Learning  Describe the characteristic of the classification of substances and mixtures

goals giving examples

 Distinguish between pure substances (elements and compounds),
homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures
 Distinguish between physical and chemical properties and give examples
 Recognise properties of mixtures are dependent on the identity and relative
amounts of the substances that make up the mixture
Material in our world
Key Notes to Key Questions
concepts
How does structure of material affect its properties, therefore its uses?
Material  Substances used to make objects – wood, nylon, paper used to make houses,
books, clothes;
o carbon dioxide, hydrochloric acid is NOT material
 may be pure substance or mixtures

Pure  Fixed, well defined physical and chemical properties

Substances Elements
o made of only one type of atom or one type of molecule
o Composed of one type of atom. Cannot be further decomposed
o Au/C/Hg/O2
Compounds
 Chemical combination has 2 or more different atoms in fixed proportions. Can
be decomposed by chemical reaction
 Ionic: metal x non-metal, eg NaCl
 Covalent (MOLECULE): non-metals only. Can also be covalent network eg
diamond
o SiO2
 Not able to be separated by physical means
 Needs a formula
Mixtures  physical combination of 2 or more substances, each of which retains its own
properties
 Homogenous: having uniform appearance throughout
o Eg salt dissolved in water -- looks just like water! But is a mixture
o Solution (solute and solvent)
 Heterogeneous: having non-uniform appearance. Components can be
distinguished, possibly more than one phase (solid/liquid/gas)
o Colloid (particles do not settle though time. Very thick and sticky)
o Good way to distinguish -- if you took gravel from two different countries
would they still look the same? No? is hetero
Uses of  Determined by materials’ physical and chemical properties.
material  Measurable properties:
Physical Properties Chemical Properties
A quality that are seen or measured A characteristic observed when
without changing the composition of substance participates in a chemical
the material reaction
 Hardness  Reactivity with other chemicals
 Colour  flammability
 Density
 Conductivity
 Melting/boiling points
 Ductility
 Malleability
 Viscosity

Mixing  Properties of mixture is dependent on how much of each component in mixture

substances  3 types of material mixture:
(mixture) Alloys: 2 or more metals or metal + non-metals
produces Polymers: many repeating smaller units bonded together eg plastics, nylon
new Ceramics: inorganic (does not contain C) non-metal solid eg kaolinite (porcelain –
material natural)
with
different Composites: 2 or more distinct material with significant different properties eg
properties concrete matrix- concrete with steel bars

Summary