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Literature review current through: Feb 2024. | This topic last updated: Dec 13, 2023.
INTRODUCTION
In general, breast cancer can be broken down into three biologic subgroups, each of
which has a direct bearing on treatment choices: 1) those that express the estrogen
receptor (ER), 2) those that express the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
(HER2 [with or without ER expression]), and 3) those that do not express either of
these, nor the progesterone receptor (PR; triple-negative).
Although metastatic breast cancer is unlikely to be cured, there have been meaningful
improvements in survival due to more effective systemic therapies, including
endocrine therapy (ET) in the treatment of hormone-sensitive disease.
GOALS OF THERAPY
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Types of ET and targeted agents — There are several types of endocrine therapies
(ETs), as discussed:
● Strategies to deplete estrogen – In premenopausal patients, these strategies
include oophorectomy or use of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonists
and antagonists. In postmenopausal patients, estrogen is derived from adrenal
precursors, testosterone, and androstenedione that are converted to estradiol
and estrone by aromatase activity in peripheral cells. There are three aromatase
inhibitors (anastrozole and letrozole are azole compounds, while exemestane, is a
17-hydroxy steroid). Randomized clinical trials in both the adjuvant and
metastatic setting have demonstrated that the clinical activity, side effects, and
toxicity of these three aromatase inhibitors are virtually identical, and the choice
of any one of them is appropriate. (See 'Alternative front-line options' below.)
● Strategies to directly target the ER – There are two strategies to interfere with
estrogen receptor (ER) signaling: the use of selective ER modulators such as
tamoxifen or raloxifene, or selective ER down-regulators. Fulvestrant and
elacestrant down-regulate ER. (See 'No alternations in PIK3CA, AKT1, or PTEN'
below.)
● Addition of targeted agents – Addition of agents that mechanistically work in
different ways than through ER interference can enhance the benefit seen with ET
alone. These include cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors; everolimus (an
inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin); and, for those with tumor
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA)
mutations, alpelisib (an alpha isoform specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-
4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase) [1]. (See 'AIs plus CDK 4/6 inhibitors' below and
'Alterations in PIK3CA, AKT1, or PTEN' below.)
AIs plus CDK 4/6 inhibitors — Our preferred initial regimen is a cyclin-dependent
kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitor with an aromatase inhibitor (AI). Premenopausal women
must have ovarian suppression/ablation when on AIs. (See 'Ovarian
suppression/ablation, in combination with ET' below.)
Rationale for use of a CDK 4/6 inhibitor — Among postmenopausal women with
hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, combinations of the AI letrozole with CDK
4/6 inhibitors (palbociclib, ribociclib, or abemaciclib) have demonstrated improved
progression-free survival (PFS) relative to an AI alone [10], and have been approved by
the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in this setting. The addition of ribociclib to
an AI has also shown overall survival (OS) benefits. Furthermore, in a meta-analysis of
nine randomized trials with over 5000 postmenopausal patients, the addition of CDK
4/6 inhibitors to ET improved OS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.33, 95% CI 1.19-1.48), but
increased risks of neutropenia, leukopenia, and diarrhea [11]. The CDK 4/6 inhibitors
have not been directly compared in clinical trials. Available trials are summarized in
the table ( table 1).
The SONIA trial was developed by the Danish government as a cost containment
strategy and randomly assigned 1050 women to either first-line treatment with a
nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor (NSAI) plus a CDK 4/6 inhibitor, followed by single-
agent fulvestrant upon disease progression; or to first-line treatment with an NSAI
followed thereafter by fulvestrant plus a CDK 4/6 inhibitor upon progression [12]. At a
median follow up of 37 months, median overall survival was 46 months in the first-line
CDK 4/6 inhibitor group and 54 months in the second line CDK 4/6 inhibitor group (HR
0.98, 95% CI 0.80-1.20). The first-line group remained on CDK 4/6 inhibitor for 25
months, versus 8.1 months for the second-line group, which was associated with an
increase in drug expenditure of 200,000 dollars per patient. Given the longer time on
CDK 4/6 inhibition, there were 42 percent more grade ≥3 toxicities with first-line CDK
4/6 inhibition (2782 versus 1620 events).
A caveat to interpretation of this study is that the first-line CDK 4/6 inhibitor group
received single-agent fulvestrant in the second-line, which is no longer what most
patients receive given the emergence of other targeted agents (eg, alpelisib,
elacestrant). Nevertheless, deferring the CDK 4/6 inhibitor to the second-line setting is
an appropriate strategy in select patients. Data regarding initial treatment with single-
agent aromatase inhibitors are found below. (See 'Alternative front-line options'
below.)
Choosing between agents
● Choosing between CDK 4/6 inhibitors – There is controversy regarding the
choice of CDK 4/6 inhibitors. We consider any of the three CDK 4/6 inhibitors to be
acceptable options, with a choice between them driven by efficacy and toxicity
profile of the agents. Palbociclib and ribociclib are associated with higher rates of
neutropenia than abemaciclib, whereas abemaciclib more frequently causes
diarrhea ( table 1). Ribociclib has a higher incidence of liver function test
abnormalities than the other agents and can cause QTc prolongation, and
therefore may be less preferred for some patients (eg, those on QTc-prolonging
agents).
Of the three agents, abemaciclib has been evaluated in patients with brain
metastases and may be preferred in this setting. However, this is a very rare
occurrence in first- or second-line treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast
cancer. Data are discussed elsewhere. (See "Brain metastases in breast cancer",
section on 'Other options in specific subsets'.)
Overall survival data have emerged from the randomized trials of CDK 4/6
inhibitors in combination with an AI:
• Although palbociclib did not demonstrate OS benefit in the PALOMA-2 trial (54
months versus 51 months, HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.78-1.2) [15], there were significant
missing follow-up data that were imbalanced between the arms. Combined
analysis of PALOMA-1 and PALOMA-2 did show OS benefit in the group that
had disease-free interval over 12 months [16].
In preclinical studies, ribociclib and abemaciclib are four- and five-times more
selective toward CDK 4 over CDK 6 and abemaciclib has a broader CDK target
including cyclin B–CDK1, cyclin A/E–CDK2, and cyclin T–CDK9 [18], suggesting
potential differences among the three different CDK 4/6 inhibitors. Nevertheless,
we consider each agent to be an acceptable option.
Novel CDK 4/6 inhibitors (eg, dalpiciclib) are under investigation [19], with
promising results.
● Choosing between AIs – Although the AIs have not been compared when
combined with a common CDK 4/6 inhibitor, randomized trials of single-agent AIs
demonstrate that no one AI is better than the others. In one trial of 128 women
with advanced breast cancer, exemestane and anastrozole resulted in a similar
objective response rate (15 percent in both groups) and OS (31 and 33 months,
respectively) [20]. Although pharmacokinetic data suggest that letrozole is a more
effective AI, other data suggest that once a certain threshold of aromatase
inhibition is reached, differences in estrogen suppression between the AIs are not
associated with clinically significant differences in efficacy [21,22].
A trial evaluating fulvestrant plus the CDK 4/6 inhibitor ribociclib included
treatment-naïve patients, as well as those with prior lines of ET, and is discussed
below. (See 'For those on an AI alone, or relapse on or soon after adjuvant AI'
below.)
● In an FDA pooled analysis, in two trials evaluating the combination of CDK 4/6
inhibitors or placebo in combination with fulvestrant (396 patients), the estimated
HR for overall survival was 0.74 (95% CI 0.52-1.07) favoring addition of CDK 4/6
inhibitors [32].
● Fulvestrant plus anastrozole – The combination of fulvestrant plus anastrozole
is an acceptable alternative to the AI/CDK 4/6 inhibitor combination for the
patient who presents with de novo metastatic breast cancer (and is therefore ET
naïve).
RESISTANCE TO TREATMENT
Many possible reasons exist for resistance to ET. For example, studies have suggested
that up to 30 percent of metastatic ER-positive breast cancers may have activating
mutations in the estrogen-binding domain of the gene that encodes for ER (ESR1)
[38,39]. In this case, these cancers may be resistant to estrogen depletion (eg,
aromatase inhibitors), but they may better respond to ER-targeting therapies such as
fulvestrant or elacestrant. Elacestrant is superior to fulvestrant for the treatment of
ESR1 mutated breast cancer. (See 'ESR1 mutation-positive' below.)
SUBSEQUENT-LINE OPTIONS
The optimal sequence upon progression on ET is not well defined, and multiple
strategies are possible. Our approach is outlined in the sections below, and takes into
account the patient's previous treatment history and the side effect profiles of
treatment.
ESR1 wild-type — For patients with PIK3CA and ESR1 wild-type tumors who have
experienced progression on an aromatase inhibitor (AI) plus cyclin-dependent kinase
(CDK) 4/6 inhibitor, we suggest the selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD)
fulvestrant, with or without the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor
everolimus.
In rare instances, breast cancers have HER2 mutations (not gene amplifications) on
genomic sequencing. For ER positive tumors with HER2 mutations, fulvestrant in
combination with anti-HER2 therapy with trastuzumab and neratinib is another
treatment option. For patients who received a nonsteroidal AI (anastrozole, letrozole),
another alternative is exemestane plus everolimus. A choice between these options is
driven by patient preferences, considering the side-effect profile of everolimus, which
includes mucositis, rash, fatigue, diarrhea, and pneumonitis. For patients who
develop shortness of breath or increase in cough, everolimus should be held and
patients assessed for pneumonitis. A brief course of steroids may be necessary.
Additional information on the toxicity of everolimus is discussed separately. (See
"Pulmonary toxicity associated with antineoplastic therapy: Molecularly targeted
agents", section on 'Rapamycin and analogs' and "Oral toxicity associated with
systemic anticancer therapy", section on 'Dexamethasone mouthwash'.)
● Fulvestrant – In the endocrine therapy (ET)-refractory setting, fulvestrant
monotherapy has shown equivalent activity as exemestane in postmenopausal
women with hormone receptor-positive disease who had progressed on a
nonsteroidal AI [29]. However, the lower maintenance dose of fulvestrant was
used in this trial (250 mg), and it is expected that the higher dose (500 mg) would
lead to improved outcomes, based on a separate trial comparing the doses [40].
● Fulvestrant plus everolimus – This combination has been studied in patients
with progression after an AI, but not after an AI/CDK 4/6 inhibitor combination.
Results from the randomized phase II PrE0102 trial suggest the combination of
everolimus and fulvestrant may also be an effective strategy for patients resistant
to AIs, with a doubling in progression-free survival (PFS) compared with
fulvestrant alone (10.3 versus 5.1 months; hazard ratio [HR] 0.61, 95% CI 0.4-0.92)
[41]. Adverse events of all grades occurred more often in the everolimus arm,
including oral mucositis (53 versus 12 percent), fatigue (42 versus 22 percent),
rash (38 versus 5 percent), anemia (31 versus 6 percent), and diarrhea (23 versus
8 percent), although grade 3 to 4 events were uncommon. Similar results were
found in the MANTA trial (median PFS 12.2 versus 4.6 months, with and without
everolimus) [42].
● Fulvestrant plus neratinib and trastuzumab, for cancers with HER2-
activating mutations – For patients with hormone receptor positive, HER2-
negative metastatic breast cancer with activating HER2 mutation(s) and prior CDK
4/6 inhibitor therapy, fulvestrant plus trastuzumab and neratinib is an acceptable
option, and has been associated with an objective response rate of 39 percent
and median PFS of 8.3 months in this population [43].
● Alternatives to fulvestrant-based therapy – For patients who prefer to avoid
the intramuscular injections of fulvestrant, alternatives exist. Studies show that
everolimus pairs effectively with an AI or tamoxifen, for the treatment of AI-
resistant, advanced, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Activating
mutations in the alpha isoform of the catalytic subunit of PIK3CA and
PIK3CA/AKT/mTOR pathway activation status are not predictive of benefit from
everolimus.
• Everolimus plus AI – The benefit of everolimus plus exemestane over
exemestane alone was shown in the BOLERO-2 trial, which enrolled 724
women who had progressed on anastrozole. Patients randomly assigned to
exemestane (25 mg daily) and everolimus (10 mg daily) experienced an
improvement in PFS (7 versus 3 months; HR for mortality 0.45, 95% CI 0.35-
0.54) and objective response rate (ORR; 9.5 versus 0.4 percent) relative to those
receiving exemestane alone, although there was no difference in OS (31 versus
26.6 months; HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.73-1.10) [44,45]. Everolimus was associated
with serious side effects (grade 3/4), including stomatitis (8 percent), dyspnea
(4 percent), noninfectious pneumonitis (3 percent), and elevated liver enzymes
(3 percent) [44,45].
Data are insufficient to support a CDK 4/6 inhibitor plus fulvestrant after progression
on an AI and CDK 4/6 inhibitor. Trials have not found benefit with continuation of a
CDK 4/6 inhibitor with second-line endocrine therapy compared with second-line
endocrine therapy alone, among patients with prior progression on first-line
endocrine therapy with a CDK 4/6 inhibitor [47,48].
The most frequent toxicity with elacestrant was nausea, occurring in 35 percent.
Grade ≥3 adverse events were observed among 7 percent of patients in the
elacestrant arm and 3 percent in the SOC arm.
● Investigational strategies – The PADA1 trial found that, among patients who
develop a blood ESR1 mutation on an AI plus a CDK 4/6 inhibitor, a switch from
the AI to fulvestrant (with the same CDK 4/6 inhibitor) before clinical progression
improved PFS over continuation of the AI/CDK 4/6 inhibitor [52]; but effect on OS
was uncertain. We await further prospective data prior to using this strategy in
routine clinical practice.
A randomized phase III trial (CAPItello-291) has shown PFS benefits with the addition
of capivasertib to fulvestrant therapy among patients with progression on a previous
AI, with or without a CDK 4/6 inhibitor [57]. Among 708 patients, the median PFS was
7.2 months in the capivasertib–fulvestrant group versus 3.6 months in the placebo–
fulvestrant group (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.51-0.71). Among patients with PI3K pathway–
altered (PIK3CA, AKT1, or PTEN) tumors, benefits were comparable (PFS 7.3 versus 3.1
months; HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.38-0.65). The estimated OS at 18 months was 74 percent
with capivasertib–fulvestrant and 65 percent with placebo–fulvestrant in the overall
population (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.56-0.98); and 73 versus 63 percent, respectively, in the
AKT pathway–altered population (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.45-1.05). While the outcomes in
patients previously treated with a CDK 4/6 inhibitor also favored capivasertib, the
absolute gains in PFS were smaller than in the overall group.
Although benefits were observed in the overall population, the previous randomized
phase II FAKTION study demonstrated that benefit was limited to tumors with
AKT1/PTEN/PIK3CA mutations. In this study, among the 76 patients with pathway-
altered tumors, the addition of capivasertib to fulvestrant improved median PFS (12.8
months compared with 4.6 months with placebo; HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.26-0.72) [58]. OS
was 39 versus 20 months, respectively (adjusted HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27-0.79). PFS and
OS benefits were not observed among the 64 patients lacking pathway alterations.
Regulatory approval has only been granted in the United States to patients whose
tumors harbor alterations in PIK3CA, AKT1, or PTEN.
The improvement in overall survival is encouraging; other targeted agents of the AKT
pathway including alpelisib and everolimus have not yet shown such benefits. Longer
term data are needed to confirm a survival benefit.
In a phase III trial of 572 men and postmenopausal patients with advanced hormone
receptor-positive breast cancer, all of whom had received a prior AI either for local or
advanced disease, alpelisib plus fulvestrant improved PFS relative to fulvestrant alone
among those with tumor PIK3CA mutations (11.0 versus 5.7 months; HR 0.65, 95% CI
0.50-0.85) [59]. Median OS was 39 months for alpelisib-fulvestrant and 31 months for
placebo-fulvestrant (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.64-1.15) [60]. In the cohort without tumor
PIK3CA mutations, the median PFS was 7.4 months in the alpelisib-fulvestrant group
and 5.6 months in the fulvestrant-only group (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.58-1.25). In the
overall population, the most frequent adverse grade 3 or 4 events in the alpelisib-
fulvestrant versus fulvestrant-only group, respectively, included hyperglycemia (37
and 0.7 percent), rash (10 and 0.3 percent), and diarrhea (7 and 0.3 percent).
Permanent discontinuation of alpelisib or placebo due to adverse events occurred in
71 patients (25 percent) receiving alpelisib-fulvestrant and in 12 (4.2 percent) receiving
placebo-fulvestrant.
However, this trial included a limited number of patients with prior therapy with CDK
4/6 inhibitors. Results from a single-arm phase II study in 127 patients with tumor
PIK3CA mutations and prior AI/CDK 4/6 inhibitor treatment suggest activity of
fulvestrant and alpelisib in this population, with approximately 50 percent of patients
not progressing after six months on treatment [61].
Alpelisib is associated with several important side effects that led to a 25 percent rate
of permanent treatment discontinuation in the SOLAR1 trial, including stomatitis,
diarrhea, rash, and hyperglycemia. Strategies for prevention and management of
adverse events is described in the tables ( table 2 and table 3 and table 4 and
table 5 and table 6). Our approach is to treat hyperglycemia with metformin as it
arises on alpelisib; however, an acceptable alternative is to administer prophylactic
metformin, particularly for those at high risk of hyperglycemia [62]. In one non-
randomized phase II trial in 68 patients with normal baseline fasting glucose or pre-
diabetic HbA1c level, prophylactic metformin beginning with initiation of alpelisib was
associate with a low rate of grade 3 to 4 hyperglycemia by cycle 2 of
alpelisib/fulvestrant therapy (5.9 percent), which compares favorably with that
observed in the SOLAR1 trial (37 percent) [63].
Ribociclib and abemaciclib have both shown to improve OS when combined with
fulvestrant when compared with fulvestrant alone in patients who had prior ET
(MONALEESA-3 and MONARCH 2) [72,73]; but the improvement in OS with the
addition of palbociclib to fulvestrant did not reach statistical significance [74].
Further discussion on the toxicities associated with each CDK 4/6 inhibitor is
found above. (See 'Choosing between agents' above.)
● Strategies to avoid – The strategy of switching from one AI to another AI as
monotherapy upon progression has shown mixed results, and we do not typically
employ this strategy [44,75].
For those previously treated on tamoxifen — For those treated with tamoxifen in
the adjuvant setting, an AI with CDK 4/6 inhibition is preferred initial therapy for
metastatic disease. The CDK 4/6 inhibitor trials discussed above included patients who
were treated for de novo metastatic disease, as well as those who had experienced
progression after adjuvant ET. (See 'AIs plus CDK 4/6 inhibitors' above.)
LATER-LINE THERAPY
For women who progress after two lines of endocrine therapy (ET), treatment must be
individualized based on their prior treatment response, tumor burden, and
preferences for treatment. Options include the following:
Chemotherapy — In general, patients who have progressed after multiple lines of ET
should receive chemotherapy. (See "Endocrine therapy resistant, hormone receptor-
positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer".)
Its role in triple-negative breast cancers is also discussed elsewhere. (See "ER/PR
negative, HER2-negative (triple-negative) breast cancer", section on 'Sacituzumab
govitecan'.)
● Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan – For patients with tumors that are either HER2
immunohistochemistry 1+, or 2+, and in situ hybridization negative, who have
received at least one prior line of chemotherapy for metastatic disease and, if
tumor is hormone receptor-positive, are refractory to ET, fam-trastuzumab
deruxtecan is an appropriate option [78]. Further details and supporting data are
found elsewhere. (See "Endocrine therapy resistant, hormone receptor-positive,
HER2-negative advanced breast cancer", section on 'Sacituzumab govitecan'.)
Other options — For patients who are asymptomatic with slowly progressive disease,
continuation of ET is reasonable, with one of the options below:
● Tamoxifen plus abemaciclib – For patients without prior treatment with a CDK
4/6 inhibitor, the combination of tamoxifen plus abemaciclib has shown efficacy
and tolerability, with improved outcomes over abemaciclib alone. In preliminary
results of the phase II nextMONARCH study, patients randomly assigned to
abemaciclib 150 mg plus tamoxifen 20 mg daily experienced a statistically
significant improvement in median overall survival (OS), relative to those assigned
to either abemaciclib 150 mg daily or abemaciclib 200 mg daily (24 months versus
21 and 17 months, respectively) [80]. Although patients were heavily pretreated,
prior receipt of a CDK 4/6 inhibitor was an exclusion criterion for this trial.
This trial shows that the addition of ET to a CDK 4/6 inhibitor is of value and also
demonstrates a role for late introduction of tamoxifen.
● Tamoxifen monotherapy – Although we prefer other options over tamoxifen for
initial lines of ET, it may be an option in the later-line setting, recognizing that
response rates are low. In the front-line setting, tamoxifen has yielded lower
response rates relative to aromatase inhibitors (AIs), but similar OS; however,
comparisons are not available for tamoxifen versus the combination of AIs and
CDK 4/6 inhibitors, which is a more typical front-line regimen.
In preliminary results from the phase II MONARCH 1 study, which enrolled 132
patients with a median of three prior lines of treatment (including one or two
prior chemotherapy regimens in the metastatic setting), single-agent treatment
with the novel CDK 4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib induced tumor response in 20
percent of patients, with a clinical benefit rate (stable or responding disease) of 42
percent, and median progression-free survival of six months [84].
● Hormones or intermittent endocrine therapy – We choose other options
before hormones for treatment of metastatic breast cancer, though historical
reports suggested some activity and these strategies were used more frequently
in the past [85-94]. The value of such approaches in contemporary practice, when
most patients receive adjuvant anti-estrogen therapy, and when multiple
endocrine treatments with and without targeted therapy options exist, is not
known. Similarly, the historical literature include reports of treatment response to
withdrawal of endocrine therapy [95,96]. While interruption or cessation of
endocrine treatment is an option for patients with indolent tumors or those
needing a break from therapy, such withdrawal responses are almost never
encountered in contemporary practice. Both progestins and estrogens are
associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic events, and their use should
be avoided in patients with thromboembolic disorders or other risk factors for
thromboembolic disease. (See "Overview of the causes of venous thrombosis".)
We define menopause in women <60 years using guidelines from the National
Comprehensive Cancer Network [97]:
● Prior bilateral oophorectomy.
● No menstrual periods in the preceding 12 or more months occurring either:
Women who do not fit into the above categories are considered premenopausal, and
as such, ovarian suppression/ablation becomes a consideration.
Ovarian suppression and ablation have shown equivalent outcomes in clinical trials
[98]. However, for women with disease progression on a regimen including ovarian
suppression, some contributors assess serum estradiol levels to ensure menopausal
status was achieved. If high estradiol levels are noted despite ovarian suppression,
ovarian ablation should be performed. If estradiol is within the postmenopausal
range, next-line therapy should be pursued.
The most frequent all-grade adverse events were neutropenia (76 versus 8 percent),
hot flashes (34 percent in each arm), nausea (32 versus 20 percent), leukopenia (31
versus 6 percent), and arthralgia (30 versus 27 percent). This trial was the basis of the
US Food and Drug Administration approval of ribociclib with ET for
pre-/perimenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative
advanced breast cancer.
Similarly, a CDK 4/6 inhibitor may effectively combine with fulvestrant and ovarian
suppression. Among the 108 premenopausal women with advanced ET-resistant
disease in the PALOMA-3 trial, the addition of palbociclib to the combination of
fulvestrant and goserelin improved the median PFS (9.5 versus 5.6 months; HR 0.50,
95% CI 0.29-0.87) and objective response rate (ORR; 25 versus 11.1 percent) [103].
Furthermore, in preliminary analysis of the pre-/perimenopausal subset of MONARCH
2, the addition of abemaciclib to fulvestrant and a GnRHa in a pretreated population
of women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer
improved both PFS (not reached versus 10.5 months, respectively; HR 0.45, 95% CI
0.26-0.75) and ORR (61 versus 29 percent) relative to those receiving fulvestrant and a
GnRHa [104].
Versus chemotherapy — For most premenopausal women with hormone
receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer, ET, with or without a
targeted agent, is preferred over chemotherapy. This is the same approach as for
postmenopausal women. (See "Overview of the approach to metastatic breast
cancer", section on 'Hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative disease'.)
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
BRCA mutation carriers — For patients with metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer
who have a germline breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) mutation, the use of
poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors is discussed elsewhere. (See "Overview of the
approach to metastatic breast cancer", section on 'Special considerations'.)
UpToDate offers two types of patient education materials, "The Basics" and "Beyond
the Basics." The Basics patient education pieces are written in plain language, at the
5th to 6th grade reading level, and they answer the four or five key questions a patient
might have about a given condition. These articles are best for patients who want a
general overview and who prefer short, easy-to-read materials. Beyond the Basics
patient education pieces are longer, more sophisticated, and more detailed. These
articles are written at the 10th to 12th grade reading level and are best for patients
who want in-depth information and are comfortable with some medical jargon.
Here are the patient education articles that are relevant to this topic. We encourage
you to print or e-mail these topics to your patients. (You can also locate patient
education articles on a variety of subjects by searching on "patient info" and the
keyword(s) of interest.)
● Beyond the Basics topics (see "Patient education: Treatment of metastatic breast
cancer (Beyond the Basics)")
• Women who progress ≥12 months from the end of adjuvant ET and patients
who present with de novo metastatic breast cancer are offered first-line
endocrine-based therapies. (See 'Preferred first-line therapy' above.)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The UpToDate editorial staff acknowledges Matthew Ellis, MD, PhD, FRCP; Michael J
Naughton, MD; and Maura Dickler, MD, who contributed to an earlier version of this
topic review.
REFERENCES