IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 8, NO.
21, NOVEMBER 1, 2021
Computation Offloading and Wireless Resource
Management for Healthcare Monitoring in
Fog-Computing-Based Internet of Medical Things
Yu Qiu, Haijun Zhang , Senior Member, IEEE, and Keping Long , Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—During the COVID-19 pandemic, Internet of
Medical Things (IoMT) has been playing an important role
in controlling the development of the epidemic, including
enabling doctors in different grade hospitals to make a diag-
nosis and treatment, isolating and care for confirmed and
suspected cases promptly, and preventing infection of patients
with the novel coronavirus. In this article, we investigate the
minimization optimization problem for healthcare monitoring in
fog computing-based IoMT (FogC-IoMT), which is nonlinear and
nonconvex problem, by considering Quality-of-Service require-
ment, power limit, and wireless fronthaul constraint. In order
to solve the problem effectively, three independent subproblems
are decoupled, and the suboptimal low-complexity computa-
tion offloading and resource management scheme is proposed
in FogC-IoMT. The simulation results reveal the effectiveness of
the proposed optimization algorithm in terms of cost utility.
Index Terms—Computation offloading, fog computing-based
IoMT (FogC-IoMT), healthcare monitoring, wireless resource
management.
I. I NTRODUCTION
ITH the continuous development of mobile commu-
W nication technology and the Internet of Things (IoT),
more user information can be fully perceived, safely trans-
mitted, and intelligently processed [1]–[3]. Against the ever
changing and challenging COVID-19 pandemic, IoT has
played an important role in helping companies and society
respond to the challenges of the pandemic. From connect-
ing hospitals to supporting the rapid transition of the supply
chain, many IoT solutions stand out during this period. The
management and control requirements to reduce interpersonal
contact have provided an opportunity for the IoT to give full
play to its abilities [4]. A series of products, such as remote
Manuscript received November 16, 2020; revised January 27, 2021;
accepted February 28, 2021. Date of publication March 17, 2021; date of
current version October 22, 2021. This work was supported in part by
the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61771044
and Grant 61822104; in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities under Grant FRF-TP-19-002C1 and Grant RC1631; and
in part by the Beijing Top Discipline for Artificial Intelligent Science and
Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing. (Corresponding
author: Haijun Zhang.)
The authors are with the Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing
Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing
Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks
and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing,
Beijing 100083, China (e-mail: qiuyustb@163.com; haijunzhang@ieee.org;
longkeping@ustb.edu.cn).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3066604
2327-4662 
c 2021 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: SRM University Amaravathi. Downloaded on September 06,2023 at 10:51:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
15875
thermometers, patrol drones, epidemic prevention robots, and
induced door sensors, used in isolation zones has been widely
applied in epidemic prevention and control and resumption of
production and work.
Due to the acceleration of the pace of life in modern society
and the significant improvement of peoples living standards,
health issues are gradually being taken seriously. The aging
population and the increasing number of patients with chronic
diseases require the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) to be
applied in monitoring patients physical condition in a timely
and reliable manner [5]–[7]. Thus, the employment of the
IoMT is of great significance for the prevention and diag-
nosis of diseases. Healthcare industry has become one of
the fastest developed fields on the application of the IoT.
The IoMT can digitally integrate human-oriented data, such
as medical history, medications and allergies, laboratory test
results, and personal statistics, greatly improving the quality
and effect of medical services. At the same time, user data
in different regions can be uploaded to the same data cen-
ter, realizing medical data sharing and exceeding the time and
space limits of traditional medical service models while pro-
tecting privacy. When detecting unusual data changes, an alert
can be sparked in time and the user can be located, tracked,
and monitored by IoMT. Moreover, IoMT can achieve its
best effect economically through the least intermediate links
in the shortest time, offering patients the most satisfactory
medical services. Feng et al. [8] studied a nanonetwork of
e-health applications, and decreased the energy consumption
and latency of haptic communication in THz bands by solving
the stochastic optimization problem. Pagán et al. [9] con-
sidered the improved adaptive compressed sense method for
remote healthcare monitoring network. By utilizing coarse-
grained sensing localization and unsupervised clustering units
in sense parts, the total energy cost of transmitting medical
data can be significantly reduced.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.K. national health
service (NHS) and the U.S. Medicare plan to agree to offer
funds to online patients. Therefore, the availability and uti-
lization of telemedicine/remote consultation and diagnosis in
many countries have been enhanced greatly. Telefonica in
Spain is developing a new function of its Movistar Prosegur
alarm system, trying to use it for remote patient monitoring.
In addition, IoMT also supports the visualization of epi-
demic maps, remote consultations with experts and other large-
scale national projects, as well as community and personal
15876
epidemic prevention. Body temperature, respiratory rate, blood
oxygen saturation in resting state, and oxygenation index are
all required to be tested during the COVID-19 epidemic,
while the cloud centers in hospitals at all levels have core
graphics processing units (GPUs), electronic medical records,
and image archiving and cloud computing systems. Based on
user information collected online, cloud centers can help epi-
demic prevention and control and complete the diagnosis and
treatment of COVID-19 cases efficiently and accurately.
Although, with the widespread application of the cloud
computing-based IoMT (CloudC-IoMT), the bottleneck of IoT
in mobile health about medical data collecting, computing,
and storage is broken with the utilization of the cloud com-
puting paradigm [10]–[13]. Cao et al. [14] designed a novel
multicloud framework, including low cost local testing part
and medical information storage method, which has the broad
applicability and scalability. While, faced with a swelling num-
ber of connecting medical devices and more advanced medical
applications, it is becoming quite hard to guarantee the real-
time requirements of medical users with high efficiency and
low latency in CloudC-IoMT. It is ineluctable that there are
enormous strains for cloud computing to complete whole med-
ical tasks calculation in CloudC-IoMT in a centralized manner.
Meanwhile, not only a great quantity of medical tasks needs
to be offloaded to remote cloud computing center but also the
feedback data should be transmitted to each requested med-
ical user in time. Both two data transmission phases are put
extreme pressure to wireless access link, resulting in more
transfer delay and energy consumption.
The integration of fog computing and nonorthogonal
multiplexing access (NOMA) gives IoMT an attractive oper-
ating mode, which can effectively provide comprehensive and
personalized services according to different medical service
levels and performance requirements [15]–[17]. Fog comput-
ing is regarded as the expansion of centralized cloud in the
edge of wireless networks [18], [19]. The evolved edge fog
computing-enabled medical devices are equipped with a cer-
tain amount of computing capability, available caching space,
and control and management function [20]. Different from
CloudC-IoMT, the fog computing-based IoMT (FogC-IoMT)
can efficiently process whole medical analysis tasks with
decentralized manner by fog computing-enabled devices in the
edge of the system [21]. Although the computing power of fog
computing-enabled devices is very small than the large-scale
computing capabilities of the cloud center in CloudC-IoMT.
But it is sufficient to handle its medical tasks. The character-
istic of fog computing is provided adequate processing power
to deal with the whole medical tasks promptly by the associa-
tion with lots of distributed fog nodes. Thus, there is no restrict
about offloading medical tasks in FogC-IoMT [22]. The med-
ical tasks offloading is more flexible through fog computing
with lower latency and energy consumption, which cannot be
only transmit the medical tasks to remote cloud centers by
comparatively long distance communication [23].
NOMA is an innovative access technology, which can allo-
cate single resource to multiple users in the network. This is
quite different from traditional orthogonal multiplexing access.
By multiplexing power, NOMA is more suitable for future
Authorized licensed use limited to: SRM University Amaravathi. Downloaded on September 06,2023 at 10:51:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 8, NO. 21, NOVEMBER 1, 2021
wireless communication system deployment with higher spec-
trum efficiency and bigger access [24], [25]. Moreover, there
is a degree of relief in the increasingly outstanding problem of
spectrum shortage. While, it is difficult to design a low com-
plexity and effective receiver mechanism in the application of
NOMA.
Through information mining and intelligent processing and
based on patients’ comprehensive information, IoMT can make
suggestions that meet the individual requirements of precision
medicine [26]. It is worth noting that emotion-aware abili-
ties are considered to be a key factor in improving the IoMT
services. In reality, besides physical pain, mental disorders are
also a painful factor that cannot be ignored when a person is
diagnosed with certain disease or he/she is in a stressful social
environment. Especially at present, the COVID-19 crisis is
still unfolding around us and the number of confirmed cases
in most countries is tending to rise. People inevitably experi-
ence anxiety and irritability when they have lived under such
a depressed environment for a long time. Even if they do not
have extreme thoughts such as ending lives, they may have
a relatively unhealthy psychological status. What is worse,
patients are more likely to live in fear and psychological coun-
seling is a necessity for them. Zhang et al. [27] investigated
a novel emotion aware and intelligent IoMT system, which
collects multimodal data of patients. The effective assessment
of patients’ emotion can be achieved by further investigation.
Based on the decision making about the emotion, continu-
ous emotion-aware healthcare services can be provided during
the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for infants and young
children, elderly, and mentally ill persons.
In this article, we focus on the optimization problem about
the minimizing cost utility of medical users in fog computing-
based healthcare monitoring in IoMT, with consideration of
energy consumption, transmission delay, Quality-of-Service
(QoS) requirement, power limit, and wireless fronthaul con-
straint. The initial optimization problem is nonlinear and
nonconvex problem. To avoid the high computing complex-
ity of optimization, we can transfer the initial problem into
three decoupling subproblems, including subchannel assign-
ment, power allocation, and medical computation offloading.
The main contributions of this article can be summarized as
follows.
1) We investigate the cost utility optimization problem
for the healthcare monitoring in FogC-IoMT. Taking
account of the distinct time sensitivity of medical data,
and the energy finiteness of the medical user, there are
two types of cost utility for each fog computing medical
users (F-MUs) in FogC-IoMT. Meanwhile, QoS require-
ment and wireless fronthaul constraint are also in the
consideration for this minimum optimization problem.
2) Taking account of the fact that the optimization problem
is neither a linear problem nor a convex optimization
problem, we decouple it into three independent sub-
problems, including subchannel assignment, power allo-
cation, and medical computation offloading. Then, in
order to accelerate solution efficiency, a low-complexity
algorithm is introduced to work out three decoupling
subproblems, respectively.
QIU et al.: COMPUTATION OFFLOADING AND WIRELESS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR HEALTHCARE MONITORING 15877

3) Matching theory is utilized for subchannel assign-

ment between F-APs and F-MUs with NOMA. While,
the decoupling power assignment is still a noncon-
vex with fractional form, which can be solved after
being transformed into the subtractive form problem.
The simulation results reveal the effectiveness of the
proposed suboptimal low-complexity medical compu-
tation offloading and resource allocation algorithm in
FogC-IoMT.
The remainder of this article is organized as follows.
Section II introduces the FogC-IoMT model and formulates
the minimization optimization problem. In Section III, three
independent subproblems are dealt with, respectively. Then,
the simulation results are provided in Section IV. Finally, this
article is concluded in Section V.

II. S YSTEM M ODEL AND P ROBLEM F ORMULATION Fig. 1. Architecture of FogC-IoMT.

A. System Model
1) Channel Model: The architecture of FogC-IoMT is illus- coefficients between F-MU d and F-AP k. We denote pk,d,s as
trated in Fig. 1, including one cloud center in hospital or the transmission power of F-UE b of F-AP k on subchannel s.
Center for Disease Control, K fog-computing access points Then, let ωk,d,s represent the subchannel allocation indicator,
(F-APs), and lots of F-MUs. F-MU can continuously sense i.e., ωk,d,s = 1 stands for the subchannel allocation indicator
and collect the healthcare information about oneself (tempera- that the F-MU d connects to F-AP k via the subchannel s.
ture, pulse wave, blood pressure, and so on), which is related Otherwise, ωk,d,s = 0.
with electrocardiogram sensor, electromyogram sensor, blood Based on the NOMA principle, the SIC technology
pressure sensor, and so on in Fig. 1. All sensors in each F-MU is widely employed in receiving terminals to minimize
work at any time and place for healthcare result in massive interference between co-frequency users. Classically, F-MU
data in IoMT. It is noted that these data should be safely with bigger power will be assigned lower channel gain.
transmitted and processed intelligently in time for effective Therefore, F-MU with a better channel gain can avoid
healthcare. The computing capacity in the edge network offers interference produced by other F-MUs in a weaker channel
F-MUs more selections to manipulate medical data. First, in condition at the same subchannel. For F-AP k in the healthcare
fog computing-based healthcare monitoring, the medical anal- monitoring network, the gain of D F-MUs on the subchannel
ysis tasks of F-MUs d can be processed locally, as shown s is ordered as
in Fig. 1. Without occupying channel and consuming energy,        
hk,1,s 2 > hk,2,s 2 > hk,3,s 2 > · · · > hk,D,s 2 . (1)
medical tasks can be processed in the edge of FogC-IoMT
with low latency and energy consumption. While the capacity The signal-to-interference plus-noise ratio (SINR) for F-MU
of each F-MU is limited. Then, F-MU can offload the task to d served by the F-AP k on the subchannel s in the healthcare
the near F-APs by the wireless access links as F-MUs d − 1, monitoring network is
or to cloud center via the wireless fronthaul as F-MUs d +1 in  2
Fig. 1. Inevitably, the computation offloading will bring about pk,d,s hk,d,s 
SINRk,d,s = 
F
 2 (2)
D  
u=d+1 pk,u,s hk,d,s + Ik,d,s + σ
more energy consumption and time delay. F-MU will select the co 2
best mode to accomplish the medical analysis task, according D
u=d+1 pk,u,s |hk,d,s | is the superposed interference
2
to the task size, delay limit, and computing capability, instead where
of being obliged to offload all tasks to remote cloud centers. caused by F-MUs in F-AP F on the subchannel s, Ik,d,s co =
K D
F-AP also can connect to the cloud center by fronthaul links. m=1,m=k d=1 pm,d,s |hk,d,s | 2
is the the co-tier interference
It is assumed that a portion of the system bandwidth BF is from F-MUs in other F-APs m, and σ 2 is the white Gaussian
assigned to F-APs for data transmission with its F-MUs. The noise.
remaining system bandwidth BC is allocated to BBU pools Therefore, the data rate of F-MU d in F-AP k can be
for wireless fronthaul link with F-APs. Specifically, F-MUs given by
can use the nonorthogonal frequency-division multiple access
BF ωk,d,s
technology and the orthogonal radio resources are allocated RFk,d,s = log2
for wireless fronthaul with the adjacent F-APs. There are NF
⎛ ⎞
 2
S nonorthogonal frequency channels with F-APs denoted as pk,d,s hk,d,s 
S = {1, 2, . . . , S}, and N orthogonal frequency channels for × ⎝1 +   2 ⎠. (3)
D
p  h  + I co + σ 2
u=d+1 k,u,s k,d,s
wireless fronthaul denoted as N = {1, 2, . . . , N}. k,d,s

Without loss of generality, we consider a set of F-MUs In FogC-IoMT, the F-APs can connect cloud center via fron-
denoted by D ∈ {1, 2, . . . , D}. Denote hk,d,s as the channel thaul. The data rate of the fronthaul link between F-AP k and

Authorized licensed use limited to: SRM University Amaravathi. Downloaded on September 06,2023 at 10:51:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
15878 IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 8, NO. 21, NOVEMBER 1, 2021

cloud center can be described as the following formula: where κkF represents the number of CPU cycles needed to
  2 process one bit input of the medical task MTk,d,s in F-AP k,
BC pC  
k hk,n and fkF is the CPU-cycle frequency for F-MU d assigned by
Rk = C log2 1 +
C
(4)
N σ2 F-AP k.
where hk,n is the channel coefficients between F-AP k and Therefore, the sum latency DFk,d,s of the fog mode can be
cloud center, and pFk is the transmit power of the BBU pools given by
targeted at corresponding F-AP k. It is assumed the subchannel UF(T)
DFk,d,s = Dk,d,s + Dk,d,s .
F(P)
(9)
about wireless fronthaul link between the F-APs and cloud
center is set in this article, and N C is equivalent to the number Different from the local mode at F-MU d, the energy con-
of F-APs. sumption of completing the medical task MeTk,d,s in the
2) Offloading Model: In the computation offloading period, fog-computing layer consists of two parts, which are the
there is only one medical task to be processed at F-MU, which energy consumption of offloading MeTk,d,s from F-MU d to
is denoted as MeTk,d,s . Meanwhile, it is set that every com- F-AP k and executing MeTk,d,s at F-AP k.
putation task cannot be divided. Let αk,d,s L , β F , and γ C
k,d,s k,d,s
F
Then, the energy consumption Ek,d,s of the fog mode can
represent the offloading decision about MeTk,d,s of F-MU d be expressed as
on subchannel s in F-AP k.
If αk,d,s
L = 1, it represents that the medical task MeTk,d,s is UF(T) F(P) κkF Tk,d,s pidle
k,d,s
F
Ek,d,s = Dk,d,s pk,d,s + Dk,d,s pidle
k,d,s =
processed at F-MU d locally. Obviously, there is no wireless fkF
link in this mode. F-MU d utilizes its own computing resources Tk,d,s pk,d,s
to complete medical task. Tk,d,s denotes the size of MeTk,d,s +
pk,d,s |hk,d,s |
2
BF ωk,d,s
for F-MU d served by F-AP k on the subchannel s, and κk,d,s L log2 1 + D
NF
u=d+1 pk,u,s |hk,d,s |2
+Ik,d,s
co +σ 2
represents the number of CPU cycles needed to process one bit (10)
L(P)
input of MeTk,d,s . Therefore, the computation latency Dk,d,s of
executing MeTk,d,s at F-MU d locally can be given by where pidle
k,d,s is the idle power of F-MU d in F-AP k on the
subchannel s.
κk,d,s
L T
k,d,s
L(P)
Dk,d,s = (5) If γk,d,s
C = 1, it represents the medical task MeTk,d,s is
L
fk,d,s processed at the cloud center. There are two phases in this
L offloading procedure. In this mode, F-MU d in FogC-IoMT
where fk,d,s is the CPU-cycle frequency of F-MU d.
needs to first transmit the medical task MeTk,d,s to F-AP k
The sum latency DLk,d,s of executing MeTk,d,s at F-MU d
L(P) by wireless access link. Then, F-AP k continues to offload the
locally is equal to Dk,d,s . medical task MeTk,d,s to the cloud center by wireless fronthaul.
Based on the local computation latency, the energy con- Finally, cloud center can execute the medical task MTk,d,s in
L(P)
sumption Ek,d,s of executing MeTk,d,s at F-MU d can be hospital or disease control centers.
expressed as C(P)
Therefore, the transmission latency Dk,d,s of transmit
L(P) κL T
local k,d,s k,d,s
MeTk,d,s from F-MU d to the cloud center also includes two
Ek,d,s = pk,d,s L
(6) parts, which can be given by
fk,d,s
C(T) UF(T) FC(T) Tk,d,s Tk,d,s
where plocal Dk,d,s = Dk,d,s + Dk,d,s = + C
k,d,s is the local execution power of F-MU d in F-AP k. F
Rk,d,s Rk
If βk,d,s = 1, it represents the medical task MeTk,d,s is pro-
F
Tk,d,s
cessed at F-AP k. In this mode, F-MU d needs to first offload =
k |hk,n |
2
the medical task MeTk,d,s to F-AP k by wireless access link. BC pC
NC
log2 1+ σ2
Then, F-AP k can execute the medical task MeTk,d,s in the fog-
computing layer of the healthcare monitoring network. Thus, Tk,d,s
UF(T) +
pk,d,s |hk,d,s |
2
the transmission latency Dk,d,s of offloading the medical task BF ωk,d,s
log2 1 + D
MeTk,d,s from F-MU d to F-AP k through wireless access link NF
u=d+1 pk,u,s |hk,d,s | 2
+Ik,d,s
co +σ 2

can be given by (11)

UF(T) Tk,d,s UF(T) FC(T)
Dk,d,s = F where Dk,d,s is the same as that in fog mode, and Dk,d,s is
Rk,d,s the transmission latency of transmit the medical task MeTk,d,s
Tk,d,s from F-AP k to the cloud center by fronthaul link.
= . (7) C(P)
pk,d,s |hk,d,s |
2
BF ωk,d,s The computation latency Dk,d,s of executing MeTk,d,s at the
log2 1+ D
NF
u=d+1 pk,u,s |hk,d,s |2 +Ik,d,s
co +σ 2 cloud center can be given by
F(P)
The computation latency Dk,d,s of executing MeTk,d,s at C(P) κ C Tk,d,s
Dk,d,s = (12)
F-AP k can be given by fC
F(P) κkF Tk,d,s where κ C represents the number of CPU cycles needed to
Dk,d,s = (8)
fkF process one bit input of MeTk,d,s at the cloud center, and f C

Authorized licensed use limited to: SRM University Amaravathi. Downloaded on September 06,2023 at 10:51:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
QIU et al.: COMPUTATION OFFLOADING AND WIRELESS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR HEALTHCARE MONITORING 15879

is the CPU-cycle frequency for F-MU d assigned by the cloud minimizes the cost utility of all the F-MUs. It is necessary to
center. take both the latency and the energy consumption into consid-
Therefore, the sum latency DC
k,d,s of the cloud mode can be eration. Therefore, the optimization problem of FogC-IoMT
given by can be described as
C(T) C(P) UF(T)
k,d,s = Dk,d,s + Dk,d,s = Dk,d,s + Dk,d,s + Dk,d,s .
DC
FC(T) C(P)
(13) 
K 
D 
S
 D 
min χk,d,s Dk,d,s + χk,d,s
E
Ek,d,s
F
In the end, the sum energy consumption Ek,d,s of the cloud k=1 d=1 s=1
mode is expressed as s.t. C1 : αk,d,s
L
, βk,d,s
F
, γk,d,s
C
∈ {0, 1}
C
Ek,d,s
UF(T)
= Dk,d,s pk,d,s + Dk,d,s pidle
FC(T)
k,d,s + Dk,d,s pk,d,s
idle C(P) C2 : αk,d,s
L
+ βk,d,s
F
+ γk,d,s
C
=1
κ C Tk,d,s pidle Tk,d,s pidle C3 : ωk,d,s ∈ {0, 1}
k,d,s k,d,s
= + D
k |hk,n |
fC BC pC
2
log2 1+ C4 : ωk,d,s ≤ 2
NC σ2
d=1
Tk,d,s pk,d,s C5 : pk,d,s ≥ 0
× ⎛ ⎞.
D  S
BF ωk,d,s ⎜ pk,d,s |hk,d,s |
2
⎟ ωk,d,s pk,d,s ≤ pmax
NF
log2 ⎝1 + 
D ⎠ C6 : k
pk,u,s |hk,d,s |
2
+Ik,d,s
co +σ 2
d=1 s=1
u=b+1
(14) 
D 
S
C7 : RFk,d,s ≤ RC
k
d=1 s=1
B. Problem Formulation

D 
S
Let Dk,d,s denote the latency of F-MU d served by F- C8 : RFk,d,s ≥ Rmin
k (18)
AP k on the subchannel s in FogC-IoMT, which can be d=1 s=1
expressed as C
where the power limits for F-AP k are denoted as pmax k , Rk
Dk,d,s = αk,d,s
L
DLk,d,s + βk,d,s
F
DFk,d,s + γk,d,s
C
DCk,d,s
min
is the capacity of the wireless fronthaul for F-AP k, and Rk
 is the QoS requirement about the minimum transmission rate
κk,d,s Tk,d,s
L
Tk,d,s κkF Tk,d,s
= αk,d,s
L
+ β F
k,d,s + for F-AP k.
fL RFk,d,s fkF The constraints C1 and C2 ensure that only one mode can
k,d,s
Tk,d,s Tk,d,s κ C Tk,d,s be chosen to process medical task for healthcare monitoring
+ γk,d,s
C
+ + . (15) in FogC-IoMT; C3 and C4 ensure that one subchannel has
RFk,d,s RCk
fC
no more than two F-MUs; the constraints C5 and C6 are the
Ek,d,s is denoted as the energy consumption of F-MU d power limits; the constraint C7 is uplink wireless fronthaul
served by F-AP k on the subchannel s in FogC-IoMT, which constraint for each F-AP; and the constraint C8 ensures QoS
can be expressed as requirement of each F-AP for healthcare monitoring in FogC-
L(P) IoMT.
Ek,d,s = αk,d,s
L
Dk,d,s plocal
 k,d,s 
UF(T) F(P)
+ βk,d,s Dk,d,s pk,d,s + Dk,d,s pidle
F
k,d,s III. O PTIMIZATION OF R ADIO R ESOURCES AND M EDICAL
  C OMPUTATION O FFLOADING D ECISION
UF(T) FC(T) idle C(P)
+ γk,d,s Dk,d,s pk,d,s + Dk,d,s pk,d,s + Dk,d,s pidle
C
k,d,s .
The optimization problem of FogC-IoMT is neither a linear
(16) problem nor a convex optimization problem. With the purpose
It is noted that health monitoring is extremely delay sen- to solve the optimization problem effectively, we decouple
sitive, and some F-MUs are energy constrained. Therefore, it into three independent subproblems, including subchan-
the cost utility Ck,d,s of F-MU d served by F-AP k on the nel assignment, power allocation, and medical computation
subchannel s can be defined as offloading.

Ck,d,s = χk,d,s
D
Dk,d,s + χk,d,s
E
Ek,d,s (17)
A. Subchannel Matching
where χk,d,s
D and χk,d,s
E
are the normalized weight coefficients For three optional offloading mode, only fog and cloud
of the total process latency Dk,d,s and the total energy offloading mode should take account of subchannel assign-
consumption Ek,d,s for F-MU d served by F-AP k on ment. In order to solve the assignment problem of subchannel
D , χE
the subchannel s, respectively, and χk,d,s k,d,s ∈ {0, 1}, in the healthcare monitoring network, the matching algorithm
χk,d,s + χk,d,s = 1.
D E can be proposed.
As discussed above, there exist three optional offloading In the matching scheme, all the F-MUs and the subchan-
decisions for each F-MU to accomplish its medical task nels are two disjoint sets, and each player are rational and
MeTk,d,s in FogC-IoMT. Our target is to design an efficient selfish in two sets. For each F-MU in the healthcare monitor-
medical task offloading and resource allocation scheme that ing network, it only want to use the preferable subcahnnel to

Authorized licensed use limited to: SRM University Amaravathi. Downloaded on September 06,2023 at 10:51:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
15880 IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 8, NO. 21, NOVEMBER 1, 2021

offload its medical task MeTk,d,s with the minimum cost util- Thus, the power allocation problem can be rewritten as
ity. When the match process starts, each F-MU first choose
the favorite subchannel according to its preference sequence. 
K 
D 
S
   
P1.2 min g1 pk,d,s − ηg2 pk,d,s
If F-MU d can acquire higher channel gain of subchannels s
than subchannels s∗ , the subchannel s in front of the subchan- k=1 d=1 s=1
s.t. C5, C6, C7, C8. (23)
nel s∗ in preference sequence of F-MU d. But, the number of
the F-MUs assigned to one subchannel is limited. Moreover, The optimization problem has been converted into a linear
in order to control the complexity of decoding in receiving form and can be dealt with efficiently. In order to find the
end, it is need to set that two F-MUs are allowed to share a optimal power allocation, we have used the method of the
single subchannel at most. Thus, F-MU d can be turned down Lagrangian dual analysis. Because in the previous section, we
for use subchannels s when two F-MUs have occupied sub- have got ωk,d,s of subchannel matching. Then, in order to sim-
channels s and there is no smaller cost utility can be brought plify the expression of this problem, we can use  pk,d,s (t) to
about by F-MU d. After being refused by subchannels, F-MU replace pk,d,s (t) and ωk,d,s , where 
pk,d,s = ωk,d,s pk,d,s .
d will go on sending access request to the following one in The Lagrangian function is represented as
its preference sequence. When the set of unmatched F-MUs
is empty, the subchannel matching is finished.   K 
D 
S
 D 
L pk,d,s , δ, ϑ, θ = χk,d,s + χk,d,s
E
pk,d,s Tk,d,s
k=1 d=1 s=1
B. Power Allocation S  
K  D 
It can be observed that power allocation is also related to the − ηR̂Fk,d,s
process in fog layer and cloud center, which is the same as sub- k=1 d=1 s=1
 D S
channel matching. Thus, βk,d,s
F + γk,d,s
C = 1. After subchannel K 
matching, the power allocation problem can be rewritten as + δk p̂k,d,s − pmax
k
k=1 d=1 s=1
 D S

K 
D 
S
 D  
K 
P min χk,d,s Dk,d,s + χk,d,s
E
Ek,d,s + ϑk R̂Fk,d,s − RC
k
k=1 d=1 s=1 k=1 d=1 s=1
s.t. C5 : pk,d,s ≥ 0 

K 
D 
S
D  S + θk Rmin
k − R̂Fk,d,s . (24)
C6 : ωk,d,s pk,d,s ≤ pmax
k k=1 d=1 s=1
d=1 s=1
The power allocation can be acquired by partial derivatives.
D  S
C7 : RFk,d,s ≤ RC Once the power allocation scheme is obtained, we can adopt
k
d=1 s=1
the subgradient method to update the multiplier
D  S
(η − ϑk + θk )BF
C8 : RFk,d,s ≥ Rmin
k . (19) p∗ k,d,s =   
d=1 s=1 N(ln 2) δk + χk,d,s
E T
k,d,s
D  2
 
u=d+1 pk,u,s hk,d,s + Ik,d,s + σ
co 2
This power allocation problem is a nonlinear fractional pro-
−  2 . (25)
gramming problem. To obtain its optimal solution efficiently, hk,d,s 
we should transform the fractions into subtractions to miti-
gate the computation complexity [24]. η* is denoted as the
the optimal cost utility, which is expressed as C. Medical Computation Offloading
  When pk,d,s and ωf ,b,c are given in (15) and (16), the
K D S
k=1 d=1 s=1 g1 p∗k,d,s subproblem of offloading decision can be described as
η* = min    (20)
P K D S ∗ 
K 
D 
S
 
g2 p
k=1 d=1 s=1 k,d,s P1.3 min χk,d,s
D
Dk,d,s + χk,d,s
E
Ek,d,s
k=1 d=1 s=1
where p∗k,d,s denotes the optimal power when getting η* . s.t. C1 : αk,d,s
L
, βk,d,s
F
, γk,d,s
C
∈ {0, 1}
g1 (pk,d,s ), g2 (pk,d,s ) is defined as
C2 : αk,d,s + βk,d,s + γk,d,s = 1.
L F C
(26)
   D 
g1 pk,d,s = χk,d,s + χk,d,s
E
pk,d,s Tk,d,s (21)
Since the object function and the constraints are linear func-
  BF ωk,d,s tions, the offloading decision problem is a 0 − 1 programming
g2 pk,d,s = log2
NF
⎛ ⎞ problem. However, the computation complexity rises exponen-
 2
pk,d,s hk,d,s  tially when the number of computation tasks increases and it
⎝
× 1+   2 ⎠. reaches an extreme extent when there is a large number of
D
pk,d,s hk,d,s  + I co
u=d+1 k,d,s + σ
2
computation tasks. Our target is to minimize the cost utility
(22) of all F-MUs. Therefore, we can directly choose the mode

Authorized licensed use limited to: SRM University Amaravathi. Downloaded on September 06,2023 at 10:51:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
QIU et al.: COMPUTATION OFFLOADING AND WIRELESS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR HEALTHCARE MONITORING 15881

Algorithm 1 Suboptimal Low-Complexity Medical Task

Offloading and Wireless Resource Allocation Algorithm
Initialize
Step 1: Medical Task Offloading
Achieve medical task offloading desicion using (27)
Step 2: Subchannel Assignment
Achieve the ωk,d,s using the Subchannel Matching
Step 3: Power Allocation
Initialize the maximum number of iterations Tmax , cost
utility η0 and maximum
  ρ
tolerance
 ∗ 
while g1 pk,d,s − η g2 pk,d,s  > ρ or t ≤ Tmax do
t t

repeat
Initialize Mmax , the number of iterations m = 0
Initialize Lagrange multipliers δk , ϑk , θk
Fig. 2. Cost utility performance versus the iteration number.
for each F-AP do
for each F-MU do
for each subchannel do
Calculate and update pf ,b,c by (25)
Calculate and update δk , ϑk , θk
end for
end for
end for
m=m+1
until Convergence or m = Mmax    
Set t = t + 1, and let ηt = g1 pt−1 k,d,s g2 pt−1
k,d,s
end while

with lowest cost utility

  
Fig. 3. Cost utility performance with different numbers of F-APs versus the
L
1, Ck,d,s = min Ck,d,s
L , Ck,d,s
F , CC
αk,d,s =
L k,d,s size of MeTk,d,s .
0, else
  
F
1, Ck,d,s = min Ck,d,s
L , Ck,d,s
F , CC
βk,d,s =
F k,d,s
0, else that the size of medical task is 0.19 MB uniformly. The num-
   ber of CPU cycles required to process one bit input of task
C
1, Ck,d,s = min Ck,d,s
L , Ck,d,s
F , CC L , F-AP k κ F , and cloud center κ C is set as
in F-MU d κk,d,s
γk,d,s =
C k,d,s (27) k
0, else equal with 297.2 cycles/b. The CPU-cycle frequency of F-MU
L , F-AP k f F , and cloud center f C is set as 0.5 G cycles/s,
d fk,d,s
In this article, the minimization problem of cost utility is k
2 G cycles/s, and 4 G cycles/s.
decoupled into three subproblems. For each subproblem, the
Fig. 2 shows the cost utility of the healthcare monitoring
optimal solution is proposed. From (26), it can be observed
system when the iteration number is from 0 to 30. With the
that power allocation and subchannel assignment do not much
increase of the number of iterations, the cost utility of the
affect the solution of medical computation offloading subprob-
proposed scheme and the random scheme both rise first, then
lem. Therefore, the mean value of power can be used to find
decline and finally stabilize. When the number of iterations
the medical computation offloading decision with low com-
reaches 8, the curve stabilizes. Since Task = 0.16 MB, it can
plexity. Then, the suboptimal medical computation offloading
be seen that the cost utility value of the random algorithm is
and resource allocation scheme for healthcare monitoring in
larger than that of the proposed scheme. This is because the
FogC-IoMT can be presented in Algorithm 1.
random scheme fails to optimize the channel allocation, so the
performance is poor and the cost utility is larger. Moreover,
IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION when the value of medical task is increased from 0.15 to
In this section, we verify the proposed medical task offload- 0.16 MB, that is, the medical task for healthcare monitoring
ing and wireless resource management algorithm in terms of in FogC-IoMT processed is heavier, the cost utility value of
cost utility by simulations. In the proposed FogC-IoMT, the the corresponding system will also increase.
cell radius of HPN and each F-AP is set as 300 and 30 m. Fig. 3 demonstrates the cost utility performance with differ-
The transmit power of HPN and F-AP is set as 33 and 30 dBm. ent number of F-APs when Tk,d,s is from 0.15 to 0.19 MB. As
The system noise power density is set as −174 dBm/Hz, the size of task becomes larger, the value of cost utility grad-
respectively. The carrier frequency is 2 GHz. It is assumed ually rises. Obviously, as the number of F-APs increase from

Authorized licensed use limited to: SRM University Amaravathi. Downloaded on September 06,2023 at 10:51:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
15882 IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 8, NO. 21, NOVEMBER 1, 2021

of the proposed scheme and the average allocation scheme

will decrease accordingly. Moreover the cost utility of the
proposed algorithm will be lower than the average allocation
scheme, owing to the proposed algorithm optimizing the power
allocation, which can reduce the cost utility of the system.
Compared with the average allocation scheme, the cost utility
of the proposed algorithm decreases faster, so the performance
of the proposed algorithm is better.

V. C ONCLUSION
In this article, the optimization problem in FogC-IoMT is
investigated for minimizing the cost utility for all F-MUs with
multiple constraints. Taking accounting of the fact that the
Fig. 4. Cost utility performance versus the number of F-MUs in each F-AP.
object problem is nonlinear and nonconvex, we first decou-
ple it into three independent subproblems, including medical
task offloading, subchannel assignment, and power alloca-
tion. Then, the suboptimal low-complexity medical offloading
and wireless resource allocation scheme can be proposed to
achieve low energy consumption and transmission latency
for healthcare monitoring in FogC-IoMT. Finally, simula-
tion results can demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
scheme. Although energy consumption and latency are taken
into consideration in object problem and solved, how to
improve the emotion-aware ability in FogC-IoMT needs to be
discussed in more detail later, for providing more comprehen-
sive patient-centered medical services. Especially at present,
the COVID-19 crisis is still unfolding around us and the
number of confirmed cases in most countries is tending to
rise.
Fig. 5. Cost utility performance with different scheme versus the CPU-cycle
frequency of F-AP.
R EFERENCES
[1] L. Chettri and R. Bera, “A comprehensive survey on Internet of Things
3 to 7, the value of cost utility also grows up. This is because (IoT) toward 5G wireless system,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 7, no. 1,
when the F-AP increases, the number of F-MUs connected to pp. 16–32, Jan. 2020.
[2] D. Xu and H. Zhu, “Secure transmission for SWIPT IoT systems
it increases, so the amount of medical tasks that F-AP needs with full-duplex IoT devices,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 6, no. 6,
to offloading becomes heavy, and the processing workload of pp. 10915–10933, Dec. 2019.
the medical task system increases. As a result, the value of [3] X. Xu, X. Liu, Z. Xu, F. Dai, X. Zhang, and L. Qi, “Trust-oriented IoT
cost utility will become larger. service placement for smart cities in edge computing,” IEEE Internet
Things J., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 4084–4091, May 2020.
Fig. 4 describes the cost utility performance versus the num- [4] Y. Deng, Z. Chen, X. Yao, S. Hassan, and A. M. A. Ibrahim, “Parallel
ber of F-MUs in each F-AP. As the number of F-MUs in offloading in green and sustainable mobile edge computing for delay-
each F-AP increases, the cost utility value also increases. As constrained IoT system,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 68, no. 12,
pp. 12202–12214, Dec. 2019.
F-MUs increase, there are more health monitoring data and [5] H. Habibzadeh, K. Dinesh, O. R. Shishvan, A. Boggio-Dandry,
medical tasks to be processed in FogC-IoMT. So the cost util- G. Sharma, and T. Soyata, “A survey of Healthcare Internet of Things
ity of the entire system will increase. Since pmax = 30 dBm, (HIoT): A clinical perspective,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 7, no. 1,
pp. 53–71, Jan. 2020.
the cost utility of Tk,d,s = 0.19 MB is larger than the value [6] S. Jiang, M. Duan, and L. Wang, “Toward privacy-preserving symp-
of Tk,d,s = 0.15 MB. This is also because the increase toms matching in SDN-based mobile healthcare social networks,” IEEE
in the amount of tasks aggravated the cost utility of the Internet Things J., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1379–1388, Jun. 2018.
[7] A. Almogren, I. Mohiuddin, I. U. Din, H. Almajed, and N. Guizani,
system. Similarly, when pmax = 27 dBm, it is the same as “FTM-IoMT: Fuzzy-based trust management for preventing sybil attacks
pmax = 30 dBm. When the size of MeTk,d,s remains the same, in Internet of Medical Things,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 8, no. 6,
the larger the value of pmax , the greater value of cost util- pp. 4485–4497, Mar. 2021.
ity. Through comparison, we can also get that the value of [8] L. Feng, A. Ali, M. Iqbal, A. K. Bashir, S. A. Hussain, and
S. Pack, “Optimal haptic communications over nanonetworks for
MeTk,d,s will affect the change of cost utility more than pmax . e-health systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 3016–3027,
Fig. 5 reveals the cost utility performance with different May 2019.
schemes versus the CPU-cycle frequency of F-AP. When fkF [9] J. Pagán et al., “Toward ultra-low-power remote health monitoring:
An optimal and adaptive compressed sensing framework for activity
increases, that is to say, the ability of F-AP to handle offload- recognition,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 658–673,
ing tasks becomes stronger. Obviously, the cost utility values Mar. 2019.

Authorized licensed use limited to: SRM University Amaravathi. Downloaded on September 06,2023 at 10:51:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
QIU et al.: COMPUTATION OFFLOADING AND WIRELESS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR HEALTHCARE MONITORING
[10] N. B. Gayathri, G. Thumbur, P. R. Kumar, M. Z. U. Rahman,
P. V. Reddy, and A. Lay-Ekuakille, “Efficient and secure pairing-free cer-
tificateless aggregate signature scheme for healthcare wireless medical
sensor networks,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 9064–9075,
Oct. 2019.
[11] C. Xu, N. Wang, L. Zhu, K. Sharif, and C. Zhang, “Achieving search-
able and privacy-preserving data sharing for cloud-assisted e-healthcare
system,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 8345–8356,
Oct. 2019.
[12] M. Abdel-Basset, G. Manogaran, A. Gamal, and V. Chang, “A novel
intelligent medical secision support model based on soft computing and
IoT,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 4160–4170, May 2020.
[13] M. Shen, B. Ma, L. Zhu, X. Du, and K. Xu, “Secure phrase search
for intelligent processing of encrypted data in cloud-based IoT,” IEEE
Internet Things J., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1998–2008, Apr. 2019.
[14] R. Cao, Z. Tang, C. Liu, and B. Veeravalli, “A scalable multicloud stor-
age architecture for cloud-supported medical Internet of Things,” IEEE
Internet Things J., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1641–1654, Mar. 2020.
[15] C. Mouradian, S. Kianpisheh, M. Abu-Lebdeh, F. Ebrahimnezhad,
N. T. Jahromi, and R. H. Glitho, “Application component placement
in NFV-based hybrid cloud/fog systems with mobile fog nodes,” IEEE
J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1130–1143, May 2019.
[16] J. Muhammed, Z. Ma, Z. Zhang, P. Fan, and E. G. Larsson, “Energy-
efficient resource allocation for NOMA based sall cell networks
with wireless backhauls,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 68, no. 6,
pp. 3766–3781, Jun. 2020.
[17] M. Zeng, N.-P. Nguyen, O. A. Dobre, Z. Ding, and H. V. Poor, “Spectral
and energy-efficient resource allocation for multi-carrier uplink NOMA
systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 9293–9296,
Sep. 2019.
[18] Y. Qiu, H. Zhang, K. Long, Y. Huang, X. Song, and V. C. M. Leung,
“Energy-efficient power allocation with interference mitigation in
mmWave-based fog radio access networks,” IEEE Wireless Commun.,
vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 25–31, Aug. 2018.
[19] C. Tang, X. Wei, C. Zhu, Y. Wang, and W. Jia, “Mobile vehicles as
fog nodes for latency optimization in smart cities,” IEEE Trans. Veh.
Technol., vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 9364–9375, Sep. 2020.
[20] H. Zhang, Y. Qiu, X. Chu, K. Long, and V. C. M. Leung, “Fog
radio access networks: Mobility management, interference mitigation,
and resource optimization,” IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 24, no. 6,
pp. 120–127, Dec. 2017.
[21] Z. Wu, B. Li, Z. Fei, Z. Zheng, B. Li, and Z. Han, “Energy-efficient
robust computation offloading for fog-IoT systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh.
Technol., vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 4417–4425, Apr. 2020.
[22] S. Luo, X. Chen, Z. Zhou, X. Chen, and W. Wu, “Incentive-aware micro
computing cluster formation for cooperative fog computing,” IEEE
Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 2643–2657, Apr. 2020.
[23] Z. Zhao et al., “On the design of computation offloading in fog
radio access networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 68, no. 7,
pp. 7136–7149, Jul. 2019.
[24] H. Zhang, M. Feng, K. Long, G. K. Karagiannidis, V. C. M. Leung,
and H. V. Poor, “Energy efficient resource management in swipt enabled
heterogeneous networks with NOMA,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.,
vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 835–845, Feb. 2020.
[25] K. N. Doan, M. Vaezi, W. Shin, H. V. Poor, H. Shin, and T. Q. S. Quek,
“Power allocation in cache-aided noma systems: Optimization and deep
reinforcement learning approaches,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 68,
no. 1, pp. 630–644, Jan. 2020.
[26] X. Hu et al., “Emotion-aware cognitive system in multi-channel cog-
nitive radio ad hoc networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 56, no. 4,
pp. 180–187, Apr. 2018.
[27] T. Zhang, M. Liu, T. Yuan, and N. Al-Nabhan, “Emotion-aware and
intelligent Internet of Medical Things towards emotion recognition
during COVID-19 pandemic,” IEEE Internet Things J., early access,
Nov. 17, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.3038631.
Authorized licensed use limited to: SRM University Amaravathi. Downloaded on September 06,2023 at 10:51:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
15883
Yu Qiu received the B.S. degree in electronic
information engineering from Beijing University of
Chemical Technology, Beijing, China, in 2015, and
the M.S. degree from the College of Information
Science and Technology, Beijing University of
Chemical Technology in 2018. She is currently
pursuing the Ph.D. degree with the University of
Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing.
Her research interests include B5G networks,
mobility management, and resource allocation in
wireless communications.
Haijun Zhang (Senior Member, IEEE) is cur-
rently a Full Professor with the University of
Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.
He was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,
Canada.
Prof. Zhang received the IEEE CSIM Technical
Committee Best Journal Paper Award in 2018, the
IEEE ComSoc Young Author Best Paper Award
in 2017, and the IEEE ComSoc Asia–Pacific Best
Young Researcher Award in 2019. He serves/served as the Track Co-Chair of
WCNC 2020, a Symposium Chair of Globecom 2019, the TPC Co-Chair
of INFOCOM 2018 Workshop on Integrating Edge Computing, Caching,
and Offloading in Next Generation Networks, and the General Co-Chair of
GameNets 2016. He serves/served as an Editor of IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON
C OMMUNICATIONS, IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON G REEN C OMMUNICATIONS
AND N ETWORKING , and IEEE C OMMUNICATIONS L ETTERS .
Keping Long (Senior Member, IEEE) received
the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China,
Chengdu, China, in 1995 and 1998, respectively.
From September 1998 to August 2000, he
was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with the
National Laboratory of Switching Technology and
Telecommunication Networks, Beijing University
of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China,
where he was an Associate Professor from
September 2000 to June 2001. From July 2001 to
November 2002, he was a Research Fellow with the ARC Special Research
Centre for Ultra Broadband Information Networks, University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia. He is currently a Professor and the Dean with the
School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science
and Technology Beijing, Beijing. He has published more than 200 papers,
20 keynote speeches, and invited talks at international and local conferences.
His research interests are optical Internet technology, new generation network
technology, wireless information networks, value-added services, and secure
technology of networks.
Prof. Long was awarded by the National Science Fund for Distinguished
Young Scholars of China in 2007, and selected as the Chang Jiang
Scholars Program Professor of China in 2008. He has been a TPC
or ISC Member of COIN 2003/04/05/06/07/08/09/10, IEEE IWCN2010,
ICON2004/06, APOC2004/06/08, the Co-Chair of the organization Committee
for IWCMC2006, the TPC Chair of COIN 2005/08, and the TPC Co-Chair
of COIN 2008/10. He is a member of the Editorial Committees of Sciences
in China Series F and China Communications.