Dental Care

Products

Done By:
Modern dentifrices meet all of the listed
:requirements

1-When used properly with a toothbrush

they should clean the teeth adequately;
removing food debris, pellicle, plaque, and
stains.
2-They should leave the mouth with a fresh,
clean sensation and freshen the breath.
The cost to the consumer should not be-3
.prohibitive
4-They should be safe, pleasant, and
5- They should be stable in storage
throughout their anticipated shelf
life.

6-They should conform to accepted

standards in terms of their
abrasivity to enamel and dentin.

7-They should be capable of being

manufactured and packaged
economically
Toothpastes
Toothpastes
Toothpastes have been in a
transition state between cosmetic
and drug products.

 Toothpaste packed in a tube or

pump. Powders, solids blocks, and
liquid products can be made but
have not achieved the high degree
of consumer acceptance of
toothpaste.
The primary function of a Toothpastes is
to remove adherent soil from a hard
surface with minimal damage to that
surface. This common cleaning situation
is normally solved by using a mildly
abrasive powder with an added surface-
active agent.
Ingredients and its
functions
Abrasives

The workhorse of the formulation with

regard to cleaning the surface of the
teeth.
A compromise between the ability to
clean the surface and the necessity to
avoid damage to the tooth surface.
Accessible plaque, debris, and
superficial stain.
The abrasivity and cleaning action of
abrasives are related to abrasive
Examples

• Hydrated silica: the most widely used

abrasive in United States. The advantages in
using hydrated silica as abrasives include high
degree of compatibility with fluoride salts,
flavors, as well as higher efficiency in cleaning
tooth surfaces.

Calcium carbonate or chalk

It is one of the earliest abrasives used.
Not leave a smooth feel on the teeth.
In particular, fluoride- containing
formulations normally exclude calcium
carbonate.
Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP)
It was originally developed as the abrasive of
choice for products containing sodium or
stannous fluoride.

Alumina or aluminum hydroxide

A calcium free.
Fluoride-compatible abrasive.
Sodium bicarbonate or backing soda
*Its price and compatibility with fluorides.
* Its drawbacks can be saltiness and high
product PH.
Tricalcium phosphate (TCP)
Dicalcuim phosphate anhydrous
Calcium peroxide
Detergents

 Soap was the earliest surface-active agent

used .
the ideal detergent should be tasteless,
nontoxic, and nonirritant to the oral
mucosa producing a large volume of dense
but nongagging foam.
 Examples:  sodium lauryl sulfate
(SLS),sodium lauroyl sarcosinate and
sodium methyl cocoyl taurate.
water
In order to form a semisolid toothpaste.
Water is included in most toothpastes
intentionally.
Humectants
 To prevent toothpastes from drying out and
help maintain a consistent paste-like quality in
the toothpaste,
This is most likely to happen if the cap is not
replaced on the tube.
In some cases can affect flavour, coolness
and sweetness.
Examples:  sorbitol, pentatol, glycerol,
glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene
glycol, water, xylitol
Thicking agent
A thicking or gelling agent is necessary in
order to maintain the stability of ahigh –
solids suspension and also modifies the
dispersibility foam character and mouth
feel .
Cellulose gum or sodium carboxymethyl
cellulose (SCMC)
xanthan gum and gellan gum
Carbomer
hydrated silica
Flavouring agent
Functions to mask the flavour of the detergent
component, especially SLS. 

Mint flavours, especially when combined with

menthol, contain oils that volatilize in the
mouth. 

The volatilization requires energy - extracted

from the tissues of the mouth as heat, giving a
cooling sensation
Preservatives
Prevent the growth of microorganisms in
toothpaste

Examples:  sodium benzoate, methyl

paraben, ethyl paraben
Active agents
Anticaries

Anticalculus agents

De-sensitizing agents

Antibacterial agents
Fluoride
Fluoride promotes the remineralization of a
tooth.
Fluoride found in saliva will adsorb onto the
surface of a tooth where demineralization has
occurred. The presence of this fluoride in turn
attracts other minerals (such as calcium), thus
resulting in the formation of new tooth mineral.
Fluoride can make a tooth more resistant to
the formation of tooth decay. The new tooth
mineral that is created by the remineralization
process in the presence of fluoride is actually a
"harder" mineral compound than existed when
the tooth initially formed..
Fluoride compound
Stannous fluoride
Acidulated Side effects –
phosphate fluoride staining
Sodium Short shelf life
monofluorophospha Abrasive system
te (SMP) slowly inactivated
Sodium fluoride the fluoride
Fluoride compound
Stannous fluoride Not found to be
Acidulated superior to
phosphate fluoride stannous fluoride
Sodium Eventually
monofluorophospha removed from
te (SMP) market
Sodium fluoride
Fluoride compound
Stannous fluoride Most popular fluoride
Acidulated component
phosphate fluoride
Sodium Compatible with
monofluorophospha most abrasives
te (SMP)
Sodium fluoride
Fluoride compound
Stannous fluoride not compatible with
Acidulated most of early types
phosphate fluoride of abrasives
Sodium
monofluorophospha Developed abrasive
te (SMP) systems that are
Sodium fluoride compatible with it
NaF + SMP
As effective as other
fluoride agents
Fluoride

Age Fluoride amount

<6 years Up to 600ppm

>6 years 1000-1500 ppm

Anticalculus agents
Zinc chloride and zinc citrate are used as
anticalculus agents.
Zinc chloride :containing toothpastes is
low because of its astringency
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate
,tetrapotassium pyrophosphate and
disodium pyrophosphate are used more
widely as anticalculus agents.
De-sensitizing agents

Potassium nitrate (5%) is a relatively new

desensitizing agent.
Strontium chloride
Antibacterial agents
Triclosan is the most widely used .

 Copolymer to enhance retention in the mouth

OR
 Zinc citrate to provide additional antibacterial activity

Chlorhexidine
Whitening
Toothpastes
These toothpastes use harsh abrasives to
remove the stains.
 Over long periods of repeated use, these
harsh abrasives begin to remove tooth
enamel making teeth appear yellow and
causing teeth to become sensitive to cold
or heat.
Nightguard Tooth
Bleaching
Involve the application of mild bleaching
agent to the teeth through wearing
custom-made appliance
The bleaching agent usually 10% carbamid
peroxide in carbopal containing gel .
The result attain after 2-6 weeks
Denture cleanser
Marketed either in paste form or in
tablet form
The functions of a denture cleanser are
removal of debris, plaque, calculus, and
surface stains, from the denture.
Denture Tablets

They contain an oxidizing agent ,a

flavor,and electrolytes,and an alkali.

Sodium perborate or sodium

percarbonate are the oxidizing agents
normally used.
Denture Cleanser
Paste

Are used with a denture brush or

toothbrush for cleansing the denture.
Mouthwashes

Mouthwashes may belong to any of four

types :
 
1-Antibacterial, which contain a germicidal
agent.
2-Fluoride, which help strengthen the
enamel of teeth.
3-Cosmetic, which freshen the breath.
4-Prebrushing rinses, which loosen plaque to
render it easier to remove with a
Antibacterial
Mouthwashes

Two types: those based on phenolics,

sometimes called antiseptic mouthwashes,
and those based on other antimicrobials.
Antiseptic
Mouthwashes
Active ingredients
Phenol-related essential oils (thymol and
eucalyptol)
Menthol and methyl salicylate

Inactive ingredients
Water
Alcohol (26%)

Less effective than CHX

Side effects – bitter
Antimicrobials
Mouthwashes

Chlorhexidine (CHX)

Used in the form of chlorhexidine digluconate

prolonged bactericidal effect – for several

hours
Highly effective anti-plaque agent

More effective in preventing plaque

accumulation on a clean tooth surface

Mouthrinse
0.2% (Corsodyl)
0.12% (Peridex)
Side effects:

1- Staining of teeth
2- Taste disturbances
Fluoride Mouthwashes
Compound of choice – NaF
Toxicity if swallowed
Alcohol containing
mouthwashes
Accidental swallowing by children

Link with oral and pharyngeal cancer

Irritations
Mouth Fresheners

 natural extension of mouth wash (Aerosol,

strips)
Mainly contain flavoring agent
May contain antibacterial agent
Toothbrushes

 The first true bristled brush was invented in China in

1498 for the Emperor using animal hair (pigs)
 Nylon bristles were introduced around 1938
Requirements of a
Satisfactory Toothbrush
1. Have good cleaning ability

3. Cause minimal damage to soft and hard

dental tissues

5. Having a reasonable lifespan (good wear

characteristics)

7. Non-toxic
Manual Toothbrushes
Handle size
appropriate to the
user’s age and
dexterity

Head size
appropriate for the
user’s mouth
Adult – 2.5 cm
Child – 1.5 cm
Compact arrangement of soft, end
rounded nylon filaments not larger than
0.009 inches in diameter

Hard brushes should never be

recommended
lacerate the gingiva , gingival recession and
tooth abrasion

Bristle patterns that enhance plaque
removal in approximal spaces and along
gum margin

Filaments arranged at different heights and

angles significantly more effective at reducing
plaque and gingivitis than flat trim brushes
Brushing Techniques
1. Vertical

3. Horizontal

5. Roll Technique

7. Vibrating (Bass, Stillman, Charter)

9. Circular

11. Scrub
Brushing Technique

Bass technique most

recommended by dentists
Brushing Technique
Bass technique

 aims to clean the

gingival crevice

 brush held at 45° to

the axis of the teeth
so that the end
pointing into the
gingival crevice
Brushing Techniques
Research shows no
particular method
superior to any other

Modify the patients

method

Emphasize need to
repeat the procedure
on all tooth surfaces
Powered toothbrushes
Oscillating, rotating
or counter-rotational
movements

Oscillating/rotating
(Braun Oral B) more
effective in removing
plaque and reducing
gingivitis than a
manual toothbrush
(2003)
Which toothbrush??

Manual vs. Electric

Manual vs. Electric

Electric toothbrushes remove more plaque

than manual toothbrushes

Electric toothbrush is recommended for

individuals who are unable to maintain
effective plaque control
Physical or learning disability
Fixed orthodontic appliances

A manual toothbrush is appropriate for most

people
Replacing Toothbrush
Splaying of the toothbrush is the most
obvious sign of toothbrush wear

Renewal is usually recommended after 3

months use
Special Brushs
Orthodontic brush

V shaped in cross section, to clean between

brackets and wires.
Tongue brush
Interproximal Cleaners
1-Dental floss

2-Interdental brush

3-Wood points (toothpicks)

Dental Floss
1- Waxed/Unwaxed
Dental Floss
2- Superfloss
Toothpicks
Effective only when
sufficient interdental
space is available

Triangular toothpicks
are superior to round
or rectangular

Incorrect use may

cause gingival
lesions
Interdental Brush

Superior to floss for

cleaning open spaces

May be used for

cleaning around fixed
orthodontic
appliances