CHAPTER 1

A. Definitions
Policing - According to Manning (1977), policing literally means, controlling,
monitoring, tracking, and altering, if required, public conduct. Its core concept is
identified by its relation with the potential use of force in ensuring obedience to the law,
within the rule of law.
Comparative Police System - this refers to the science and art of investigation
and comparing the police system of nation, which covers the study of their police
organization, training and methods of policing.
Comparative Criminal Justice - this pertains to the sub-field of criminal justice
which deals with comparing the similarities and differences of criminal justice in terms of
structure, goals, punishment and emphasis on rights as well as history, and political
structure of different system.

B. Types of criminal justice system in the world

1. Common Law System - it is characterized by strong adversarial producers and
relies upon oral evidence in which the public trial is a main focal point; also
known as Anglo-American Justice and adopted in most English speaking
countries.

2. Civil Law System - this system exist throughout European countries. It is

characterize by a strong inquisitorial system where less right granted to the
accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation;
also known as Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice.

3. Socialist System - this system can be characterized by procedures design to

rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state. It is
the paramount expression of positive law designed to move ahead toward the
perfection of the state and mankind. The administrative officials, not legal
officials, who make most of the decision in the administration of justice. This is
also known as the Marxist-Leninist Justice and practice in Africa and Asia.

4. Islamic System - in this system, procedures and practices in the administration

of justice are derived from the interpretation of the Holy Quran.
Generally, the Islamic System is characterized by the absence of positive law
and is based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal
radition, where crimes are considered as an acts of injustice that conflict with
tradition. Religion plays a significant roles to the extent of theocracy, where
the country is ruled by religious leaders.

C. Types of police system in the world

1. Fragmented Police System - this system which is found in the United States
of America, is directly attributed to the federated nature of the political system
and local communities asserting their right to home rule.

2. Combine Police System - this system is marked by the national and local
government cooperating and sharing in the responsibility for establishing a police
service. England’s police organization is an example of this system.

3. Natural Centralized Police System - in this system, the central government

creates a national police force for the community. This was originated in Rome
and found in democratic countries like France as well as in some non-democratic
counties.

D. Classification of police operational styles

1. As to law enforcement styles
a. Legalistic, where emphasis is on violations of law and the use of threat or actual
arrest to solve disputes in the community. In theory, the more arrest that are
 made, the safer the community will be. This style is often found in large
metropolitan areas.
b. Watchman, where emphasis is on informal means of resolving disputes and
problem in a community. Keeping the peace is the paramount concern; arrest is
used only as a last resort to resolve any kind of disturbance of the peace. This
style is commonly found in lower socioeconomic communities
c. Service, where emphasis is on helping the community as opposed to enforcing
the law. Referrals and diversion to community treatment agencies are common
instead of arrest and formal court action. This style is most likely found in
wealthy communities.

2. As to degree of commitment to maintaining order and respect for due process

a. Enforcers, where emphasis is on order, with a little respect for due process.
b. Idealist, where emphasis is on both social order and due process.
c. Optimist, where emphasis is on due process with little priority given to social
order.
d. Realist, where little emphasis is given to due process or social order.

3. As to the way police officers use their authority and power in street police work.
a. Professional, where police officers have the necessary passion and perspective
to be valuable police officers.
b. Enforcers, where police officer have passion in responding to human problems
but do not recognize limits on their power.
c. Reciprocators, where police officers often are too objective in that they have
perspective but virtually no passion, resulting in a detachment from the
suffering they encounter and often failure to take action.
d. Avoiders, where police officers have neither passion nor perspective, resulting
in no intellectual recognition of people’s problem and no action to resolve
them.
CHAPTER 2

A. The Concept of Globalization

Globalization refers to the process by which regional economies, societies, culture as
well as information ideas and even authority become integrated by a global network of
political ideas through communication, transportation and trade.
In addition, it pertains to the increasing interconnectedness of the different parts of
the world through common process of economic, environmental, political and cultural
changes.

B. Event that Contributed to the Emergence of Globalization

1. Establishment of international agencies and institutions;
2. Standardize system of global time;
3. Global networks of communication;
4. International competitions and prizes;
5. International Law; and
6. Internationally shared notion of citizenship and human rights.

C. Causes of Globalization
1. International division of labor.
2. Internationalization of finance i.e. the emergence of global banking and globally
integrated financial markets.
3. The new technology system based on a combination of innovation, including solar
energy, robotics, microelectronics, biotechnology and digital communications and
information system.
4. The growth of the consumer markets among the more affluent populations of the
world; similar trends in consumer tastes have been created by similar process

D. Challenges brought by Globalization to Law Enforcement.

1. Vast increase in the number of economic and social transaction across national
borders inevitably make organized criminal activity move from the national to
international level.
2. The evolution of the “Global Village” which opened up unprecedented
opportunities for transnational crime because it has fundamentally changed the
context in which both legitimate and illegitimate business operate.
3. Growth of transnational economic transaction that complicates the ability of
government to regulate and control monetary movements across boundaries.
4. Rise of cosmopolitan world cities as the repositories of capital and wealth and as
major facilitators of cross-border transaction which provide operation based for
criminal organization.
5. Accessibility of consumers to information about goods and services around the
world giving rise to global marketing opportunities’ both licit and illicit.
6. Increase in migration and growth ethnic groups have facilitated in the creation of
network structures for the supply of illicit good in the global market.
In summary, globalization present new opportunities of global information and
developments, but it also present threats because of the unaccountable transnational
glow of people, information and ideas, which present opportunities between organized
criminal groups.

E. The Changing Role of the Police

In the past, the police were preoccupied solving craft local crimes. With
globalization, they are now faced with highly organize and sophisticated crimes. Like
terrorism, bank robbery, drug trafficking, money laundering and kidnap for ransom,
among others. Moreover, crimes have crossed borders. Like big corporations, organize
crimes have evolved into transnational crimes, with operation in different part of the
world.

F. Effects of Globalization to Policing

1. The emergence of transnational criminal activities
2. Need for transnational policing; hence cooperation among police organizations in the
world is vital.
3. Training instruction for law enforcement officers must include the use of updated
technological tools.
4. Development of new strategies to deal with transnational organized crime groupd.
5. There is a need to update law related to law enforcement based on the contemporary
theories of crime causation.

The Negative Effects of Globalization

Opponents of globalization point out to its negative effects. Some of them are listed
below.
 Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs. That
means less-jobs for their people. This has happened because manufacturing work
is outsourced to developing nations like China where the cost of manufacturing
goods and wages are lower. Programmers, editors, scientists and accountants have
lost their jobs due to outsourcing to cheaper locations like India.
 Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are
used to work in inhumane conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce
cheap goods.
 Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in
constant dread of losing their jobs to competition. Increased job competition has
led to reduction in wages and consequently lower standards of living.
 Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict
damage. Terrorists use the Internet for communicating among themselves.
 Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor
regulation of pollution.
 Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world.
People are consuming more junk food from these joints which has an adverse
impact on their health.
 The benefits of globalization are not universal. The rich are getting richer and the
poor are becoming poorer.
 Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and the
Internet.
 Enemy nations can spread propaganda through the Internet.
 Deadly diseases like HIV/AIDS are being spread by travelers to the remotest
corners of the globe.
 Local industries are being taken over by foreign multinationals.
 The increase in prices has reduced the government’s ability to sustain social
welfare schemes in developed countries.
 There is increase in human trafficking.
 Multi-National Companies and corporations which were previously restricted to
commercial activities are increasingly influencing political decisions.

The Positive Aspect of Globalization

Globalization has a positive side as well. Supporters of globalization argue that it is good
and beneficial. Some of their arguments are listed below.
1. Globalization has created the concept of outsourcing. Work such as software
development, customer support, marketing, accounting and insurance is
outsourced to developing countries like India. The company that outsourced the
work enjoys the benefit of lower costs because the wages in developing countries
is far lower than that of developed countries. The workers in the developing
countries get employment. Developing countries get access to the latest
technology.

2. Increased competition forces companies to lower prices. This benefits the end
consumers.

3. Increased media coverage draws the attention of the world to human right
violations. This leads to improvement in human rights.