Fizik Tingkatan 4 Bab 1

BAB
1
Pengukuran
Measurement

Tema Asas Fizik

Theme Elementary Physics

NOTA EFEKTIF

1 Kuantiti fizik terdiri daripada kuantiti asas dan kuantiti terbitan.

Physical quantities consists of base quantity and derived quantity.
(a) Kuantiti asas: Kuantiti yang tidak boleh ditakrifkan dalam kuantiti fizik yang lain.
Base quantity: A quantity that cannot be expressed in terms of other physical quantities.
(b) Kuantiti terbitan: Gabungan kuantiti asas secara pendaraban, pembahagian, atau kedua-dua operasi ini.
Derived quantity: Combination of base quantities by operation of multiplication, division or both.
2 (a) Kuantiti skalar: Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai magnitud sahaja.
Scalar quantity: Physical quantity which has magnitude only.
(b) Kuantiti vektor: Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai kedua-dua magnitud dan arah.
Vector quantity: Physical quantity which has magnitude and direction.
3 Mentafsir bentuk graf/ Interpret graphs
y y

y bertambah
y berkadar terus
secara linear
dengan x
dengan x
y directly
y increases linearly
proportional to x c
with x
0 x x

y y y

c y bertambah
y berkurang secara
linear dengan x dengan x
y decreases linearly y increases
with x with x

0 x 0 x 0 x

y y y y

1
0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x
y berkurang dengan x y berkadar songsang dengan x
y decreases with x y inversely proportional to x

4 Laporan lengkap bagi suatu eksperimen terdiri daripada inferens, hipotesis, tujuan, pemboleh ubah,
bahan dan radas, keputusan, perbincangan dan kesimpulan.
The complete report of an experiment consists of inference, hypothesis, variables, apparatus and materials, result,
discussion and conclusion.

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1.1 Kuantiti Fizik

Physical Quantities

Buku Teks: m.s 4-9

1 Apakah maksud kuantiti fizik? TP 1 OP2

What is the meaning of physical quantity?

Kuantiti yang boleh diukur atau dikira pada sesuatu objek atau fenomena.
The quantity that can be measured or calculated on an object or phenomena.

2 Labelkan kuantiti fizik, magnitud dan unit bagi hasil pengukuran di bawah. TP 1 OP2
Label the physical quantity, magnitude and unit for the measurement below.

Panjang buku = 20 cm
Length of book

(a) Kuantiti fizik (b) Magnitud (c) Unit S.I

Physical quantity Magnitude S.I unit

3 Apakah maksud kuantiti asas? TP 1 OP2

What is the meaning of base quantity?

Kuantiti yang tidak dapat ditakrifkan dalam sebutan kuantiti-kuantiti fizik yang lain.
A quantity that cannot be defined in terms of other physical quantities.

4 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan simbol dan unit S.I bagi kuantiti asas diberi. TP 2 OP3
Complete the table below with their symbols and S.I units for the given base quantities.

Kuantiti asas Simbol Unit S.I dan simbol

Base quantity Symbol S.I unit and its symbol

Jisim
m kilogram kg
Mass

(a) Masa saat

t s
Time second

(b) Panjang meter

l m
Length metre

(c) Suhu
T kelvin K
Temperature

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5 Apakah maksud kuantiti terbitan? TP 1 OP2
What is the meaning of derived quantity?

Gabungan kuantiti-kuantiti asas secara pendaraban atau pembahagian atau gabungan kedua-duanya.
Combination of base quantities by multiplication, division or both these operations.

6 Tentukan unit bagi kuantiti terbitan berikut. TP 2 OP3

Determine the unit for the following derived quantities.

(a) Luas = panjang × lebar (f) perubahan halaju

Area = length × width Pecutan =
masa
change in velocity
Acceleration =
m × m = m2 time
m s–1
= m s−2
s

(b) Isi padu = panjang × lebar × tinggi (g) Daya = jisim × pecutan
Volume = length × width × height Force = mass × acceleration

m × m × m = m3 kg × m s–2 = kg m s−2 atau/ or N

(c) jisim (h) daya

Ketumpatan = Tekanan =
isi padu luas
mass force
Density = Pressure =
volume area
kg N
= kg m−3 = N m−2 atau/ or Pa
m 3
m2

(d) panjang (i) Kerja = daya × sesaran

Halaju = Work done = force × displacement
masa
length
Velocity =
time
m N × m = N m atau/ or J
= m s−1
s

(e) Momentum = jisim × halaju (j) Cas = arus × masa

Momentum = mass × velocity Charge = current × time

kg × m s−1 = kg m s−1 A × s = A s atau/ or C

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7 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah mengenai perbandingan antara kuantiti skalar dan kuantiti vektor. TP 2 OP3
Complete the table below of the comparison between scalar quantities and vector quantities.

Jenis Kuantiti skalar (b) Kuantiti terbitan

Type Scalar quantities Derived quantities
(a) Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai
Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai magnitud dan arah.
Definisi magnitud sahaja. Physical quantity which has both magnitude and
Definition Physical quantity which has magnitude
direction.
only.

(c) Sesaran, halaju, pecutan, momentum, tekanan,

Jarak, laju, jisim, kuasa, tenaga, masa, suhu
Contoh daya
Distance, speed, mass, power, energy, time,
Example Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum,
temperature
pressure, force

1.2 Penyiasatan Saintifik

Scientific Investigation

Buku Teks: m.s 10-16

1 Mentafsir bentuk-bentuk graf berikut untuk menentukan hubungan antara dua kuantiti fizik. TP 2 OP3
Interpret the following graphs to determine the relationship between two physical quantities.

(a) y
Jenis graf: Garis lurus yang melalui asalan dan
(x2, y2)
mempunyai kecerunan positif .
Type of graph: A straight line that passing through
Δy = y2 – y1
(x1, y1)
origin with a positive gradient.
Δx = x2 – x1
Tafsiran graf: y berkadar terus dengan x
0 x
Interpret graph: y directly proportional to x

(b) lurus yang tidak melalui asalan dan

y
Jenis graf: Garis
(x2, y2)
mempunyai kecerunan positif .
Δy = y2 – y1
(x1, y1) Type of graph: A straight line that does not pass through
Δx = x2 – x1 positive
(0, c) origin with a gradient.

Tafsiran graf: y bertambah secara linear dengan x

0 x
Interpret graph: y increases linearly with x

(c) y Jenis graf: Garis lurus yang tidak melalui

asalan dan mempunyai kecerunan negatif .

(0, c) (x1, y1)
Type of graph: A straight line that does not pass through

origin with a negative gradient.

(x2, y2)
Δx
Tafsiran graf: y berkurang secara linear dengan x
0 x
Interpret graph: y decreases linearly with x

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(d) y

Jenis graf: Garis melengkung yang melalui

asalan dan mempunyai kecerunan positif .

0 x
Type of graph: A curve that passing

y through origin with a positive gradient.

Tafsiran graf: y bertambah dengan x

Interpret graph: y increases with x

0 x

(e) y

Jenis graf: Garis melengkung yang

tidak melalui asalan dan mempunyai kecerunan

negatif .
0 x
Type of graph: A curve that does not pass
y
through origin with a negative gradient.

Tafsiran graf: y berkurang dengan x

Interpret graph: y decreases with x

0 x

(f)
Jenis graf:
y
Garis melengkung yang tidak memintas

paksi dan mempunyai kecerunan negatif .

Garis lurus yang melalui

asalan dan mempunyai kecerunan positif .

0 x

Type of graph: A curve that does not cut

y

both axes with a negative gradient.

A straight line that passes through the

origin with a positive gradient.

1 Tafsiran graf: y berkadar songsang dengan x

0
x
Interpret graph: y inversely proportional to x

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EKSPERIMEN 1.1

Inferens: Tempoh ayunan bandul bergantung kepada panjang talinya.

The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum depends on its length.
Inference:

Hipotesis: Semakin panjang bandul, semakin panjang tempoh ayunan.

The longer the length of the simple pendulum, the longer the period of oscillation.
Hypothesis:

Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang bandul dengan tempoh ayunan bandul.
To investigate the relationship between the length of a simple pendulum and the period of oscillation.
Aim:

Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Panjang bandul, l

Length of pendulum, l
Manipulated variable:

Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Tempoh ayunan, T

Period of oscillation, T
Responding variable:

Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Jisim ladung

Mass of pendulum
Constant variable:

Radas: Kaki retort, jangka sudut, ladung bandul, jam randik, pembaris meter dan benang 100 cm
Retort stand, protractor, pendulum bob, stopwatch, metre ruler and 100 cm thread
Apparatus:

Prosedur/ Procedure:
(i) Laraskan panjang bandul, l = 20.0 cm
Adjust the length of pendulum, l = 20.0 cm
(ii) Sesarkan ladung bandul ke sisi dan lepaskan supaya ladung bandul itu
berayun dengan sudut yang kurang daripada 10°.
Displace the pendulum bob at an angle of less than 10° from the vertical and
release it.
(iii) Ukur dan rekodkan masa, t1 untuk 20 ayunan lengkap.
Measure and record the time, t1 taken for 20 complete oscillations.
(iv) Ulangi langkah (iii) dan rekodkan masa, t2.
Repeat (iii) and record the time as t2.
l 10°
(v) Hitungkan nilai masa purata, tpurata . Kaki retort
Calculate the average time, taverage. Retort stand
tpurata
(vi) Hitungkan tempoh ayunan, T = 20 dan nilai T 2. Ladung
taverage Bob
Calculate the period of oscillation, T = and T 2.
20
(vii) Ulangi eksperimen dengan l = 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm, 60.0 cm dan 70.0 cm.
Repeat the experiment with l = 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm, 60.0 cm and 70.0 cm.

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Keputusan/ Result:
(i) Jadualkan data bagi nilai l, t, T dan T2.
Tabulate data for values l, t, T and T2.

Masa diambil untuk 20 ayunan lengkap,

Panjang bandul, Time for 20 complete oscillations, t/s
Length of pendulum, l /cm T/s T2/s2
t1 t2 tpurata/average

20.0 20.0 22.0 21.0 1.05 1.1

30.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 1.20 1.4
40.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 1.30 1.7
50.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 1.40 1.8
60.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 1.50 2.3
70.0 34.0 33.0 34.0 1.70 2.9

(ii) Graf T 2 melawan l dilakarkan.

A graph of T 2 against l is plotted.
T2/ s2

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

l/ cm
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Kesimpulan/ Conclusion:
T 2 berkadar terus dengan l / T 2 is directly proportional to l

Perbincangan/ Discussion:
(i) Tentukan kecerunan graf, m bagi graf T 2 melawan l. Nyatakan nilai m dalam unit S.I. Tunjukkan pada
graf.
Determine the gradient, m of the graph of T 2 against l. State the value of m in S.I. unit. Show on the graph.
2.5 − 0
m= = 0.417 s2 cm−1 = 4.17 s2 m−1
60 − 0
(ii) Mengapakah pengukuran masa 20 ayunan lengkap perlu diulang?
Why is the measurement of time taken for 20 complete oscillations repeated?
Untuk meningkatkan kejituan bacaan tempoh ayunan T.

To increase the accuracy of the period of oscillation, T.

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Praktis Sumatif
KERTAS 1

1 Maklumat berikut menunjukkan satu kumpulan 3 Antara berikut, rumus manakah merupakan
OP2 kuantiti fizik. OP3 terbitan bagi momentum?
The following information show a group of physical Which of the following formulas is derived for
quantities. momentum?
m
A m×a C v
• Jisim/ Mass F
• Laju/ Speed B m×v D A
• Suhu/ Temperature
• Masa/ Time 4 Kuantiti vektor merupakan kuantiti fizik yang
OP2 mempunyai magnitud dan arah.
Kumpulan ini boleh dikategorikan sebagai Apakah contoh kuantiti vektor?
The group can be categorised as Vector quantity is the physical quantity that has
magnitude and direction.
A kuantiti asas
What is the example of the vector quantity?
base quantity
B kuantiti skalar A Daya C Laju
Force Speed
scalar quantity
C kuantiti vektor B Tenaga D Ketumpatan
Energy Density
vector quantity
D kuantiti terbitan
derived quantity
5 Rajah 1 menunjukkan graf halaju, v melawan
OP3 masa, t.
Diagram 1 shows a graph of velocity, v against time, t.
2 Antara berikut, pasangan yang manakah betul?
OP2 Which of the following pairs is correct? v

Kuantiti fizik Unit S.I

Physical quantity S.I. unit

Arus elektrik
A candela
Electric current
t
Rajah 1
Berat Diagram 1
B kilogram
Weight Apakah hubungan antara v dengan t?
What is the relationship between v and t?
A v berkurang secara linear dengan t
Suhu v decreases linearly with t
C kelvin
Temperature
B v berkurang dengan t
v decreases with t
C v berkadar terus dengan t
Cas
D ampere v directly proportional to t
Charge
D v berkadar songsang dengan t
v inversely proportional to t

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KERTAS 2
Bahagian A
1 Persamaan bagi Hukum Kegravitian Semesta Newton adalah seperti berikut:
The equation for Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitational as follows:

GMm
F=
r2

iaitu F = daya, G = pemalar kegravitian, M atau m = jisim dan r = jarak.

in which F = force, G= gravitational constant, M or m = mass and r = distance.

(a) Berdasarkan persamaan tersebut, nyatakan satu contoh bagi setiap yang berikut: OP2
Based on the equation, give an example for each of the following:

(i) Kuantiti asas: Jisim // Jarak

Base quantity: Mass // Distance

(ii) Kuantiti terbitan: Daya // Pemalar kegravitian

Derived quantity: Force // Gravitational constant

(iii) Kuantiti vektor: Daya

Vector quantity: Force

[3 markah/ marks]

(b) Terbitkan unit bagi G dalam sebutan unit asas S.I. OP3
Derive the unit of G in terms of S.I. base unit.
Fr 2 N m2
G= → = N m2 kg–2
Mm kg × kg
[1 markah/ mark]

2 Rajah 1 menunjukkan bacaan jam randik pada awal dan akhir suatu eksperimen. Jam randik ini digunakan
untuk mengukur masa 20 ayunan lengkap suatu bandul ringkas yang panjangnya, l.
Diagram 1 shows the reading of a stopwatch at the beginning and end of a experiment. The stopwatch is used to measure
the time taken for 20 complete oscillations of a simple pendulum of length, l.

60 60 60 60
55 30
5 55 30
5 55 30
5 55 30
5
50 20 10 10 50 20 10 50 10 20 10 10 50 20 10 10

45 15 45 45 15 15 45 15

40 20 40 40 20 20 40 20
35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25
30 30 30 30

Awal eksperimen Akhir eksperimen

Beginning of experiment End of experiment

Rajah 1
Diagram 1

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(a) Berapakah masa yang diambil untuk bandul itu melengkapkan 20 ayunan lengkap? OP3
What is the time taken for the pendulum to make 20 complete oscillations?
t = 26 – 2
= 24 s
[1 markah/ mark]

(b) Mengapakah masa untuk 20 ayunan lengkap perlu diambil? OP4

Why is it necessary to take the time for 20 complete oscillations?
Untuk mendapatkan bacaan lebih jitu.

To increase the accuracy of the measurement.

[1 markah/ mark]

(c) Cadangkan satu langkah penambahbaikan untuk eksperimen ini. OP5 KBAT
Suggest one way to improve the experiment.
Ayunkan bandul dahulu dan kemudian hidupkan jam randik serta mula kira bilangan ayunan lengkap.
Swing the pendulum first, then start the stopwatch and start counting the complete oscillation.
[1 markah/ mark]

(d) (i) Tentukan tempoh ayunan lengkap, T bagi bandul ini. OP3
Determine the period of oscillation, T of this pendulum.
24.0
T=
20
= 1.2 s

[2 markah/ marks]

(ii) Hubungan antara panjang, l dan tempoh, T, suatu bandul ringkas diberikan melalui persamaan
berikut:
The relationship between length, l and period, T, of a simple pendulum is given by the following equation:

g
l= T2
4π2

Dengan menggunakan nilai T di 2(d)(i), hitungkan panjang bandul, l itu. OP3

Using the value of T in 2(d)(i), calculate the length of the pendulum, l.
[g = 10 m s–2]
gT 2
l=
4π2
10(1.2)2
=
4π2
= 0.36 m

[2 markah/ marks]

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