Cell Transp

Taking a loo
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 Cellular Structure and Function
Homeostasis - intra celluler (inside the cell)
- extracellular (outside the cell)

• Living cells maintain a balance between

materials entering & exiting the cell.
• Their ability to maintain this balance is
called homeostasis.
• It is important for a cell to control internal
& external concentrations of water,
glucose, & other nutrients, while
eliminating cellular wastes.
 The Plasma Membrane ÿ
þ
• Also called the cell membrane
• Thin and flexible boundary between the cell and its
environment
• Two main functions:
• Protection – protects the cell from the outside environment
• Regulation – controls what can enter and exit the cell
(nutrients in, waste out)
• Selectively permeable: allows some materials to pass through
while keeping other things out
§ It also allows different cells to perform different activities within
the same organism.
Example: Human nerve cells respond to a certain chemical that is present
in the bloodstream. Other cells are exposed to this chemical but are not
affected by it.
 What is the Fluid-Mosaic Model?
• What’s a mosaic?
• What does it mean to be fluid?

different parts put together

flexiable and fluid so that things can move around

• The cell membrane is NOT a rigid structure with

immovable components!
• The cell membrane is fluid-like and flexible
• Within the membrane, molecules can move around
What Is the Cell Membrane Made of?
 The Phospholipid Bilayer
• Phospholipids make up the majority of the cell
membrane
• A phospholipid molecule is composed of a glycerol
backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate
group
 The Phospholipid Bilayer
§ The polar, phosphate head
of a phospholipid molecule
is hydrophylic.likes water

§ The nonpolar, fatty

acid tail of a
phospholipid molecule
is hydrophobic.
does not like water
 The Phospholipid Bilayer
• To protect the hydroPHOBIC tails from water, they
form a bilayer which keeps the tails inside and the
water- loving heads outside.
• The phospholipid bilayer allows other molecules to
“float” in the membrane.

Other Components
• Proteins
• Cholesterol
• Carbohydrates
Other Parts of the Cell Membrane
Proteins
• Transmit signals from outside of the cell into the cell
• Provide pathways for substances to enter and leave
• Act as a support structure
Other Parts of the Cell Membrane
Cholesterol
• Prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together
Other Parts of the Cell Membrane
Carbohydrates
• Identify chemical signals
Video
(Begin at 3:20)
 Solutions
0 Molecules dissolved in a fluid= SOLUTES
0 Fluid dissolving them = SOLVENT
0 This makes a SOLUTION
SALT is the solute and
0 In a salt solution, ______________
WATER is the solvent
_____________
0 In a sugar solution, sugar is the solute and water
is the solvent.

Dots = solute
Space = solvent
 Concentration and Equilibrium
0 Solutions will spread out their dissolved molecules until
they are equal throughout.
0 EQUILIBRIUM = molecules are spread equally
0 CONCENTRATION = # of molecules in an area per unit volume.

ßHigh concentration: more solutes

per unit volume

Low concentration: less solutes à

per unit volume
 What happens with a barrier?
(like a cell membrane)

0 If solutions on either side of the barrier have the same

concentration, they are at equilibrium.
0 At equilibrium, both the solvent and solute move back and
forth across the barrier: there is always movement.
Transport of Materials
Across the Cell Barrier
Materials move across the plasma
membrane in two ways:
• Passive Transport
– movement across the membrane
without using energy

• Active Transport
– movement across membrane
that requires energy
 Types of Passive Transport:
1. Diffusion (Simple Diffusion)
• Solutes move across a membrane from areas of high
concentration (crowded) to low concentration
• Having different concentrations in different areas creates a
concentration gradient, and molecules will naturally
move from high to low.

HIGH

LOW
• Dynamic Equilibrium occurs when the solute concentration
is equal inside & outside the cell
• Molecules continue to move, but the overall concentration
remains the same

EXAMPLES:
 Types of Passive Transport:
2. Facilitated Diffusion
§ Movement of materials across the plasma
membrane through a protein
§ proteins form a channel and molecules move through the
“doorway.”

Each channel is specific to

a particular type of
molecule

Does not require

energy
 Types of Passive Transport:
3. Osmosis
• Diffusion of water molecules through the cell’s
selectively permeable membrane
• Solute molecules are too large to pass -- only the
water diffuses until equilibrium is reached.
Video
(Begin at 3:20)
Cellular Structure and Function

§ Water will naturally

move from where it is
highly concentrated to
where it is less
concentrated.

§ This does NOT require

energy!
 Cellular Structure and Function
§ Tonicity is the
measure of the
pressure of one
solution as
compared to
another
§ Tonicity affects
the movement of
water

§ Isotonic Solution – think “equal”

§ Hypotonic Solution – low solute concentration
§ Hypertonic Solution – high solute concentration
 Cellular Structure and Function

In an Isotonic Environment…

§ Water and dissolved substances diffuse into

and out of the cell at an equal rate.

Plant Cell Blood Cell

11,397x
 Cellular Structure and Function

In a Hypotonic Environment…

§ Solute concentration is higher inside the cell.

§ Water diffuses into the cell.

Plant Cell Blood Cell

13,000x
 Cellular Structure and Function

In a Hypertonic Environment…

§ Solute concentration is higher outside the

cell.
§ Water diffuses out of the cell.

Plant Cell Blood Cell

13,000x
 Active Transport
• Movement AGAINST the concentration gradient
REQUIRES ENERGY (because it moves solutes from
low to high concentration—where it’s already
crowded)
• Difference in solution concentrations = concentration
gradient

• Three types of active

transport…
 Active Transport
1. Pump/Carrier Proteins
• A Carrier protein PUSHES
molecules across the membrane
 Cellular Structure and Function

Active Transport Cont’d:

The Na+/K+ ATPase Pump

§ Moves three
sodium ions out
of the cell and
two potassium
ions into the cell

YouTube:
Na/K Pump
 Active Transport
2. Endocytosis
• Endocytosis (endo=in): a pocket (vacuole) forms
around a large molecule outside the cell and buds inward
to release the material inside the cell.
 Active Transport
3. Exocytosis
0 Exocytosis (exo=out): a vacuole inside the cell fuses
with the cell membrane and forces the material outside the
cell.
Animation
Video
 Cellular Structure and Function

Which type of cellular transport does not

require an input of energy?

A. active transport
B. endocytosis
C. exocytosis
D. facilitated diffusion
 Cellular Structure and Function

How does osmosis occur between the

two solutions separated by the selectively
permeable membrane?
Cellular Structure and Function

A. Sugar moves to the left.

B. Sugar moves to the right.
C. Water moves to the left.
D. Water moves to the right.
 Cellular Structure and Function

Which diagram shows a cell in a hypotonic

solution?

A. B. C.
 Cellular Structure and Function

_______ is the net movement of particles from

an area where there are many particles of the
substance to an area where there are fewer
particles of the substance.

A. Diffusion
B. Endocytosis
C. Exocytosis
D. Equilibrium