g attraction between the
p making up the planet, particularly when the planet is in a g or l state.
3 Some planets are in a g state, some are in a s state, and one (N ) is in
a liquid state. Only Earth has a solid c , liquid o and a gaseous a .
4 Earth is the t largest planet in size after the gas giants J and S .
5 The planets travel in o around the sun, but at different d away. Earth is
the t closest plant after M and V .
6 The time taken for a planet p pl
to complete orbit around s o
the sun is called its p .
7 The d from the sun
affects how much h
a planet receives. This m l o
determines the a surface t of the planet. Distant planets are c .
8 Most planets have their own n satellites called m . Earth has just .

The Moon    l o
1 Planets have their own n satellites called m .
A moon is s than its planet. Planet Earth has only
moon. E m
2 Our moon is one q the diameter of Earth and it o
the planet at a distance of about 384,000 away.
3 The p of the moon is 27.3 days. It takes this long for the
moon to make trip around Earth. This period of time is called
al month.
4 The moon has an interior of s rock. There is no v
activity. The c are the result of meteorites h it.
5 It has no l water on its surface, nor is there any a .
new moon
6 The moon produces no l of its own. Moonlight is r sunlight.
7 The side of the moon facing the sun will be l up, the other side will be in first quarter
d .
8 The p of the moon occur as the moon travels around E each month full moon
and we see varying amounts of the illuminated side, from a tiny cr

moon through to f moon. third quarter
9 Apart from the sun, the moon is o

the only object in the solar
system which a Earth in
a noticeable way. The p of E
l gravity
the moon’s g on the spinning
o causes the t to rise m h t s
and fall as Earth rotates daily.
10 S of Saturn’s 17 moons are shown orbiting Saturn in the photo
opposite. Its moons have been cratered by m as well.
Staying in Orbit   
1 The planets have all moved in r orbits around the s for
several b years.
2 The planets hurtle forward at h speed and would continue on in a s line
heading out of the Solar System if a f did not restrain them.
3 The pull of the sun’s g forces the planets to travel in c paths.
4 All of the planets orbit in the same d around the sun, and the orbits lie in the
same flat p . This is due to the way the Solar System was f originally.
Origins of the Solar System   

1 A huge c of stardust (debris from older exploded s ) contracted under g .
2 The mass began to s as it contracted and formed a d with a bulge at the c .
3 The bulge developed into the s , while material further out contracted to form
pr that sucked in s as they travelled around the c .
4 The protoplanets h as they grew l . Eventually they c to form the p .

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 26: The Planets
Solar System =
planet =
star =
gravity =
nuclear reaction =
satellite =
moon =
meteorite =
protoplanet =
The Solar System     Staying in Orbit   

1 The Solar System has n planets. 1 The planets all travel in the same
2 Planets move through s very f . d and flat p around the sun.
3 They o a large s called the sun. 2 The huge g attraction of the

sun keeps the p in their orbits.
Energy Conversion in the Sun   
The Moon   
1 The sun consists of extremely h g
held together in a sphere by g . 1 The moon:
• is a s of Earth
2 N reactions occur inside the sun.
• is q the size of Earth
3 H is changed into he . • is 384,000 away
4 Huge a of e are released. •o Earth every 27.3 days
5 The i temperature is 14 million °C. • is made of solid r
6 The s temperature is 5,800°C. • has c formed by meteorites
7 The sun emits r energy (light/heat). • has no l water or an a
• only r sunlight.
Planetary Features   
2 The p of the moon are a result of
1 Planets: the moon o Earth and showing
• are s bodies that o the sun varying amounts of its il face.
• may be s ,l or g 3 The moon exerts a gravitational f on
• vary in s and d from the sun. the r Earth resulting in t .
2 Only Earth has a solid c , liquid Planet Formation   
o and a gaseous a .
The Solar System formed when s
3 Planets have different-length p - contracted under g into a spinning
the time taken to complete orbit. b with a b at the centre. The bulge
4 Receive varying amounts of h energy became the s . Stardust further out in
from the sun, depending on their the d contracted and heated to form
d from the sun. p that cooled into p .

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 27: The Sun & Stars
Reaching the Stars   

1 The s is our nearest star, but all stars are like the sun.
2 Up to stars can be seen on a clear night away from
city lights. Many more can be seen with a l telescope.
3 As distances between stars are v , astronomers use
units called L Y (LY) to measure star distances. A
light year is the distance l w travel in o year.
A galaxy of stars
4 Light travels at 300,000 k per s in space, so
the distance light would travel in one year can be calculated:
Seconds in one year = days x hours x minutes x seconds = 31,536,000 s
1 Light Year = km/s x s = 9,000,000,000,000 km approximately
5 The next nearest star is P Centauri, which is LY or 40,000,000,000,000
away. Light from this star reaching Earth today would have left 4.3 y ago.
Nuclear-Powered Stars   
1 A star is a h ball of g burning in a nuclear f . At the centre of stars
incredibly high t and p keep the n reactions going.
2 In a nuclear reaction a s amount of matter is changed into v amounts of
e . (Einstein said that matter was highly c energy.)
3 Much of this energy streams out into s as different types of r (g and
-rays; l ,u -v ,i -r and r waves).
4 Life on Earth is dependent on our nearest star as the source of
l and infra-red (h ) radiation. The a protects
organisms from other h types of radiation.
5 R telescopes detect radio waves emitted by s .
A radio telescope
Types of Stars   
1 Stars vary in their s ,m ,c ,c ,t ,s and l .
2 Bigger stars usually burn h ,b and f . Smaller stars are c ,
f and last l . The sun is a
m sized star h through b
its lifespan. b
3 Stars are c according to their
size, brightness and temperature. s g
r g
4 The diagram shows the relative s of
different t of stars. Stars above
the horizontal line are b than the h c
sun. Stars to the left of the vertical line
are h than the sun. s
5 Most stars are found somewhere on the w d r
main s as indicated by the dotted d
line.

Life Cycles of Stars   
1 A star begins its existence as a vast c of d and g (stardust).
a) Gravitational a causes this cloud to s .
b) The contracting cloud begins to s and forms a fl disc.
c) M at the centre of the disc becomes very d .
d) The p and h start nuclear r - a star is born!
2 An average-sized star like the sun b for about 10 b years.
A star ‘nursery’
3 S -sized stars expand into r giants, then collapse into w dwarves.
y star r g w d
4 B stars (10 times bigger) expand to become s giants. The c of the super
giant collapses in a s explosion, leaving a small incredibly d n star.
b s n
s g s s
5 Very large stars (100 times bigger than the sun) exist for a relatively s time and
then explode in a h s . They collapse into a b hole from which nothing
can escape, including l .
Galaxies   
1 Galaxies are huge c of stars. Many look like flattened
d with a bump in the middle as shown in the photo.
2 The sun is in the M W galaxy, which is about 100,000
l years across and contains about 200 b stars.
3 The nearest galaxy to our galaxy is 2.2 million away and has 300 billion s . There
are hundreds of millions of galaxies in the u .
The Big Bang   

1 Most a believe that the u came into existence in a single m .
2 To start with the universe was just incredibly concentrated e . This began to
e extremely rapidly in directions, and m formed out of the energy. All
the sub-a particles in the universe were made in those first few m .
3 As the universe c the sub-atomic particles formed h and h atoms.
This matter formed the r material for s and g .
4 All of the galaxies in the universe are getting further a from each other, which
is strong e for the original b b .

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 27: The Sun & Stars
Basic Definitions 
star =
Light Year =
nuclear reactions =
radiation =
supernova =
neutron star =
galaxies =
black hole =
big bang =
Reaching the Stars    Star Formation   

1 Our nearest star is the s . Stars are formed in the following stages:
2 A use the L Y unit to a) a vast d cloud shrinks due to g
measure d in space. b) the c cloud starts to s
3 A Light Year is the distance l travels c) the cloud becomes a fl disc
in year through s . d) the centre becomes very d
4 The star Proxima Centauri: e) huge p &t occur
• is the s closest star to Earth f) n reactions begin.
• is Light Years from Earth. Star Life Cycles   
Nuclear-powered Stars   Different-sized stars have different fates:
1 Star are nuclear f with huge a) S -sized yellow stars e to
internal p and t . become r giants, then c to
2 H nuclei are converted into form w d stars.
h nuclei inside stars. b) Larger b stars expand to become
s giants, then e in s -
3 Small amounts of m are converted n and end up as n stars.
into v amounts of e .
c) The largest stars e in super-
4 Energy e from stars as e - novae then collapse to form b h .
m waves.
Big Bang Theory   
Types of Stars   
1 All the e in the universe came into
1 Stars vary in s ,m ,c , existence in a s moment (big bang).
c ,t ,s &l .
2 This incredibly c energy
2 Stars are c according to their e extremely rapidly and all the
size, brightness and temperature. s -a particles that exist now
3 Bigger stars burn h b and were formed within a few m .
f . Smaller stars are c ,f 3 The fact that all g are getting
and last l . The sun is m sized. further a is e for the Big Bang.

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 28: Earth's Motion
A Blue and White Planet   

1 From space planet Earth appears to be a b and w disc
set against a b sky.
2 The planet is blue because of its surface is covered
with w , which r the blue w of s
back out into s .
3 The white areas are caused by s reflecting off c
masses or i masses at the p . Between the clouds,
brown and green c areas are visible.
4 The planet is seen against a black background because the s is black outside of
Earth’s a , even when the s is shining.
5 Planet Earth is a very large s . The d around the planet (or circumference)
at the e is 40,000 km.
6 The planet does produce its
own light. At any point in time one E s
h of Earth will be in complete
d while the other half is
bathed in l . The sun is the i half
s of light for the planet.
A Spinning Globe   
1 The planet is s around, and as it moves parts of the s
previously in the d become illuminated by the s .
2 Earth spins around an a running through its north and south p .
It spins e . Any spot on the planet is a moving eastward.
3 It takes o whole Earth d for the planet to complete one r
(spin) about its a .
4 Earth’s spinning causes d and n , as parts of the planet move and o of sunlight.
The Annual Journey    s

1 As well as spinning around, the planet also
travels in a c path around the s .
m
2 The pathway is called an o . It takes the
planet o whole Earth y to complete one o E
orbit around the s .
3 The distance travelled in one orbit is 942,000,000 k . Planet Earth travels
at 107,000 kilometres per h or 30 kilometres per s on its voyage round the
sun.
4 The other planets in the S S also orbit around the sun in the same d
and in the same flat p as Earth does. Some planets are c to the sun than
Earth and others are f away.
5 The m also accompanies Earth on its annual trip around the s , but the moon also
orbits E at the same time.

Spinning Without Stopping   
1 Earth has spun around its a like a giant t for b of years. s
m
2 Any spinning object has m , which means it will k
spinning endlessly unless a f acts to s it down.
3 Momentum is the t of a moving object to k on
m .
4 On Earth f is the force that acts to s down a
spinning object. A spinning object experiences friction as Earth s like a t
a molecules r against its s .
5 Friction is the force which opposes m , slowing d objects and changing some
of their k energy into h energy.
6 As planet Earth spins in the v of space it does experiences any f . As
there is no f acting to slow it down it will keep on s .
7 As the planet spins everything on the surface and the air around us t along as
well. This is why we don’t n that we are on a spinning g .
Keeping in Orbit   
1 The Earth has orbited the sun for b of years, travelling in a c path
around the s once each y .
2 G makes the p travel in its circular path.
3 Earth hurtles f through space at kilometres per second. Momentum would
keep it moving in a s line out of the S System away from the s , if a
f did not act to make it move in its c pathway.
4 The sun is a much l object than Earth and has a huge m . Massive objects
exert a very s force of a on other objects.
5 The sun’s g pulls sideways on Earth causing it to follow a c path around
the s instead of going on in a straight line.
6 Fortunately, the sun’s gravity is not t strong, otherwise the planet would be pulled
into a s with a fiery ending. If the attraction was w , Earth would move into
an orbit f away from the sun and eventually the planet would become too c
to s life.
7 The s of the force of gravity acting between the sun and Earth depends on
the m of the sun, the mass of E , as well as the d between them.
8 Gravity keeps Earth in o around the sun like a stone t on a string.
path due direction

o to g without
s g
pull of s
g
E
o m

✔
Learn
Summary Worksheet Unit 28: Earth's Motion
equator =
axis =
Earth day =
orbit =
Earth year =
momentum =
friction =
gravity =
Planet Earth’s Appearance from Space    Spinning without Stopping   

Earth is a patchwork of colours: 1 Earth s on its p axis.
• mostly b due to o reflecting 2 M is the tendency of moving
blue w of sunlight objects to k on moving.
• white in patches due to c and 3 So Earth has s momentum.
p ice reflecting w sunlight
4 F is the force that opposes motion.
• brown and green in c areas.
5 Earth experiences friction as it spins
A Spinning Globe    in the v of space.
1 Earth is a sphere that: 6 So Earth will keep on s indefinitely.
•s around its polar a
Keeping in Orbit   
• spins e
• takes an Earth to complete one spin. 1 Earth moves f at 30 kilometres
per second.
2 Earth does not generate its own l ; it
is lit by s . This means that: 2 Earth has linear m .
• only the side f the sun is lit 3 It does not slow as it is moving
• the opposite side is in d through the vacuum of s .
• as Earth spins, part of its s 4 The sun is very m .
moves into d 5 Massive objects exert a strong f of
•n and d are due to Earth’s spin. g on other objects.
The Annual Journey    6 The sun’s gravity pulls s on Earth.
1 Earth travels in a c path around 7 Earth moves in a c pathway
the s . The pathway is called an o . around the sun because of gravitational
a and its own m .
2 The journey takes whole Earth y .
8 If the attraction was stronger Earth
3 The other p also orbit the sun in would s into the sun.
the same d and p .
9 If the attraction was w Earth
4 S occur during the annual journey. would move further away from the s
5 The m orbits Earth once every 27 . and the planet would f .

✍
Note Notemaking Worksheet Unit 29: Conditions for Life
Conditions for Life   

1 A huge variety of living o are found on E , but so far none has been
d on any other p or m in the Solar System.
2 Living communities require the following c :
a) T within the r 0-50°C.
b) An a with o and c d gases.
c) A source of l energy for p .
d) Abundant w in the l state.
e) Atmospheric p from harmful solar r .
Most communities d out when these conditions are met.
Only p Earth provides of these conditions.
3 The b is the thin l around Earth in which l exists.
4 Life is dependent on the sun for w ,i and s o
for m food m .H radiation (gamma & g
ultra-violet) is filtered out by the a .
Sunlight and Life    p -

1 All organisms require f molecules as a source of s
e for their a .
2 Only p such as plants are able to use s
energy to make food m by p .
c
3 Sunlight energy is t by the g chemical d
ch found in producers (e.g. in the l of g e -
plants). The energy is used to make energy-r s . r
4 All organisms (except for certain bacteria) must s
c producers, or animals that have e producers,
in order to obtain e -rich f molecules.
w
Gases and Life   
1 Carbon dioxide gas is needed by p to make the
e -rich food m that all o need. c
2 Oxygen gas is needed by m organisms in order to Composition of the d g
r the energy s in food molecules. Carbon dioxide
Atmosphere
Oxygen
3 Oxygen gas forms % of the a and carbon o
dioxide only % (see pie graph opposite). g
4 Oxygen gas is r into the atmosphere by
p . It is a -product of p .
5 Carbon dioxide gas is released into the a
by a ,p and m as they obtain
energy from food molecules by re .
n
6 E carbon dioxide produced by the c of
g Nitrogen
f fuels could cause g warming.

Water and Life   
1 Water is essential for living o for the following reasons:
a) The t of plants and animals can be up to % water.
b) The chemical r of life inside c need to occur in s .
c) The chemicals needed for life are t around organisms d in water.
d) Water is needed by producers to make f m by p .
2 Water is a in a l state on Earth as the t of most of Earth’s
s is above F Point (0°C) and well below B Point (100°C).
The Atmosphere and Life    I – the u

1 If a planet was much s than layer absorbs d
Earth, then its g would not be g radiation from s
s enough to p the gases in
its a from escaping out into S – contains
s . o gas that absorbs
2 Fortunately Earth is l enough to u -v rays that can
r its atmosphere. cause skin c
3 Earth’s atmosphere consists of t
layers – the sphere, sphere T – contains
and sphere – each of which is the g needed for life
involved in sustaining or protecting l . (o and c d ) E
Warmth and Life   

1 Most living organisms can exist within a narrow t range somewhere
between and °C. A few b species have special a that allow them
to exist at temperatures c to 100°C.
2 The surface of Earth is heated by r coming from the s . The d from
the sun determines how m radiation a planet receives. If Earth had atmosphere,
the a surface temperature of our planet would be C. Life would not e !
3 V light waves from the sun pass through the g in the atmosphere e and
are a by Earth’s surface. This energy is released as i -r heat waves as
the surface c . Infra-red waves escape through the a easily.
4 The gases c d , methane and w vapour in the atmosphere t outgoing
infra-red w , which h the atmosphere. Heat is trapped by the atmosphere
like it is in a g .
5 This process keeps the a surface i -r w a
temperature of the p at °C, returning
warm enough for l water to exist.
The atmosphere acts like a gigantic l
b keeping the planet w ! w
from E
6 The c of fossil fuels such
s
as p and c are gradually
i the levels of carbon dioxide
and other ‘g ’ gases in the ‘g ’ gases
atmosphere. This could cause g in the a
warming.

✔
Learn Summary Worksheet Unit 29: Conditions for Life
biosphere =
chlorophyll =
ionosphere =
stratosphere =
troposphere =
infra-red radiation =
combustion =
fossil fuel =
greenhouse gases =
global warming =
Conditions for Life    The Greenhouse Effect   

For living communities to exist there must be: 1 Earth’s surface is bathed
•t within the range - °C in s radiation.
• an a with oxygen and carbon dioxide g 2 Most of the radiation is
• sufficient l energy for p v l waves.
• abundant w in the l state 3 Atmospheric gases
•p from h solar r . transmit v sunlight.
4 Earth’s surface a
Sunlight and Life   
the light energy, but emits
1 All organisms d directly or indirectly on p it as i -red e .
(e.g. plants) for e -rich food m .
5 ‘Greenhouse’ gases a
2 Producers use s to convert c d gas some of the out
and w into e -rich s by p . infra-red r .
The by-product is o gas, which is essential for l .
6 Common ‘greenhouse’
The Atmosphere and Life    gases are c d ,
water v and m .
1 The atmosphere provides the e chemicals O2
and CO2 required by l communities. 7 The excited ‘greenhouse’
g molecules v
2 The upper layers fi out harmful s radiation. faster & the temperature
of the atmosphere r .
Layer Role in Relation to Organisms
8 ‘Greenhouse’ gases act like
ionosphere contains c atoms (ions) that the g of a greenhouse.
a dangerous g radiation
9 Without this ‘greenhouse’
stratosphere contains o gas molecules that effect Earth’s t
absorb h u -v waves would be ° cooler.
troposphere contains 2 and 2 needed by life; 10 E CO2 from b
CO2 and H2O help keep planet w fuels causes g warming.

?
Check
Solar System & Life Test Name: Class:
Earth’s Appearance   
1 Why does Earth appear to be blue and white from out in space?
a) blue:
b) white: 2✔
2 Why does the sky around Earth appear to be black from

space?
1✔
3 In which direction does Earth spin on its axis? 1✔

4 Is Earth a light source or a reflector of sunlight? 1✔
5 The photo opposite shows the Earth as seen from the moon. How
does it confirm your answer to question 4 above?
1✔
 Earth’s Movements   
1 Complete the table below describing some aspects of Earth’s spinning motion.
Aspects of Spinning Motion Data

of Earth at equator 40,000 km
average for one rotation (spin) 23 hr 56 min
of rotation (spin) eastwards
of rotation (spin) from north to south pole
4✔
2 Why does Earth keep spinning? 1✔
3 Why doesn’t the spinning slow down? 1✔
Annual Journeys   
The diagram opposite shows the orbit sun
of Earth around the sun and the orbit moon
of the moon around Earth.
1 Which body is a satellite of the sun? 1✔ Earth
2 Which body is a satellite of Earth? 1✔
3 How long does it take Earth to complete one orbit around the sun? 1✔
4 How long does it take the moon to complete one orbit around Earth? 1✔
5 What two things do the orbits of Earth and the moon have in common?
a) 1✔
b) 1✔
6 How does the diagram support the idea that only the sun is a light source?
2✔
7 What causes the phases of the moon?

Name: Class:
 The Solar System   
1 What does the Solar System consist of?
2✔
2 Where else would planets be found? 1✔

3 Which planet are the moons in the photo orbiting? 1✔
The Sun   
1 What occurs inside the sun?
2✔
2 What are three ways in which the sun influences planet Earth?
a)
b)
c) 3✔
The Planets   
1 What is a planet? 1✔
2 Why are all planets spherical?

2✔
3 What is the period of a planet? 1✔

4 Which planet is a liquid? Which planet is the biggest gas planet? 2✔
The Moon   
Complete the table below describing some aspects of the moon.
Lunar Features Data

of moon 3,500 km
from Earth 384,000 km
of moon’s orbit 27.3 days
surface -130°C to 90°C
4✔
Phases of the Moon    B
The diagram opposite shows different stage of the moon’s
monthly journey around Earth. Earth is being viewed from C
above the south pole. sun S
1 How many days will the journey take? 1✔ A

2 At which stage would an observer on Earth not see a
D
moon either during the day or night? 1✔
3 What is that moon phase called? 1✔
4 Which phase would be the ‘first quarter’ of the moon? 1✔
5 What phase is visible when the moon is at C? 1✔
6 What keeps the moon in orbit around Earth?

Name: Class:
Distances in Space   
1 What is a Light Year?
2✔
2 Why do astronomers use Light Year units?
1✔
3 Which star is closer to Earth than Proxima Centauri? 1✔

4 Light from the sun takes about 500 seconds to reach us. Light
travels at 300,000 km/s. Approximately how far away is the sun?
2✔
Stars    brighter
blue
1 The chart opposite classifies stars accord-
ing to three aspects. What are they?
super giant
• • • 3✔ red giants
2 How would a blue star compare with the
sun?
2✔ hotter cooler
3 How would a red star compare with the
sun
sun?
2✔ white dwarves red
dimmer
4 How would a white dwarf star compare with the
sun? 2✔
5 Compare the behaviour of bigger and smaller stars.
2✔
Star Life Cycles   

1 What is a supernova?
2✔
2 What will be the fate of sun-sized stars?
. 2✔
3 How do neutron stars form?
2✔
Galaxies   
1 What is the Milky Way? 1✔
2 Describe the overall shape of the Milky Way.
2✔
Big Bang Theory   

1 When were the sub-atomic particles making up all the atoms of the universe made?
1✔
2 What evidence have astronomers found for the big bang theory? 2✔
Page total = /29✔

Name: Class:
Conditions for Life   
1 What are five conditions that are required on a planet for life as we know it to exist?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e) 5✔
2 What is the ‘biosphere’?

1✔
Importance of Photosynthesis   
1 What is the immediate source of energy for all organisms?
1✔
2 Why are producers, such as the giant kelp shown in the photo,
essential in all communities?
2✔
3 How do animals obtain the food molecules they require to meet
their energy needs?
2✔
Atmosphere and Life   

1 Explain how each of the following layers of the atmosphere plays an important role in
sustaining and protecting life.
a) ionosphere:
2✔
b) stratosphere:
2✔
c) troposphere:
2✔
2 What prevents life-supporting gases in Earth’s atmosphere from escaping into space?
1✔
3 Why couldn’t the moon have an atmosphere? 1✔
Greenhouse Effect   
1 The ‘greenhouse effect’ explains why Earth is 30°C warmer than expected, given its
distance from the sun. Briefly describe how this happens.
3✔
2 List three negative effects of excess carbon dioxide being added to the atmosphere.
3✔

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SCIENCE A

WORKSHEETS AND TESTS

Plant Life Processes Atoms & Reactions

Energy Changes & Heat Solar System & Life

Waves & Energy

Living and Non-Living

A Living Object … A ‘Non-living’ Object … A Dead Object …

 MRS C GREN  Differences between Plants and Animals

Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 3

 Cells – Building Blocks of Life

Animal Cell Types Plant Cell Types

4 Another group of m organisms are the fungi, e.g. m and m .

 Adaptations for Survival

Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 4

 Basic Definitions  Life Processes

Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 5

 Specialised Building Blocks

Function: to Function: Function: Function: Function:

 Cell Structures p cell The n is the control

Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 6

1 A group of s cells found together is called a t , vein

2 Different types of t are assembled together to make

3 O form organ s , e.g. the kidney, bladder and kidney

 Cells and Reproduction

a) The male parent b) The female parent c) Many s cells are

d) The fertilised egg or

h) As the embryo grows g) Eventually a m - f) Those two cells divide

Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 7

 Cells as Building Blocks  Plant Cells …

Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 8

Different Breeds - Same Species Different Species

 Classification Hierarchy  The Five Kingdoms

Similar families are put in the same Kingdom F

Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 9

Rules for Scientific Naming  Example

 Phyla in Kingdom Plantae

J Phylum W Phylum M Phylum A Phylum V Phylum

I Class S Class M Class C Class

F Class A Class R Class B Class M Class

Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 10

 Basic Definitions 2 All organisms are c

 Animal Kingdom Phyla

2 The arthropod phylum has

Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 11

As a living organism a microorganism must …

4 Microorganisms are extremely a – there may be over a billion in a teaspoonful

Helpful Action of Microorganisms Harmful Action of Microorganisms

Microorganisms are Classified into three Kingdoms

Monera Protista Fungi

Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 12

Bacteria Class Blue-Green Algae Class

 Classes of Kingdom Protista

Euglena Class Amoeba Class Paramecium Class

 Classes of Kingdom Fungi

Mould Class Mushroom Class

Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 13

Science Book A Worksheets & Tests page 14

 Living and Non-Living

 MRS C GREN     Differences between Plants and Animals   

 Cells – Building Blocks of Life   

 Adaptations for Survival   

 Basic Definitions     Life Processes   

 Specialised Building Blocks   

 Cell Structures    p cell The n is the control

 Cells and Reproduction   

 Cells as Building Blocks     Plant Cells …   

 Classification Hierarchy     The Five Kingdoms   

 Phyla in Kingdom Plantae   

 Basic Definitions    2 All organisms are c

 Animal Kingdom Phyla   

 Classes of Kingdom Protista   

 Classes of Kingdom Fungi   

 Living and Non-Living   

 Plants and Animals   

 Adaptations and Life Processes   

 Cells and Reproduction    c)

 Classifying and Naming    • two seeds in pods • two-part seeds

 Fungi and Reproduction   

 Leaves as Food Factories    sunlight energy

 Adaptations for Photosynthesis   

 The Importance of Plants    3 The rate of photosynthesis

 Lifting Water    transpiration pull

 Losing Water    4 This causes water molecules to

 Reproduction With and Without Sex   

 Pollinating Agents and Flowers   

 Fertilisation and After    p

 Comparing Reproductive Strategies     Pollination Methods   

 Responses to the Environment   

 Tropisms    2 Dispersal ensures

 Leaves as Food Factories   

 Flower Structure and Function   

 Pollination and Fertilisation   

 Energy at Work    Examples of Energy Being Used to Change Things

 Active and Stored   