Structure of Atom 9 Aakash

CHAPTER 4
Structure of Atom THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES

z Fundamental Particles of Atom
¾ Cathode Rays : Discovery of Electron
¾ Anode Rays : Discovery of Proton
Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter that defines z Structure of Atom
the properties of matter. ¾ Atomic Models
¾ Discovery of Neutrons
The first definite theory about the structure of matter was put
forward by John Dalton. This theory called Dalton’s atomic theory z Comparative Study of Subatomic Particles
regarded atom as the ultimate particle of matter which is further z Atomic Number and Mass Number
indivisible. z Isotopes and Isobars

z Electronic Configuration of an Element
Dalton’s atomic theory was able to successfully explain the laws of z Valency and Valence Electrons
chemical combinations. However, it failed to explain the results of
¾ Valence Electrons
various experiments for example, it was known that substances like
¾ Valency
glass or ebonite when rubbed with silk or fur generate electricity.
¾ Calculation of Valency
These studies further revealed that atom consists of still smaller
¾ Electronic Distribution
particles such as electron, proton and neutron. These are considered
¾ Valencies of First 20 Elements
as fundamental particles of an atom. This knowledge provided
z Some Important Definitions
platform, for the detailed study of ‘structure of atom’.
z Quick Recap
z Assignment
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES OF ATOM
Cathode Rays : Discovery of Electron
In 1897, J.J. Thomson performed cathode ray discharge tube experiment which led to the discovery of electron.
Cathode ray discharge tube experiment :
Discharge tube is a long glass tube having two metal rods connected to the oppositely charged poles of a
battery. A gas is filled in it, at low pressure. The pressure of gas inside discharge tube is controlled by vacuum
pump connected to the tube.
When pressure is reduced to about 10–2 atmosphere and high voltage (of about 10000 V d.c.) is applied
between the two electrodes, a bright spot of light was formed on zinc sulphide screen kept at the opposite
end of the cathode. This was caused by the rays that originated from cathode hence called cathode rays.
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48 Structure of Atom Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)
Vacuum pump
ZnS screen
e–
e–
e–
Cathode Anode
High voltage
source
Fig. : Discharge tube
From this cathode ray experiment, it was known that the cathode rays start from cathode and move towards
anode. In doing this experiment, it was kept in mind that ‘like charges repel each other and unlike charges
attract each other’. So, the cathode rays which are being attracted towards the anode (positively charged
electrode), must contain negatively charged particles which were called electrons.
Through experiments, it was established that electrons are the basic constituents of all the atoms because
the characteristics of cathode rays (electrons) do not depend upon the material of electrodes and the nature
of the gas present in the cathode ray tube.
Electrons : The negatively charged particles constituting the cathode rays are called electrons.
Charge on an electron = –1.6 × 10–19 C
Mass = 9.109 × 10–31 kg or 9.1 × 10–28 g (Nearly 1/1837th of that of hydrogen atom)
Note : Charge on an electron was discovered by Robert Andrews Millikan by his famous Floating oil drop
experiment.
Anode Rays : Discovery of Proton
Since atoms contain negatively charged particles i.e., electrons, it must contain equal number of positively
charged particles. For this purpose E.Goldstein in 1886 performed discharge tube experiment with porous or
perforated cathode and observed fluorescence behind perforated cathode also. These rays were coming from
the side of anode in straight lines opposite to that of cathode rays. These rays were originally called ‘canal
rays’ as they passed through the perforated cathode. These rays were called positive rays by J.J. Thomson.
Cathode rays
Vacuum pump Positive rays
+ve
Anode
Perforated metal disc

–ve
Cathode
Fig. : Production of positive rays

The smallest and lightest positive ion was obtained from hydrogen and was named as proton by
Rutherford.
Mass : 1.6 × 10–27 kg or 1.6 × 10–24 g
Charge : 1.6 × 10–19 C
Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Structure of Atom 49
Try Yourself
1. An honored physicist and a nobel prize winner who discovered the charge on an electron is
(1) J.J. Thomson (2) Ernest Rutherford
(3) E. Goldstein (4) Robert Millikan
2. The mass of an electron is
(1) 1.76 × 10–23 kg (2) 1.67 × 10–24 kg
(3) 9.11 × 10–28 kg (4) 9.11 × 10–31 kg
3. The lightest stable subatomic particle is
(1) Neutron (2) Nucleus
(3) Electron (4) Proton
4. The mass and charge of a proton respectively are
(1) 1.6 × 10–27 kg and 1.6 × 10–19 C (2) 1.6 × 10–24 g and –1.6 × 10–19 C
(3) 1.6 × 10–27 g and 1.6 × 10–19 C (4) 1.6 × 10–24 kg and 1.6 × 10–19 C
5. The term proton was coined by
(1) J. J. Thomson (2) Robert Andrews Millikan
(3) E. Goldstein (4) Ernest Rutherford
[Ans. 1(4), 2(4), 3(3), 4(1), 5(4)]
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Atomic Models
1. Thomson’s model of atom : According to J.J. Thomson -
(a) An atom contains negatively charged particles called electrons embedded uniformly throughout
a thinly spread positively charged spherical mass.
(b) Since the atom is electrically neutral, the total negative charge of electrons is balanced by the total
positive charge i.e., in an atom total number of electrons is equal to total number of protons.
This model is popularly known as plum-pudding model or apple-pie model or water-melon model.
This model can be visualised as a pudding or watermelon of positive charge with plums or seeds (electrons)
embedded into it.
Positive sphere
Electron
Fig. : Thomson’s model of an atom
Note : An important feature of this model is that mass of the atom is assumed to be uniformly
distributed over the atom.
Limitations : Although this model was able to explain the overall neutrality of the atom, but was not consistent
with the results of later experiments conducted by other scientists.
2. Rutherford’s model of atom : -ray scattering experiment

Rutherford’s gold foil experiment is also known as Geiger-Marsden experiment. In this experiment, a narrow
beam of -particles was allowed to strike a thin gold foil (about 1000 atoms thick). -particles ( 24 He nucleus)
are positively charged particles that have (+2) charge and have a mass of 4 u. He expected that -particles
would be deflected by the sub-atomic particles in the gold atoms. But totally unexpected results were obtained.
Beam of -particles
 
 
1
2
3  
4
5
Incident beam 6  Nucleus
(+Ze) Space Back scattering
of -particles 7
8 occupied by Deflected
9 r0 electrons -particle
10  Deflected
11 -particles
 
 
-scattering Thin gold foil
Scattering of -particles by a gold foil

Observations :
(a) Most of the -particles passed through the gold foil undeflected.
(b) Some of the -particles were deflected by small angles.
(c) Very few particles deflected back. One out of every 12,000 alpha particles appeared to rebound.
Conclusions :
(a) Since most of -particles passed undeflected, so majority of space inside the atom is empty.
(b) Since very few particles deflected, hence the positive charge of an atom occupies a very little space.
(c) Even lesser number of -particles were deflected by 180°, (complete deflection), this indicate that positive
charge is concentrated in a very small volume called nucleus.
On the basis of his experiment, Rutherford proposed an atomic model, according to which, an atom consists
of two distinct parts :
(i) Nucleus
(ii) Extra nuclear part
(i) The Nucleus - Centre of an atom :
(a) All atoms contain a small, heavy positively charged body at its centre called nucleus. The diameter
1
of nucleus is parts of diameter of an atom which explains the emptiness of the atom.
105
(b) The entire mass of an atom resides in the nucleus.
(c) The positive charge of nucleus is due to presence of protons. The number of protons inside the
nucleus denotes the ‘atomic number’ of an atom.
Note : At the time of Rutherford’s model, neutrons were not discovered but later, it was proved that the
entire mass of an atom is not equal to the mass of protons only but it will be equal to the sum
of mass of protons and neutrons.
(ii) Extra-nuclear part :
(a) Since, an atom is electrically neutral, so total number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the total
number of electrons present outside the nucleus in orbits.
(b) Negatively charged electrons revolve around the nucleus at a very high speed and attracted by the
electrostatic force from the nucleus. This attraction is counterbalanced by an outward centrifugal force
keeping the electron in its orbit.
Electron
+ Nucleus
Proton
Electron
Fig. : Rutherford’s atomic model
Note : Rutherford’s model of an atom is like a small scale solar system with the nucleus playing role
of sun and electrons are similar to planets.
Limitation of Rutherford’s Atomic Model

Stability of atom : Since atom contains oppositely charged particles, they should attract each other and
atom should collapse but Rutherford told that electronic rotations are attributed to balance between inward
electrostatic force of attraction and outward centrifugal force.
Centrifugal force
Electrostatic
attraction
+
Nucleus
Fig. : The centrifugal force of an electron and the inward electrostatic force
But according to Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory, if any charged particle (electron) shows acceleration in
the electric and magnetic field of another charged body (protons), it loses energy and the radius also
decreases, its path becomes spiral and finally it falls into nucleus and hence the atom should be unstable.
+ Nucleus
Electron
Fig. : The rotating electron gradually loses energy and finally falls into the nucleus
3. Bohr’s Atomic Model
In order to overcome the limitations of Rutherford’s atomic model, Niels Bohr gave following postulates.
(a) The electrons always move in certain stationary orbits which have fixed energies. These orbits are also
called as shells or energy levels. These energy levels are designated as K, L, M, N or 1, 2, 3, 4…
etc. from shell nearest to nucleus. The energy level near to nucleus is called lower energy level and as
the distance increases from nucleus we proceed from lower to higher energy level. These energy levels
with certain fixed energy are called quantised energy levels.
N shell (n = 4)
M shell (n = 3)
L shell (n = 2)
K shell (n = 1)
Nucleus
(b) In a particular energy level, an electron neither loses energy nor gains energy.
(c) The gain or loss of energy takes place when an electron changes its energy level / orbit.
(d) When it jumps from lower to higher energy levels, it absorbs energy. This time electron is said to be
in excited state.
(e) Because excited state provides unstability to the electron, as soon as possible, electron tends to come
back to its ground state to gain stability. This time electron emits energy equal to that of absorbed energy.
(f) The energy difference between any two successive energy levels will be -
E = E2 – E1 or E3 – E2 or E = Ef – Ei etc.
where E1, E2, E3 are the energies of 1st, 2nd and 3rd energy level respectively.
Nucleus 1 2 3
E1
(Energies of shell
E E2
1, 2, 3 respectively)
E E3
Success of Bohr’s Model :
(i) Stability of atom : Bohr’s model shows that an electron cannot lose its energy as long as it revolves
in a particular orbit and hence it cannot fall into the nucleus by losing energy.
(ii) It introduced the idea of quantised energy states of an electron in an atom.
Limitations of Bohr’s Model :
Bohr’s model is only applicable to a single electron system i.e., only applicable to hydrogen or hydrogen like
species (containing only one electron like He+, Li2+, Be3+ etc.) and fails for a multielectron system.
Discovery of Neutrons
In 1932, James Chadwick discovered another sub-atomic particle that had mass, nearly equal to that of proton
but no net charge. These particles were named as ‘Neutrons’ (being chargeless it was neutral and so was
named as such).
Knowledge Cloud
Basis of Discovery of Neutron :
According to atomic weight scale, the proton has 1 unit mass (1.6 × 10–27 kg) but electron has negligible
mass, and if it is assumed that an atom is made up of only protons and electrons then, the overall mass
of an atom should be equal to the mass of protons present in it but this prediction was not correct except
for hydrogen.
Example - Atomic mass of carbon is 12 which means that carbon atom is 12 times heavier than 1 proton.
But ‘C’ atom has 6 protons. Therefore, atomic mass of atom ‘C’ should be ‘6’. This indicates that in addition
of 6 protons, the ‘C’ atom must contain some more particles which should have mass but no charge.
Properties of Neutrons :
(i) Neutrons are electrically neutral (no charge).
(ii) Except protium (isotope of hydrogen, 1H1), all atoms have neutrons. Protium is also called as
ordinary hydrogen.
(iii) Variations in atomic masses of isotopes show the existence of neutrons.
Mass : 1.6 × 10–27 kg or 1.6 × 10–24 g
Charge : Zero
Note : Due to neutral nature, neutrons can penetrate the nuclei and are responsible for nuclear reactions.
ZONE
A neutron walks into a restaurant and orders a couple of cokes. As she is about to leave owes, the
waiter replies “for you, no charge”.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Name of Symbol Absolute Relative Mass in kg Nature of Location Discoverer

particle charge(C) charge charge in atom
Electron e –1.6 × 10–19 –1 9.1 × 10–31 Negatively Outside the J.J. Thomson
charged nucleus
in the orbits
Proton p +1.6 × 10
–19
+1 1.672 × 10–27 Positively Inside the E. Goldstein
charged nucleus
Neutron n 0 0 1.675 × 10–27 Neutral Inside the J. Chadwick

nucleus
Try Yourself
6. Rutherford’s experiment of -particles showed for the first time that an atom has
(1) Protons (2) Neutrons
(3) Nucleus (4) Electrons
7. Rutherford’s -particle scattering experiment led to the conclusion that
(1) Mass and energy are related
(2) The mass and positive charge of an atom are concentrated in the nucleus
(3) Neutrons are present in the nucleus
(4) Atoms are electrically neutral
8. For which entity Bohr’s model is not applicable?
1 4
(1) 1H (2) 2 He
(3) Be3+ (4) Li2+
9. Which atomic model is also known as plum pudding model?
(1) Bohr’s atomic model
(2) Thomson’s atomic model
(3) Rutherford’s model of atom
(4) Dalton’s atomic model
10. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
(1) Is equal to the number of neutrons
(2) Is more than the number of electrons in an atom
(3) Does not change during a chemical reaction
(4) Is the mass number of an atom
11. Neutrons were discovered by
(1) J.J. Thomson (2) Rutherford
(3) James Chadwick (4) G.T. Seaborg
12. Neutrons were discovered quite late because they are
(1) Chargeless particles (2) Highly unstable
(3) Moves very fast in nucleus (4) All of these
13. The mass of a neutron is of the order of
(1) 10–23 kg (2) 10–24 kg
(3) 10–26 kg (4) 10–27 kg

[Ans. 6(3), 7(2), 8(2), 9(2), 10(3), 11(3), 12(1), 13(4)]
ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER
Atomic Number (Z) : Atomic number of an atom is decided by the number of protons present in the atom.
It is denoted by ‘Z’. All atoms of an element have same number of protons.
e.g., Na has 11 protons hence its atomic number will be 11.
Mass number (A) : After studying about the sub-atomic particles, we can say that the mass of an atom is
due to protons and neutrons present in its nucleus. Therefore mass of an atom resides in its nucleus in the
form of nucleons. Mass number is denoted by A.
e.g., Mass number of carbon is 12 i.e., the atom has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
 Mass number of an atom is the sum of all protons and neutrons present in nucleus.
A np
Notation of an atom : In the notation of an atom, atomic number, mass number and symbol of atom is written
as -
Mass number
A
Symbol or Z X {X is assumed as the symbol of an atom}
Atomic number
14
e.g., Nitrogen is written as 7 N
39
Potassium is written as 19 K
Note : Previously the representation used was 14N .

7
Example 1 :
Calculate the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in the following :
(a) Caesium  133

55 Cs  (b) Silicon  28
14 Si  (c) Argon  40
18 Ar 
Solution :
Number of protons = Atomic number
Also in an isolated atom, the number of protons are equal to the number of electrons.
 For an isolated atom,
Atomic number = Number of e = Number of p
 (a) 133
55 Cs : Number of e = 55
Number of p = 55
Number of n = Atomic mass – Number of p
= 133 – 55 = 78
28
(b) 14 Si : Number of e = 14
Number of p = 14
Number of n = 28 – 14 = 14
40
(c) 18 Ar : Number of e = 18
Number of p = 18
Number of n = 40 – 18 = 22
Note : (i) Protons and neutrons together are called as ‘Nucleons’.

(ii) C14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon used for determining the age of fossils. The technique
used is known as ‘Carbon Dating’.
ISOTOPES AND ISOBARS
Isotopes
Isotopes are the atoms of same element which have same atomic number (number of protons) but different
mass numbers.
e.g.,
(i) Isotopes of hydrogen
1
1 H (Protium)
2
1 H or D (Deuterium)
3
1 H or T (Tritium)
Note : Ordinary hydrogen  H

1
1 is the only atom that has no neutron.
(ii) Isotopes of carbon

12 13 14
6 C, 6 C, 6 C
(iii) Isotopes of chlorine

35 37
17 Cl, 17 Cl
Actually, isotopes are found in nature in some particular ratio and on this basis, average atomic weight of
an isotope can be calculated.
Example - Atomic weight of chlorine is 35.5 u.
35 37
Actually, the two isotopes of chlorine 17 Cl and 17 Cl are present in nature in the ratio of 3 : 1 respectively.
Therefore, average atomic weight of isotope can be calculated as –
(35  3)  (37  1)
Average atomic weight of chlorine =  35.5 u
4
The chemical properties of isotopes are similar but their physical properties are different.
Uses of isotopes :
(i) An isotope of uranium (uranium-235) is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors.
(ii) An isotope of cobalt (cobalt-60) is used in the treatment of cancer.
(iii) An isotope of iodine (iodine-131) is used in the treatment of goitre.
(iv) An isotope of phosphorus (P-32) is used in the treatment of leukemia.
(v) Arsenic-74 is employed to detect tumours.
(vi) Blood clots in the circulatory system are located by sodium –24.
Isobars
Isobars are the atoms of different elements with different atomic numbers but same mass number.
e.g.,
40 40
Argon 18 Ar and calcium 20 Ca are isobars of each other.
In isobars, sum of neutron and proton (n + p) is same but they have different number of protons.
Example 2 :
Calculate the atomic number of an element whose mass number is 23 and has 12 neutrons. What is the
symbol of the element?
Solution :
Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
Number of protons is called atomic number.
So, mass number = Atomic number + Number of neutrons
23 = Atomic number + 12
 Atomic number = 23 – 12 = 11
The element having atomic number 11 is sodium with symbol Na.
23
 The element is 11 Na
Example 3 :
18
The average atomic mass of a sample of an element Y is 16.2 u. Calculate the percentages of isotopes 8 Y
16
and 8 Y in this sample.
Solution :
18 16
Let the percentage of isotope of 8 Y  ‘x’ and the percentage of isotope of 8 Y  (100  x) .
On the basis of above data, percentage will be

 x  (100  x) 
  18    16    16.2
 100  100 
 18x  1600  16x 

  100   16.2
 
 2x  1600 
  100   16.2
 
 2x + 1600 = 1620
 2x = 1620 – 1600
 2x = 20
 x = 10
18 16
Hence percentage of 8 Y is 10% and percentage of 8 Y is 90%.
Example 4 :
79 81
The percentage abundance of two isotopes of bromine 35 Br and 35 Br are 49.7% and 50.3% respectively.
Calculate average atomic mass of bromine atom.
Solution :
On the basis of above data, average atomic mass of bromine atom will be
 79  49.7   81 50.3 
   
 100   100 
 3926.3 4074.3 
=  
 100 100 
 8000.6 
=  
 100 
= 80.006 u
Hence average atomic mass will be 80.006 u.
Try Yourself
235
14. In 92 U nucleus, the number of electrons is
(1) 92 (2) 235
(3) 143 (4) Zero
15. The isotopes of an element have
(1) The same physical properties (2) Different chemical properties
(3) Different number of neutrons (4) Different atomic numbers
16. Atom of an element has 11 protons, 11 electrons and 12 neutrons. The atomic mass of the atom
is
(1) 11 (2) 12
(3) 23 (4) Zero
[Ans. 14(4), 15(3), 16(3)]
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF AN ELEMENT

Arrangement of electrons in an atom : Bohr-Bury scheme
According to the Bohr’s atomic model, the electrons revolve around the nucleus in certain definite circular paths
called orbits or shells. These electrons are distributed in various orbits according to a scheme proposed by
Bohr and Bury. The Bohr and Bury scheme gives the following rules for the distribution of electrons in various
orbitals.
(i) The maximum number of electrons which can be accommodated in any energy level of the atom is given
by 2n2 (where ‘n’ is the number of that energy level).
(ii) Inner shell or lower energy levels will be filled first. When inner shells are filled completely, then only outer
shells will be filled. (However, there are some exceptions to this rule which apply to elements having
atomic numbers more than 18).
(iii) Maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the outermost orbit is 8.
n Designation Maximum number

of the shell 2
of electrons (2n )
2
1 K 2 × (1) = 2
2
2 L 2 × (2) = 8
3 M 2
2 × (3) = 18
4 N 2
2 × (4) = 32
The distribution or arrangement of the electrons in the different shells of the atom is called electronic
configuration of the element.
In order to write the electronic configuration of an element, we should proceed as follows :
We should know the total number of electrons present in an atom of that elements.
These electrons should be filled in the various shells (orbits) one by one in the order of increasing energy
according to the 2n2 rule, i.e., the shell with the lowest energy is filled first and then the orbits of
increasing energies are filled.
Numerals are written denoting the number of electrons in various shells starting with the lowest. Each
numeral is separated from the other by a comma.
Examples :
(i) Carbon (12
6 C) : Total number of electrons = 6
The shell corresponding to n = 1 (K-shell) will have 2 electrons and the shell corresponding to n = 2
(L-shell) will have 4 electrons. So, electronic configuration C = 2, 4
Note : The filling of electrons according to the above scheme becomes difficult for the elements with
atomic number greater than 18. This is because with higher advancement in this field, it was
known that electrons are present in orbitals (orbital is a three-dimensional space around the
nucleus where the possibility of finding an electron is maximum). The last electron of an element
with atomic number 19 goes into the 4th shell even when the 3rd shell is not complete. So, the
arrangement of electrons in an atom can correctly be explained. Only after the knowledge of
various orbitals present in an orbit and certain rules for filling the electrons in different orbitals.
Schematic representation of structure of carbon atom

e
e
e
6p Nucleus
6n K-shell
e e L-shell
e
(ii) Outermost shell can have a maximum of eight electrons even if it can accommodate more electrons.
(Helium atom have two electrons in its outermost shell and is stable).
VALENCY AND VALENCE ELECTRONS
Valence Electrons
The electrons present in the outermost shell of the atom of an element are called valence electrons. The
outermost shell is called the valence shell.
Valency
Valency is the combining capacity of an atom.
Octet rule : To attain stability, atoms lose, gain or share electron(s) with other atoms so as to complete
their octet (i.e., 8 electrons in the outermost shell) except for hydrogen and helium which attain stability with
two electrons in their valence shells.
The number of electrons shared or transferred to complete the octet is termed as valency of the atom.
(i) If electrons are transferred (lost or gained), it is termed as electrovalency.
(ii) If electrons are shared, it is termed as covalency.
Calculation of Valency
(i) For elements having valence electrons, 1, 2 or 3, valency is equal to the number of valence electrons.
(ii) For elements having valence electrons, 4, 5, 6 or 7, valency is equal to 8 – number of valence electrons.
Valency = 8 – number of valence electrons
Electronic Distribution
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Fig. : Schematic atomic structure of the first eighteen elements
Valencies of First 20 Elements
Name of Symbol Atomic Number Number Number Distribution of Valency

Element Number of of of Electrons
Protons Neutrons Electrons K L M N
Hydrogen H 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 1
Helium He 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 0
Lithium Li 3 3 4 3 2 1 - - 1
Beryllium Be 4 4 5 4 2 2 - - 2
Boron B 5 5 6 5 2 3 - - 3
Carbon C 6 6 6 6 2 4 - - 4
Nitrogen N 7 7 7 7 2 5 - - 3
Oxygen O 8 8 8 8 2 6 - - 2
Fluorine F 9 9 10 9 2 7 - - 1
Neon Ne 10 10 10 10 2 8 - - 0
Sodium Na 11 11 12 11 2 8 1 - 1
Magnesium Mg 12 12 12 12 2 8 2 - 2
Aluminium Al 13 13 14 13 2 8 3 - 3
Silicon Si 14 14 14 14 2 8 4 - 4
Phosphorus P 15 15 16 15 2 8 5 - 3, 5
Sulphur S 16 16 16 16 2 8 6 - 2
Chlorine Cl 17 17 18 17 2 8 7 - 1
Argon Ar 18 18 22 18 2 8 8 0
Potassium K 19 19 20 19 2 8 8 1 1
Calcium Ca 20 20 20 20 2 8 8 2 2
SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Electrons : The negatively charged material particles constituting the cathode rays are called electrons.
Protons : The positively charged particles present in the nucleus of the atom are called protons.
Isotopes : Atoms of the same element with same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Valence electrons : The electrons present in the outermost shell of the atom of an element are called
valence electrons.
QUICK RECAP
1. Atom contains subatomic particles called electrons, protons and neutrons.
2. J.J. Thomson was the first to propose a model for the structure of an atom. According to his model
electrons are embedded in a positive sphere.
3. Rutherford’s -particle scattering experiments proposed the presence of nucleus within an atom.
Rutherford’s model proposed that an atom has a tiny, positively charged nucleus with electrons revolving
around it in definite circular orbits. Stability of an atom could not be explained by Rutherford’s atomic
model.
4. Niels Bohr model overcame above drawback by proposing that electrons are distributed in different shells
with a definite amount of energy.
5. Chadwick discovered the subatomic particle neutron which carries no charge.
6. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
7. Mass number of an atom is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of
an atom.
8. Electrons are always filled in order of increasing energy.
9. Elements combine together to complete their octet i.e., to get 8 electrons in valence shell (octet rule).

Assignment
3. What important informations are furnished about
SECTION-A the nucleus of an atom by -particle scattering
experiment of Rutherford?
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
9 .
4X
4. An atom of an element X may be written as
1. When and by whom was electron discovered?
2. Name the three fundamental particles present in (i) What does the figure 9 indicate?
an atom. (ii) What does the figure 4 indicate?
3. What is the absolute mass and absolute charge (iii) What is the number of protons in atom X?
of an electron?
(iv) What is the number of neutrons in atom X?
4. Which fundamental particle was discovered by
(v) What is the number of electrons in atom X?
(i) James Chadwick?
5. How was it shown that an atom has a lot of empty
(ii) J. J. Thomson?
space within it?
5. If an element M has mass number 24 and atomic
31
number 12, how many neutrons does its atom 6. From the symbol 15 P , state:
contain?
(i) Mass number of phosphorus
6. Composition of the nuclei of the atomic species X
(ii) Atomic number of phosphorus
and Y are given as under:
(iii) Electronic configuration of ‘P’
X Y 7. Give drawbacks of Rutherford’s model.
Protons 6 6 8. The percentage abundance of two isotopes of
Neutrons 6 8 11 10
boron 5 B and 5 B are 81% and 19%
respectively. Calculate average atomic mass of
Give the mass numbers of X and Y. What is the boron.
relation between the two species?
7. Name the scientist who introduced the concept of
Long Answer Type Questions :
energy levels around the nucleus of atom. 1. Explain with examples
8. What are quantised energy levels? (i) Atomic number
Short Answer Type Questions : (ii) Mass number

(iii) Isobars
1. What is an electron? State its relative mass and
charge. (iv) Isotopes
2. Give any two postulates of Bohr’s model of the (v) Give any two uses of isotopes.
atom. 2. Explain Thomson’s model of an atom.
3. Explain Rutherford’s atomic model and its 5. The major drawback of Rutherford’s model was that
limitations. it could not explain
4. Give the postulates of Bohr’s atomic model. (1) Particle nature of an atom
(2) Wave nature of an atom
SECTION-B (3) Stability of an atom
Objective Type Questions : (4) Charge on the nucleus of an atom
1. According to Bohr’s theory 6. Number of valence electrons in F– is

(1) 7 (2) 8
(1) An atom has a tiny negatively charged nucleus
(3) 9 (4) 10
(2) When an electron is in a particular orbit it
does not radiate energy 7. The isotope of hydrogen with 2 neutrons in its
nucleus is
(3) An atom is indestructible
(1) Protium (2) Proton
(4) A charged particle undergoes acceleration
(3) Tritium (4) Deuterium
2. When a gold sheet is bombarded by a beam of
8. Isotope of which element is used in the treatment
-particles, only a few particles get deflected. This
of goitre?
is because
(1) Cobalt-60
(1) The force of attraction is exerted on the
-particles by the oppositely charged electrons (2) Iron-56
is not sufficient (3) Uranium-235
(2) A nucleus has much smaller volume than that (4) Iodine-131
of an atom 9. Electrons were discovered by
(3) The force of repulsion acting on the fast (1) J. J. Thomson
moving -particle is very small
(2) Rutherford
(4) The neutrons in the nucleus do not have any
(3) James Chadwick
effect on the -particles
(4) G. T. Seaborg
3. Which is true for Thomson’s model of the atom?
10. When -particle are allowed to strike a thin metal
(1) It could explain the existence of neutrons foil, most of them go straight through the foil
(2) It can explain the existence of protons because
(3) In an undisturbed atom, the electrons will be (1) -particles are lighter than electrons
at their equilibrium positions (2) -particles are positively charged
(4) Explained the existence of nucleus (3) Most part of the atom has empty space
4. According to Bohr’s model (4) -particles move with very high velocity
(1) Electrons can have particle as well as wave 11. Which of the following statements is not correct
character about -particles?
(2) Electron absorb energy when jump into higher (1) They carry +2 unit charge
energy level (2) Their mass is 4 amu
(3) Electrons eventually fall into the nucleus of an
(3) These are 24 He nucleus
atom
(4) An atom is highly unstable (4) These are 24 He -atom
12. The number of neutrons present in an atom of 14. All atoms have neutrons, except
phosphorus is
(1) Deuterium (2) Sodium
(1) 14 (2) 16
(3) Protium (4) Tritium
(3) 15 (4) 17
15. Which of the following is not an isotope of carbon?
13. Which one of the following is the electronic
configuration of noble gas? (1) 12
C (2) 13
C
6 6
(1) 2, 8, 7 (2) 2, 8, 1
18 14
(3) 2, 8, 18, 8 (4) 2, 8, 2 (3) 6 C (4) 6 C

CHAPTER 4
Structure of Atom THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES
z Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
¾ Bohr’s Radius
¾ Limitations of Bohr’s Model
BOHR’S MODEL FOR HYDROGEN ATOM z Isotones, Isoelectronic species and Isodiaphers
¾ Isotones
Let us study the postulates on which Bohr’s model for
hydrogen atom is based : ¾ Isoelectronic Species
¾ Isodiaphers
(i) Orbits : The electron around the nucleus revolves only z Electronic Configuration of an Element
in certain fixed circular path of fixed radius and ¾ Electronic Configuration
energy. These circular paths are also known as
¾ Quantum Numbers
orbits, stationary states or allowed energy states or
¾ Rules for Filling Electrons in Orbitals
energy levels.
z Assignment
(ii) Energy of an Electron in the Orbit does not Change with Time : As the energy of an electron revolving
in a fixed circular path called orbit is fixed. Therefore orbits are called energy states or energy shells.
Therefore, electrons when absorb energy move from lower energy level to higher energy level, to its opposite
electron moves from higher energy state to a lower energy state by emitting energy.
Energy shells
P
O
N
M
L
K
Nucleus + n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5 n=6
66 Structure of Atom Chemistry - Class IX (Level-II)
(iii) Frequency of the Radiation : The frequency of the radiation absorbed or emitted during the transition
of electron from one energy state to another is given by
E

h
where, E is the difference in the energies of the two energy states i.e., E = E2 – E1.
where,
E1 = Energy of the lower allowed energy state
E2 = Energy of the higher allowed energy state
The above expression is commonly known as Bohr’s frequency rule.
(iv) Angular Momentum of an Electron in an Orbit :
The angular momentum of an electron in a fixed orbit is expressed as
h
me vr  n  , where n = 1, 2, 3, ...
2
Angular
momentum
me = mass of electron
v = speed of electron
r = radius of orbit
Bohr’s Radius
n2
rn  0.529 Å
Z
Velocity of the Moving Electron
Z
v n  2.19  108 cm/s
n
Energy of the Moving Electron
 13.6Z 2
En  (eV per atom)
n2
Limitations of Bohr’s Model
1. It could not explain the splitting of spectral lines in the magnetic field. This splitting of spectral lines in
the presence of magnetic field is called Zeeman effect.
2. Bohr was even unable to explain the splitting of spectral lines in the strong electric field (Stark effect).
3. There was no explanation given in the model regarding the formation of chemical bonds.
ISOTONES, ISOELECTRONIC SPECIES AND ISODIAPHERS
Isotones
Isotones are the atoms of different elements with same number of neutrons.
13 14
e.g., 6 C and 7 N are isotones of each other as –
13
6 C : neutrons = 13 – 6 = 7
14
7 N : neutrons = 14 – 7 = 7
Chemistry - Class IX (Level-II) Structure of Atom 67
Isoelectronic Species
Those species (atoms, ions or molecules) that have same number of electrons are called as isoelectronic
species.
e.g.,
1
1 H : 1 e– ; Na+ : 10 e– ; Al3+ : 10 e–
He+
:1 ;e– Ne : 10 : e–
F– : 10 e–
H and He+ are isoelectronic species and also, Na+, Ne, Al3+, F– are isoelectronic species.
Isodiaphers
The atoms of different elements that show same (n – p) value, are called as Isodiaphers of each other.
e.g.,
Uranium  92 U  ; Thorium  90 Th 
238 234
(n) Neutrons : 238 – 92 = 146 ; 234 – 90 = 144

(p) Protons : 92 ; 90
(n – p) : 146 – 92 = 54 ; 144 – 90 = 54
 238U and 234Th are isodiaphers of each other.
39
19 K and 19
9 F are isodiaphers of each other.
When  and particles are emitted in 1 : 2 ratio, then the resultant is an isotope.
– – –
Example : 238
92 X 
–He4
 234
90 Y 
(–1e)
 234
91 Z  234
92 E
2
 particle is 24 He -nucleus, positively charged particle and its emission results is decrease in atomic
number by two units and mass number by 4 units. On the other hand,  particle i.e., 0
–1 e emission
results in increase in atomic number by one unit and mass number remains and unchanged.
Each  particle emission results in the formation of isobar, since  particle is an electron i.e., 0
–1 e
and its emission increases atomic number by one unit and results in the formation of isobars.
Example 1 :
Which of the following group represents isoelectronic species?

(a) Cl–, Ar, K+ (b) Ne, F+, O2–
(c) N3–, O2–, Ar (d) Ar, Na+, Mg2+
Solution :
Only (a) option is correct because all Cl–, Ar and K+ have 18 electrons in them.
Example 2 :
31
Which of the following contains same number of neutrons as are there in 15 P ?
14 32
(a) 7N (b) 16 S
32 33
(c) 15 P (d) 16 S
Solution :
Apply the formula,
Number of neutrons = Mass number – Atomic number
32 31
The difference of mass number and atomic number is same in 16 S and 15 P .
32
Hence the answer is 16 S.
Try Yourself
1. Which of the following atoms has the same number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus?
(1) Hydrogen (2) Deuterium
(3) Tritium (4) None of these

13 14
2. 6C and 6C are
(1) Isotopes (2) Isobars
(3) Isotones (4) Isodiaphers
3. The mass number of an atom is
(1) Less than its atomic number
(2) More than its atomic number
(3) Always equal to its atomic number
(4) Sometimes less and sometimes more than its atomic number
4. -particle emission results in
(1) Increase in atomic number by one unit (2) Decrease in atomic number by two unit
(3) Decrease in mass number by three units (4) Increase in mass number by four units
5. The correct formula of angular momentum of an electron in an orbit according to Bohr’s model for
hydrogen atom is
nh vh
(1) me vr  (2) mnr 
4 2
nh h
(3) mvr  (4) mr 
2 2
[Ans. 1(2), 2(1), 3(2), 4(2), 5(3)]
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF AN ELEMENT

The outermost shell of an atom is also called valence shell.
The second outermost shell is called as penultimate shell.
The third outermost shell is called anti-penultimate shell.
(n = 4)
Valence shell
(n = 3)
Penultimate shell
(n = 2) Anti-penultimate shell
(n = 1) M N Electron shells
ucle K L
N
us
2 8 18 32 Maximum number of
electrons which can
be accommodated in the
various shells
Electronic Configuration
 The distribution or arrangement of the electrons in the different shells of the atom is called the electronic
configuration of the element.
 Atomic orbital : The three dimensional space around the nucleus where the probability of finding an
electron is maximum is called atomic orbital.
 The arrangement of electron in an atom can be explained using four quantum numbers.
Quantum Numbers
 It is a set of four numbers with the help of which we can get complete information about all the electrons
in an atom. The four quantum numbers are discussed below :
 Principal quantum number (n)
(i) It denotes the principal shell (K, L, M, N…) to which the electron belongs.
(ii) It is denoted by n and can have any positive integral value (1, 2, 3,......).
(iii) Higher the value of n, more will be the energy of the shell.
(iv) The maximum number of electrons in any shell is 2n2
 Azimuthal or subsidiary quantum number (l ) : This determines the shape of sub-shells present in an
orbit/main shell.
(i) For a given value of n, l can have any integral value from 0 to (n – 1).
i.e., l = 0, 1, 2, 3, ......
(ii) Total value of l for any value of n is equal to n.
(iii) Shapes of subshells
s = spherical
p = dumb-bell
d = double dumb-bell
f = complex
 Magnetic quantum number (m or ml) : It determines the number of preferred orientations of the electron
in a subshell in 3D space around the nucleus. Since each orientation corresponds to an orbital, magnetic
quantum number determines the number of orbitals in any subshell. m have integral values from –l to +l.
z z z
y x y y
x x
px py pz
Fig. : The boundary surface diagrams of the p-orbitals
dxy dxz dx2–y2 dyz dz2
Fig. : The boundary surface diagrams of five d-orbitals

 Spin quantum number (s or ms) : It shows the spin of an electron at its own axis. An electron can
spin either clockwise or anticlockwise, their spin can have only two values.
1 1
i.e., s   or s   depending upon the spin of the electron.
2 2
Rules for Filling Electrons in Orbitals
 Aufbau principle : It states that electrons are filled in the orbitals in the order of increasing energy. The
energy of the orbitals is governed by (n + l ) rule.
(i) (n + l ) rule - Orbitals having lowest value of (n + l ) will be filled first [lower (n + l) value have lower
energy].
(ii) If (n + l ) value is same for two orbitals, the one having lower value of n will be filled first.
Hence, the order of filling orbitals is
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d
7s 7p
8s
 Pauli’s exclusion principle : According to this principle, no two electrons in an atom can have the same
set of all four quantum numbers.
or
An orbital can accommodate maximum two electrons and these must have opposite spins.
 Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity : Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same
subshell (p, d or f) does not take place until each orbital belonging to that subshell has got one electron
each i.e., it is singly occupied.
Degenerate levels have low energy when they are empty, half filled or completely filled.
The anomalies are observed occurring in a few configurations i.e.
(i) Chromium (Cr) has a configuration of 3d4 4s1 and not 3d4 4s2 and (ii) Copper (Cu) has a configuration
of 3d10 4s1 and not 3d9 4s2. This is attributable to the extra stability of half filled or completely filled
set of degenerate orbitals.
Half filled and fully filled electronic configuration are stable since they have more symmetry and more
exchange energy.
All substances have magnetic properties due to magnetic moment associated with the spin and orbital
angular momentum of the electron.
Try Yourself
6. Azimuthal quantum number (l) denotes (or determines)
(1) The principal shell to which the electron belongs
(2) The shape of sub-shell present in an orbit
(3) Spin of an electron at its own axis
(4) The number of preferred orientations of the electron
7. Which of the following orbitals is not possible?
(1) 2s (2) 3p
(3) 1p (4) 5f
8. Choose the incorrect match.
(1) s- spherical (2) p- dumb-bell
(3) d- double dumb-bell (4) f- circular
9. The value of n for N shell is
(1) 4 (2) 3
(3) 1 (4) 2
10. For a given value of n,l can have any integral value from
(1) 0 to 2n – 1 (2) 0 to n – 1
(3) 1 to n – 1 (4) 0 to 3n – 2
[Ans. 6(2), 7(3), 8(4), 9(1), 10(2)]

Assignment
A
2. A nucleus represented by the symbol Z X has
SECTION-A
(1) Z protons and A – Z neutrons
Subjective Type Questions :
(2) A protons and Z – A neutrons
1. Which fundamental particle is not present in an
ordinary hydrogen atom? (3) Z neutrons and A protons
2. If both K and L shells of an atom are full, what is (4) Z protons and A + Z neutrons
the total number of electrons contained in the 40 40
atom?
3. 20 Ca and 18 Ar are
3. The electronic configuration of an element is 2, 8, 8. (1) Isotopes
(i) What is the atomic number of the element? (2) Isotones
(ii) What is the valency of the element? (3) Isobars
4. How is the Bohr’s theory better than Rutherford’s (4) Isodiaphers

model of an atom? 4. Which of the following species has more number
5. Why is an atom neutral in spite of the presence of of protons than the number of electrons?
charged particles in it?
(1) F – (2) Na+
6. Explain Bohr–Bury scheme of arrangement of
(3) O2– (4) Ne
electrons in an atom.
7. What is Pauli’s exclusion principle? 5. Elements having the same number of valence
electrons in their atoms have similar
8. Differentiate between penultimate and anti-
penultimate shell (1) Chemical properties (2) Physical properties
9. What is Zeeman effect? (3) Atomic sizes (4) Metallic characters

23 24
10. What does the magnetic quantum number (ml) 6. 11 Na and 12 Mg are
determines?
(1) Isotopes (2) Isobars
(3) Isodiaphers (4) Isotones
SECTION-B
7. The composition of tritium 13 H is
Objective Type Questions :
(1) 1 electron, 1 proton, 1 neutron
1. Isotope of hydrogen having no neutron is (2) 1 electron, 2 protons, 1 neutron
(1) Protium (2) Deuterium (3) 1 electron, 1 proton, 2 neutrons
(3) Tritium (4) All of these (4) 1 electron, 1 proton, 3 neutrons
8. If an element ‘X’ shares five electrons in its valence 18. Match the following :
shell with other element ‘Y’, what will be its
Column-I Column-II
valency?
a. Valence electron (i) Combining ability
(1) Five (2) Three
b. Mass number (ii) Total number of
(3) One (4) All of these
protons
9. The number of electrons present in the third shell
c. Atomic number (iii) Total number of
of an atom of an element with atomic number 15
protons and
is
neutrons
(1) 2 (2) 4
d. Valency (iv) Electron present in
(3) 5 (4) 3 outermost shell
10. What will be the valency of an atom with three (1) a(ii), b(iii), c(iv), d(i) (2) a(ii), b(iv), c(i), d(iii)
electrons in the valence shell?
(3) a(iv), b(iii), c(ii), d(i) (4) a(iv), b(ii), c(iii), d(i)
(1) One (2) Two
19. The average atomic mass of a sample of an
(3) Three (4) Six element E is 63.62 u. The percentage of isotopes
34
17 Cl ?
11. Which of the following is isotonic with 65 63
29 E and 29 E respectively in the sample are
34 32
(1) 16 S (2) 16 S (1) 31% and 69% (2) 70% and 30%
32 31
(3) 15 P (4) 15 P (3) 30% and 70% (4) 69% and 31%
40
20 Ca
12. Which of the following is isobaric with ? 20. A carbon atom contains 6 protons, 6 electrons and
8 neutrons. It emits -particle to produce
40 42
(1) 18 Ar (2) 20 Ca
13 16
36 37
(1) 6 C (2) 8 O
(3) 18 Ar (4) 17 Cl
13. An ion X 2– contains 10 electrons and 14 12

(3) 7 N (4) 6 N
8 neutrons, what will be its atomic mass?
21. Total value of l (azimuthal quantum number) for
(1) 8 (2) 16
any value of n(principal quantum number) is equal
(3) 10 (4) 18 to
14. An atom A (atomic number 13) will form a stable (1) n – 1 (2) n + 1
(1) A3+ ion (2) A3– ion (3) n (4) 2n2
(3) A2+ ion (4) A2– ion
22. If n + l = 4, then total possible number of subshells
15. If number of protons in A is 10, the number of would be
protons in A2+ will be
(1) 3 (2) 2
(1) 12 (2) 8
(3) 1 (4) 4
(3) 10 (4) 11
16. Which one of the following pairs of atoms/ions 23. A p-subshell can accommodate maximum of
have identical electronic configuration? (1) 10 electrons (2) 2 electrons
(1) Li+ and He+ (2) Cl– and Ar
(3) 6 electrons (4) 14 electrons
(3) Na and K (4) F+ and Ne
24. Magnetic quantum number (m or ml) has integral
17. Which of the following triads represents isotones? values from
12 13 14 40 42 43
(1) 6 C, 6 C, 6 C (2) 18 Ar, 20 Ca, 21 Sc (1) – l to + l (2) –2l to l
40 40 41 14 16 18
(3) 18 Ar, 20 Ca, 21Sc (4) 7 N, 8 O, 9 F (3) 0 to (l – 1) (4) 0 to l + 1
25. According to Bohr’s theory, the angular momentum

SECTION-D
of an electron in 6th orbit is
Match the Columns Type Questions
h 3h
(1) (2)
4  1. Match the following :
Column-I Column-II
h 3h
(3) (4) a. Chadwick (i) Electrons
3 2
b. Rutherford (ii) Atomic stability
c. J.J. Thomson (iii) Neutrons
SECTION-C d. Bohr (iv) Atomic nucleus
(1) a(ii), b(iii), c(iv), d(i) (2) a(iii), b(iv), c(i), d(ii)
Assertion & Reason Type Questions :
(3) a(iii), b(iv), c(ii), d(i) (4) a(iv), b(ii), c(iii), d(i)
In the following questions, a statement of 2. Match the following :
assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Column-I Column-II
(1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the a. Isotopes (i) Species with same
reason is the correct explanation of the number of electrons
assertion, then mark (1). b. Isotones (ii) Atoms with same
mass number
(2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the
c. Isobars (iii) Atom with same
reason is not the correct explanation of the atomic number but
assertion, then mark (2). different mass
number
(3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is
false, then mark (3). d. Isoelectronic species (iv) Atoms with same
number of neutrons
(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false (1) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv) (2) a(ii), b(iii), c(iv), d(i)
statements, then mark (4).
(3) a(iii), b(iv), c(ii), d(i) (4) a(iv), b(iii), c(ii), d(i)
1. A : Maximum 18 electrons can be accommodated 3. Match the following :
to 3rd shell. Column-I Column-II
R : It is calculated from the formula 2n2. a. Electrons (i) Neutral
b. Protons (ii) Dipositive
2. A : When an electron is lost positively charged
c. Neutrons (iii) Positive
ion is formed.
d. -particles (iv) Negative
R : One extra proton inside the nucleus show (1) a(iv), b(iii), c(i), d(ii) (2) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv)
positive charge on it. (3) a(ii), b(iii), c(iv), d(i) (4) a(iii), b(ii), c(i), d(iv)
3. A : Phosphorus exhibit a valency of three. 4. Match the following :
Column-I Column-II
R : It has six valence electrons.
Atomic number Valency
35 37 a. 7 (i) 1
4. A: 17 Cl and 17 Cl are isobars.
b. 19 (ii) 0
R : Both have 50% presence in atmosphere. c. 10 (iii) 2
5. A : Electronic configuration of Na is 2, 8, 1. d. 12 (iv) 3
(1) a(iv), b(i), c(ii), d(iii) (2) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv)
R : It can lose two electrons easily.
(3) a(ii), b(iii), c(i), d(iv) (4) a(iv), b(ii), c(i), d(iii)


Structure of Atom 9 Aakash

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Structure of Atom 9 Aakash

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CHAPTER 4

Structure of Atom THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES

indivisible. z Isotopes and Isobars

Cathode Rays : Discovery of Electron

Cathode ray discharge tube experiment :

Anode Rays : Discovery of Proton

Perforated metal disc

Fig. : Production of positive rays

1. Thomson’s model of atom : According to J.J. Thomson -

Fig. : Thomson’s model of an atom

2. Rutherford’s model of atom : -ray scattering experiment

-scattering Thin gold foil

Scattering of -particles by a gold foil

Fig. : Rutherford’s atomic model

Limitation of Rutherford’s Atomic Model

3. Bohr’s Atomic Model

Success of Bohr’s Model :

(ii) It introduced the idea of quantised energy states of an electron in an atom.

Limitations of Bohr’s Model :

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

Name of Symbol Absolute Relative Mass in kg Nature of Location Discoverer

Neutron n 0 0 1.675 × 10–27 Neutral Inside the J. Chadwick

(1) Protons (2) Neutrons

(3) Nucleus (4) Electrons

7. Rutherford’s -particle scattering experiment led to the conclusion that

(1) Mass and energy are related

(3) Neutrons are present in the nucleus

(4) Atoms are electrically neutral

8. For which entity Bohr’s model is not applicable?

(3) Be3+ (4) Li2+

9. Which atomic model is also known as plum pudding model?

(1) Bohr’s atomic model

(2) Thomson’s atomic model

(3) Rutherford’s model of atom

(4) Dalton’s atomic model

10. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

(1) Is equal to the number of neutrons

(2) Is more than the number of electrons in an atom

(3) Does not change during a chemical reaction

(4) Is the mass number of an atom

11. Neutrons were discovered by

(1) J.J. Thomson (2) Rutherford

(3) James Chadwick (4) G.T. Seaborg

12. Neutrons were discovered quite late because they are

(1) Chargeless particles (2) Highly unstable

(3) Moves very fast in nucleus (4) All of these

13. The mass of a neutron is of the order of

(1) 10–23 kg (2) 10–24 kg

(3) 10–26 kg (4) 10–27 kg

Note : Previously the representation used was 14N .

(a) Caesium  133

Note : (i) Protons and neutrons together are called as ‘Nucleons’.

ISOTOPES AND ISOBARS

Note : Ordinary hydrogen  H

(ii) Isotopes of carbon

(iii) Isotopes of chlorine

On the basis of above data, percentage will be

 18x  1600  16x 

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF AN ELEMENT

n Designation Maximum number

Schematic representation of structure of carbon atom

VALENCY AND VALENCE ELECTRONS

Valency is the combining capacity of an atom.

(i) If electrons are transferred (lost or gained), it is termed as electrovalency.