University of the East Caloocan

105 Samson Rd, Caloocan, Metro Manila

College of Fine Arts, Architecture and Design

FAR 1205
Architectural Communication 2
History of Architecture

Narrative Report
19th and 20th Century Architecture

Submitted by : Abubo, Marley Jan

Delloson, Emil Harvey
Sotto, Jacob
Tabat, Jhaylon Khyle
Tacbad, Jamil Rei

Submitted to : Ar. Mark Roldan G. Panaligan

Section : ARCH1E

Date Submitted : May 31, 2023

Introduction
Influences

I. History

II. Social and Political

III. Geographical and Geological
 IV. Architectural Characteristics and Elements

19th Century Architecture

The architecture of the 19th century was inspired by past styles of architecture including Greek,
Romanesque, and Gothic, as well as Ancient Egypt which were adapted to the new technologies
of the early modern age. The combinations of the old architectural elements to the new
developing style places an emphasis on valuing the past as evidence of the viability of its goals
and claims to greatness. Art and architecture of the remote past came to be regarded as products
of cultural and national genius. Here are some of the architectural styles that transpire during 19 th
Century:

 Neoclassical Architecture
Characteristics
– inspired by the classical architecture of Greek temples and the religious, military,
and civic architecture of the Roman Empire
– symmetrical shape and focused broadly on the entire volume of a structure

Elements
 Grand scale volumes
 Dramatic columns
- classical orders such as Doric Ionic and Corinthian were used.
 Simple geometric forms
 Doric Greek or Roman detailing
- clean lines and simple, delicate forms are the focus of Neoclassical architecture.
It prefers a more subtle and sophisticated look, avoiding excessive ornamentation
and intricate detail.
 Domed or flat roofs

 Greek Revival
Characteristics
– proportion and symmetrical plan typically defined by the use of classical
elements
– monumental and the use of columns which are usually made from more
accessible materials such as stucco or stone and painted white.
 Elements
 Columns
- The columns are usually of the Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian order painted
in white.
 Pediments
- triangular pediments above the entrance supported by the columns. Often
serves as a decorative element on the façade.
 Low pitched gable roof similar to those of classical temples.
 Façade
- symmetrical façade usually constructed with stone or stucco
 Portico
- the principal porch or entrance and was roofed and usually open at the
sides, supported by regular arrangement of columns.
 Entablature
- the building's or portico's upper portion

 Gothic Revival (1840 – 1870)

Characteristics
– flourished from the early 19th century to the turn of the 20th century, drew
inspiration from medieval Gothic architecture. Most known for its large, sprawling,
visually-impressive structures.
– an appropriate design for rural settings, with its complex and irregular shapes and
forms fitting well into the natural landscape. Thus, the Gothic Revival style was
often chosen for country homes and houses in rural or small-town settings.

Elements:
 Pointed Arch
- use of pointed arch in windows and/or doors
 Roof
- steep-pitched roofs usually with steep cross gables
 Bargeboards
  Façade
- carved or turned porch posts and dormers
 Finial
 Board and batten siding

 Victorian Architecture
Characteristics
– The different styles of architecture and their influences are mixed together from
various times and regions. It drew inspiration from Gothic, Romanesque,
Renaissance, and even exotic elements from other cultures.
– Complicated and asymmetrical shape
- Ornate detailing specially in the exterior façade windows, doors, and roofline.

Elements
 Porches and Verandas
 Bay windows
 Dormer
 Tower and turrets
 Roof
- steeply-pitched gable roof
 Finial
 Beaux-Arts Architecture
Characteristics
– The style is monumental, with multicolored marbles and lavish statuary.
– Ornamental and symmetrical style of design
– Grand and imposing in size and scale structure

Elements
 Columns
- classical orders such as Doric Ionic and Corinthian were used.
 Pediments
- triangular pediments
 Flat or low-pitched roof
 Balustrades
- a decorative extension of the Classical Greek colonnade on a smaller
scale.
 Arched window and doors
 Symmetrical façade
- decorative garlands, floral patterns or shields
  Art Nouveau
Characteristics
– Asymmetrical shape, extensive use of arches and free-flowing curved forms
– Organic form, feminine lines, and ornamental designs

Elements
 Window
- stained glass and intricate window panes
 Organic motifs
- nature-inspired repeating design patterns include depictions of organic
shapes
 Ornamentation
- stylized versions of leaves, flowers, vines, insects, animals, and other
natural elements.

20th Century Architecture

A variety of architectural styles and trends can be seen throughout the 20th century, most of
which are characterized by a focus on interior space and functionality at the expense of the
facade's decorative elements. The civil architecture is recognized as the true leader of
architectural movements, with the urbanization and housing blocks, which are linked to a
significant body of philosophical work, gaining special significance. Here are some of the
architectural styles that emerged during the twentieth century:

 Sullivanesque Style
Characteristics
– Louis Sullivan's geometric and organic style is embodied by the Sullivanesque.
– The Sullivanesque style is characterized by ornamental decoration, simplicity in
design, and uninterrupted elements that express height.

Elements
 Intricately patterned, wide decorative cornice
  Vertical bands of windows
 Terra cotta or plaster panels with sculptural ornamentation
 Flat roof with deep projecting eaves
 Porthole windows at cornice level
 Large round or Syrian arch at entry
 Curvilinear and entwined decorative pattern

 Commercial Style
Characteristics
– Some structures in the Commercial style have very plain designs with little
ornamentation or reference to earlier architectural styles.
– These simple commercial structures foreshadowed the design of even taller and
more simplistic modern skyscrapers.

Elements
 Flat roofs
 Steel and beam construction
 Masonry wall surface
 Three-part windows or projecting bay windows
 Decorative cornices
 Craftsman Style
Characteristics
– Craftsman house exteriors emphasize harmony with the natural environment.
– It is defined by their bungalow-inspired layouts and appealing designs.

Elements
 Low-pitched, gabled roof
 Front porch
 Tapered columns
 Partially paned door
 Multi-pane instead of single-pane windows
 Single dormers
 Stone details
 Exposed rafter tails and beams under deep roof eaves
 Knee braces

 Commercial Style
Characteristics
 – Horizontal lines
– Handmade craftsmanship
– Simple and natural woodwork
– Open concept first floor
– Flow from inside to outside
– Natural materials and motifs
– Massive walls of windows

Elements
 Large central chimneys
 Interior wood banding
 Brick or Stucco exteriors
 Cantilevered, flat roofs
 Rows of windows

 Expressionism Style
Characteristics
– Organic forms
– Symbolism
– Use of materials
– Dramatic use of Light and Shadow

Elements
 Cave-like interiors
 Pointed edges, surfaces, and intersection
 Tower-like interiors
 Use of glass, concrete, and crystal materials
 Art Deco Style
Characteristics
– Modern and traditional building materials
– Ornate, geometric detailing
– Consistent detailing
– Bold use of contrasting colors
– Fragmented shapes
– Decorative, geometric windows
– Parapets and spires

Elements
 Roof
- Flat roofs were commonly used in the art deco movement, with details
emphasizing corners and entrances.
 Windows
- The windows in art deco design are purposefully designed to contrast
with the surrounding walls by blending solid and void forms.
 Entrances
- Doorways are sometimes surrounded by ornate pilasters and pediments
 Materials
- Builders achieved this look by using materials like stucco, concrete, terra
cotta, steel, and aluminum.
 Bauhaus Style
Characteristics
– Function follows forms
– Basic color scheme
– Integrated design
Asymmetry over symmetry
– Minimal material palette

Elements
 Roof
- flat roof
 Wall
- glass curtain walls
 Industrial materials
- use of steel and concrete
 International Style
Characteristics
– Free plans
– Rectilinear forms
– Light-weight materials
Lack of ornamentation and color
– Flat surfaces

Elements
 Roof
- flat roof
 Window
- ribbon windows
 Industrial materials
- use of steel, glass and reinforced concrete
 Glass curtain walls

 High – Tech Style

Characteristics
– Architecture design is very much functionally orientated
– Technology being the main feature of the building
– The emphasis on exposed colored technical elements
– The large interior open space and the easy access to all floors

Elements
 Large interior open space
 Wall
- glass curtain walls
 use of steel frames
 Brutalist Style
Characteristics
– Rough surfaces
– Massive forms and unusual shapes
– Expression of structure

Elements
 Use of modern materials such as steel, glass, and stone
 Small windows
 Use of raw exposed concrete exteriors
 Sharp lines, cold and solid facades

 Organic Style
Characteristics
– Harmony and connection with nature
– Use of renewable materials
– Passive solar design

Elements
 Living roofs, potted plants, and water features
  Open-floor plans
 Plenty of windows to allow natural light to illuminate spaces
 Plenty of ventilation to increase air flow

 Deconstructivism
Characteristics
– Surface manipulation
– Fragmentation
– Non-rectilinear shapes

Elements
 Smooth exterior surfaces
 Window frames often hidden in the walls
 Simple metal frame doors