Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thermo Prelim Module
Thermo Prelim Module
Thermo Prelim Module
THERMODYNAMICS
A pure substance is a working substance whose chemical composition remains the same even if there is a change
in phase. (most common example is water)
An ideal gas is a working substance which remains in gaseous state during its operating cycle and whose equation
of state is PV = mRT. (most common example is air)
1. PRESSURE
Gage pressure is the pressure reading from the gage pressure instrument h
which is higher or lower than the atmospheric pressure.
Force
Pressure = , KN/m2, lb/in2 Above atmospheric
Pabs = Pg + Patm
A. Pressure Conversions
B. Hydrostatic Pressure, P P = wh
Page 1
2. TEMPERATURE
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance or body.
C = 5/9 (F – 32) F = 9/ 5 C + 32
B. Absolute temperatures:
K = C + 273 R = F + 460
C. Temperature Difference:
Density is defined, in thermodynamic terms, as the mass per unit volume of a substance
Specific volume is the volume per unit of mass in a substance. It is also the reciprocal of density.
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard (water for liquid and air
for gas).
m 1
A. w = = B. v = C. SG =
V v
wm = m1 + m2 = m1 + m2 vm = V1 + V2 = m1 / v1 + m2 / v2 SGm = wm
V1 + V2 m1 / v1 + m2 / v2 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 wwater
SGm = specific gravity of mixture wm = density of mixture
4. INTERNAL ENERGY(U)
Internal energy is the heat energy due to the movement of molecules within the brought about its temperature.
Page 2
5. FLOW WORK
6. ENTHALPY, H
7. STAGNATION ENTHALPY
8. ENTROPY
s = Q/T
A1 v 1 A2 v2
3. For steady flow process: m1 = m2 = A1 v1 w1 = A2 v2 w2
1 2
4. If Q is constant:
Q1 = Q2 A1 v1 = A2 v2
(D ) V = (D ) V (D1)2 V1 = (D1)2 V2
Page 3
II. CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY
The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass is a constant. This means that the total mass entering
to a system is equal to the total mass leaving.
FORMS OF ENERGY
1
KE = mv2
2
where: m = mass W = weight v = velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
3. Work, W - is the product of the displacement of the body and the component of the force in the
direction of the displacement.
Note: 1. Work done by the system is positive (out from the system)
2. Work done on the system is negative (entering to the system)
Q = mcp(t2 - t1)
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when the two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with the
third body, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other and hence are at the same temperature.
Page 4
2. First Law of Thermodynamics
States that one form of energy may be converted into another form.
All energy entering = All energy leaving
A. P1 + K1 + Wf1 + U1 + W = P2 + K2 + Wf2 + U2 + Q
B. W = (P2 - P1) + (K2 - K1) + (U2 - U1) + (Wf2 -Wf1) + Q
C. W = P + K + U + Wf + Q But: h = U + Wf
D. W = P + K + h + Q
E. Neglecting Potential energy, Kinetic energy & Heat: W = h = h2 - h1
Kelvin-Planck Statement: “It is impossible to construct a heat engine which operates in a cycle and receives a
given amount of heat from a high temperature body and does an equal amount of work”
States that the absolute entropy of a pure crystalline substance in complete internal equilibrium is zero at zero
degrees absolute.
PV = mRT PV = 8.314 n T
Boyle’s Law: (T = C ) P1 V1 = P2 V2
V1 T1 P1 T1
Charles’s Law: (P = C and V = C) = =
V2 T2 P2 T2
R Rk cp
A. cp = cv + R B. cv = C. cp = D. k =
k −1 k −1 cv
k = 1.4 for cold air k = 1.3 for hot air
where: cp = constant pressure specific heat cv = constant volume specific heat
k = specific heat ratio R = gas constant
Page 5
2. Universal gas constant of any gas is given by:
8.314 1545
R = , KJ/kg-K = ft-lb/lb-R
3. Density of air, w
Page 6