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Science A BookANotemaker
Science A BookANotemaker
BOOK
NEW EDITION FOR LEVEL 5 SCIENCE IN THE NEW CURRICULUM
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4 P and a are organisms, but there are other organisms that are n
plants nor animals. Indicate which category the following organisms belong to.
Life Processes
1 Living o are able to carry out certain activities called l p . If an
object carries out these life processes it is considered to be a .
2 Dead objects l carry out these l p .
3 Some organisms do carry out all of the l p . For example, a worker bee
does not r .
4 O made by h (e.g. robots or cars) may carry out some of the life
processes (e.g. movement) but they are regarded as being a .
R E
• organisms are able to • organisms dispose of
LIFE
obtain energy from their wastes produced by
food using a process PROCESSES their cells that would
called respiration otherwise poison them
S N C
• organisms can detect • organisms either able • organisms circulate
and respond to changes in make their own food or food, gases and wastes
their external or internal get food by eating other around their bodies to
environment organisms where they are needed
Building Blocks
1 All l things are c out of t ‘building blocks’ called
c . The first c to be discovered were box-like, which is why
they are now called ‘cells’.
2 A cell is the s part of an o considered to be alive.
3 Cells are usually very small, and most can only be seen with the
aid of a m . Even so, cells are built out of thousands of
different types of m .
4 Organisms are classified as:
a) u if they are made of a single cell only, e.g. bacteria
b) m if they are made of many cells, e.g. p and animals.
Name: photo- Name: plant Name: animal Name: animal Name: animal
synthetic cells g cells m cells n cells c cells
Basic Definitions
cell =
organelles =
metabolism =
tissue =
organ =
organ system =
enzyme =
gamete =
zygote =
Defining a Species
1 Biologists e that there are many trillions of l o on the surface of
planet Earth. It is necessary to c this vast number of organisms into g in
order to make the s study of living creatures possible.
2 The most basic biological group is the s .
a) A species is a g of organisms that have many a f in common,
including s adaptations (e.g. teeth structure), p adaptations
(e.g. blood proteins) and b adaptations (e.g. mate-attracting behaviour).
b) Members of a species must be capable of b with other members to
produce f offspring.
species
Kingdom P
Similar genera are put in the same • multicellular organisms with nucleus
f (e.g. family Canidae). • immobile but parts move
• make their own food
The common names have been used and the Starfish and Flatworm phyla have been omitted.
Microorganisms
1 A D scientist invented the first m and used it to
observe a drop of p water teeming with tiny creatures.
2 Tens of t of s too s to be seen with the unaided
e have been discovered using more powerful m .
3 M carry out all of the life p that l
organisms carry out.
Classifying Microorganisms
Microorganisms are:
a) mostly u , with a s cell carrying out all l p
unicellular
b) sometimes m , with cells arranged to form t ,
round b or irregular m that are c of similar cells.
Reproduction of Microorganisms
1 Microorganisms can form d s . Spores are t , r
reproductive cells produced when conditions are bad. They fl in air.
2 In suitable conditions of w ,w and a spores will g .
3 Most microorganisms reproduce rapidly by binary fi . The cell i in size
and makes a c of its g before splitting into two smaller cells, each with a copy
of the g .
• u and live in w
Basic Definitions
• r by binary fission
b) Euglena class
pathogen =
• make food by p
parasite = • can also a food
• detect and move towards l
decomposer = • swim using a fl
c) Amoeba class
spore = • m by extensions growing
outwards and p it along
• p and c prey
Microorganisms
• r with sex cells
1 Microorganisms are very s single cells. d) Paramecium class
2 Each carries out all of the l p . • move by beating of tiny c
3 Microorganisms exist in huge n . • create c to feed
• sometimes e genes
Roles and Uses of Bacteria
3 Kingdom Fungi
Helpful Decomposers: recycle c a) Features of all :
and n as they b
• m
down organisms
• reproduce by s
Biotechnology: making
c ,y ,w ,b , • c make their own food
and medical d b) Mould class:
Harmful Disease: many cause d • f appearance
such as t , tuberculosis • aquatic and t
(TB), poisoning and th • d and parasites
Decay: food becomes c) Mushroom class:
• t
Classifying Microorganisms • large f bodies
1 Kingdom Monera • d (of plant tissue)
a) Features of all Monerans: • s reproduction
•r by binary fission
Reproduction of Microorganisms
• uni or exist in c
b) Bacteria class: 1 Spores are very small r
cells. They have a r coat and
• s – about 1 μm or less
can s in harsh conditions. They
• c ,p or d g in warm, moist places.
• reproduce by s
2 Binary fission is a r process and
c) Blue-Green Algae class has various stages:
• immobile or g along a) the cell g to a certain size
• p – can photosynthesise b) it makes a c of its genes
2 Kingdom Protista c) it splits into two smaller cells and
a) Features of all Protists: each has a copy of the g .
3 What is an organism? 1✔
4 Reproduction is a life process that does not benefit the individual organism. 1✔
Why is it important? Page total = /29✔
Cell Structures
a)
The diagram opposite shows
typical plant and animal cells. b)
1 Label structures a) to e).
c)
2 Which drawing represents a B
plant cell? A d)
1✔
Give a reason for your 5✔
1✔ e)
answer.
Levels of Organisation
The diagrams below show the different levels of organisation that living organisms can
be studied at.
1 In the space below each drawing identify the level of organisation involved. Choose
from these terms: organ, cell, organism, tissue, organ system.
2 In the box under each term define that term.
gut lining of
human small intestine
intestine
5✔
5✔
4 What are four types of features that an organism will share with other members of
its species? • s •p •b •g 4✔
3 Each species is given a unique name. What are four rules that are followed when
naming a species?
a)
b)
c)
d) 4✔
4 The following terms are used in classifying groups of organisms. They have not been
written in any particular order.
• phylum • class • species • order • family • genus • kingdom
Rewrite them in order of increasing similarity of the organisms included in each group. 3✔
➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜
Page total = /41✔
3✔
Classifying Microorganisms
1 The organisms opposite belonging to the same kingdom.
a) Name the kingdom to which they belong. 1✔
b) Give two reasons why they are placed in the same kingdom.
• • 2✔
2 The two organisms opposite belong to a different kingdom from those shown above.
a) Name the kingdom to which they belong. 1✔
b) Give two reasons why they are placed in the same kingdom.
• • 2✔
c) One of the organisms has a flagellum. What is it used
for? 1✔
d) The photo opposite shows an organism undergoing binary
fission. What is binary fission?
3✔
Plants as Producers
1 All organisms need food to s and g . Food supplies e
for activities and c for growth and repair.
2 Food consists of energy-rich molecules in which c (C), o
(O), h (H) and n (N) atoms are bonded together.
+ + ➜ +
2 The rate of photosynthesis:
a) depends on s i and the abundance of r m - 2 and 2
Basic Definitions
chlorophyll =
producer =
food chain =
adaptation =
glucose =
photosynthesis =
food =
stomata =
Using Water
1 W is essential for l o and gaining it can be a problem for t
(land-dwelling) organisms.
2 Water plays many important roles in terrestrial plants.
a) Without water p cannot make f by photosynthesising.
b) Water l by e helps to c plants.
c) Water p inside the soft parts of plants helps to
s those parts. If too much water is l , the plant w .
d) M from the soil need to be transported in a d
state through fine t to the leaves. S produced by the leaves need to
be t in a dissolved state to other parts of the plant. The minerals and
sugars are dissolved in w .
e) Many chemical r occurring inside c require water, and for other
reactions water is needed to d the chemicals involved. H2 O
Leaf
Losing Water
1 Most of the water that terrestrial plants absorb is
lost to the a when they make food m .
2 Leaves need s ,w , and c d to
make food molecules.
Stem
3 Leaves are wide and flat to c lots of s .
4 Water absorbed from the soil moves u from
the r through the v .
5 C d moves into the leaves through pores
called s .
Root
6 In daylight stomata are wide o to allow c
d to enter, but at the same time water in the
leaf cells e as the leaf is h by the sun
and moves through the pores.
7 This process of losing water is called t . In osmosis
making food, plants lose up to 90% of the water they H2 O
absorb by transpiration.
8 If a plant loses too much water the stomata
will c , thus r water loss, but this will
s d photosynthesis.
9 Other leaf a to reduce w l are
w surfaces and having most of the stomata
on the u of the leaves.
open stomata
Absorbing Water
1 Important functions of roots include a the plant in the anchorage
Basic Definitions
evaporation =
root hair =
xylem vessel =
transpiration =
diffusion =
osmosis =
wilting =
5 The table below outlines similarities between sexual and asexual reproduction.
Basic Definitions
reproduction =
sexual reproduction =
asexual reproduction =
genes =
male gamete =
female gamete =
fertilisation =
zygote =
cross-pollination =
self-pollination =
germination =
f) zygote d repeatedly to
protects/nourishes ovules
form e inside s
contains female gametes g) ovary becomes a p or f .
Spreading of Seeds
1 Plants produce large n of seeds because very f grow into m plants.
Most seeds never even get to g .
2 Seeds are new plants in a d (resting), de (dried out) state. Each seed
contains:
a) an e plant ready to germinate when c are right
b) a store of f usually in the form of s .
3 Seeds need to be d away from the s of the parent plant in order to gain
sufficient l for food-making, and s for growth. They will also need w and
m from the soil.
4 As plants cannot m they must either:
a) passively rely on dispersal a such as the w ,w ,i and a , or
b) actively e them away from the p plant.
5 Plants have different a to ensure that they are effectively dispersed.
Seed Germination
1 Germination of seeds requires w ,o from the air and w .
a) Water is needed for c reactions to commence in the cells.
b) Oxygen is needed for r , which releases energy from f molecules.
c) Warmth is needed to ensure that r occur rapidly.
first
2 Respiration in seeds: l
emerging
• requires o from the air p
• requires g sugar, which is
absorbed from the c
s
• releases e for germination
• produces c dioxide and w as by-products emerging
r root
• can be represented by the chemical reaction:
h
G +o ➜e +c d +w
3 The seed s as it absorbs w from the s . The radicle e and forces its
way through the seed c and grows into the s . Behind the root tip tiny root h
grow outwards to increase the surface a for water a .
4 The p emerges from the seed after the radicle and grows towards the l . It
becomes the main s . Tiny l rapidly unfold and expand, turning g as they
are exposed to light.
5 The green leaves start to make f molecules (glucose) by the process of
p . The c food supply is soon exhausted.
6 The g stage ends when the first leaves appear.
Basic Definitions
seed =
testa
embryo =
cotyledon =
radicle =
plumule =
germination =
respiration
tropism =
Plants as Producers
Use the diagram opposite to help answer the following
questions on photosynthesis.
a) Write a word equation for the process of
photosynthesis:
C d +w +l ➜g +o 2✔
Next write out the reaction using chemical symbols:
2 + 2 + light ➜ C6H12O6 + 2 2✔
b) Describe the sources of the three raw materials
required for photosynthesis to occur.
•
•
• 3✔
b) Describe the destinations of the two products of
photosynthesis.
•
• 2✔
Leaf Adaptations
1 Name the leaf cell types shown below and identify their function.
A B C D E
• cells • cells • cells • cells • cells
- allow to - control - carry - and - carry out 10✔
& of up from leaf
2 Which three cell types are involved in photosynthesis and how do you know?
• 2✔
3 Describe how the cells in A differ from those in E.
•
2✔
4 Which type of cell produces a waxy layer on the outside of the leaf, and what is its
function? 2✔
5 What is a petiole and what is its function?
1✔ Page total = /29✔
Losing Water
1 Leaves are flat and wide in order to intercept as much light energy as possible.
a) What other type of energy do leaves receive from the sun? 1✔
b) What effect does heating have on the leaves?
1✔
c) How does this help protect leaves against overheating? 1✔
2 Plants wilt if they lose too much water. What are three adaptations of plant leaves
that help prevent excessive water loss?
•
•
• 3✔
3 Stomata (pores) need to be open to allow CO2 into leaves for food-making. What also
occurs when the stomata are open? 1✔
Gaining Water
Water enters the root through the root hairs - tiny extensions of root cells.
a) What are two features of root hairs that enable them to absorb sufficient water?
•
• 2✔
b) What is the process involved in absorbing water? 1✔
c) Describe how this process takes place.
3✔
Lifting Water
1 What are the tubes inside the veins that transport water called? 1✔
2✔
4 What advantage does sexual reproduction offer compared to asexual reproduction?
2✔
4✔
Seed Functions
1 Describe the function of each seed structure during the germination process:
a) cotyledon –
b) radicle –
c) plumule – 3✔
2 Describe a simple laboratory test that can be used to test for the presence of
starch inside a seed.
2✔
Germination Responses
1 When the right conditions are present, a seed will usually respond by germinating.
a) What three conditions do seeds need in order to germinate?
• • • 3✔
b) Light is not required for germination, but it is necessary afterwards. Why?
2✔
2 Tropisms involve the directional growth of plants in response to environmental
stimuli, such as light, the pull of gravity, or the presence of water in the soil.
In a positive response the plant grows towards
the factor, but with a negative response it
grows away from it.
The diagram opposite shows different stages
of the germination process of a bean seedling.
a) Which part of the seedling is showing a
positive geotropic response?
b) Which part of the seedling is showing a negative geotropic response?
c) Which part of the seedling is showing a positive phototropic response?
d) Which part of the seedling is showing a positive hydrotrophic response?
e) If the shoot tip of the growing bean plant rubbed against a stake it would start to
coil around it. Is this a positive or negative thigmotropism? 5✔
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 100 x 100 = ÷ 100 x 100 = % Page total = /23✔
(Heat)
Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy
Energy Changes
1 Energy can be t from one object to another, e.g. when a heater warms your
legs. A transfer of e does involve a change in the t of energy involved.
2 Energy can also be changed or t from one type into a , e.g. a lamp
will transform e energy into l and h energy.
3 Often when energy is transformed, it is changed into s d types of energy,
e.g. a car transforms c energy of petrol into k ,s and h energy.
Basic Definitions
energy =
potential energy =
active energy =
energy transfer =
energy transformation =
Energy Changes
1 Energy is required to make things m or c their physical or chemical s .
2 Some forms of energy are a involved in moving or changing objects, others
forms involve stored or p energy.
3 Energy is t into d types in many everyday situations. Often o
type is transformed into s different types.
4 Energy transformations occur inside your b (e.g. in a m muscle), inside
a and devices (e.g. in an ipod p music), as well as in n processes
(e.g. in a l storm).
5 Every energy transformation has an energy i (energy source) and energy o
(types of energy produced).
Measuring Energy
1 The scientific u for energy is the j and the unit’s s is .
2 A joule is a very s amount of energy, so scientists usually use k (kJ)
instead. One kilojoule = joules, or 1 = 1,000 J.
An energy chain
S energy, K energy, for the music
as waves move as speaker energy story
through a cones v
c energy
Conserving Energy
1 Scientists have discovered some important facts about energy:
a) Energy can keep c its form but it never just d .
b) Energy doesn’t just a ; it must come from a s .
2 These discoveries led to the Law of E C , which has three parts:
out of n . remains c . t .
Wasting Energy
1 When an energy change occurs inside an appliance (or device) the o energy is
transformed into d energy f . For example, electrical energy is changed
into light and thermal energy by a lamp.
2 Some of the original energy becomes u energy utilised for the
p of the appliance, e.g. lighting a room, but the rest of the energy
is often w , e.g. the h produced by a light bulb.
3 According to the Law of Energy Conservation:
Energy I = Energy O
As the energy output consists of the useful energy and the waste energy,
the formula can be changed to:
Energy Input = U Energy + W Energy
4 To save energy (and costs), designers are keen to design appliances that produce the
m amount of useful energy by r the amount of wasted energy. The
energy e of an appliance can be measured using this formula:
U Energy x 100
Energy Efficiency % =
Energy I
Basic Definitions
energy =
joule =
energy transformation =
energy chain =
Law of Energy Conservation =
waste energy =
useful energy =
energy efficiency =
4 An energy transformation always involves: 2 Complete the energy chain below, which
traces the origin and destination of the
• an energy i of o type, and energy a student used to ride to school:
• energy o , usually of several
d types of energy. N energy in sun ➜ l energy of
sunlight ➜ c energy of glucose
Energy Unit sugar in plants ➜ c energy inside
a banana eaten by student ➜ k
1 Scientists are able to m energy:
energy of student’s moving muscles ➜
• The unit of energy is the j . k energy of cyclist ➜ t
• The unit symbol is . energy of cyclist and tyres
• J = 1 kJ (kJ stands for k )
Calculating Energy Efficiency
2 Energy requirements:
1 Law of Energy C implies that:
a) Lifting an object gives it g
potential energy. Lifting a 1 kg object Energy I = Energy O
up by 1 m requires 10 j of energy. 2 Energy output is either useful or wasted:
b) Heating water increases its Energy Input = U Energy + W Energy
t . To heat 1 ml of water 3 Appliance designers use the measure
by 1° C requires joules of energy. of energy e to m useful
Law of Energy Conservation energy and r waste energy:
% Energy Efficiency =
The law has t parts:
U Energy x / Energy I
Effects of Heat
1 Temperature indicates how h or c an object or substance is. Temperature
is related to the a kinetic energy of the particles making up the object or
substance.
2 Heating an object can have two effects:
Heating Substances
1 The amount of t energy an object or substance has d on two factors:
a) how h it is (its t in °C), and
b) its m (in kg). Effect of Heat on Temperature of Oil & Water
120
A red-hot needle has much l thermal energy Key:
than a red-hot poker, even though they both
Temperature of liquid (°C)
oil
100 water
might have the same t .
80
2 Different substances respond differently when
60
h . Oil will heat up much more r than
w will. Water is able to a thermal 40
energy without its t rising as much.
20
3 The graph opposite shows the results when
0
the same m of oil and water were heated 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
under the same conditions. After 10 minutes Heating time (minutes)
the temperature of the oil was °C but the water was only °C.
Basic Definitions
particles =
thermal energy =
temperature =
thermometer =
Celsius scale =
state change =
mass =
6 When objects or substances gain heat energy their particles will move f .
Conduction of Heat
1 Conduction is the heat t process involved when a poker heats up in a fi or
the bottom of a pot on a stove e heats up.
2 Heat conduction occurs mostly in s . Heat energy travels from the h end of
the object a to the colder end.
3 In a solid the particles (atoms) are in fi positions. They can only v .
4 The more thermal energy the atoms in a solid gain, the faster they v . This
vibrating action affects n particles, which begin to vibrate f as well,
thus transferring h .
5 So heat travels from the hot end to the cold end of a solid by energetic p
jostling their l energetic neighbours, thus giving them extra h energy.
M energetic Less e
particles (a ) particles (a )
end
C
end
H
T of heat by e
atoms j neighbours
Convection of Heat c h
particles particles
1 Convection is the t of t energy by c .
2 Convection currents occur in heated l , where the
particles (m ) are f to move about. (They also
occur in g .)
3 When a liquid is heated the particles move f and
s further apart. The heated liquid becomes less
d than the surrounding c liquid, so the lighter
heated liquid fl upwards. Cooler denser liquid s warmer cooler
and takes the place of the heated liquid. lighter heavier
liquid liquid
4 This rising of l h liquid and sinking of h rises sinks
c liquid causes c currents to occur in the
body of water (or gas).
Radiation of Heat
1 Both heat c and c can only occur through a medium of some sort
(e.g. air, water or a metal).
2 Radiation or r energy involves
rapidly v electromagnetic waves
that travel the s of light.
3 These waves can travel through different m , but they do need a medium
to travel. Radiant heat from the s travels all the way to Earth through s .
4 Heat radiation travels as i -r waves, which are i to our eyes, but we can
sense their effect on our s as it w up.
5 Infra-red waves r out from a h object (e.g. a bar heater) until they
hit another object (e.g. our skin). If the object a the radiant energy its
t will rise.
6 Other forms of radiant energy include m ,l waves, r waves, T
waves, u -v waves as well as -rays. These different types of radiant energy
form the el m sp .
7 Dark objects absorb m radiant energy than s or l -coloured objects, which
reflect more h . Dark objects also radiate heat f than light-coloured objects.
Basic Definitions
conduction =
thermal conductor =
thermal insulator =
convection =
radiation =
infrared waves =
medium =
2✔
4 All appliances are energy transformers. Complete the following table.
2 In each of the following situations active energy is transformed into potential energy.
Identify the type of energy involved.
a) winding up a clock: ➜ potential energy
b) charging a car battery: ➜ potential energy
c) lifting a wooden box: ➜ potential energy
d) magnetising a needle: ➜ potential energy 8✔
3 We receive the energy we need for living through energy stored in our food. Describe
the main energy transformations involved in these activities:
a) running: chemical ➜ energy ➜ into energy
6✔
b) lifting: chemical ➜ energy ➜ into energy
c) thinking: chemical ➜ energy ➜ into energy Page total = /41✔
Energy
Transformation
Situation
Energy Input • • • •
Energy Outputs • • • •
• • • •
• • • • 8✔
Measuring Energy
1 What is the scientific unit for energy? What is its unit symbol? 2✔
Energy Chains
1 Which source of energy do energy chains involving living things begin with?
1✔
Energy Wastage
A bedside lamp receives 60 joules of electrical energy per second.
a) If it produces only 6 joules of light energy each second, how much energy is
wasted each second? 1✔
b) What type of energy is the wasted energy? 1✔
c) Calculate the energy efficiency % of the lamp. Show all the working.
3✔
Energy Efficiency = x /
= x / = % Page total = /30✔
b) 2✔
60
3 What are three possible effects of a gas losing heat energy?
a)
50
b)
c) 3✔
40
Effects of Heat
1 What is the temperature of a substance a measure of? 30
2✔
2 What is the temperature reading on the thermometer at right? 1✔ 20
Heating Substances
10
1 What two factors determine the amount of heat energy an object possesses?
a) b) 2✔ 0
oil
Heating Substances 100 water
Explain how heat travels from the hotter to the cooler end. Use words such as
‘atoms’, ‘fixed’, ‘vibrations’, ‘neighbouring’, ‘energetic’ and ‘transfer’ in your answer.
4✔
Thermal Conductivity
Sam’s bicycle has lost the rubber grip on one end of the handlebar of his bike. On a cold
frosty morning, Sam has to ride his bicycle to work without any gloves.
a) Which hand will feel coldest?
1✔
b) Explain why that hand feels so cold.
2✔
c) What is the method of heat transfer involved? 1✔
d) Why does his other hand not feel so cold?
2✔
2 When would the flask contents tend to gain some heat from the vacuum contents
surrounding air?
1✔
3 How does having a silver coating on the outside of the outer glass wall prevent radiant
heat from warming the flask contents? 2✔
4 How does having a silver coating on the inside of the inner glass wall prevent radiant heat
from escaping from the flask? 2✔
5 How does having a vacuum between the two glass layers prevent heat loss or gain?
2✔
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 116 x 100 = ÷ 116 x 100 = % Page total = /21✔
Waves of Energy
1 Light rays travel a from a light s
as e waves.
2 Light waves are formed by rapidly v el and m fields, so they
are called e m waves.
3 Light waves travel extremely f at the speed of l . They s out from the
light source heading away in all d .
4 There are other types of electromagnetic waves, including r waves, T waves,
m ,i -r (heat) waves, u -v waves, -rays and g rays.
5 The distance between wave crests is called the wavelength. The different types of
electromagnetic w have different w , but they all travel at the s
of light.
6 Together these different types of e
w make up the electromagnetic spectrum. The
colours of the r make up the v part of
that spectrum.
Light Rays
1 As of light waves travelling in the same
direction, such as the one shown above, is called a
light r .
2 A light ray can be represented by a s line with
an a at one end showing the direction in which the
light is travelling away from the s or r .
Light Waves
1 Light waves travel in s lines away from the s
of light or the object that they have been r off.
Even inside the curved fibre optic cable shown opposite
light t in a straight line, b off the walls.
2 Light waves are able to t through the v of outer
space. They travel from the sun to E through space.
3 Light w travel at 300 000 k per second
through s . Waves going this fast are said to be
travelling at the s of l .
4 Light can also travel through a , w and g . Each of these substances is called
am . Light waves can also travel when there is medium, such as in s .
5 Light waves travel more s in media such as air, water and glass, but still v fast.
Basic Definitions
radiant energy =
electromagnetic waves =
light waves =
light ray =
transparent object =
translucent object =
opaque object =
medium =
Laws of Reflection
1 An is an imaginary line drawn at r angle of n r ray
angles (perpendicular) to the mirror s i
angle of
at the point where the i ray hits the i ray r
surface.
2 The angle between the incident ray and the
n is called the angle of i .
m
3 The angle between the r ray and the
normal is called the a of reflection.
4 Ap can be used to m the angles of incidence and reflection.
5 Reflected light rays always obey two laws.
Basic Definitions
reflection =
image =
lateral inversion =
real image =
virtual image =
plane mirror =
normal =
2 When light waves emerge parallel to the b , the angle of refraction (the angle
between the refracted ray and the n ) will be °.
Optical Instruments
1 The principle of total internal reflection is utilised in fi o cables. Light waves
are sent along inside a n glass fibre by continually b (reflecting) off the
walls, which means that the fibre need not be s .
Binoculars
2 The a light waves strike the s of the fibre is
always g than the critical angle involved so light
escape out through the surface. It emerges out
the other e of the fibre travelling at a very high s .
3 Total internal reflection also occurs in the p often
found inside optical instruments such as cameras and
b . The prisms can alter the pathway of light by
° or 180°. p
Basic Definitions
medium =
boundary =
optical density =
refraction =
angle of refraction =
critical angle =
total internal reflection =
prism =
r o y g b i v
5 The colours of the v spectrum always occur in a certain o when they are
separated: red-orange-yellow-green-blue-indigo-violet. An easy way to remember the
order is by using the mnemonic .
6 Red light w are the least e ;v light waves
are the m energetic.
7 Dispersion occurs naturally when r are formed.
a) As sunlight passes through r ,w light is
d to give the colours of the visible s .
b) The order of colours is a the same. From the
outside to the inside the colours will be r -o -
y -g -b -i -v .
c) With a d rainbow, the order of colours is
r for the outer rainbow.
8 A prism is a t glass b that
is used to d w light into the
red
v spectrum. orange
yellow
9 A spectrum is formed by a prism green
because the d colour light w blue
making up white light r at slightly indigo
violet
different a at they pass through b between air and glass.
Seeing in Colour
1 Our eyes have special colour r cells, which Structure of the Eye
are found at the b of the eyeball in a special
l -sensitive layer called the retina. l e
2 There are t types of colour receptors in the
p r
eye:
a) receptors that are more sensitive to r light
w
b) receptors that are more sensitive to g light
waves i
c) receptors that are more sensitive to b light
waves.
fluid optic n
3 The b assesses the information coming from
the different types of light r and then
interprets this information as a p colour, e.g. emerald green.
4 The colours that you can see on a t screen are caused by spots of different-
c light arranged in r .
5 The pattern involves alternating rows r spots g spots
r ,b and g dots. The rows can
be seen with a m lens.
6 Our e detect the relative i of
the red, green and blue signals coming
from the television screen, and the b b
interprets the combined information as a spots
particular c , e.g. purple.
Basic Definitions
visible spectrum =
dispersion =
prism =
wavelength =
primary colour =
secondary colour =
receptors =
3 Why does the moon shine in the night sky even though it is not a light source?
2✔
4 Describe the appearance of the side of the moon that is facing away from the sun.
1✔
5 Study the diagram
of an eclipse shown Earth
opposite, then answer moon
the questions. sun
a) What type of eclipse full eclipse
is it? 1✔ partial eclipse
b) Which heavenly
body is causing the shadow on Earth? 1✔
c) Which type of shadow occurs in the area experiencing a full eclipse? 1✔
d) Which type of shadow occurs in the area experiencing a partial eclipse? 1✔
e) Would the moon be visible just before the eclipse? 1✔ Page total = /26✔
2 What is the name given to a light ray when it is travelling from a light source to a
mirror surface? 1✔
3 What is the name given to the light ray when it has bounced off the surface of a
mirror? 1✔
4 What types of reflecting surfaces are able to form sharp images?
1✔
2 Images are either real or virtual. How can you test whether an image is real or virtual?
3✔
9 Under what two conditions will light rays experience no refraction as they pass into a
new medium?
a)
b) 2✔
Laws of Refraction
1 The 1st Law of Refraction implies that light entering a denser medium will bend
towards the normal. The second law implies that light entering a less dense medium
will bend away from the normal.
a) Which law will light obey when it enters the glass block shown above? 1✔
b) Which law will light obey when it leaves the glass block? 1✔
2 What will happen to the speed of the light when it enters the glass block? 1✔
3 What will happen to the speed of the light when it leaves the glass block? 1✔
4 Describe how light rays change direction at a boundary of two different media.
2✔
2✔
Spectral Colours
1 What is the order of the different-coloured lights making up the visible spectrum,
starting with the most energetic colour? 2✔
2 How could you demonstrate to another student that white light is made up of all the
visible spectrum colours?
2✔
Colour Mixing
1 What is a primary colour?
1✔
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 102 x 100 = ÷ 102 x 100 = % Page total = /25✔
Types of Matter
1 Matter is the stuff that all physical o or s are made out of. Matter
occupies s and will have m .
2 Albert Einstein, in his famous f , E = mc2, proposed that matter and e
were really the same thing. M is just a very concentrated form of energy.
3 Matter can be v (e.g. a rock) or invisible (e.g. ). Some pieces of matter, like
a lump of i , can be held, but other sorts of matter are more difficult to hold on to
such as m .
4 S classify the everyday forms of matter that we encounter into t
states of matter: s ,l and g .
Basic Definitions
matter =
particle theory of matter =
physical properties =
state =
mass =
conductivity =
density =
freezing point =
melting point =
boiling point =
Physical Changes
1 A physical change occurs when there is a change in a physical p of a s .
Physical properties are properties that do involve chemical r .
2 Physical changes are usually easily r because no substances have been
produced as in a c reaction.
3 Changes of state are all
p changes involving the Changes of State and Energy
g or losing of h energy.
gaseous
4 Recall that heat travels
state c
from a h to a c body.
e.g. steam
5 Melting and b both b
require heat to be s to
the substance, e.g. by a b . liquid
6 C and freezing both s state
involve heat being l by the e.g. water
substance to the en .
m
7 A substance in a gas state has Key:
solid a heat
m energy than when in a f
state
l state, which in turn has
e.g. ice l heat
more than when it is a s .
Sublimation
1 Some substances (e.g. dry ice) do have a liquid state, but change straight from a
s to a g state when heated to a certain t .
2 S is the name of the c directly from a solid to a gas.
Basic Definitions
physical change =
melting =
Melting Point =
freezing =
Freezing Point =
boiling =
Boiling Point =
evaporation =
condensation =
sublimation =
Particles in Motion
1 All matter is made of extremely s particles called a . The atoms may be found
i , or in groups called m , or in large n called lattices.
2 Particles of matter are in constant m . Moving particles have k energy.
3 Particles can move in t
distinct ways, depending on their
s and how much e they
possess. Particles may v ,
r or have f m . vibration rotation free motion
fi f -moving f -moving i
particles particles particles particles
melting boiling
freezing condensing
Summary
Changes of s occur when particles gain or loose their f as a result of
gaining or losing t e .
Physical Properties
The p properties of solids, liquids & gases are due to particle m and p .
Particles in Crystals
1 The m particles that crystals are formed out of may be:
a) individual a , such as metal atoms in an iron bar
b) m (small groups of bonded atoms), such as the w molecules in ice
c) i (electrically c atoms or groups of atoms), such as the s and
c ions making up the table salt crystal shown above.
2 M also form crystal structures with their regularly packed a . The crystal
pattern can sometimes be seen when a metal is newly c .
3 Some solids do not form crystals as their matter particles do pack in a regular
way. They are said to be a .
Dissolving Matter
1 When a solid is mixed into a liquid and it d , the solid is said to have
d .
2 Two common examples of dissolving are stirring s crystals into your coffee and
adding s crystals to a saucepan of water.
3 Dissolving is different from melting.
a) In dissolving, two d substances (a s and l ) are mixed together.
b) In melting, a s solid substance turns into a l .
4 In the table there are some terms that describe aspects in the dissolving process.
100
Term Description
s
50 dissolving
d solute
s solvent
s
solution
Solubility Curves
1 Substances that do dissolve (e.g. chalk in water) are called i . Other
substances that will dissolve (e.g. salt in water) are said to be s .
2 Only a limited a of a soluble substance will dissolve in a particular l .
Eventually no m will dissolve.
3 The term s refers to the a of solid that will dissolve in a certain
v of a liquid.
4 The solubility of a substance depends on three factors:
a) the nature of the s (solid)
b) the n of the solvent (l )
c) the t of the solvent.
5 The solubility of a substance is given as the number of g of the s that will
d in grams of a particular l .
6 When no more solid will dissolve the solution is said to be s .
7 As solution can be described as d or c .
a) A dilute solution has a l concentration of s particles.
b) A concentrated solution has a h concentration of solute p .
8 As the t of the solvent increases, m solid will dissolve. The solubility
of a substance at different temperatures can be
plotted on a s c . Solubility Curve for Sugar in Water
Dissolved sugar (g/100g of H2O)
100
9 The number of grams of sugar (the s ) that 90
will dissolve in 100 grams of water (the s ) 80
at different water temperatures has been 70
Basic Definitions
crystal =
lattice =
ions =
amorphous =
dissolving =
solute =
solvent =
solution =
solubility =
saturated solution =
Solubility Curves
h m c
1 The solubility of a solute in a particular
Explaining Dissolving solvent at different temperatures can
be plotted on a s c .
1 To form a solution, a s (a solid)
must d in a s (a liquid). 2 A d solution has a low
concentration of s particles;
2 Dissolving occurs because: ac solution has a h
a) the solvent particles a the concentration of solute particles.
o particles of the s 3 When more solute particles will
b) the outer particles of the solute dissolve in a s , the solution is said
break f and mix with the s to be s .
particles.
Matter
1 What do scientists mean by the term ‘matter ’?
2✔
2 What did Einstein propose about matter?
2✔
3 What are the three states of everyday matter? 1✔
Composition of Matter
1 What is the name given to the basic building blocks of matter? 1✔
2 What is the scientific term used to describe the electrical force that holds together
the building blocks of matter? 1✔
3 The building blocks can be arranged in three different ways. What are they?
• • • 3✔
3✔
5 Describe the general physical properties of solids.
3✔
6 Each substance will have specific temperatures at which changes of state occur.
Describe the changes of state that occur at the following temperatures.
a) Boiling Point:
b) Freezing Point:
c) Melting Point: 3✔
7 What theory is used to account for the differences between the three states of
matter? 1✔
What does the theory state?
2✔ Page total = /33✔
3 Steam can cause a more serious skin burn than boiling water. Why is this so?
2✔
2✔
2 What observation of the behaviour of gases suggests that the particles forming
gases are well spaced out? 1✔
3 Why does a liquid take the shape of a container in which it is held?
1✔
4 Why does a liquid not expand to fill the container in which it is held?
1✔
5 The diagrams below represent the particles in different states of matter.
a) Which diagram represents a solid? 1✔
What features indicate this?
2✔
b) Which diagram represents a gas? 1✔ A B C
What features indicate this?
2✔
c) Which diagram represents a liquid? What features indicate this?
3✔
2✔
2 The diagram opposite shows the particles making up a salt crystal.
What does the diagram suggest about the arrangement of
particles of matter in a crystal?
1✔
3 What relationship does the arrangement of particles in a crystal
have to its overall shape?
2✔
4 What are the three types of particles that crystals can be formed out of?
• • • 3✔
5 Name the geometrical shapes
shown by the crystals shown in
the three photos on the right.
a) b) c)
3✔
6 The photo above left shows obsidian (volcanic glass), which has no crystalline
structure. What are such solids called? 1✔
Dissolving Matter
1 The diagram opposite shows sugar being dissolved in 100
c atoms combine to
give sodium ch
crystals. • a soft grey metal that
• a thick
• a harmless white solid
green gas
3 Compounds are formed in burns and fizzes in water that is poisonous made of crystals
chemical r .
4 Compounds have different p and c properties from the e out of
which they are made.
5 Each compound has fi proportions of d atoms:
a) Table salt ( ) has e numbers of sodium and chloride atoms.
b) Water ( 2 ) always has t as many hydrogen atoms as o atoms.
6 The chemical name of a compound often indicates which e it is made of,
e.g. carbon dioxide contains c and o atoms, magnesium chloride contains
m and c atoms.
Sorting Substances
1 C are scientists who study the p and b of chemicals.
2 C is the study of all chemicals that exist both inside and outside of the
l .
3 Substances can be c into t groups.
Basic Definitions
chemicals =
elements =
atom =
compounds =
mixture =
reaction =
chemistry =
Model A – Space-filling
1 Atoms are too s to be seen directly even with the most powerful m ,
although recently s have been able to create i representing the s
of actual atoms.
2 Scientists use m to imagine what a might be like.
3 When scientists first discovered that m was made of atoms they thought that
atoms were s and i , rather like extremely small b b .
4 This model proved to be i , but it does help us to understand s of
m and how atoms are a in m .
5 In the s -filling model of molecules:
a) each t of atom is represented by a different c ball
b) the s of the balls indicate the r size of the atoms
c) the n of balls involved shows the number of the
d types of atoms
d) the balls are c to show how the atoms are b in the molecule.
Neutral Atoms t
1 Usually atoms are considered to have the s number n
of e as p . This makes atoms e charges
n or uncharged, as the n of positive charges
+
in the nucleus is b by the number of n
charges on the e flying around it. + +
2 For example, the lithium atom shown opposite has t
t
protons in its nucleus and t electrons flying around
p
the nucleus. Three n charges on the electrons
charges
balance the three positive charges in the nucleus giving
an un lithium atom.
3 Atoms can g or l electrons. This results in c atoms called i .
Atomic Number +
+ + +
1 Elements are p substances formed from
+ + +
o type of a only, e.g. the element sodium
+ + +
contains only s atoms. +
2 Atoms of an element all have the s number n e
of p . For example, all sodium atoms have p
protons. The number of protons is called the
A N . The Atomic Number of sodium
a is always 11.
3 The number of p in the nucleus of an atom determines what t of atom it is.
For example, all atoms that have 11 p are classified as s atoms.
e
Model C – Energy Shells
s
1 As new discoveries were made the e s model was developed.
a) Electrons occupy d shells depending on their e level.
b) Each shell can accommodate up to a certain n of electrons.
c) The i shell can be occupied by up to t electrons.
d) The second shell can be filled with up to e electrons. fir
st shel
l
sec
d) The t shell can be filled with up to eighteen e . ond shell
2 Energy shells are really areas of s where the electrons are likely to be f .
3 Whether an atom has f or partly full shells affects how it r with other a .
Neutral Atoms
Chemical Reactions
1 A chemical reaction involves c chemicals to give n chemicals or b
down a chemical to give new chemicals.
2 The starting chemicals are the r . reaction
r p
3 The new chemicals formed are the p .
4 A reaction involves a
c from r v reacts with baking to give c
into p . liquid s d gas
5 The diagram opposite
summarises the r p
reaction shown above.
Chemical Properties
1 Chemical properties describe how a substance r when heated with o chemicals.
2 Chemists are interested in:
a) the s of the reaction Chemical Properties
b) the p formed in the reaction.
1 Reaction when h
3 The strength with which a substance reacts with
2 Reaction with o gas
another is called its r .
3 Reaction with w
4 Important chemical properties of a substance are
listed in the table opposite. 4 Reactions with ac
5 Acids are chemicals that turn litmus paper r , e.g. 5 Reactions with al
v ,l juice and hydrochloric acid. Alkalis 6 Reactions with m
are chemicals that turn l paper b , e.g. oven
cleaners, det and sodium hydroxide. 7 Reactions with n -metals
Recording Reactions
1 Inside the shuttle’s main engine h and o gases burn
in a controlled explosion called c . The gases combine to
produce s and huge amounts of heat energy. The heat causes
the steam to e rapidly, which f the gas out of the
back of the rocket, thus powerfully p the shuttle forwards.
2 There are different ways in which the chemical reaction involved
can be described.
a) As a w description:
‘Hydrogen gas r with oxygen gas t g steam plus heat.’
b) As a word equation:
‘H gas + o gas ➜ s +h ’
The ‘ ’ symbol stands for ‘reacts with’ and the ‘ ’ symbol stands for ‘to give’.
c) As a chemical equation:
‘ 2 + 2 ➜ 2 + heat’
H2 is the formula for a hydrogen m ; O2 is the f for an oxygen
molecule; and H2O is the formula for a w molecule.
d) As a diagrammatic equation as shown opposite. +
Elements and Compounds
1 An e is a chemical formed out of o type of atom only, e.g. oxygen gas and
hydrogen gas are elements.
2 A c is a chemical formed when atoms of d elements are
b +
together. For example, water (H2O) is a compound because each of
its m contain t atoms of hydrogen bonded to o atom of oxygen.
3 During a chemical reaction, atoms may be c or they may be s .
4 Atoms from two e can be combined in
ar to form a c , for example: +
H2 + O2 ➜ H2O
Element: Element: Compound:
5 Atoms in a c can also be s to h o w
form the original e , for example:
W ➜ h gas + o gas
or: +
E :
H2O ➜ H2 + O2 C : water E : hydrogen oxygen
Basic Definitions
physical change =
chemical change =
chemical reaction =
reactants =
products =
reactivity =
combustion =
word equation =
chemical equation =
element =
compound =
Gas Particles
1 In gases, the particles of m are completely f to move
about and they travel very f . This means that the particles
are well s out, and that gases are l and have no fixed Argon gas
s or v .
Hydrogen gas
2 The particles of a few gases are s atoms, e.g. argon gas
consists of argon a flying around by themselves.
3 The particles of most gases are m - small g of atoms
that are b together. Examples include oxygen and hydrogen gas.
Oxygen Gas
1 Oxygen is a gas that living things need for r (energy-
releasing) . It is made by p during sunlight hours by
p (food-making).
2 The gas is t and exists as m of t oxygen
Oxygen
atoms bonded together. The formula for oxygen gas is 2.
gas (O2)
3 Oxygen gas can be made in the lab by passing an electrical molecules
current through w .H gas is made as well.
4 Oxygen can also be made by breaking down a liquid called hydrogen
p (H2O2). A small amount of a b chemical called manganese
dioxide is added to the c liquid. Manganese dioxide acts as a
c - a chemical that speeds up a reaction but which is not a
r . The reaction is:
H p ➜ o gas + w H 2O 2 ➜ 2 + 2
t -tube of l m
un gas splint chips
Basic Definitions
molecule =
catalyst =
combustion =
density =
solubility =
glowing splint test =
pop test =
limewater test =
3✔
6 Why does the chemical formula for water (H2O) suggest that it is not an element?
2✔
7 Elements can be classified as either metals or non-metals. What do metal elements
have in common?
2✔
Chemical Symbols
1 What are two rules used in naming elements?
a)
b) 2✔
2 What are the names of the elements that the following symbols stand for?
•H– •C– •N– •O– • Cl –
• Mg – •S– • He – • Cu – • Si – 10✔
Mixtures
1 What is a mixture?
2✔
Compounds
1 What is a compound?
2✔
3 How would you know from the formula of a chemical that it was a compound? 1✔
Atomic Models
Diagrams of three models
of the atom are shown
opposite. fir l
st shel
1 What are models A, B sec
ond shell
and C called?
Model A Model B Model C
A=
B= B= 3✔
2 What did model A suggest about the nature of atoms?
1✔
Sub-Atomic Particles
1 How are protons and neutrons similar? 1✔
2 How do protons & neutrons differ? 1✔
3 How are protons and electrons similar? 1✔
4 How do protons and electrons differ?
4✔
5 What stops the high-speed electrons from leaving their atoms? 1✔
Page total = /28✔
Chemical Reactions
1 What are the two possible processes that can occur in chemical reactions?
a)
b) 2✔
Recording Reactions
The photo shows a strip of magnesium ribbon burning in oxygen in the air.
a) What observations indicate that a chemical reaction is occurring?
2✔
b) What are the reactants? 1✔
c) What will be the product of this reaction? 1✔
d) Write a word equation for this reaction.
1✔
e) Write a chemical (formula) equation for the reaction. 1✔
Describing Reactions
The photo opposite shows baking soda reacting with vinegar to produce
a frothy gas. When the gas was collected it was found that it would
extinguish a flame and turn limewater cloudy when it was bubbled through
it.
a) Baking soda is a compound with the formula NaHCO3. What are the
four elements present in this compound?
1✔
b) How many atoms are there in each molecule of this compound? 1✔
c) What are the reactants in the reaction? 1✔
d) What is the name of the gas that is a product of this reaction? 1✔
e) Is this gas an element or a compound?
1✔
f) How do you know?
2✔ Page total = /27✔
3 Gases can be formed from two types of particles. What are they?
1✔
4 What will happen if a gas is released into a sealed empty container?
1✔
5 Why does this occur? 1✔
Gas Properties
1 The following questions are about the properties of the gases hydrogen, oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
a) Which gas is the least dense?
b) Which gas is reasonably soluble in water?
c) Which gas would need the coldest temperature to turn into a liquid?
d) Which gas is the most abundant in the air?
e) Which gas does not have a liquid state? 5✔
2 What physical properties do these three gases have in common?
2✔
Producing Gases
The equipment shown opposite is being used to produce oxygen gas.
1 What would be the liquid in the flask? 1✔
2 The black solid in the flask is manganese dioxide. What is its role
in the reaction?
1✔
3 Write a word equation for the reaction. 1✔
4 Why is the gas being collected underwater? 1✔
5 Why is the collection test-tube upside down?
2✔
The equipment shown opposite is being used to produce carbon dioxide gas.
6 What would be the liquid in the flask? 1✔
7 What would the white lumps in the flask be? 1✔
8 Complete this word equation for the reaction.
Calcium carbonate + h a ➜ calcium chloride + c +w 1✔
9 Why is the gas collection test-tube the right way up?
1✔
10What happens to the air that was in the test-tube? 1✔
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 108 x 100 = ÷ 108 x 100 = % Page total = /23✔
The Sun
s
1 The sun is only a m -sized star, but this star is a fl
still a h ball with a d of 1.4 million kilometres.
2 Our star is mostly made of incredibly hy and
he gases.
3 The sun’s g causes the gases to form a s .
4 N reactions occur inside the sun as h gas
is changed into h gas. This releases vast amounts
of h energy, which keeps the i temperature of
the sun as high as 14 °C.
5 The s temperature of the sun is about °C. The photo shows a s flare
occurring on the surface of the s .
6 R energy streams out in directions away from the sun. This energy b
the planets. We experience it as s and h from the sun.
The Planets
1 Satellites are h bodies that orbit l bodies. The planets are n
satellites that travel at h speed around the s .
2 All of the planets are s because of the g attraction between the
p making up the planet, particularly when the planet is in a g or l state.
3 Some planets are in a g state, some are in a s state, and one (N ) is in
a liquid state. Only Earth has a solid c , liquid o and a gaseous a .
4 Earth is the t largest planet in size after the gas giants J and S .
5 The planets travel in o around the sun, but at different d away. Earth is
the t closest plant after M and V .
6 The time taken for a planet p pl
to complete orbit around s o
the sun is called its p .
7 The d from the sun
affects how much h
a planet receives. This m l o
determines the a surface t of the planet. Distant planets are c .
8 Most planets have their own n satellites called m . Earth has just .
Staying in Orbit
1 The planets have all moved in r orbits around the s for
several b years.
2 The planets hurtle forward at h speed and would continue on in a s line
heading out of the Solar System if a f did not restrain them.
3 The pull of the sun’s g forces the planets to travel in c paths.
4 All of the planets orbit in the same d around the sun, and the orbits lie in the
same flat p . This is due to the way the Solar System was f originally.
Basic Definitions
Solar System =
planet =
star =
gravity =
nuclear reaction =
satellite =
moon =
meteorite =
protoplanet =
Nuclear-Powered Stars
1 A star is a h ball of g burning in a nuclear f . At the centre of stars
incredibly high t and p keep the n reactions going.
2 In a nuclear reaction a s amount of matter is changed into v amounts of
e . (Einstein said that matter was highly c energy.)
3 Much of this energy streams out into s as different types of r (g and
-rays; l ,u -v ,i -r and r waves).
4 Life on Earth is dependent on our nearest star as the source of
l and infra-red (h ) radiation. The a protects
organisms from other h types of radiation.
5 R telescopes detect radio waves emitted by s .
A radio telescope
Types of Stars
1 Stars vary in their s ,m ,c ,c ,t ,s and l .
2 Bigger stars usually burn h ,b and f . Smaller stars are c ,
f and last l . The sun is a
m sized star h through b
its lifespan. b
3 Stars are c according to their
size, brightness and temperature. s g
r g
4 The diagram shows the relative s of
different t of stars. Stars above
the horizontal line are b than the h c
sun. Stars to the left of the vertical line
are h than the sun. s
5 Most stars are found somewhere on the w d r
main s as indicated by the dotted d
line.
y star r g w d
4 B stars (10 times bigger) expand to become s giants. The c of the super
giant collapses in a s explosion, leaving a small incredibly d n star.
b s n
s g s s
5 Very large stars (100 times bigger than the sun) exist for a relatively s time and
then explode in a h s . They collapse into a b hole from which nothing
can escape, including l .
Galaxies
1 Galaxies are huge c of stars. Many look like flattened
d with a bump in the middle as shown in the photo.
2 The sun is in the M W galaxy, which is about 100,000
l years across and contains about 200 b stars.
3 The nearest galaxy to our galaxy is 2.2 million away and has 300 billion s . There
are hundreds of millions of galaxies in the u .
Basic Definitions
star =
Light Year =
nuclear reactions =
radiation =
supernova =
neutron star =
galaxies =
black hole =
big bang =
A Spinning Globe
1 The planet is s around, and as it moves parts of the s
previously in the d become illuminated by the s .
2 Earth spins around an a running through its north and south p .
It spins e . Any spot on the planet is a moving eastward.
3 It takes o whole Earth d for the planet to complete one r
(spin) about its a .
4 Earth’s spinning causes d and n , as parts of the planet move and o of sunlight.
Keeping in Orbit
1 The Earth has orbited the sun for b of years, travelling in a c path
around the s once each y .
2 G makes the p travel in its circular path.
3 Earth hurtles f through space at kilometres per second. Momentum would
keep it moving in a s line out of the S System away from the s , if a
f did not act to make it move in its c pathway.
4 The sun is a much l object than Earth and has a huge m . Massive objects
exert a very s force of a on other objects.
5 The sun’s g pulls sideways on Earth causing it to follow a c path around
the s instead of going on in a straight line.
6 Fortunately, the sun’s gravity is not t strong, otherwise the planet would be pulled
into a s with a fiery ending. If the attraction was w , Earth would move into
an orbit f away from the sun and eventually the planet would become too c
to s life.
7 The s of the force of gravity acting between the sun and Earth depends on
the m of the sun, the mass of E , as well as the d between them.
8 Gravity keeps Earth in o around the sun like a stone t on a string.
pull of s
g
E
o m
Basic Definitions
equator =
axis =
Earth day =
orbit =
Earth year =
momentum =
friction =
gravity =
Basic Definitions
biosphere =
chlorophyll =
ionosphere =
stratosphere =
troposphere =
infra-red radiation =
combustion =
fossil fuel =
greenhouse gases =
global warming =
Earth’s Appearance
1 Why does Earth appear to be blue and white from out in space?
a) blue:
b) white: 2✔
Earth’s Movements
1 Complete the table below describing some aspects of Earth’s spinning motion.
4 How long does it take the moon to complete one orbit around Earth? 1✔
5 What two things do the orbits of Earth and the moon have in common?
a) 1✔
b) 1✔
6 How does the diagram support the idea that only the sun is a light source?
2✔
7 What causes the phases of the moon?
2✔ Page total = /22✔
The Sun
1 What occurs inside the sun?
2✔
2 What are three ways in which the sun influences planet Earth?
a)
b)
c) 3✔
The Planets
1 What is a planet? 1✔
The Moon
Complete the table below describing some aspects of the moon.
Stars brighter
blue
1 The chart opposite classifies stars accord-
ing to three aspects. What are they?
super giant
• • • 3✔ red giants
2 How would a blue star compare with the
sun?
2✔ hotter cooler
3 How would a red star compare with the
sun
sun?
2✔ white dwarves red
dimmer
4 How would a white dwarf star compare with the
sun? 2✔
5 Compare the behaviour of bigger and smaller stars.
2✔
Galaxies
1 What is the Milky Way? 1✔
2 Describe the overall shape of the Milky Way.
2✔
Importance of Photosynthesis
1 What is the immediate source of energy for all organisms?
1✔
2 Why are producers, such as the giant kelp shown in the photo,
essential in all communities?
2✔
3 How do animals obtain the food molecules they require to meet
their energy needs?
2✔
Greenhouse Effect
1 The ‘greenhouse effect’ explains why Earth is 30°C warmer than expected, given its
distance from the sun. Briefly describe how this happens.
3✔
2 List three negative effects of excess carbon dioxide being added to the atmosphere.
3✔
Test Total = total ✔’s ÷ 101 x 100 = ÷ 101 x 100 = % Page total = /25✔