2.

Review of Literature:

The nitrogenous wastes like ammonia and urea content in the different tissues like mantle, foot,
adductor muscle, hepatopancreas and heart of Corbicula regularis was done in relation to
temperature. The estimations were made at 20 0C, 24 0C, 28 0C, 32 0C, and 36 0C. The
nitrogenous excretory product was also estimated at different temperatures. The tissue ammonia,
and urea content was increased gradually with rise in temperature. The nitrogenous excretory
products were also increased with increase in temperature. Mudkhede, L. (2002).

During the course of an extensive faunistic survey of lentic ecosystems at Bramhapuri, seven
species of Brachionus (Rotifera: Eurotatoria: Monogononta), are recorded from 150 year old
eutrophic Kalikar Pond for the first time. Taxonomic notes with a key for their identification are
appended and their role as indicators of eutrophy discussed. Bhandarkar W.R., et,al.(2008).

The zooplankton occupy an important position in the trophic structure and play the major role in
the energy transfer in an aquatic ecosystem .An inadequate knowledge of zooplankton
biodiversity is a major handicap for better understanding of life processes of fresh water bodies.
Zooplankton survey of Rishi lake of Karanja Lad and Yedshi lake of Yedshi village, District
Washim, Maharashtra was carried out from June 2005 to May 2006. In Rishi lake , out of 70
species identified ,34 species (48.57%) were represented by Rotifera, 10 species (14.08%) by
Protozoa, 10 (14.08%)by Copepoda, 09 (12.85 %) by Cladocera and 07(10.00 %) by Ostracoda
while in Yedshi lake zooplankton population was represented by 45 species which included 27
species (60.00 %) of Rotifera, 02 species (4.44%)of Protozoa, 08 species (17.77 %) of
Cladocera, 05 species (11.11%) of Copepoda and 03 species (06.66%) of Ostracoda. Rotifer
dominated both the waterbodies throughout the study period .Zooplankton biodiversity of Rishi
lake was found dominant over the Yedshi lake. Patil, G. P. ,G. et,al.(2008).

Eight species of rotifers from Ambona lake near Umarkhed, district Yeotmal, Maharashtra. The
lake lies in nearly circular depression surrounding two sides by a steeply escarpment. Seven
species of rotifers belonging to two genera viz., Brachionus and Keretella belonging to the
family Brachionidae were recorded during the study. The study further revealed that Brachionus
was the dominant genus and Brachionus calciflorus as numerically abundant species. Occurrence
of Bravhionus is definite indication of Eutrophic status of the lake water. Taxonomic notes and a
key for their identification are appended and there bioindicator value in the aquatic pollution
studies is discussed Charjan A.P., et,al.(2008).

Analysis of water quality characteristics of Anjanapura reservoir, Shimoga district, Karnataka,

has been carried out for one year from November 2005 to October 2006. Water samples were
collected from four points based on the sources of pollution. Physico-chemical analysis of water
reveals that water is slightly alkaline throughout the year, while, turbidity and iron increases only
in rainy season. The study concludes that all the parameters investigated are within the standard
limits as prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Narayana, J., et,al. (2008).

The Hirahalla situated near Pune shows the seasonal variation in the physico-chemical
parameters. The results indicate that all the physico-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limits and reservoir is productive. Mullar Rajamahmad Murthuzasab,et,al.
(2010).

The seasonal density and diversity of zooplankton in Mula dam a freshwater body during 2007-
09. Zooplankton showed seasonal variations. Over all density was higher in rainy (35.3%) >
summer (34.1%) > and lowest in winter (30.7%). The zooplankton distribution constitutes rotifer
(48.9%), cladocera (18.9%), copepoda (13.1%), decapoda (10.9%) and protozoa (8.2%). The
rotifer dominated among the zooplankton organisms. Also statistical parameters such as standard
deviation, sum of error, covariance, etc documented. The density and diversity of zooplanktons
was also discussed with physico-chemical parameters of water. The diversity and density of
zooplankton depends upon the nutrient condition of water body, abiotic factors, food chain and
web with life cycle. Anant J. Dhembare, (2011).

Work done on Ramsagar reservoir, Datia district, Madhya Pradesh. trophic status and pollution
studies of Ramsagar reservoir revealed that the reservoir is under the category of mesotrophic
water body slightly inclined towards eutrophication. Therefore, the conservation and
management of this water body is very much required. R. K. Garg, et,al. (2010).
Phytoplankton which are present in natural water bodies are organized and are not haphazardly
distributed. They respond to the ecological factors. Sirsat, D.B. et,al.(2004).

The study of diversity indices of phytoplankton provides information on environmental pollution

and its adverse impact on structure and function of an aquatic ecosystem. Perumalsamy, K.
et,al. (2004).

Rotifers are the connecting link between primary producers and consumers of higher orders in
aquatic food web. Yedshi lake is a rural lake in Mangrulpir Tahsil, Dist. Washim of Maharashtra
and has less human interference. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of rotifer community was
done on monthly basis from October 2006 to September 2007 by collecting water samples from
five different spots of the lake. During the study period total 25 rotifer species belonging to 14
genera were identified. The Brachionus was recorded as the most diversified genera represented
by five species. The seasonal rotifer biodiversity study showed the peak in density and diversity
during summer season while lower values were observed in rainy season. Kedar, G. T., et,al.
(2007).

The diversity of blue green algae in the Jayakwadi Bird Sanctuary has been studied for four years
(2005-2008) and their taxonomic accounts have been given. Among the blue green algae, genera
of Arthrospira, Spirulina, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya and Anabeana were observed at the locations
Bramhgavan, Dhakephal, Kaigaon and Nathsagar North; during September to March. A detailed
systematic account of these 5 genera and 32 species is given in the present communication, as a
first phase of ecological studies of the Sanctuary. Andhale S.B. et,al.(2009).

The lakes are built for the aesthetic purpose as well as they are important components of the
artificial water collection system. Their contribution to the ecosystem function is also very
significant. But, almost half of the world’s lake are degraded, depleted and contaminated mainly
by the anthropogenic activities. The main causes for high pollution in lakes are inflow of
domestic sewage, agricultural runoff and discharge of industrial effluents. One of the cause of
organic pollution in lakes situated in densely populated area are various religious activities such
as immersion of “Puja” (worship) materials such as flowers and garlands as well as immersion of
idols of God and Goddess. The presented investigation is based on phytoplankton analysis and
Palmer’s Pollution Index (PPI) of Naik Lake, situated in densely populated area of Nagpur city.
During study four different groups of algae viz. Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae,
Chlorophyceae and Euglenophyceae were recorded. Among all the algal groups, Chlorophyceae
shows high value of percentage composition (49 %). The value of PPI (28) shows there is high
level of organic pollution recorded in Naik Lake. Hence there is urgent need for conservation of
this lake. Khapekar, R.R.,et,al. (2007).

Seven species of rotifers belonging to two genera viz., Brachionus and Keretella belonging to the
family Brachionidae were recorded during the study. The study further revealed that Brachionus
was the dominant genus and Brachionus calciflorus as numerically abundant species. Occurrence
of Bravhionus is definite indication of Eutrophic status of the lake water. Taxonomic notes and a
key for their identification are appended and there bioindicator value in the aquatic pollution
studies is discussed. Charjan A.P., et,al.(2008).

The survey on zooplankton diversity of three selected polluted water bodies from Virudhunagar
district, Tamilnadu for the period of Pre-monsoon (Aug 2005) Monsoon (Nov. 2005) and Post
monsoon (Jan. 2006) to evaluate the impact of water pollution and season on zooplankton
diversity. The study revealed the occurrence of seven species of Copepoda, seven species of
Rotifera, five species of Cladocera and three species of Ostracoda in these habitats. Among the
zooplankton population, the species of Copepoda and Rotifera were found to be dominant
throughout the period of investigation. The zooplankton population shows higher density during
post-monsoon and the lower during the pre-monsoon season. Rajan,M.K., et,al.,(2007).

Seasonal qualitative and quantitative study of zooplankton in Nirmalya enclosure (religious

refuges) of Kalawa Lake, Thane, Maharashta suggested that such enclosures rich in decaying
organic matter are used to control lake pollution from leaves and floral offerings associated with
idol immersion in the lakes of Thane city. The number of zooplankton was found to be varying
greatly according to season and was noted to be maximum in monsoon (27697 indl/1000 L) and
minimum in summer (2423 indl/1000 L). The winter and monsoon seasons were dominated by
copepods, which were found to be totally lacking in summer season. The diversity of organisms
was noted more in winter than in summer and monsoon. The least variation was noted in
summer. The organisms those are pollution tolerant were noted throughout the year and those,
which are pollution sensitive were observed only during winter and monsoon season. Madhuri
Pejaver, et,al. (2008).
The copepod community structure in three contrasting (highly, moderately and least polluted)
lakes, namely, Hebbal (in Industrial area), Lingambudi (in Domestic /Residential area) and
Bannur (in Agriculture area) of Mysore city, Karnataka State, India, was studied for two years
from February 2007-January 2009. The seasonal abundance of the dominate copepods are
described, like Nauplius, Copepodite, Calanoids, Cyclopoids and Harpacticoids. Koorosh
Jalilzadeh, et,al. (2009).

Rotifers, being an important food resource for fishes, act as an indicator of trophic status besides
water quality of an aquatic ecosystem. During the course of present investigations (January, 2003
- December, 2003), an attempt has been made to enlist and study seasonal fluctuations in rotifer
populations of Ranjit Sagar reservoir. Present work revealed the occurrence of eight species of
rotifers dominating qualitatively amongst the total zooplankton community inhabiting the
reservoir. Mediha Shafiq,et,al.(2006).

Zooplankton study was carried out in Parola dam water from February 2003 to January 2004.
Parola dam is across the confluence of three nalas. The dam is near village Parola on a tributary
of Kayadhu river which itself is a tributary river Godavari. During the study the total number of
zooplanktons was counted. The different species of zooplankton were also identified. The
zooplankton in water belongs to four main taxonomic groups such as rotifera, copepoda,
ostracoda and cladocera, out of which rotifera was dominated. About 28 zooplankton species
were recorded, out of which 14 rotifera species, 5 copepoda species, 3 ostracoda species and 6
cladocera species were found. The rotifera, Brachionas was dominated among zooplankton in
Parola dam. Jayabhaye U. M .,et,al.(2006).

Pakhal lake water is mainly used for irrigation, drinking, fish Culture, and also for other
agricultural and domestic purposes. In the present investigation the Physico Chemical Parameters
of Pakhal lake water analysed for a period of one year (from Oct 2004 to Sep 2005) to analyse
the water quality of pakhal lake. The water quality parameters such as Temperature, pH, Free
CO2, Electrical conductivity, Total alkalinity, DO, BOD, Phosphate, Choloride, Calcium were
analysed month wise for 12 months. Vasumathi Reddy.,et,al.
( 2009).
The physico-chemical parameters of a minor reservoir, Sawana, in Hingoli District, Maharahstra.
Shows seasonal changes in physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, water
transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, calcium,
magnesium, chlorides, phosphates and nitrates were analyzed twice in a month for a a period of
two years during 2005-06 and 2006-07. All the parameters were within the permissible limits.
The results indicate that the reservoir is not polluted and water can be used for irrigation and
pisciculture. Jayabhaye, U.M., et,al. (2008).

The Masoli reservoir is medium size reservoir, constructed on the Masoli river, near village Isad,
Taluka Gangakhed, Dist. Parbhani, Maharashtra. The reservoir is used for irrigation and supply
of drinking water to Gangakhed taluka and also for pisciculture on lease basis. Monthly and
seasonal variations of different physico-chemical characteristics were studied from January to
December 2003 to enhance the limnological knowledge and can provide valuable information to
the planner’s for restructuring of the dam and authorities to plan out strategies for the
development of fisheries. The results clearly indicate that water quality parameters are within the
permissible limits for surface water irrigation and suitable for pisciculture. Kadam, M.S., et,al.(
2007).

The physico-chemical parameters of Ruti dam water, was analysed during September 2008 to
August 2009. The various parameters such as Atmospheric Temperature, Water temperature, pH,
Transparency, Turbidity, DO, C02, BOD, total dissolved solids, alkalinity and hardness of water.
The results revealed that there was significant seasonal variation in some Physio-chemical
parameters and most of the parameters were in the normal range and indicated better quality of
dam water. Kamble S.M., et,al. (2009).

The present paper deals with the study of physico-chemical characteristics of Alisagar Dam
Water during the year 2002. The correlation co-efficient was also studied. The parameters such
as air temperature, water temperature, pH, free carbon dioxide, carbonate alkalinity and
dissolved oxygen were studied. The air temperature and water temperature show negative
correlation with pH, carbon dioxide. Carbonate alkalinity shows positive correlation with
dissolved oxygen. Tamlurkar H.L.,et,al. (2006).

In the present study, fresh water diatoms of Galta kund, Jaipur were investigated between
October 2009 and September 2010. Twenty Four species of diatoms were identified from Galta
Kund. These species belong to eleven genera namely: Cyclotella (2), Melosira (2), Navicula (4),
Achnanthes (2), Amphora (1), Synedra (2), Nitzschia (5), Gomphonema (3), Hantzschia (1),
Pinnularia (1) and Fragillaria (1). Diversity indices Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’),
Evenness index (J’) and Berger Parker Dominance (DBP) were calculated. This study concludes
that the diatoms attains maximum growth during the winter season and gradually declines in
summer to reach its minimum during the rainy season. Rashmi Pareek,et,al. (2011).