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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the different reading which will be deemed

important and related to present study.

Related Literatures
This serves as links between the readers and the studies already done,

talks about aspects that have been already established or concluded by other

authors and also give chances to appreciate the evidence that have already

been collected by previous researches, and projects the current research

work in the proper perspective.

Banana Biomass Waste

Banana is a tropical, herbaceous and perennial plant belonging to the

Musaceae family, which produces a large flower cluster, bears fruits and then

dies. The plant is cut to bring the crop down and harvest the fruits. The main

stem (or pseudo-stem or trunk) of banana is a juicy cylindrical cluster of leaf

stalk bases. The subterranean stem is known as corm and the part that

supports fruits is known as peduncle, stalk or rachis. After harvesting the fruit

all these portions become waste biomass. At the packaging and processing

plant, the banana bunch rachis and damaged/rotten fruits also become
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additional residual biomass. The banana biomass waste production is to the

tune of 220 tons per hectare (Padam et al., 2012). In addition to the plant

biomass wastes, the rejected fruits that fail to meet the required quality

standards may contribute between 8 and 20 percent of additional biomass

waste. For every tone of banana produced, about 100 kg of fruit rejects and 4

tons of biomass waste comprising leaves, pseudo-stem, rotten fruits, fruit-

bunch stem and rhizomes are produced, totaling to approximately 4-times the

banana fruit produce (Subayo and Chafidz, 2018).

The banana biomass waste thus generated is either left in the field or

taken to open dumps. In both cases, the ligno-cellulosic biomass wastes

produce greenhouse gases as they decompose. Thus, it is seen that banana

farming and processing generates thousands of tons of waste biomass, which

is currently being improperly managed causing serious environmental

problems (Padam et al., 2014). There is a need to evaluate the potential of

this huge biomass waste for utilization as a school clearance folder that

teachers and students can use in the school.

Saba/ Cardava (Musa Balbisiana)

The Saba (Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana) is one of the banana

cultivars considered to have good potential in the export industry. The fruit
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crop is usually grown in Southeast Asia with local names such as giant pisang

kepok (Indonesia), pisang abu nepah (Malaysia), kluai hin (Thailand), chuoi

mat (Vietnam), and Saba or cardaba (Philippines). In the Philippine setting,

this variety is the most important among the many banana cultivars in terms of

commercial production and trade because of its wide range of applications in

the domestic market (Ketnawa et al., 2020)

Musa balbisiana is also one of the most important fruit species involved

in the origin of banana crops and it is distributed from India to Papua, New

Guinea. Back then, it was believed that this type possessed only limited

diversity. However, recent work has shown that M. balbisiana also contains a

good level of infraspecific variation (Deka, 2018).

Banana Fiber

Banana fiber, also known as musa fiber, is one of the world’s strongest

natural fibers. Biodegradable, the natural fiber is made from the stem of the

banana tree and is incredibly durable. The fiber consists of thick-walled cell

tissue, bonded together by natural gums and is mainly composed of cellulose,

hemicelluloses and lignin. Banana fiber is similar to natural bamboo fiber, but

its spin ability, fineness and tensile strength are said to be better. Banana

fiber can be used to make a number of different textiles with different weights
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and thicknesses, based on what part of the banana stem the fiber was

extracted from. The thicker, sturdier fiber is taken from the banana tree's outer

sheaths, whereas the inner sheaths result in softer fiber.

Banana fiber can be used to make ropes, mats, woven fabrics as well

as handmade papers. One company based on the island of Kosrae,

Micronesia, named Green Banana Paper, is using banana fiber to make

vegan wallets, purses, beads and paper. Founded by Matt Simpson, the

Green Banana Paper produces locally, making its products out of recycled

banana stems which grow all around the island. Rather than letting banana

trees go to waste, the company purchases banana stems from banana

farmers, giving them an extra source of income (Msi.pipon, 2020).

Folder

A study explores the way people organize information in support of

projects ("teach a course", "plan a wedding", etc.). The folder structures to

organize project information - especially electronic documents and other files -

frequently resembled a "divide and conquer" problem decomposition with

subfolders corresponding to major components (subprojects) of the project.

Folders were clearly more than simply a means to one end: Organizing for

later retrieval. Folders were information in their own right - representing, for
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example, a person's evolving understanding of a project and its components

(Jones et al., 2005).

Insights Learned from the Related Literature

To reduce banana biomass waste and prevent banana trees from

going to waste, we can make Cardava (Musa balbisiana) fiber as a great

alternative school folder for teachers and students, because the banana or

cardava fiber has a strong natural fiber that makes the folder last longer, and

it is also biodegradable, sustainable, and eco-friendly materials that are worth

utilizing.