Crim 111

UNIT 1- INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology is generally considered to be one of the many branches of

sociology. It is the study of many aspects of crime and transgressive behavior such
as its reason, forecast and control. This topic will introduce to the students/learners
the basic concepts of the study of criminology. This includes the historical
background and development in the field of criminology, the different professional
subjects of the criminology course, the scope and divisions of the study of
criminology, the importance of studying criminology, the purposes of studying
criminology, the areas of study in Philippine criminology, and the four (4) objects of
interest in criminology. Specifically, this segment will explore foundational ideas that
frame understanding to the subject matter (criminology).
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. define criminology;
2. outline/trace the historical development of criminology;
3. Identify the different professional subjects of the criminology course;
4. distinguish criminologist, criminalist, and criminal justice practitioner;
5. value the worth of PEACE and PCAP in the field of Criminology;
6. appreciate the importance of studying criminology;
7. determine the four (4) objects of interest of criminology;
8. demonstrate an ability to synthesize knowledge from different criminology
school of thought
I. INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
Topics:
Lesson 1: What is Criminology?

Lesson 2: What are the professional subjects of criminology course in the
Philippines?
Lesson 3: Who is a Criminologist?
Lesson 4: Who is a Criminalist?
Lesson 5: Who is a Criminal Justice Practitioner?
Lesson 6: What school in the Philippines first offered criminology course?
Lesson 7: What is PEACE in the field of criminology?
Lesson 8: What is PCAP
Activity - Prior Knowledge Check
Matching Type
Instructions: Write your answer in the answer on a separate sheet of paper. Just
write the letter only that correspond the correct answer. 1 point each item.
1. Criminology a. Study of crime and criminals

2. Latin word crimen means b. Accusation
1
3. Coined the term criminology c. Raffaele Garofalo
4. Year of origin of criminology in general d. 18th Century
5. Professional subjects e. Core and Major subjects
6. Criminologist f. Criminology Licensure Passer
7. Criminalist g. Trained in forensic science
8. First school offered criminology h. Philippine College of Criminology
9. Legitimate organization of criminologist i. PCAP
10. “Nullapoena sine lege” j. Due process of Law
Analysis:
Instructions: Conceptualize. What can you say about this picture presented below?
Feel free to write your responses or observations on a separate sheet of paper.
LESSON 1: What is Criminology?
Crimen = a Latin Logia = a Greek

term which means word which means
crime or offense study
The term “Criminology” was derived from the Latin word crimen, which
means “crime or offense” and the Greek word logia for “logy” or study which means
“the social science approach to the study of crime as an individual and social
phenomenon”. In 1885, Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo coined the term
“criminology” (in Italian criminologia).
According to Edwin H. Sutherland is a body of knowledge regarding crime

as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the process of making laws
(Sociology of Laws), of breaking laws (Etiology of Crimes), and of reacting toward the
breaking of laws (Penology). It may refer also to the study of crimes and criminals
and the attempt of analyzing scientifically their causes and control and the treatment
of criminals.
According to Bartol, criminology is a multidisciplinary study of crimes. This

means that many disciplines are involved in the collection of knowledge about
2
criminal activity, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology, neurology,
political science and economics.
Criminology Historical Setting
The origins of criminology are in general dated from the late 18th century,
when those filled with spirit of humanitarianism began questioning the arbitrariness,
inefficiency and brutality of criminal justice and prison system. The classical school
of criminology, created of such reformers as the Italian Cesare Beccaria and
Jeremy Bentham, they have sought legal and penological reforms rather than
criminological knowledge. Their main plan was to mitigate legal penalties and subject
judges to the principle of “nullapoena sine lege” or “due process of law” and
secondly, humanize penal institutions. In all this they were moderately triumphant,
but in their desire to make criminal justice “just’, they tried to construct rather abstract
and artificial equations between crimes and penalties, thereby forgetting the personal
characteristics and needs of the individual criminal. Moreover, the object of
punishment was seen as being primarily retribution, with deterrence occupying
second place, and reformation or rehabilitation lagging far behind.
By the second half of 19th century with dominant teachings of the French
sociologist Aguste Comte, had prepared the ground for Positivist School, which
sought to bring scientific neutrality into criminological studies. Instead of assuming a
moral stance that centered on measuring the criminal’s guilt and responsibility, the
positivist attempted a morally neutral and social interpretation of crime and its
remedy. Their primarily figure, Cesare Lombroso, professor of psychiatry and
anthropology at the University of Turin, sought through firsthand observation and
measurement of prison inmates to determine the characteristics of criminal types. He
and other positivists helped to introduced the ideas that crime has various causes
and that most criminals are not born criminal but are shaped by their environmental
upbringing and associations.
In recent decades, criminology has undergone an important and perfectly

legitimate extension of its territory by devoting much attention to so-called
“victimology” the study of the victim of crime, his relations to the criminal, and his role
as potential causal factor in crime.
LESSON 2: What are the Professional Subjects of Criminology Course in the

Philippines?
3
The following are the professional courses/subjects under criminology course:
A. Core Courses/Subjects
B. Criminal Law and Jurisprudence (CLJ)
CLJ 1- Introduction to Philippine Criminal
Justice System
CJJ 2- Human Rights Education
CLJ 3- Criminal Law (Book 1)
CLJ 4- Criminal Law (Book 2)
CLJ 5- Evidence
CLJ 6- Criminal Procedure and Court
Testimony
C. Major Courses/Subjects
Sociology of Crimes and Ethics

Criminology 1- Introduction to Criminology
Criminology 2- Theories of Crime Causation
Criminology 3- Human Behavior and
Victimology
Criminology 4- Professional Conduct and
Ethical Standards
Criminology 5- Juvenile Delinquency and
Juvenile Justice System
Criminology 6- Dispute Resolution and Crises/Incidents Management
Criminology 7- Criminological Research 1 (Res. Methods w/ Applied Stat.)
Criminology 8- Criminological Research 2 (Thesis Writing & Presentation)
Law Enforcement Administration (LEA)

LEA 1- Police Administration (Inter-agency
approach)
LEA 2- Comparative Models in Policing
LEA 3- Introduction to Industrial Security
Concepts
LEA 4- Law Enforcement Operation and
Planning with Crime Mapping
Forensic Science (FORSCI) or
Criminalistics
FORSCI 1- Forensic Photography
FORSCI 2- Personal Identification Techniques
FORSCI 3- Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
FORSCI 4- Questioned Documents
Examination
FORSCI 5- Lie Detection Techniques
FORSCI 6- Forensic Ballistics
Criminal Detection and Investigation (CDI)
CDI 1- Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation
and Intelligence
4
CDI 2- Specialized Crime Investigation 1 with
Legal Medicine
CDI 3- Specialized Crime Investigation 2 with
Simulation on Interrogation
CDI 4- Traffic Management and Accident
Investigation with Driving
CDI 5- Technical English 1 (Invest. Report Writing and Presentation)
CDI 6- Fire Protection and Arson Investigation
CDI 7- Vice and Drug Education and Control
CDI 8- Technical English 2 (Legal Forms)
CDI 9- Introduction to Cybercrime and Environmental Laws and Protection
Correctional Administration (CA)

CA 221- Institutional Corrections
CA 311- Non-Institutional Corrections
CA 321- Therapeutic Modalities
Criminology Practicum (CP)

Criminology Practicum 1
Criminology Practicum 2
Character Formation (CFLM)

Character Formation 1- Nationalism and
Patriotism
Character Formation 2- Leadership, Decision
Making, Management
and Administration
The Courses Descriptions:
Criminal Law and Jurisprudence (CLJ)

1. CLJ 1- Introduction to Philippine Criminal Justice system
This subject is the study of the five pillars of criminal justice in the Philippines-
law enforcement, the prosecution, the courts, the corrections and the community.
It also covers pillar’s respective functional relationships as well as individual roles
in the administration of the justice system in the solution of crime.
2. CLJ 2- Human Rights Education
This course covers the civil and political rights of a person living in the
Philippines by reason of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
5
3. CLJ 3- Criminal Law 1 (Revised Penal Code, Book 1)
This includes the study of the general provisions of the Revised Penal Code,
Special Criminal Statutes of the Philippines, Presidential Decrees and Letters of
Instructions and cases relative thereto.
4. CLJ 4- Criminal Law 2 (Revised Penal Code, Book 2)
This deals with the study of crimes and penalties, study of the elements of
crime embodied in the Revised Penal Code Book 2, the circumstances which
affect criminal liabilities and including the study of jurisprudence.
5. CLJ 5- Evidence
This deals with the study of the fundamental principles of criminal evidence as
embodied in the Rules of Court; designed especially in relation to police matters
to make evidence available, competent and relevant in any proceeding before
any court, tribunal or body exercising quasi-judicial functions.
6. CLJ 6- Criminal Procedure and Court Testimony
This course focuses on the Rules of Court on Criminal Procedure and cases
covering the law on arrest, searches and seizures, rules of preliminary
investigation, the granting of bail, and the rights of the accused. This includes
observation, enactment and the participation of the police officers in the judicial
processes. Finally, it prepares the students in their chosen profession, as they
will soon play an active and direct role in the prosecution of offenses in court.
Sociology of Crimes and Ethics
1. Criminology 1- Introduction to Criminology
This presents an overview of the different schools of thought in criminology;

theories that explain criminal behavior; techniques for measuring the
characteristics of criminals, crime, and victims; the interrelatedness of theory,
policy, and practice in the criminal justice system; and, current issues and studies
in criminology.
2. Criminology 2- Theories of Crime Causation
This foundational course covers a comprehensive examination of the major

theories of crime causation, including biological, psychological, economic and
sociological perspective that help increase understanding why certain crimes
happen.
3. Criminology 3- Human Behavior & Victimology
This course covers the study on human behavior with emphasis on concept of
human development and abnormal behavior. It also includes the study of
6
victimization, the role of community and techniques in assisting offender’s
reintegration and victim’s recovery.
4. Criminology 4- Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards
This gives emphasis on a humanity-oriented discipline intended to develop an

understanding of the norms of appropriate action in public safety; the basic
issues including the legal and moral duties of public safety officers towards the
community.
5. Criminology 5- Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice System
This deals with the etiology of delinquency and criminal behavior and the
factors that bring about juvenile delinquency; prevention and control of teenage
crime and manner of combating it.
6. Criminology 6- Dispute Resolution and Crises/Incidents Management
This focuses on understanding abnormal behavior in relation to crime and the

adoption of strategies and tactics in dealing with potential and actual crises. It
includes the art of negotiation and the application of appropriate force during an
emergency situation.
7. Criminology 7- Criminological Research 1 (Research Methods with Applied

Statistics)
This explores the different ways in which criminological research is carried

out. It introduces the basic concepts and processes in research design, sampling,
data collection, and data analysis. A variety of quantitative and qualitative
methods will be discussed including experiments and quasi-experiments,
surveys, interviews, case studies, content analysis, and field research.
8. Criminology 8- Criminological Research 2 (Thesis Writing and Presentation)
This course gives an opportunity to produce and defend a thesis under

supervision in the field of criminology. This is a process-oriented writing
course that integrates reading, research, writing, and oral presentations. This will
carry out a research project on a legal topic of interest.
Law Enforcement Administration (LEA)
1. LEA 1- Police Administration (Inter-Agency Approach)
This includes the study of the principles underlying the police organization
and management of the police with particular focus on the Constitutional
mandate, Republic Act 6975 and Republic Act 8551 together with previous laws
and issuances relating thereto. It includes the organizational structure and
administration of the Philippine National Police, both national and local levels.
2. LEA 2- Comparative Models in Policing
7
This covers the comparison of selected police models and their relation with
Interpol (International Police) and UN (United Nations) bodies in the campaign
against transnational crimes and in the promotion of world peace.
3. LEA 3- Introduction to Industrial Security Concepts
This covers the organizational set-up, administration and operation of security

agencies, special police and investigation agencies. It deals with the study of the
Private Security Agency Law and its implementing rules and regulations; loss
prevention and assets protection program; and the different methods and
techniques used by security agencies in their law enforcement activities.
4. LEA 4- Law Enforcement Operation and Planning with Crime Mapping
This covers the organizational set-up of a patrol force, its functions and
responsibilities, to include types of patrol, strategies, tactics and techniques. This
includes planning to equip the students with knowledge on the development of
effective plans, particularly on strategies and tactics for effective operations.
Forensic Science (FORSCI) or Criminalistics
1. Forensic 1- Forensic Photography
This course introduces knowledge in police photography that will primarily

help students in their pursuit of learning in the field of criminalistics; provides
basic aspect of forensic photography which will be applied in the performance of
laboratory exercises to further enhance knowledge and skills that will afford
opportunity in developing abilities and skills of students through actualization of
the gained knowledge; illustrates strict requirements of forensic photography to
gain proper techniques in photographing and documenting crime scene and
evidences that will conform to universally and legally accepted practice for future
court presentation.
2. Forensic 2- Personal Identification Techniques
This covers the fundamental study of ancient and modern methods of

personal identification with emphasis on dactyloscopy, Onthodontology and
Palmistry, which embraces the identification and comparison of fingerprint
patterns and ridge characteristics.
3. Forensic 3- Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
This course deals with the application of chemical principles in the solution of
crimes. Like the other forensic sciences, Forensic Chemistry plays a very
important part in the speedy investigation and in the administration of justice.
4. Forensic 4- Questioned Documents Examination
8
This covers the scientific methods of identification and examination of
questionable documents, handwriting examination, detection of forgery,
falsification and counterfeiting of documents which stress the procedures of
restoring and deciphering erasures and obliterations.
5. Forensic 5- Lie Detection Techniques
This deals with the study of lie detection and interrogation. It covers the
methods and techniques of conducting polygraph examination and other
conventional methods of detecting deception.
6. Forensic 6- Forensic Ballistics
This involves scientific study of firearm identification with the use of laboratory
examination. The subject gives emphasis on the study of ammunitions,
projectiles, gunpowder, primer and explosives, including the use of the bullet
comparison microscope.
Crime Detection and Investigation (CDI)
1. CDI 1- Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
This covers the concepts and principles of Criminal Investigation including the
modern technique in Crime Detection and Investigation. This also includes
modern techniques in processing the crime scene involving murder, homicide,
rape, robbery, etc.
2. CDI 2- Specialized Crime Investigation 1 with Legal Medicine
This involves a special study of modern techniques in the investigation of

crimes penalized under special laws. This includes also the application of medical
science in crime investigation with emphasis on human anatomy and physiology,
the medico-legal aspects of physical injuries, deaths and crimes, abortion,
infanticide, paternity and filiations, impotency, sterility and poisoning.
3. CDI 3- Specialized Crime Investigation 2 with Simulation on Interrogation

and Interview
This course explores the fundamental and advanced features of criminal

investigation, duties and responsibilities of the investigator, and information-
gathering skills, collection, preservation, and testing of evidence, surveillance and
undercover work, modus operandi, use of technology, types of evidence, and the
science of criminalistics. Also examine methods of apprehension and crime
prevention and suppression techniques of serious and special crimes.
4. CDI 4- Traffic Management and Accident Investigation with Driving
9
This includes fundamentals of traffic safety education, enforcement,
engineering, techniques in vehicular and pedestrian direction and control,
techniques in point and inter-sectional vehicle-volume determination for
emergency and priority control; study of different traffic decrees, codes in national
and local levels; techniques in the preparation of selective enforcement plans and
policies for special and emergency traffic situations; methods and procedures in
the use of the hand signals and electric signal lights.
5. CDI 5- Technical English 1 (Investigative Report Writing and Presentation)
This course covers strategic approach in report writing; how to write

effectively and convincingly; presenting information logically and coherently.
6. CDI 6- Fire Protection and Arson Investigation
This covers the principles of fire technology and its behavior. It also emphasis
fire investigation and the role of firefighters during fire suppression and
investigation.
7. CDI 212- Vice and Drug Education and Control
This includes the study of Drug Abuse Prevention and Education Program of
the government as well as recognition, nature and extent of drug problems;
causes and influence of drug abuse; origin; identification and classification of
commonly abused drugs; prohibited and regulated drugs and symptoms of drug
abused.
8. CDI 411- Technical English 2 (Legal Forms)
The course covers the importance of police report writing, internalized the
concepts of legal forms which includes Judicial Affidavit, Affidavit of Complaint,
Deposition of Witness, Affidavit of Arrest, Application of search warrant,
memorandum for preliminary investigation, motion for reconsideration, notice of
appeal and similar forms. The functions and application of police report writing in
investigative process and the application of new technology in Crime Incident
Reporting System (CIRS).
9. CDI 412- Introduction to Cybercrime and Environmental Laws and

Protection
This course covers the study of the concepts and principles of environment
specifically on ecosystem and biodiversity, various threats to their existence and
its impact on humankind. It includes the study of relevant environmental laws and
jurisprudence, the detection, investigation, and gathering of evidence in the
prosecution of cases.
10
Correctional Administration (CA)
1. CA 1- Institutional Corrections
This covers an examination of the history, philosophy and objectives of

imprisonment and the development of prisons.
2. CA 2- Non-Institutional Corrections
This covers the Presidential decree 968, otherwise known as the probation
system in the Philippines, its historical background, philosophy, concepts and
operation as a new correctional system, investigation, selection and condition of
probation, distinction between incarceration, parole, probation and other forms of
executive clemency, total involvement of probation in the administration of the
criminal Justice System.
3. CA 3- Therapeutic Modalities
This course covers the review on laws on human rights, different forms of
human rights violation, government programs for the welfare of the victims,
treatment models, and the developmental aspects of therapeutic modalities.
Criminology Practicum (CP)
1. Criminology Practicum 1- Internship (OJT 1)
This is intended to develop an understanding and exposure in the Psychology

and Sociology of Crimes, Crime Detection and Investigation and Criminalistics,
actual operation of PNP, BJMP, BFP, PPA, LGU-MDRRM and Security
Agencies, and such other agencies comprising the five (5) pillars of the Criminal
Justice System and the relationship between them as a supplement and in
conjunction with the academic program; off-campus or practicum program in
selected police agencies; actual field work, observation and practice of police
tasks, activities or operations, including patrol, traffic, crime investigation,
criminalistics, performed internships requiring observations in penal institutions,
jails, reformatories in DSWD, NBI, CHR, NAPOLCOM and such other agencies
related to the course/program (CMO 21, s.2005).
2. Criminology Practicum 2- Internship (OJT 2)
This is intended to develop an understanding and exposure in the Psychology

and Sociology of Crimes, Crime Detection and Investigation and Criminalistics,
actual operation of PNP, BJMP, BFP, PPA, LGU-MDRRM and Security
Agencies, and such other agencies comprising the five (5) pillars of the Criminal
Justice System and the relationship between them as a supplement and in
conjunction with the academic program; off-campus or practicum program in
selected police agencies; actual field work, observation and practice of police
tasks, activities or operations, including patrol, traffic, crime investigation,
criminalistics, performed internships requiring observations in penal institutions,
11
jails, reformatories in DSWD, NBI, CHR, NAPOLCOM and such other agencies
related to the course/program (CMO 21, s.2005).
Character Formation (CFLM)
1. Character Formation 1- Nationalism and Patriotism
This course studies the development of various philosophical theories of

nationalism, as well as the real political stakes set in employing the nation. The
ultimate aim of this course is to provide historical perspective on the development
of political theories of nationalism in their many transformations.
2. Character Formation 2- Leadership, Decision Making, Management and

Administration
This course aims to create an understanding of leadership, negotiation,

and decision-making, with a focus on the individual leader and his or her actions.
The student should develop an understanding of the relationship
between decision-making, negotiation strategies and how a leader is perceived.
LESSON 3: Who is a Criminologist?
A criminologist is any person who study criminology. He analyzes crime and

criminal behaviors and attempts to provide explanations as to who commits crime
and why they do it. He is more concerned with the scientific aspects of crimes in
relation to criminal justice.
Criminologists play an important role in the criminal justice system. They

conduct research, teach and work with various law enforcement agencies.
They study the social and psychological factors that cause people to commit crimes
and research which approaches to rehabilitation work.
In the Philippines, the law that defines “criminologist” is Republic Act No. 6505
(R.A. 6505). Under this law, a criminologist is any person who is a graduate of the
Degree of Criminology, who has passed the examination for criminologists and is
registered as by the Board of Criminology.
A criminologist is one who has been engaged in the practice of criminology if he

holds himself out to the public in any of the following capacities:
1. As professor, instructor or teacher of criminology in any university, college or

school duly recognized by the government and teaches any of the following
subjects:
a. Law Enforcement Administration

b. Criminalistics
c. Correctional Administration
d. Criminal Sociology and allied subjects
e. Other technical and specialized subjects in criminology curriculum.
12
2. As a law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant or agent in
any government or private agency.
3. As technician in dactyloscopy, ballistics, questioned document, police

photography, lie detection (polygraphy), forensic chemistry, and other aspects of
crime detection.
4. As a correctional administrator, executive supervisor, worker or officer in any

correctional and penal institution.
5. As a counselor, expert, adviser, researcher in any government or private agency

or any aspect of criminal research or project involving the causes of crime,
juvenile delinquency, treatment of offenders, police operations, law enforcement
administration, scientific criminal investigation or public welfare administration.
LESSON 4: Who is a Criminalist?
A criminalist is a person trained in forensic sciences or in the application of

instruments and methods for the detection of crime such as: firearm examiner,
fingerprint examiner and the like. He is a physical scientist who uses scientific
methods and techniques to find and interpret physical evidence. He is also known as
forensic investigator. A criminalist is not necessarily a criminologist. That, any
person could be a criminalist by reason of his/her special forensic trainings.
LESSON 5: Who is a Criminal Justice Practitioner?
The criminal justice practitioner is a person who deals in the broad areas of
law enforcement, courts and corrections. His work may include police work; probation
or parole work; or counseling and correctional work in correctional institutions.
LESSON 6: What school in the Philippines first offered Criminology course?
PCCR (Philippine College of Criminology) is the first ever institution that

offered the Criminology course in the Philippines, located at Sta. Cruz, Manila,
formerly known as Plaridel College in the 1950’s for scientific crime detection in the
whole of Southeast Asia.
In the early part of 1960’s, criminology course was offered by the following
schools:
1. University of Manila
2. Abad Santos College
3. University of Visayas
4. University of Mindanao
5. University of Baguio
The course title was change from College of Criminology into College of Criminal
Justice Education (CCJE) based from CHED Memorandum Order. No. 21, series of
2005.
13
LESSON 7: What is PEACE in the field of Criminology?
PEACE stands for Philippine Educators Association for Criminology Education. It

was organized and founded primarily to professionalize criminology education in the
context of national development and was created on January 13, 1983.
What are the successful projects of the PEACE?
The following are the successful projects of the PEACE:
1. The implementation of the first Licensure Examination for Criminology;
2. Recognition of the NAPOLCOM Examination by the Civil Service Commission;
3. Accreditation of participants to the seminar/Workshop on Police Marksmanship

for instructional purposes to all criminology schools; and
4. Uplifting of criminology education in line with professionalization of the country’s

police service
LESSON 8: What is PCAP?
PCAP stands for Professional Criminologist Association of the Philippines. It is

the legitimate organization of criminologists recognized by Philippine Regulation
Commission (PRC).
14
PROGRESS CHECK
I. Introduction to Criminology
Application 1:
Instructions: You are required to give responses to the following questions given
below as part of progress check. Read and analyze the questions carefully and feel
free to exercise your critical thinking. Every question will be credited and rated using
a rubric (refer to the last page, page 54). 10 points each item. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper. Encoded is encourage if possible.
1. Why is it that criminology is considered as a multidisciplinary study of

crimes?
2. Discuss briefly the historical development of criminology.
3. In view of criminologist, we consider the professional courses or subjects
of criminology course as unique, what do you think that makes it unique?
Support your answer.
4. Compare and contrast criminologist, criminalist, and criminal justice
practitioner.
5. What are the greatest contributions of PEACE and what makes the PCAP
important in the field of Criminology?
Application 2:
Instructions: Identification/Simple Recall. Write your answers that correspond to the

questions in the answer sheet provided. 1 point each item.
1.__________ is a multidisciplinary study of crimes.

2.__________ coined the term criminology.
3.__________ year of enlightenment.
4.__________ this criminology professional subject presents the overview of the different
school of thought in criminology
5.__________ is any person who is a graduate of the degree of criminology and passed the
licensure examination for criminologist.
6.__________ is any person trained in forensic sciences or in the application of instruments
and methods for the detection of crime.
7.__________ is any person who deals in the broad areas of law enforcement, courts and
corrections.
8.__________ It refers to the scientific analysis of the causes of crime and the study of
criminal behavior.
9.__________ It refers to the study of what we called “instrumentation” involving the tools in
crime detection and criminal identification.
10._________ It refers to the primary aim why we study criminology.
Application 3:
Instructions: Write your responses on a separate sheet of paper. Feel free to

answer. 10 points.
If you will be given a chance to be a criminologist, what specific field do you want to
be in? Is it PNP, BJMP, BFP, PDEA, NBI, Professor, and other related field. Why?
What would be your greatest impact or contribution to the crime prevention program
of the government if you are already in the service?
15
II. THE SCOPE, IMPORTANCE, PURPOSES, AREAS, AND OBJECTS OF
INTEREST IN CRIMINOLOGY
Topics:
Lesson 1: What are the Scope and Divisions of the Study of Criminology?
Lesson 2: What are the Importance of Studying Criminology?
Lesson 3: What are the purposes of Studying Criminology?
Lesson 4: What are the Areas of study in Philippine Criminology?
Lesson 5: What are the Four (4) Objects of Interest in Criminology?
Activity- Prior Knowledge Check
Matching Type
Instructions: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Just write the letter
only that correspond the correct answer. 1 point each item.
1. The Importance of studying criminology a. It helps reduce crime

2. The primary purpose of studying criminology b. Prevent crime
3. Scientific analysis to the causes of crime c. Criminal Etiology
4. Act or omission in violation to criminal law d. Crimes
5. A person who committed a crime & has been convicted e. Criminals
6. An intentional behavior that violates a criminal code f. Criminal Behavior
7. An act or omission punishable by special laws g. Offense
8. An act or omission punishable by the RPC h. Felony
9. Acts that are in violation of simple rules i. Delinquency
10. Crime against person j. Murder
Analysis:
16
https://www.prittlaw.com/blog/2018/10/24/best-practices-for-handling-evidence-gathered-on-social-media-in-court
LESSON 1: What are the Scope and Divisions of the Study of Criminology?
The Making of Laws
This pertains to the examination of the nature and structure of laws in the
society which could be analyzed scientifically, systematically and exhaustively to
learn to learn crime causation and eventually help fight them.
The Breaking of Laws
This pertains to the examination of the reasons of crime causation which

primarily deals to answer issues why despite the presence of laws people still commit
crimes.
Reaction Towards the Breaking of Laws
This pertains to the study of how people, the criminal, and the government
reacts towards the breaking of laws because reactions necessarily bring light to the
development of modern measures to treat criminal offenders at the same time the
reaction may be contributory to criminality.
LESSON 2: What is the Importance of Studying Criminology?
The following are several reasons why studying criminology is important.
1. It helps reduce crime
Criminology helps society understand, control, and reduce crime. Through

studying crime, it helps discover and analyze its causes, which can be used
towards crime reduction policies and initiatives.
2. It helps understand the mindset of criminals
17
Criminology helps understand the mindset of criminals, why they commit
crimes, and the factors that affect them. This helps in the proper allocation of
resources to control crime.
3. Reform of criminals
As well as controlling and reducing crime, criminology can also suggest

appropriate measures for the rehabilitation of criminals.
4. A source of philosophy of life
Meaning the knowledge derived from studying crime is a good foundation for
an individual’s philosophy and lifestyle.
5. A background for a profession or for social service.
Meaning the knowledge gained from studying criminology is a good

background for social services.
LESSON 3: What are the Purposes of Studying Criminology?
The following are the purposes of studying Criminology:
1. The primary aim is to prevent the crime problem.
2. To understand crimes and criminals which are basic to knowing the actions to be
done to prevent them.
3. To prepare for a career in law enforcement and scientific crime detection.
4. To develop an understanding of the constitutional guarantees and due process

of law in the administration of justice.
5. To foster a higher concept of citizenry and leadership together with an

understanding
of one moral and legal responsibilities to his fellow men, his community and the
nation.
LESSON 4: What are the areas of Study in Philippine Criminology?
The following are the areas of study in Philippine Criminology:
1. Criminal Etiology
2. Sociology of Law
3. Penology
4. Victimology
5. Law Enforcement
6. Criminal Investigations
7. Forensic Science
1. Criminal Etiology
18
This area refers to the scientific analysis of the causes of crime and the study
of criminal behavior. This is more accurately known under the area called
“Criminal Sociology”.
2. Sociology of Law
This refers to the study of law and its application. This is particularly under the
area called “Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedures”.
3. Penology
This refers to the study of punishment and the treatment of criminal offenders.
4. Victimology
This refers to the scientific study of victimization, including the relationships

between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal
justice system.
5. Law Enforcement
Refers to the manner in which authorities enforce the local and national laws
of the land. It is more related to matters involving police management and
administration or policing in general. It is under the area called “Law Enforcement
Administration”.
6. Criminal Investigation
This pertains to the process of crime detection and the identification of

criminal offenders. This belongs to the area called “Crime Detection and
Investigation”.
7. Forensic Science
It is a study of what we called “instrumentation” involving the tools in crime

detection and criminal identification. This belongs to the area called
“Criminalistics”.
LESSON 5: What are the four (4) Objects of Interest in Criminology?
The four common object of interest in criminology are:
1. Crimes (criminal acts)

2. Criminals (perpetrators of crime)
3. Criminal behavior
4. Victims of crimes (victimology).
What is Crime?
CRIME may be defined as:
19
1. An act or omission in violation of a criminal law in its legal point.
2. An anti-social act; an act that is injurious, detrimental or harmful to the norms of

society; they are the unacceptable acts in its social definition.
3. Psychologically, crime is an act, which is considered undesirable due to

behavioral maladjustment of the offender; acts that are caused by maladaptive or
abnormal behaviors.
CRIME is also a generic name that refers to offense, felony and delinquency or
misdemeanor.
1. Offense – is an act or omission that is punishable by special laws (a special law

is a statute enacted by congress, penal in character, which is not an amendment
to the Revised Penal Code) such as Republic Acts, Presidential Decrees,
Executive Orders, Memorandum Circulars, Ordinances and Rules and
Regulations (Reyes, 1960).
2. Felony – is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code, the
criminal law in the Philippines (Reyes 1960).
3. Delinquency/Misdemeanor – acts that are in violation of simple rules and

regulations usually referring to acts committed by minor offenders.
What are the two (2) Classifications of Crimes according to the Police?
The two (2) classifications of crimes according to the police:
1. Index crimes- are those crimes that are serious in nature and which occur with
sufficient frequency and regularity such that they can serve as an index to the
crime situation.
a. Crimes against person – murder, homicide, physical injury, rape.

b. Crimes against property – robbery and theft.
2. Non-Index crimes – are mostly violations of special laws and other crimes against
morals and order (prostitution, vagrancy, alarm and scandal, assault resistance to
authority.
What are the Classes of Crimes under Philippine Law (Revised Penal Code)?
The Classes of Crimes under Philippine Law (Revised Penal Code)
1. Crimes against National Security and the Law of Nations.

Examples: Treason, Espionage, and Piracy
2. Crimes against the fundamental law of the state.

Examples: Arbitrary Detention, Violation of Domicile
3. Crimes against Public Order.
20
Examples: Rebellion, Sedition, and Coup d’tat
4. Crimes against Public Interest.

Examples: Forgery, Falsification, and Fraud
5. Crimes against Public Morals.

Examples: Gambling and betting, scandals, prostitution
6. Crimes Committed by Public Officers.

Examples: Malfeasance and Misfeasance
7. Crimes against Person.

Examples: Murder, Rape, Homicide and Physical Injuries
8. Crimes against Properties.

Examples: Robbery and Theft
9. Crimes against Personal Liberty and Security.

Examples: Illegal Detention and Kidnapping
10. Crimes against chastity.

Examples: Concubinage, Adultery, Seduction, Abduction
11. Crimes against Civil Status of Persons.

Examples: Bigamy and other Illegal Marriages
12. Crimes against Honor.

Examples: Libel and Oral Defamation
13. Quasi-offenses or Criminal Negligence.

Examples: Imprudence and Negligence
What do you mean by a Criminal/Offender?
The criminal is the actor in the commission of criminal act. Criminal may be
defined in three ways:
1. A person who committed a crime and has been convicted by a court of the
violation of a criminal law. (Legal definition)
2. A person who violated a social norm or one who did an anti-social act. (Social
definition)
3. A person who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral maladjustment.

(Psycho-behavioral definition)
Ideally, a person can be branded a criminal under the following consummated

circumstances:
21
 that the person has actually committed the crime
 that he must have been apprehended and investigated by the police
 that by virtue of sufficient physical evidence and testimony, he must have
been arrested
 that due to presence of prima facie evidence, the case was forwarded to court
by the investigating fiscal/prosecutor
 that there was arraignment
 that there was trial
 that the offender was found guilty and a sentence was rendered by the court
 that the convicted person was confined in a correctional institution to serve
his sentence
What is Criminal Behavior?
Criminal Behavior is an intentional behavior that violates a criminal code

(Bartol,1995).
What do you mean by Crime Victim or the Offended Party?
Crime Victim means a person who, individually or collectively, have suffered

harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or
substantial impairment of their fundamental’s rights, through acts or omissions that
are in violation of laws.
22
PROGRESS CHECK
II- The Scope, Importance, Purposes, Areas, and Objects of Interest in

Criminology
Application 1:
a rubric (refer to the last page). 10 points each item. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper. Encoded is encourage if possible.
1. Why is it that laws are important in the prevention and suppression of crime?
2. Why is it that it is important to study Criminology?
3. Why is it that it is important to understand the behavior or actions of
criminals?
4. What makes offense, felony and delinquency different from each other?
5. Is it possible to commit crime if there is no law punishing to it. Support your
answer.
Application 2:

questions in a separate sheet of paper. 1 point each item.
1. The primary aim of studying criminology.
2. It refers to the scientific analysis of the causes of crime.
3. It refers to the study of law and its application.
4. It is an act or omission in violation to criminal law.
5. A person who committed a crime and has been convicted by a court.
6. It refers to the intentional behavior that violates a criminal code.
7. It refers to an act or omission punishable by special laws.
8. It refers to an act or omission punishable by the Revised Penal Code (RPC).
9. It is an act that are in violation of simple rules.
23
10.Murder is an example of crime against ______.
Application 3:
Instructions: Write your responses on a separate sheet of paper. Feel free to answer.
As a criminology student, how can you contribute to the crime prevention program of
the government?
III. THE CRIMINOLOGY SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS
Topics:
Lesson 1: What are the three (3) Criminology School of Thoughts?

Lesson 2: The Classical School of Thought and the Theorist
Lesson 3: The Neo-Classical School of Thought
Lesson 4: The Positivist School of Thought and the Theorist
Lesson 5: What is the difference between Classical Theory and Positivist
Theory?
Matching Type
e. Neo-
a. b. Classical c. Cesare d. Jeremy
Classical
Demonology School Beccaria Bentham
School
f. Positivist g. Cesare h. Enrico i. Raffaele j. Crime

School Lombroso Ferri Garofalo Mala Inse
1. The explanation to the causes of crime before the scientific theories.

2. The idea of this school of thought is based on utilitarian philosophy.
3. He is one of the most prominent advocators of classical theory.
4. He is considered as the father of Utilitarianism.
5. This school of thought is a continuity of the classical theory.
24
6. This theory believe that crime is a natural phenomenon and comparable to
disaster.
7. The father of modern criminology.
8. He was instrumental in formulating the concept of “social defense”.
9. He constituted “Natural Crime”.
10. It refers to those crimes that are wrongful in nature.
Analysis:
LESSON 1: What are the Three (3) Criminology School of Thoughts?
The three (3) Criminology School of thoughts
1. The Classical School

2. Neo-Classical School
3. Positivist or Italian School
LESSON 2: The Classical School of Thought
This school of thought was developed in the mid-18th century. Its most prominent
advocators are Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. The idea was based on
utilitarian philosophy (the greatest good for the greatest number). According to
Beccaria and Bentham, human beings were believed to be hedonistic, acting in terms
of their own self-interest, but rational, capable of considering which course of action
was really in their self-interest. Its focus is on law making and legal processing and
not interested in studying criminals per se.
The following were the arguments against Classical Theory:
1. Unfair- Unfair because it treats all men as if they were robots without regard to
the
individual differences and the surrounding circumstances when the crime
was committed.
2. Unjust- It is unjust because it provides it provides the same punishment whether

a criminal is a first-time offender or recidivist.
25
3. The theory has nature and definition of punishment that is not individualized.
4. The classical thinkers consider only the injury caused not the mental condition of
the offender. Thus, the focus is the crime not the criminal (Williams III &
Mcshane, 2004)
The Classical Theorist
1. Cesare, Marquis de Beccaria-Bonesana (1738-1794)
He was an Italian Philosopher and politician

remembered today as a father of classical criminal
theory and best known on his essay entitled: Crimes
and Punishment which condemned torture and death
penalty and was a founding work in the field of
criminology. Essay on Crimes and Punishment is a
seminal treatise on legal reform and widely considered
as one of the founding texts of Classical Criminology,
proposing many reforms to the criminal justice system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Cesare_Beccaria which we now take for granted, in particular:
1. The prompt administration of clearly prescribed and consistent punishment.

2. Well-publicized laws made by the legislature rather than individual courts or
judges;
3. The abolition of torture in prisons; and
4. The use of the penal system to deter would-be offenders, rather than simply
punishing those convicted.
Another advocated proposition of Beccaria is that, according to him, man is

fundamentally a biological organism with intelligence and rationality that control his
behavior. Before man does something, he tries to determine the amount of pain he
will suffer and the amount of pleasure he will receive. His future actions will depend
on the algebraic sum of the two considerations if there will be more pain than
pleasure, he will desist from doing the act (Rational Calculation)
There are three (3) main points in which Beccaria’s theory rests. They are:
a. Freewill- Beccaria, like other classical theorist believe that all individuals
have freewill and make choices on that freewill
b. Rationality- which means that individuals look out for their own personal
satisfaction. This is key to the relationship between laws
and crime. While individuals will rationally look for their best
interest, and this might entail deviant acts and the law,
which goal is to preserve the social contract, will try to stop
deviant acts.
26
c. Manipulability- which means that universally shared human motive of rational
self-
interest makes human action predictable and controllable.
Beccaria also stressed the importance of laws being clear and known because a
rational person cannot make a rational choice not to commit an act if he or she does
not that the act is prohibited. He stated that, “when the number of those who can
understand the sacred code of laws and hold it in their hands increases, the
frequency of crimes will be found to decrease, for undoubtedly ignorance and
uncertainty of punishments add much to eloquence of the passions’.
2. Jeremy Bentham (1748-18320)
He was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal

and social reformer best known for the theory of
Utilitarianism. Thus, given the fame as “Father of
Utilitarianism”. The theory of utilitarianism is a
philosophy which states that a moral act is one
which produces the greatest happiness for the
greatest number of people. He outlined this theory
of utilitarianism in his 1789 work, Introduction to the
Principles of Morals and Legislation and became a
basis for reform.
He also advocated the abolition of slavery and death
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ penalty, and for the abolition of physical punishment,
Jeremy_Bentham
including that of children.
The following are the assumptions of Bentham:
1. People have free will to choose how to act and what to do.
2. Deterrence is based upon the utilitarian ontological notion because a human

being is any of the following:
a. Hedonist- Man only seeks pleasure and avoids pain.
b. Rational Calculator- Man is weighing up the costs (pains) and benefits

(pleasures of consequences of each of his action).
3. The swifter and more certain the punishment, the more effective it is in deterring
criminal behavior.
4. Punishment (of sufficient severity) can deter people from committing crime
because of the following:
a. The cost (penalties) outweighs benefits.
b. That severity of punishment should be proportionate to the crime
27
LESSON 3: The Neo-Classical School of Thought
This school of thought is a continuity of the classical tradition brought about by

philosophers who thought of certain modification of the classical thinking. Under the
neo-classical school of thought, there are situations or circumstances that made it
impossible to exercise freewill which are reasons to exempt the accused from
conviction. A characteristic feature of the neo-classical system is the plea bargain,
which gives the prosecution and defense an opportunity to make a deal in which the
accused will plead guilty in return for certain considerations such as a reduced
sentence or change on a lesser crime.
The Neo-classical School of thought maintains the following:
1. People must be protected from actions that would kill them, take their liberty and
violate their privacy. They must never be arbitrarily arrested and must always be
informed of the reason for imprisonment.
2. Innocence must be presumed until proven guilty.
3. People have a right to reasonable bail and trial by jury.
4. It accepts mitigating circumstances. It contends that people are allowed

conditional sentences and alternative forms of incapacitation.
5. It holds that people are more often deterred from committing a crime when it is
more certain that they will be caught, rather than due to the severity of the
punishment.
6. It has less of a punitive tone and seeks to rehabilitate people than to punish
them.
LESSON 4: The Positivist School of Thought and the Theorist
This school of thought is a social movement that existed during the mid1880s
and early 1900s. The part of it that was “positive” was the forward-looking attitude
toward social and personal betterment of society and human nature. Sometimes it is
called the Italian School of Thought because of its composition which are mostly
Italians who agreed that in the study of crime the emphasis should be on scientific
treatment of the criminal, not on the penalties to be impose after conviction.
This school of thought maintains the following:
1. That crime as any other act is a natural phenomenon and is comparable to

disaster or calamity.
2. That crime as a social and moral phenomenon which cannot be treated and
checked by the imposition of punishment but rather rehabilitation or the
enforcement of individual measures
28
3. That the most serious crimes were committed by individuals who were
“primitive” or “atavistic” that is, who failed to evolved to a fully human and
civilized state.
4. That crime resulted not from what criminals have in common with others in
society, but from their distinctive physical or mental defects.
The Positivist theorist and advocator

1. Cesare Lombroso
He is the founder of the positivist school of thought

and commonly considered today as the “Father of
Modern Criminology”. Also, he was considered as
the “founder of criminal anthropology”. An Italian
university professor and criminologist. His major
contribution is the development of a scientific
approach to the study of criminal behavior and to
reform the criminal law. He rejected the classical
School which held that crime is a characteristic trait of
human nature. He stated that criminality is inherited
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ and someone “born criminal” could be identified by
Cesare_Lombroso physical defects
which confirmed a criminal as savage or atavistic.
The following are stigma related to born or atavistic criminal:
1. Deviation in head size and shape from type common to race and region from
which the criminal came
2. Asymmetry of the face
3. Eye defects and peculiarities
4. Excessive dimensions of the jaw and cheekbones
5. Ears of unusual size, or occasionally very small, or standing out from the head as
to those of a chimpanzee
6. Nose twisted, upturned, or flattened in thieves, or aquiline or beak like in
murderers, or with a tip rising like a peak from swollen nostrils.
7. Lips fleshy, swollen, and protruding
8. Pouches in the cheek like those of some animals
9. Peculiarities in the plate, such as are found in reptiles, and cleft palate
10. Chin preceding, or excessively long, or short and flat, as in apes
11. Abnormal dentition
12. Abundance, variety, and precocity of wrinkles
13. Anomalies of the hair, marked by characteristics of the opposite sex
14. Defects of the thorax, such as too many or too few ribs, or supernumerary nipples
15. Inversion of sex characters in the pelvic organs
16. Excessive length of arms
17. Supernumerary fingers and toes, and
18. Imbalance of the hemisphere of the brain
29
Classifications of criminals by Lombroso
1. The Born Criminal- those that had pathological symptoms common with
imbecile and the epileptic.
2. The Insane Criminal- those who commit crime due to abnormalities or

psychological disorders.
3. The Criminaloid- One who commits crime due to less physical stamina/self-
control.
4. The Occasional Criminal- One who commit crime due to insignificant reasons
that pushed them to do on a given occasion.
5. The Pseudo-criminal- One who kill in self-defense.
6. The Criminal by Passion- Individuals who are easily influenced by great

emotions like fit of anger.
2. Enrico Ferri (1856-1929)
He was an Italian criminologist and

socialist. He worked on the social and economic
factors to crimes and was instrumental in
formulating the concept of ‘social defense” as a
justification for punishment. He asserted that the
only reasonable rationale for punishing offenders
is to incapacitate them for as long as possible so
that they no longer posed a threat to the peace
https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/911126/
view/enrico-ferri-italian-criminologist and security of society.
Another contribution of Enrico Ferri that boost in the field of criminology is his
argument that criminal behavior could be explained by studying the interaction of a
range of factors. He observed:
First, physical factors in relation to crime such as:

Race, geography, temperature
Second, individual factors in relation to crime such as:
Age, sex, psychological variables
Third, social factors in relation to crime such as:
Population, religion, culture
In conclusion, he summarized that:

a. Social as well as biological factors played a role in criminality.
b. Criminals should not be held responsible for their acts because the factors
causing their criminality were beyond their control.
30
c. Crime could be controlled by improving the social conditions of the poor and to
that end advocated the provision of subsidized housing, birth control, and public
recreation facilities.
3. Raffaele Garofalo (1852-1934)
He was an Italian jurist and a student of Cesare

Lombroso. Like Lombroso and Ferri, he rejected the
doctrine of free will and supported the position that
crime can be understood only if it is studied by
scientific methods. He attempted to formulate a
sociological definition of crime that would designate
those acts which can be repressed by punishment. He
constituted “Natural Crime” and the concept of this is
known today as Crime Mala Inse. Crime Mala Inse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ refers to those crimes that are wrongful in nature which
Raffaele_Garofalo
our Revised Penal Code regulates at present.
Example: robbery, theft, murder, homicide and the like.
Raffaele Garofalo’s suggestions are the following:
a. Death for those whose criminal acts grew out of a permanent psychological
anomaly, rendering them incapable of social life
b. Partial elimination or long-time imprisonment for those fit only for the life of
nomadic hordes or primitive tribes; and
c. Enforced reparation on the part of those who lack altruistic sentiments, but who
have committed their crimes under the pressure of exceptional circumstances are
not likely to do so again.
LESSON 5: What is the difference between Classical Theory and Positivist

Theory
Classical vs. Positivist
Point Classical School Positivist School

Focus The focus is the crime or the The focus is the man not the
criminal act not the man crime committed
View of Human Nature Hedonistic; free willed Malleable: determined by
rationality, morally responsible biological, psychological, and
for own behavior. social environment; no moral
responsibility
View of Justice Social contract; exist to protect Scientific treatment system to
System society; due process and cure pathologies and
concern with civil rights; rehabilitate offenders; no
restrictions on system. concern with civil rights.
Form of Law Statutory law; exact Social law; illegal acts defined
specialization of illegal acts by analogy; scientific experts
and sanctions determine social harm and
proper form of treatment
Purpose of Sentencing Punishment for deterrence; Treatment and reform;
sentences are determined sentences are indeterminate
31
(fixed length) (variable length until cured)
Criminology Experts Philosophers; social reformers. Scientists; treatment experts
Age of existence Both school existed during the Age of Enlightenment
PROGRESS CHECK
III. The Criminology School of Thoughts
Application 1:
a rubric (refer to the last page). 10 points each item. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper. Encoded is encourage if possible.
1. Discuss thoroughly Demonology.

2. What is the main idea of the Classical Theory? Expound your answer.
3. Discuss the arguments of Neo-Classical Theory?
4. What is the main thought of the Positivist Theory?
5. What is difference between the Classical Theory and Positivist Theory?
Application 2:

1. One of the most popular explanation to the causes of crime before scientific
theories.
2. What school of thought merely focused on the law making?
3. Who are the advocators of Classical School of thought?
4. The father of Classical criminal theory.
5. It is a philosophy which states that a moral act is one which produces the greatest
happiness for the greatest number of people.
6. The father of Utilitarianism.
7. The father of Modern Criminology.
8. Man only seeks pleasure and avoids pain.
9. Man is weighing up the cost and benefits.
10. Those that had pathological symptoms common with imbecile and the epileptic.
Application 3:
Instructions: Write your responses on a separate sheet of paper. Feel free to answer.
As a criminology student, how can you contribute to the crime prevention program of
the government?
32
UNIT 2 – CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
This topic presents the principles of criminal etiology, the early theories of
criminality, the contemporary theories in the development of crime and criminality,
the crime factors and other related causal theories of crime. Thus, this segment will
help understand and answer the question why certain crimes happen.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. discuss criminal etiology

2. appreciate the importance of crime theories;
3. discuss the theoretical concept of crime causation;
4. recognize some important contributor or personalities who conceptualized
their crime theories.
5. demonstrate an ability to synthesize knowledge from different school of
thought.
I. CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY
Topics:
33
Lesson 1: What is Criminal Etiology?
Lesson 2: What are the approaches or Theories in the Study of Criminal
Behavior?
Lesson 3: What is Biochemistry or Biological Theory?
Lesson 4: What is Psychological and Psychiatric Theory?
Lesson 5: What is Sociological Theory?
Matching Type
a. Criminal b. Biological c. Criminal d. e. Sigmund

Etiology Theories Anthropology Psychoanalytic Freud
g. i. Felson &
h. Edwin H. j. Labelling
f. Psychiatry Sociological Chen
Sutherland Theory
Causes
1. It refers to scientific analysis of the causes of crime.

2. It refers to the study of criminal behavior through biological perspective.
3. A combination study of the human species and the study of criminals.
4. It refers to the analysis of human behavior.
5. Who develop the Psychoanalytic Theory?
6. It refers to the study of human mind.
7. It refers to things, place and people with whom man comes in contact and which
play a part in determining actions and conduct.
8. Who developed the Differential Association Theory?
9. Who developed the Routine Activity Theory?
10. What theory believe that deviance is socially constructed through reaction instead
of action?
Analysis:
34
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.easytechjunkie.com%2Fwhat-are-the-different-types-of-fingerprint-
equipment.htm&psig=AOvVaw06nxQG3fsBvVPvsSmePMsF&ust=1635901169700000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAgQjRxqFwoTCMCW6fu8-
PMCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAV
LESSON 1: What is Criminal Etiology?
Criminal Etiology is a division of

criminology which attempts to provide
scientific analysis of the causes of
crime. In the study of criminal etiology,
two (2) things or objects should be
considered namely: the man and his
criminal behavior in relation to criminal
law or penal law.
LESSON 2: What are the approaches or theories in the study of Criminal

Behavior?
The following are the theories in the study of criminal behavior:
1. Biochemistry or Biological Theories

2. Psychological and Psychiatric Theories
3. Sociological Theories
LESSON 3: What is Biochemistry or Biological Theory?
These refers to the study of criminal behavior through biological perspective.

This approach believes that criminal behavior is inherited or is identified through
physical characteristics of a criminal or the result of some flaw in the biological
makeup of the individual.
Biological theory is any of the following:
a. Criminal anthropology: a combination of the study of the human species and

the study of criminals. It is a field of offender profiling, based on perceived links
between the nature of a crime and the personality or physical appearance of the
offender.
1. Born criminal or Atavism
According to Cesare Lombroso, criminals are born with some physical

characteristics which become the causes of crime. He explained such cause:
a. That the test is distinct born criminal type;

b. That this type can be identified by certain stigma or anomalies;
c. That the stigma is not the cause of crime, but rather the symptoms of
atavism or reversion of his body to his apelike ancestors
d. That this atavism and degeneracy of the body are the causes crime and
35
e. That a person who is born criminal cannot refrain from committing crime
unless he lives under exceptionally favorable circumstances.
2. Phrenology:
A theory which claims to be able to determine character, personality traits

and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head. Phrenology is based on
the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain
areas have localized, specific functions or modules.
3. Physiognomy
A theory based upon the idea that the assessment of the person’s outer
appearance, primarily the face, may give insights into one’s character or
personality. Physiognomy is not a strict science, but rather a method of
analysis that indicates a variety of correlations in its subject.
4. Physique Theory by Ernst Kretschmers
a. Pyknic Type - those who are stout and with round bodies. They tend to
commit deception, fraud and violence.
b. Athletic type - those who are muscular and strong. They are usually
connected with violence.
c. Aesthenic Type - those who are skinny and slender. They may commit
petty theft and fraud.
d. Dysplastic or Mixed Type – those who are less clear evident having any
predominant type. Their offenses are against decency and morality
5. Somatotype Type by William Sheldon’s
This theory was developed in the 1940s by American psychologist William

Sheldon. Somatotypes and their associated psychological traits can be
summarized as follows:
a. Ectomorphic body type is characterized by the following:
1. Long arms and legs and a short upper body and narrow shoulders.
2. Flat chest and thin muscles. They are usually referred as slim
3. Have a higher proportion of nervous tissue.
Associated Personality traits
 Self-conscious and preference for privacy, introverted and inhibited,

socially anxious.
 Artistic and mentally intense, emotionally restrained.
Associated Criminal Behavior
 Proneness to crimes against property
b. Mesomorphic body type is characterized by the following:
36
1. A high rate of muscle growth and a higher proportion of muscular tissue.
Athletic type.
2. Have a large bones solid torso combined with low fat levels.
3. Round shape and over-developed digestive system.
Associated Personality Traits
 Adventurous, desire for power and dominance

 Courageous and assertive
 Competitive
 Active and prone to violent crimes

 Prone to sexual assault
c. Endomorphic body type is characterized by the following:
1. Increased amount of fat storage, due to having larger number of fat cells
than the average person
2. Higher proportion of digestive tissue.
3. Have a wide waist and a large bone structure.
Associated Personality Traits
 Love of food, evenness of emotions, tolerant

 Sociable, relaxed, sociable, good humored
 Need for affection
 Proneness to crimes involving deceit and fraud
Related studies:
1. A study of physical defects and handicapped
Leaders of notorious groups are usually nicknamed in accordance with their

physical defects such as “Dodong Pilay”, “Boy Unano” and others. These
criminals known by their physical defect usually cause irritation during their
childhood days; they become violent, feel inferior to others, or being ostracized
by the society. The unfavorable results, therefore, could be any of the following:
a. Causes poor social relationship and serious emotional disturbances.

b. It reduces the capacity to compete occupationally and socially.
c. It may cause the development of inferior complex; and
d. Those frequently irritated by friends, resort to violent criminal behavior.
2. Heredity Studies (it is in the blood, like father like son)
a. Study of Kallikak Family Tree
37
This study was conducted by Henry H. Goddard, a prominent American
psychologist and eugenicist in the early 20 th century. He is known especially for
his 1912 work The Kallikak Family: A study in the Heredity of Feeble-
Mindedness.
b. Study of Juke Family Tree (Dugdale and Estabrook)
This view was expounded in the The Jukes: A study in Crime, Pauperism,
Disease, and Heredity (Richard Dugdale,1875), a study of a rural clan that
“over seven generations produced 1,200 bastards, beggars, murderers,
prostitutes, thieves and syphilitics. Many of the eugenicist’s ideas about poverty
came from cacogenics: the deterioration of a genetic stock over time.
The sociologist Richard Dugdale based his classic study, The Jukes on a clan
of 700 criminals, prostitutes, and paupers descended from “Margaret Ada Jukes,
the mother of criminals. “Dugdale believe that bad environment caused their
degeneracy and could be reversed over time.
c. Study of Sir Jonathan Edwards Family Tree
Sir Jonathan Edwards was a famous preacher during the colonial period. His
family tree was traced and none of his descendants was found to be criminal. On
the other hand, many become presidents of the United States, governor, and
member of the Supreme Court, famous written preachers, and teachers.
LESSON 4: What is Psychoanalytic and Psychiatric Theory?
A. Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic – It refers to the analysis of human behavior.
This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) concerning human
personality and crimes. This theory argued that people’s unconscious minds are
largely responsible for important differences in their behavior styles.
There are three elements of personality based on this theory and they are:
1. The id
2. The ego
3. The superego
The id is driven by pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of

all desires, wants, and needs.
The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with
reality, which strives to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate
desires.
38
The superego is the aspect of personality that holds our internalized moral
standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society- our sense of
right and wrong.
To be normal, there must be a proper balancing of the three components.

Imbalance or disharmony may make the individual neurotic. If the super ego is
deficient or improperly developed, the ego will dominate, hence the person may
become impulsive or aggressive making them more prone to commit violent acts.
Trait Theory
Trait refers to the characteristics of an individual, describing a habitual way of

behaving, thinking, and feeling. This theory attempt to explain the traits that make
up personality, the differences between people in terms of their personal
characteristics, and how they relate to actual behavior.
Hans Eysenk’s Personality Trait- Eyesenk believed that many personalities are
classified as follows:
a. Extrovert- A person who is sociable, out-going, and active

b. Introvert- A person who is withdrawn, quiet, and introspective
c. Emotionally Unstable- it signifies being anxious, excitable, and easily
disturbed.
Four Types of Temperament
1. Melancholic – sad, gloomy

2. Choleric – hot-tempered, irritable
3. Phlegmatic – Sluggish, calm
4. Sanguine – Cheerful, hopeful
Fundamental Assumptions of Psychological Theories of Criminality and Human

Behavior in General:
1. The individual is the primary unit of analysis in psychological theories.

2. Personality is the major motivational element that drives behavior within
individuals.
3. Normality is generally defined by social consensus.
4. Crimes then would result from abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate
mental processes within the personality of the individual.
5. Criminal behavior may be purposeful for the individual insofar as it addresses
certain felt needs.
6. Defective or abnormal mental processes may have variety of causes like
disease of mind, inappropriate learning or improper conditioning, the
emulation of inappropriate role models, and adjustment to inner conflicts
B. Psychiatry
39
Psychiatry refers to the study of human mind. It is a branch of medicine which
exist to study, prevent, and treat mental disorders in humans.
1. Mental deficiency
It is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind existing

before the age of 18, whether arising from the inherent causes or induced by
disease or injury. A mentally deficient person is prone to commit malicious
damage to property and unnatural sex offenses.
Kinds of mentally deficient person/mentally deficiency related to crime:
a. Idiots- This refers to persons with mental defectiveness of such degree that
are unable to guard themselves against common physical danger. Their
mentality is compared to a 2-year-old person.
b. Imbeciles- This refers to persons with mental defectiveness which, though

not amounting to idiocy is yet pronounced that they are incapable of
managing themselves on their affairs. Their mentality is like a child of 2 to 7
years old.
c. Feeble-minded- This refers to persons with mental defectiveness which,

though not amounting to imbecility, is yet so pronounced that they require
care, supervision and control for their own or for the protection of others.
d. Schzophrenia- This is a form of psychosis characterized by thinking

disturbance and regression to a more relatively impaired and intellectual
functions are well preserved. The personal appearance is dilapidated and the
patient is liable for impulsive acts, destructively and may commit suicide.
e. Compulsive Neurosis- This is the uncontrollable or irresistible impulse to do

something. There may be an active desire to resist the irrational behavior, but
said desire is prevented by unconscious motives to act out his difficulty or to
suffer miserably from his fear.
f. Psychopathic Personality- This is the most common cause of criminality

among youthful offenders and habitual criminals. This is characterized by an
infantile level of response lack of conscience, a deficient feeling of affection to
another and aggression to the environment and other people.
Related Studies:
a. August Aichorn
In his book entitled Wayward Youth (1925) said that the cause of crime and
delinquency is the faulty development of the child during the first few years of his
life. The child as a human being normally follows only his pleasure impulse
instinctive. Soon he (child) grows up and find some restriction to those pleasure
40
impulses which he must control. Otherwise, he suffers from faulty ego-development
and becomes delinquent.
b. Cyril Burt
He established the theory of general Emotionality. According to Burt, many

offenses can be traced to either in excess or a deficiency of a particular instinct on
account of the tendency that many criminals are weak willed or easily led. Fear and
absconding may be due to the impulse of fear. Callous type of offenders may be
due to the deficiency in the primitive emotion of love and an excuse of the instinct
of hate.
c. William Healy
He claimed that crime is an expression of the mental content of the individual.

The frustration of the individual causes emotional discomfort; personality demands
removal of pain and pain is eliminated by substitute behavior, that is, crime or
delinquency of the individual.
d. Walter Bromberg
He claimed that criminality is the result of emotional immaturity. A person is

emotionally mature when he has learned to control his emotion effectively and
when he lives at peace with himself and in harmony with the standards of conduct
which are acceptable to the society. An emotionally immature person rebels
against rules and regulations and tends to engage in usual activities and
experiences a feeling of guilt due to inferiority complex.
LESSON 5: What is Sociological Theory?
Sociological causes refer to things, place and people with whom man comes
in contact and which play a part in determining actions and conduct. These causes
may bring about the development of criminal behavior and author Sutherland briefly
explains the process by which a particular person coms to engage in criminal
behavior.
Sociological Notions of Criminology are as follows:
1. It attempts to connect the issues of the individual’s criminality with the broader
social structures and cultural values of society, family, or peer group;
2. How the contradictions of all these interacting groups contribute to criminality;
3. The ways these structures, cultures and contradictions have historically
developed;
4. The current processes of change that these groups are undergoing; and
41
5. Criminality is viewed from the point view of the social construction of criminality
and its social causes.
1. Differential Association Theory (DAT)
Differential Association Theory was developed by Edwin Sutherland

(1883-1950) who proposed that through interaction with others, individuals
learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. He
defined differential association which is a general theory of crime and
delinquency that explains how deviants come to learn the motivations and the
technical knowledge for deviant or criminal activity. Edwin Sutherland is known
as the Father of American Criminology
The Nine Key Points of Differential Association Theory:
a. Criminal behavior is learned;

b. Criminal behavior is learned through interaction with other persons in a
process of communication;
c. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate
personal groups;
d. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes techniques of
committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes
simple and the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and
attitudes;
e. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the
legal codes as favorable or unfavorable;
f. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable
to violation of la over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law;
g. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and
intensity;
h. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and
anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any
other learning; and
i. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is
not explained by those needs and values, since non-criminal behavior is an
expression of the same needs and values.
Conclusions about DAT:
a. This conclusion negates the theory that criminal behavior is inherited;

b. Criminal behavior is not invented by the criminal himself, but learned in the
process of association with others;
c. That criminal behavior is learned in the process of communication with other
persons the communication with other person in the process of learning
criminal behavior could either be verbal or thru imitation;
d. The principal part of learning occurs within the intimate personal group. Unity
among the criminal gang is the most effective vehicle of influencing another
to learn and adopt criminal behavior. This is due to the fact that locality, faith
42
and belief among each other must prevail for the group to survive as one;
and
e. That while the criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and
values, it is not explained by those general needs and values since non-
criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.
2. Differential Identification Theory by Daniel Classer
Daniel classer maintained that a person pursues criminal behavior to the

extent that it identifies himself with a real or imaginary person from whose
perspective his criminal behavior seems acceptable. A person with the
propensities of becoming a thief will consider thieves as their ideal person to
identify themselves. The identification need not be an intimate personal
association, but it may be done by identifying themselves with character in
movies, radio and televisions.
3. Imitation-Suggestion Theory of Gabriel Trade
Delinquency and crime are matters that are learned and adopted. The
learning process may either be conscious type of copying (imitation) or
unconscious copying (suggestion) of confronting patterns of behavior. The
pattern of crime, like fashion may easily fade, may last for a long time and may
be transmitted from generation to generation. It may also spread from the place
to its origin going outward to the periphery.
4. Differential Social Organization Theory
This is sometimes called social disorganization, there is social

disorganization when there is a social change, conflict of values between the
new and the old. Some individual consequently breaks through the lines of
social control, and society has difficulty in maintaining effective social order.
There is social disorganization when there is lack of well-defined limit to
behavior, a breakdown of the rules and absence of definite role for the
adolescence to play. The Social Disorganization theory is based on the work
of Henry McKay and Clifford R. Shaw of the Chicago School.
5. Conflict of Culture Theory by Thorsten Sellin
This theory emphasized that multiplicity of conflicting culture is the principal

source of social disorganization. The high crime and delinquency rates of
certain ethics or racial group is explained by their exposure to diverse and
incongruent standards and codes of the larger society. The high rate of
population mobility aggravates the cultural diversity and exposure of children to
varied cultures. The more complex the culture becomes, the greater is the
chance that the norms of various groups will conflict.
43
6. Containment Theory by Reckless
Accordingly, criminality is brought about by the inability of the group to

contain behavior and that of effective containment of the individual into the
value system and structure of society will minimize the crime. Reckless realized
that urban life contained many temptations to commit crime. He suggested that
to commit a crime, the individual must break through a combination of outer and
inner containment. We could probably accept that inner containment is in
reference to self-control and outer containment to social control(s). His main
focus of concern, however, was on inner containment. Our inner containment, it
was suggested, could control our behavior even when our external environment
was changing. Yet again, it was the parents who were seen as the most
influential source of control and behavior. Reckless considered the four key
factors to be:
a. Self-Concept – where the individual has an image of himself as the type of

person who would either adhere to the law or to break it.
b. Goal Orientation – in references to a person having a sense of direction in

life, a purpose, an aspiration towards a ‘goal’ which is realistic and
achievable in a legitimate way.
c. Frustration Tolerance – Considers that there must be biophysical desire(s)

that urges us towards deviant behavior that are compounded by society
frustrating/thwarting our success due to the different opportunities available
to us.
d. Norm Retention – this is the adherence and acceptance of laws, codes,

norms, customs and so on.
7. Anomie Theory by Emile Durkheim
Anomie, in contemporary English, means a condition or malaise in

individuals, characterized by an absence or diminution of standards or values. It
is a reaction against or a retreat from the regulatory, social controls of society,
and is a completely separate concept of anarchy which is an absence of
effective rulers or leaders. It refers to anything or anyone against or outside the
law, or a condition where the current laws were not applied resulting in a state
of illegitimacy or lawlessness. Durkheim defined anomie as a condition where
social and/or moral norms are confused, unclear, or simply not present. He felt
that this lack of norms or pre-accepted limits on behavior in a society led to
deviant behavior (Lack of Regulation/Breakdown of Norms).
8. Strain Theory (Social Class)
44
In criminology, the Strain Theories state that social structures within
society may encourage citizens to commit crime. Following on the work of
Ѐmile Durkheim, Strain Theories have been advanced by Merton (1938),
Cohen (1955) Cloward and Ohlin (1960), Agnew (1992), and Messner and
Rosenfeld (1994). Strain may be either:
a. Structural- this refers to the processes at the society level, which filter
down and effect how the individual perceives his or her needs, i.e., if
particular social structures are inherently inadequate or there is inadequate
regulation, this may change the individual’s perceptions as to means and
opportunities.
b. Individual- this refers to the frictions and pains experienced by an

individual as he or she looks for ways to satisfy his or needs, i.e. if the goals
of a society become significant to an individual, actually achieving them
may become more important than the means adopted.
Robert Merton Strain Theory
An American sociologist, Merton suggested that mainstream culture,

especially in the United State, is saturated with dreams of opportunity,
freedom and prosperity; as Merton put it, the American Dream. Most people
buy into this dream and it becomes a powerful cultural and psychological
motivation. Merton also used the term anomie, but it meant something slightly
different for him than it did for Durkheim. If the social structure of opportunities
is unequal and prevents the majority from realizing the dream, some of them
will turn to illegitimate means (crime) in order to realize it. Others will retreat or
drop out into deviant sub-cultures (gang members, “hobos”: urban homeless
drunks and drug abusers).
Albert Cohen Strain Theory
This theory tied anomie theory with Freud’s reaction information idea,
suggesting that delinquency among lower class youth is a reaction against the
social norms of the middle class. Some youth, specially from poorer areas
where opportunities are scarce, might adopt social norms specific to those
places which may include “toughness” and disrespect for authority. Criminal
acts may result when youths conform to norms of the deviant subculture.
Robert Agnew Strain Theory (General Strain Theory)
In the 1990s, Agnew asserted that Strain Theory could be central in

explaining crime and deviance, but that it needed revision, so that it was not
tied to social class or cultural variables, but refocused on self-generated norms.
He therefore proposed a General Strain Theory that is neither structural nor
45
interpersonal, but emotional and focused on an individual’s immediate social
environment. He argued that an individual’s actual or anticipated failure to
achieve positive valued goals, actual or anticipated removal of positively valued
stimuli, and actual or anticipated presentation of negative stimuli all results in
strain.
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin Strain Theory
Suggested that delinquency can result from differential opportunity for

lower class youth. Such youth may be tempted to take up criminal activities,
choosing an illegitimate path provides them more lucrative economic benefits
than conventional, over legal options such as minimum wage-paying jobs
available to Steven F. Messner and Richard Rosenfeld
Messner and Rosenfeld (1994) Strain Theory
Proposed a Theory of Institutional Anomie (sometimes called “American

Dream” Theory) representing a radicalization of Merton’s key ideas by linking
Strain Theory to Social Control Theory and focusing on contradictions in both
the cultural system and the opportunity structures to be pursued by everyone in
a mass society dominated by huge multinational corporations.
Messner and Rosenfeld’s analysis centers on the criminogenic influence of

a variety of social institutions in American society. Drawing heavily on Marxist
theory, they argued that the cultural penchant for pecuniary rewards is so all-
encompassing that the major social institutions (i.e., the polity, religion,
education, and the family) lose their ability to regulate passions and behavior.
Instead of promoting other social goals, these institutions primarily support the
quest for material success (i.e., the American dream).
9. Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic interactionism draws on the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl

and George Herbert Mead. This perspective relies on the symbolic meaning
that people develop and rely upon in the process of social interaction. Thus,
society is thought to be socially constructed through human interpretation.
People interpret one another’s behavior and it is these interpretations that form
the social bond. These interpretations are called the “definition of the
situation.” Although symbolic interactionism traces its origins to Max Weber’s
assertion that individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of
their world, the American philosopher George Herbert Mead introduced this
perspective to American sociology in the 1920s.
10. Routine Activity Theory
46
This theory was developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Chen, drew
upon control theories and explained crime in terms of crime opportunities that
occur in everyday life. A crime opportunity requires that elements converge in
time and place including the following:
a. a motivated offender
b. suitable target or victim; and
c. lack of a capable guardian.
A guardian at place, such as a street, could include security guards or even

ordinary pedestrians who would witness the criminal act and possibly intervene
or report it to the police.
11. Labelling Theory by Becker and Lemert
Labelling theory proposed that deviance is socially constructed through

reaction instead of action. In other words, according to this theory, no behavior is
inherently deviant on its own. Instead, it’s the reaction to the behavior that makes
it deviant or not. It argues that anyone facing such an overwhelming, negative
labeling social reaction will eventually become more like the label because that is
the only way out of their identity formation.
12. Control Theory by Travis Hirschi
This control theory is significant to crime prevention; this approach is also

called as social bond or social theory. Instead of looking for factors that make
people become criminal, this theory tries to explain why people do not become
criminal. Thus, Hirschi identified four characteristics such as the following:
a. attachment to others
b. belief in moral validity of rules
c. commitment to achievement, and
d. involvement in conventional activities
The more a person features those characteristics, the less are the chances
that he or she becomes deviant (or criminal). On the other hand, if those factors
are not present in a person, it is more likely that he or she might become criminal.
PROGRESS CHECK
I. Criminal Etiology
Application 1:
47
below as part of progress check. Analyze the questions carefully and feel free to
exercise your critical thinking. Every question will be credited and rated using a rubric
(refer to the last page). 10 points each item. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper. Encoded is encourage if possible.
1. Discuss thoroughly Criminal Etiology.

2. What is the main idea of Biological Theory?
3. What is the main idea of Psychoanalytic Theory?
4. What is the main thought of Sociological Theory?
5. What scientific theory of crime that most appropriate to answer the question
“Why people commit suicide?”
Application 2:

1. It refers to division of criminology which attempts to provide scientific analysis of

the
causes of crime.
2. It refers to the study of criminal behavior through biological perspective.
3. Associated criminal behavior of Mesomorphic body type is ______.
4. He is the one who developed the Psychoanalytic theory.
5. In psychanalytic theory, what element of personality is responsible for immediate
gratification of our desires, wants, and needs?
6. In his book Wayward Youth, said that the cause of crime and delinquency is the
faulty development of the child in the first few years of his life.
7. It refers to uncontrollable or irresistible impulse to do something.
8. Who developed the Differential Association Theory?
9. Who developed the Routine Activity Theory?
10. According to Marcus Felson and Lawrence Chen, crime may happen when the
following are present: a motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of capable
_____.
Application 3:
Instructions: Assume yourself as a Criminal Investigator. You’re going to apply the

Psychoanalytic theory to answer this question. Why people commit suicide? Write
your responses on a separate sheet of paper. Feel free to answer.
II. Geography and Crime
Topics:
Lesson 1: North and South Pole
48
Lesson 2: Approach to the Equator
Lesson 3: Season of the Year
Lesson 4: Soil Formation
Lesson 5: Month of the Year
Lesson 6: Temperature
Lesson 7: Humidity and Atmosphere Pressure
Lesson 8: Wind Velocity
Matching Type
1. What crimes are more common in hotter climates and season?

2. What crimes are more common in cooler climates and season?
Crime against Crime against

Person Property
Earlier criminologist correlated climate, humidity, wind velocity, atmosphere

pressure, rainfall, nature of soil and other geographical factors to the existence and
development of crimes and criminals. The following are some of the explanations
formulated by criminologist about geography and crime:
LESSON 1: North and South Pole
According to Adolphe Quetelet (Thermal Law of Delinquency),

crimes against person are more common in hotter climates and season,
whereas crimes against property are more common in cooler climates and
seasons.
LESSON 2: Approach to the Equator
According to the Charles de Montesquieu (Spirits of Laws, 1748)

criminality increase in proportion as one approaches the equator and
drunkenness increases as one approaches the North and South Pole.
LESSON 3: Season of the year
Crimes against person is more in summer than in the rainy season. A

climatic condition directly affects one’s irritability and cause criminality.
During the dry season, people get out of the house more, and there is
more contact and consequently the more probability of personal violence.
49
LESSON 4: Soil Formation
More crimes of violence are recorded in fertile level lands than in hilly
rugged terrain. There are more congregations of people and there is more
irritation. There is also more incidence of rape in level districts.
LESSON 5: Month of the Year
There is more incidence of violent crimes during the warm months

from April up to July having its peak in May. This is due to festivals,
excursions, picnics and other sorts of festivities wherein people are more
in contact with one another.
LESSON 6: Temperature
According to Dexter, the number of arrest increases quite regularly

with the increase of temperature because it affects the emotional state of
the individual and leads to fighting. The influence of temperature upon
females is greater than upon males.
LESSON 7: Humidity and Atmosphere Pressure
According to a survey, large numbers of assaults were found to be

correlated with low humidity and a small number with high humidity. It was
explained that low and high humidity is both vital and emotionally
depressing to the individual.
LESSON 8: Wind Velocity
During high wind, the number of arrests is less. It may be due to the
presence of more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that lessens the
vitality of men to commit violence.
PROGRESS CHECK
Application:
below as part of progress check. Analyze the questions carefully and feel free to
exercise your critical thinking. Every question will be credited and rated using a rubric
(refer to the last page). 10 points each item. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper. Encoded is encourage if possible.
1. Why is it that crime against person is more common during summer?
50
2. Why is it that crimes of violence are most likely to happen in fertile level of
lands than in hilly rugged terrain?
SCORING RUBRIC FOR ESSAY QUESTIONS IN CRIM 111

(INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY)
Course Date
LO Name
Topic Class Schedule
Activity Description
OBJECTIVE/ PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

WEIGHT SCORE
CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Content 5 pts. Answers are Answers are Answers are Did not
comprehensive not partial or answer
, accurate and comprehensi incomplete, question
complete. Key ve or Key points
ideas are completely are not
clearly stated, stated. Key clear.
51
explained, and points are Questions
supported. addressed, not
but not well adequately
supported answered
Organization 3 pts. Well Inadequate Organization Did not

organized, organization and answer
(Answers are coherently or structure question
clearly developed and development detract from
thought out easy to follow. structure of the answer.
and the answer
articulated.) is not easy
to follow
Writing 2 pts. Display no Display Display over Did not

Conventions errors in three to five five errors in answer
spelling, errors in spelling, question
(Spelling punctuation, spelling, punctuation, .
punctuation, grammar, and punctuation, grammar,
grammar, and sentence grammar, and
complete structure. and sentence
sentence.) sentence structure.
structure
Computation of Grade: Final

Rating
REFERENCES
BOOKS
Kalalang, Sally S. (2011). Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of

Crime. Quezon City, Philippines: Wisemans Book Trading Inc.
Manwong, Rommel K. (2013). Fundamentals of Criminology. Quezon City,

Philippines: Wisemans Book Trading Inc.
Guevara M. & Bautista F. (2013). Sociology of crimes and Ethics. Quezon

City, Philippines: Wisemans Book Trading Inc.
52
Eduardo J. & Panganoron C. (2015). Fundamentals of Criminology. Quezon
City, Philippines: Jobal Publishing House.
Tulalian, Victor T. (2016). Understanding criminal Law. Quezon City,

Eduardo, Jesster P. (2018). Essentials of Criminology. Quezon City,

Lagumen D. & Lagumen H. (2020). Introduction to Criminology. Quezon City,

Philippines: Chapter House Publishing Incorporated.
53

Crim 111

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Crim 111

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT 1- INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminology is generally considered to be one of the many branches of

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:

Lesson 1: What is Criminology?

Activity - Prior Knowledge Check

1. Criminology a. Study of crime and criminals

LESSON 1: What is Criminology?

Crimen = a Latin Logia = a Greek

According to Edwin H. Sutherland is a body of knowledge regarding crime

According to Bartol, criminology is a multidisciplinary study of crimes. This

Criminology Historical Setting

In recent decades, criminology has undergone an important and perfectly

LESSON 2: What are the Professional Subjects of Criminology Course in the

Sociology of Crimes and Ethics

Law Enforcement Administration (LEA)

Correctional Administration (CA)

Criminology Practicum (CP)

Character Formation (CFLM)

Criminal Law and Jurisprudence (CLJ)

2. CLJ 2- Human Rights Education

4. CLJ 4- Criminal Law 2 (Revised Penal Code, Book 2)

6. CLJ 6- Criminal Procedure and Court Testimony

Sociology of Crimes and Ethics

1. Criminology 1- Introduction to Criminology

This presents an overview of the different schools of thought in criminology;

2. Criminology 2- Theories of Crime Causation

This foundational course covers a comprehensive examination of the major

3. Criminology 3- Human Behavior & Victimology

4. Criminology 4- Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards

This gives emphasis on a humanity-oriented discipline intended to develop an

5. Criminology 5- Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice System

6. Criminology 6- Dispute Resolution and Crises/Incidents Management

This focuses on understanding abnormal behavior in relation to crime and the

7. Criminology 7- Criminological Research 1 (Research Methods with Applied

This explores the different ways in which criminological research is carried

8. Criminology 8- Criminological Research 2 (Thesis Writing and Presentation)

This course gives an opportunity to produce and defend a thesis under

Law Enforcement Administration (LEA)

1. LEA 1- Police Administration (Inter-Agency Approach)

2. LEA 2- Comparative Models in Policing

3. LEA 3- Introduction to Industrial Security Concepts

This covers the organizational set-up, administration and operation of security

4. LEA 4- Law Enforcement Operation and Planning with Crime Mapping

Forensic Science (FORSCI) or Criminalistics

1. Forensic 1- Forensic Photography

This course introduces knowledge in police photography that will primarily

2. Forensic 2- Personal Identification Techniques

This covers the fundamental study of ancient and modern methods of

3. Forensic 3- Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology

4. Forensic 4- Questioned Documents Examination

5. Forensic 5- Lie Detection Techniques

6. Forensic 6- Forensic Ballistics

Crime Detection and Investigation (CDI)

1. CDI 1- Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence

2. CDI 2- Specialized Crime Investigation 1 with Legal Medicine

This involves a special study of modern techniques in the investigation of

3. CDI 3- Specialized Crime Investigation 2 with Simulation on Interrogation

This course explores the fundamental and advanced features of criminal

4. CDI 4- Traffic Management and Accident Investigation with Driving

5. CDI 5- Technical English 1 (Investigative Report Writing and Presentation)

This course covers strategic approach in report writing; how to write

6. CDI 6- Fire Protection and Arson Investigation

7. CDI 212- Vice and Drug Education and Control