Kwame Nkrumah University of

Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

ME 255: Strength of Materials I

Ing. Prof. Prince Yaw Andoh, PhD; MGhIE

Mobile: 050 797 0658
WhatsApp: 050 797 0658
Email: andohp_2@yahoo.com; pyandoh.coe@knust.edu.gh

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering
College of Engineering
 Part I
TORSION IN SHAFT

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 Lecture Outline

Circular Shafts

Hollow, Thin- Walled Shafts

Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure vessel

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 Introduction
❑ Torsion refers to the twisting of long members.

❑ Torsion can occur with members of any cross-

sectional shape, but the most common is the
circular shaft.

❑ Another fairly common shaft configuration,

which has a simple solution, is the hollow, thin-
walled shaft.

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 Circular Shafts
Figure 3-1 shows a circular ❑ The shear strain for this
shaft before loading; r-θ-z special case can be expressed
cylindrical coordinates system as
is also shown.

❑ For the general case where Φ

is not a linear function of z
the shear strain can be
Figure 3-2 shows the shaft after expressed as
loading with a torque, T.

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 Circular Shafts
❑ The application of Hooke’s ❑ For a solid shaft with an outer
law gives radius of r the polar moment
of inertia is

❑ The torque at the distance z ❑ For a hallow circular shaft with

along the shaft is found by outer radius r and inner radius
summing the contributions the polar moment of inertia is
of the shear stress at each
point in the cross-section by
means of integration.

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 Circular Shafts
❑ Equation (3-3) can be combined with equation (3-4) to give

❑ The maximum shear stress is

❑ The angle Φ, of twist is

❑ Thus

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 Example 3-1
The hallow circular steel shaft Solution
shown in Figure E3-1 has an I: Data Given
inner diameter of 25 mm, an di = 25 mm; do = 50 mm; L = 600
outer diameter of 50 mm, and a mm;
length of 600 mm. It is fixed at T = 1400 N-m
the left end and subjected to a
torque of 1400 N-m as shown II: Solve
in Figure E3-1. Find the
maximum shear stress in the
shaft and the angle of twist at
the right end. Take G= 84 GPa.

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 Hollow, Thin- Walled Shafts
❑ Figure 3-2 shows the ❑ The total torque is
cross-section of the thin therefore,
walled tube of non-
constant thickness.

❑ The area dA is the area of

the triangle of base ds and
height r:

❑ The torque produced by q

over the element ds is

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 Hollow, Thin- Walled Shafts
❑ So that

❑ where Am is the area

enclosed by the wall
❑ Hence the definition of
(including the hole).
the shear can be
expressed as
❑ The expressions for the torque
is

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 Example 3-2
A torque of 10 kN-m is Solution
applied to the thin-walled I: Data Given
rectangular steel shaft whose T = 10 kN-m
cross-section is shown in
Figure E3-2. The shaft has II: Solve
wall thickness of 5 mm and 10 Am = (200-5)(300-10) = 56,550
mm. Find the maximum shear mm2
stress in the shaft.
The maximum shear stress will
occur in the thinnest section, so t =
5 mm.

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Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
❑ Consider the thin-walled ❑ Summing forces in the
circular cylinder subjected to vertical direction gives
a uniform internal pressure,
as shown in Figure 3-3.
❑ This implies

❑ Similarly,

❑ where
❑ r is the radius
❑ t is the thickness
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 Example 3-3
Consider a cylindrical pressure vessel with a wall thickness of 25
mm, an internal pressure of 1.4 MPa, and an outer diameter of 1.2 m.
Find the axial and tangential stresses.

Solution
I: Data Given
q = 1.4 MPa; r = 1/2d = 575 mm; t = 25 mm

II: Solve

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 Torsional Testing
Torsional testing is to determine Shear Modulus of Elasticity (G) of
some Steel, Aluminum and Brass circular shafts and develop a
relationship among the Torque (T0 and Clamping length (L) and the
angle of twist (θ ). The test set-up is as shown in Fig. 4-4.
.

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 Torsional Testing
The stress

The angle Φ, of twist is

The strain,

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 Example 3-4
A bar of metal 25 mm in diameter is tested on a length of 250 mm. A
torsion test gave the following results (Table E3-4).

Represent these results in graphical form and hence determine the

modulus of rigidity, G, for the metal.
Torque Angle of Twist
Solution kNm Degrees Radians
From 0.051 0.240 0.004189
0.152 0.710 0.012393
Then 0.253 1.175 0.02051
0.354 1.642 0.028662

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 Example 3-4 Continues
0.4
0.35
Plotting of T against ϕ,
0.3 The slope is
Torque (kNm)

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
Hence,
0.05
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
Angle of Twist (Radians)

But,

From the plot, the slope is 12.335x106 N/mm2

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 Example 3-4 Continues
This implies

Hence, the modulus of rigidity, G is 80411 N/mm2

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THANK YOU

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