UNIT 3: CURRENT TRENDS AND EMERGING
TECHNOLOGY
Emerging Technology is a term generally used to
describe a new technology, but it may also refer to the
continuing development of an existing technology; it
can have slightly different meaning when used in
different areas, such as media, business, science, or
education. The term commonly refers to technologies
that are currently developing, or that are expected to
be available within the next five to ten years, and is
usually reserved for technologies that are creating, or
are expected to create, significant social or economic
effects.
Emerging digital technologies have generated new
opportunities while creating new legal challenges,
particularly related to copyrights, trademarks, patents,
royalties, and licensing.
Emerging technologies include a variety of technologies
such as educational technology, information
technology, nanotechnology, biotechnology, cognitive
science, psych technology, robotics, and artificial
intelligence.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
New Technologies
New technologies are those that are currently being
developed or will be developed in the next 5 to 10
years, and which will alter the business and social
environment."
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) - This is a computer
science that is focused on creating computer
systems that simulate human intelligence. The
term was first used in 1956 by a computer scientist
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
who was focused on trying to make computers
behave like humans. AI is being developed in the
following areas:
Game Playing - Computers developed to play games
against human players.
Expert Systems - These are computers that have
been programmed to make decisions based on
information they are given.
Languages - This type of AI involves computers that
can understand different human languages as they are
spoken to them.
Robotics - Robotic artificial intelligence is where
machines are programmed to imitate a human.
2. Biometrics
Biometrics is where parts of a person's body are
used for identification purposes. Examples are
shown in the table below:
Fingerprints - These are impressions embedded at the
end of human fingers and thumbs. Fingerprints kept in a
database can be matched to those left at crime-scenes
to help identify the culprit.
Eye recognition - Eye scans analyze the iris which is the
colored ring that surrounds the pupil.
Face recognition -This is where the shapes of
individual's faces are analyzed.
Voice recognition -Pitch, tone and frequency of voices
are unique and can be analyzed to identify people.
3. Robotics
Robots are used to perform a wide range of physical
tasks. They are either automated (controlled by a
computer chip) or manually controlled by a human.
There are 4 different types of robots:
Manufacturing robots (used to perform repetitive
tasks such as welding)
Carrier robots (used by the military to carry heavy
loads over dangerous terrain)
Domestic robots (used in homes to perform cleaning
tasks such as vacuuming)
Exploration robots (used to visit and send images from
places such as Mars)
Some more typical tasks that robots can be used for
are described below:
Dangerous jobs -E.g., disposing of bombs, spray
painting or cleaning up nuclear waste.
Exploring extreme environments-E.g., inside
volcanoes, planets, or the depths of the ocean.
Repetitive manufacturing jobs -E.g., production lines,
packing and welding etc.
Moving heavy objects - E.g., installing large engines,
moving pallets of items etc.
4. Quantum Cryptography
Quantum cryptography (encryption) is an emerging
technology that allows messages and data to be sent
with complete privacy.
Unauthorized people attempting to read the data would
see illegible nonsense instead of the real information.
Older methods of encryption were based
around mathematics, but quantum cryptography uses
physics instead.
This makes the encryption impossible to break.
5. Computer Assisted Translation (CAT)
CAT is where a human translator uses computer
software to help in the translation process.
Current CAT tools are not always 100% accurate. They
need a human to check for errors.
Spell checkers - These are usually built-into word
processing software and can automatically flag-up
spelling errors and suggest translations of miss-spelt
words.
Translation memory software - Translation memory
software are databases which store translated text as
the human translator works through it to be reused in
the future.
Language search-engine software - These are Internet
based systems which allow translators to enter any
text that they want translating and to select which
language they want the text translating into.
6. 3D and Holographic Imaging (aka holograms)
This is a technique where images are made to appear
three-dimensional and to have depth. Holograms work
by taking two regular two-dimensional images of
the same object and laying one on top of the other.
The two-dimensional images need to have been shot at
different angles. Two different types of laser beams are
used to record the two-dimensional images onto
a single photographic plate.
This creates one single image that incorporates the
angles of the original two-dimensional images. This
produces a 3D effect. When viewing the image, human
eyes see it from slightly different angles. The brain
combines them into a three-dimensional image.
7. Virtual Reality Virtual reality is where computers are
used to create an artificial environment that users
can interact with as if it were real. Virtual reality is not
really meant for gaming purposes. It is used for
more serious purposes such as:
 Allowing architects to walk around a virtual
version of their design (this gives a better idea
of what the finished building will look like)
 Training soldiers in combat (flight simulation,
battlefield simulation)
Training surgeons (virtual patients can be operated on
to provide experience to trainee surgeons).
Equipment needed to create the virtual reality
experience includes the following:
Eye Goggles - These produce the 3D images that make
up the artificial world. The goggles project slightly
different views into each eye, and this fools your brain
into thinking that the scene is 3D. Virtual chairs look
solid and so on
Special Gloves - The gloves detect your hand and finger
movements which are input into a
computer and processed. As users touch or use items in
the virtual world, the computer can carry out these
commands and make them happen. This allows the user
to interact with the virtual world and perform tasks
such as moving objects or switching on lights etc.
Headphones - These control what users hear in the
virtual world.
Powerful Computer - A very powerful computer is
needed to create the virtual environment and to
process/output data sent into the system by the user's
actions.
THE CURRENT TRENDS IN THE SOCIETY
1. The Technology of the Year Will Be 5G
While artificial intelligence and the internet of things
(IoT) get all the attention, 5G could be the technology of
the year in 2019. 5G, which could improve processing
speeds by more than 10 times and could enable
remote surgeries and Uber’s announced food delivery
drones. In fact, 5G is so important that China, South
Korea, and the U.S. are embroiled in an arms race to be
first to market. 5G enabled smartphones are on track to
take over the mobile industry in 2019. Samsung,
OnePlus, Xiaomi, Motorola, and Huawei are among the
leading mobile phone developers that are vying to
launch 5G enabled mobile sets this year.
2. Bots Will Revolutionize Customer Service
Research from Gartner, Inc., shows that the use of
chatbots in customer service will have increased 10
times between 2017 and 2020, and bots can reduce
customer inquiries by up to 70%.
3. E-Commerce Grows at A Torrid Pace
E-commerce is expected to grow 20%, on pace with its
2017-2018 growth rate. More and more, even
traditional brands are considering direct-to-consumer
to be a channel they can’t ignore.
4. Insurance (finally) Enters the Digital Age
This will be a standout year for insurance. Insurers will
actively embrace new markets (smart cities,
autonomous vehicles, connected living, and the elderly),
products (insurance for shared workspaces, working
from home, automotive pay-per-mile, and cyber-
protection), technologies (block chain, virtual reality
(VR)/augmented reality (AR), and AI), business models
(Prevention-as-a-Service, usage based car insurance,
and on-demand insurance), and operations (increased
automation, shifts in core systems, and even personnel
and culture shifts).
5. Marketplaces Everywhere
Get ready for marketplaces everywhere. The fourth
generation of marketplace business models will be
focused on the service sector. Three converging trends
will drive their rapid expansion. Firstly, the over five
billion connected devices and nearly 230 billion app
downloads expected in 2019 will lead to an increase in
mobile based marketplace models for services.
China and India will lead the way here, primarily
because of their growing app economy. Secondly,
technologies like block chain will transform online
payment systems. Thirdly, a surging on-demand
economy will fuel the expansion and diversification of
digital service marketplaces.
6. Bendable Devices Make Their Debut
Hone up on your origami because 2019 will see the
launch of foldable phones with flexible screens,
replacing convertible or detachable devices. These
devices are expected to be lightweight, unbreakable,
and compact.
Several companies—Apple, Motorola, LG, Huawei, and
Samsung—are in a race to launch first generation
foldable phones with flexible screens in 2019. In the
meantime, LG has stolen a march over its competitors
by unveiling its rollup, ultra-high-definition TV earlier
this week at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las
Vegas. Royole debuted its Flexi Pal bendable tablet at
the same venue.
7. Personalized and predictive medicine
Technology is currently transforming healthcare at an
unprecedented rate. Our ability to capture data from
wearable devices such as smartwatches will give us the
ability to increasingly predict and treat health issues in
people even before they experience any symptoms.
When it comes to treatment, we will see much more
personalized approaches. This is also referred to as
precision medicine which allows doctors to prescribe
medicines and apply treatments, thanks to a data-
driven understanding of how effective they are likely to
be for a specific patient more precisely.
UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT OF EMERGING
TECHNOLOGY
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer
program or a machine to think and learn. It is also a
field of study which tries to make computers "smart".
They work on their own without being encoded with
commands. John McCarthy came up with the name
"artificial intelligence" in 1955. In general use, the term
"artificial intelligence" means a programmed which
mimics human cognition. At least some of the things we
associate with other minds, such as learning and
problem solving can be done by computers, though not
in the same way as we do. Andreas Kaplan and Michael
Haenlein define AI as a system’s ability to correctly
interpret external data, to learn from such data, and to
use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks
through flexible adaptation.
HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE
History of AI The first patent for the invention of the
telephone happened in 1876 and AI was introduced at a
much later stage. In true terms, the field of AI research
was founded at a workshop held on the campus of
Dartmouth College during the summer of 1956. At that
time, it was predicted that a machine as intelligent as a
human being would exist in no more than a generation
and they were given millions of dollars to make this
vision come true.
Investment and interest in AI rose in the first decades of
the 21st century. From that time, Machine Learning was
successfully applied to many problems in academia and
industry due to the presence of a powerful computer.
1950 – The time when it all started, so now this
concept has been around for decades but, until 1950,
people were unaware of the term. John McCarthy who
is known as the founder of Artificial Intelligence
introduced the term ‘Artificial Intelligence’ in the year
1955. McCarthy along with Alan Turing, Allen Newell,
Herbert A. Simon, and Marvin Minsky is known as the
founding fathers of AI. Alan suggested that if humans
use available information, as well as reason, to solve
problems to make decisions – then why can’t it be done
with the help of machines?
1974 – Computers flourished! Gradually with time, the
wave of computers started. With time, they became
faster, more affordable, and able to store more
information. The best part was that they could think
abstractly, able to self-recognize and achieved Natural
Language Processing.
1980 – The year of AI In 1980, AI research fired back up
with an expansion of funds and algorithmic tools. With
deep learning techniques, the computer learned with
the user experience.
2000’s – Landed to the Landmark After all the failed
attempts, the technology was successfully established
but, until it was in the 2000s that the landmark goals
were achieved. At that time, AI thrived despite a lack of
government funds and public attention.
Artificial General Intelligence
The utmost and long-term goal of artificial intelligence
as a field is artificial general intelligence or AGI. AGI
demonstrates the capability of an AI system to perform
any intellectual task that a human can perform. In
consideration of the three types of AI systems
introduced by Andreas Kaplan and Michael Heinlein,
AGI demonstrates a humanized AI system equipped
with cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and
social intelligence. An AI system with artificial general
intelligence is either self-conscious, self-aware, or both.
This system will demonstrate seamless capabilities of
machine-to-human and machine-to-machine
interactions that replicate normal human-to-human
interactions.
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE
1. Reactive machines
The most basic types of AI systems are purely reactive
and have the ability neither to form memories nor to
use past experiences to inform current decisions. Deep
Blue, IBM’s chess-playing supercomputer, which beat
international grandmaster Garry Kasparov in the late
1990s, is the perfect example of this type of machine.
Deep Blue can identify the pieces on a chess board and
know how each move. It can make predictions about
what moves might be next for it and its opponent.
2. Limited memory
This Type II class contains machines can investigate the
past. Self-driving cars do some of this already. For
example, they observe other cars’ speed and direction.
That can’t be done in a just one moment, but rather
requires identifying specific objects and monitoring
them over time. These observations are added to the
self-driving cars’ preprogrammed representations of the
world, which also include lane markings, traffic lights
and other important elements, like curves in the road.
They’re included when the car decides when to change
lanes, to avoid cutting off another driver or being hit by
a nearby car.
3. Theory of Mind
Machines in the next, more advanced, class not only
form representations about the world, but also about
other agents or entities in the world. In psychology, this
is called “theory of mind” – the understanding that
people, creatures, and objects in the world can have
thoughts and emotions that affect their own behavior.
This is crucial to how we humans formed societies
because they allowed us to have social interactions.
4. Self-Awareness
This is, in a sense, an extension of the “theory of mind”
possessed by Type III artificial intelligences.
Consciousness is also called “self-awareness” for a
reason. (“I want that item” is a very different statement
from “I know I want that item.”) Conscious beings are
aware of themselves, know about their internal states,
and can predict feelings of others. We assume someone
honking behind us in traffic is angry or impatient,
because that’s how we feel when we honk at others.
APPLICATION OF AI ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Companies are applying machine learning to make
better and faster diagnoses than humans. One of the
best-known technologies is IBM’s Watson. It
understands natural language and can respond to
questions asked of it. The system mines patient data
and other available data sources to form a hypothesis,
which it then presents with a confidence scoring
schema. AI is a study realized to emulate human
intelligence into computer technology that could assist
both, the doctor and the patients in the following ways:
By providing a laboratory for the examination,
representation and cataloguing medical information by
devising novel tool to support decision making and
research By integrating activities in medical, software
and cognitive sciences By offering a content rich
discipline for the future scientific medical communities.
2. Artificial Intelligence in business
Robotic process automation is being applied to highly
repetitive tasks normally performed by humans.
Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into
analytics and CRM (Customer relationship
management) platforms to uncover information on how
to better serve customers. Chatbots have already been
incorporated into websites and e companies to provide
immediate service to customers. Automation of job
positions has also become a talking point among
academics and IT consultancies.
3. AI ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE in education
It automates grading, giving educators more time. It can
also assess students and adapt to their needs, helping
them work at their own pace.
4. AI ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE in Autonomous
Vehicles
Just like humans, self-driving cars need to have sensors
to understand the world around them and a brain to
collect, processes and choose specific actions based on
information gathered. Autonomous vehicles are with
advanced tool to gather information, including long
range radar, cameras, and LIDAR. Each of the
technologies are used in different capacities and each
collects different information. This information is
useless, unless it is processed, and some form of
information is taken based on the gathered information.
This is where artificial intelligence comes into play and
can be compared to human brain. AI has several
applications for these vehicles and among them the
more immediate ones are as follows: Directing the car
to gas station or recharge station when it is running low
on fuel. Adjust the trips directions based on known
traffic conditions to find the quickest route. Incorporate
speech recognition for advanced communication with
passengers. Natural language interfaces and virtual
assistance technologies.
5. AI for Robotics
Will allow us to address the challenges in taking care of
an aging population and allow much longer
independence. It will drastically reduce, may be even
bring down traffic accidents and deaths, as well as
enable disaster response for dangerous situations for
example the nuclear meltdown at the fukushima power
plant.
ADVANTAGE OF AI (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
1. Reduction in Human Error
The phrase “human error” was born because humans
make mistakes from time to time. Computers, however,
do not make these mistakes if they are programmed
properly. With Artificial intelligence, the decisions are
taken from the previously gathered information
applying a certain set of algorithms. So, errors are
reduced and the chance of reaching accuracy with a
greater degree of precision is a possibility.
2. Takes risks instead of Humans
This is one of the biggest advantages of Artificial
intelligence. We can overcome many risky limitations of
humans by developing an AI Robot which in turn can do
the risky things for us. Let it be going to mars, defuse a
bomb, explore the deepest parts of oceans, mining for
coal and oil, it can be used effectively in any kind of
natural or man-made disasters.
3. Available 24x7
An Average human will work for 4–6 hours a day
excluding the breaks. Humans are built in such a way to
get some time out for refreshing themselves and get
ready for a new day of work and they even have weekly
offed to stay intact with their work-life and personal
life. But using AI we can make machines work 24x7
without any breaks and they don’t even get bored,
unlike humans.
4. Helping in Repetitive Jobs
In our day-to-day work, we will be performing many
repetitive works like sending a thanking mail, verifying
certain documents for errors and many more things.
Using artificial intelligence, we can productively
automate these mundane tasks and can even remove
“boring” tasks for humans and free them up to be
increasingly creative.
5. Digital Assistance
Some of the highly advanced organizations use digital
assistants to interact with users which save the need
for human resources. The digital assistants also used in
many websites to provide things that users want. We
can chat with them about what we are looking for.
Some chatbots are designed in such a way that it’s
become hard to determine that we’re chatting with a
chatbot or a human being
6. Faster Decisions
Using AI alongside other technologies we can make
machines take decisions faster than a human and carry
out actions quicker. While taking a decision human will
analyze many factors both emotionally and practically
but AI-powered machine works on what it is
programmed and delivers the results in a faster way.
7. Daily Applications
Daily applications such as Apple’s Siri, Window’s
Cortana, Google’s OK Google are frequently used in our
daily routine whether it is for searching a location,
taking a selfie, making a phone call, replying to a mail
and many more.
8. New Inventions
AI is powering many inventions in almost every domain
which will help humans solve most complex problems.
DISADVANTAGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. High Costs of Creation - As AI is updating every day
the hardware and software need to get updated
with time to meet the latest requirements.
Machines need repairing and maintenance which
need plenty of costs. Its creation requires huge
costs as they are very complex machines.
2. Making Humans Lazy - AI is making humans lazy with
its applications automating much of the work. Humans
tend to get addicted to these inventions which can
cause a problem to future generations.
3. Unemployment - As AI is replacing most of the
repetitive tasks and other works with robots, human
interference is becoming less which will cause a major
problem in the employment standards. Every
organization is looking to replace the minimum qualified
individuals with AI robots which can do similar work
with more efficiency.
4. No Emotions - There is no doubt that machines are
much better when it comes to working efficiently but
they cannot replace the human connection that makes
the team. Machines cannot develop a bond with
humans which is an essential attribute when comes to
Team Management.
5. Lacking Out of Box Thinking - Machines can perform
only those tasks which they are designed or
programmed to do, anything out of that they tend to
crash or give irrelevant outputs which could be a major
backdrop.
MAJOR GOALS AND FIELDS OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
1. Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
Knowledge representation and reasoning, also known
as KR&R or KR, is a specific field within artificial
intelligence focusing on designing and implementing
computer representations that can process information
about the world to solve complex problems. As one of
the major goals of AI, KR&R specifically aims to
automate different kinds of reasoning. It involves the
codification of factors or relationships between ideas,
or rules or transitions between sets of facts in a manner
that can be interpreted by a computer system. Some of
the applications of knowledge representation and
reasoning include computer-aided diagnosis for
assisting physicians interpret medical images, as well as
natural-language user interface that involves using
human language as input for interacting with computers
or software.
2. Automated Planning and Scheduling
Sometimes called as AI planning, automated planning
and scheduling is another subset and field of artificial
intelligence concerned with the automated generation
of action sequences that correspond to strategies that
can be executed by an AI system such as unmanned
vehicles or autonomous robots. As one of the
traditional problems of AI research, AI planning aims to
mechanize and automate the generation of a plan
based on predetermined goals and objectives, and a set
of possible actions. Note that it is also one of the
fundamental abilities needed to increase the autonomy
and flexibility of AI systems.
Examples of AI planning include self-correcting
computer programs or software applications, robots
that serve as autonomous agents, automated
information gathering, and computer-aided
suggestions.
3. Machine Learning
Machine learning is both a specific field of artificial
intelligence and an actual application of AI. As a field of
discipline, it involves the study of algorithms and
statistical models that computer systems use to
perform a specific task without using explicit
instructions effectively. Central to the concept of
machine learning is a different approach to computer
programming. To be more specific, it involves the
development and use of computer algorithms that can
process and analyze Big Data and learn from the
outcome without being explicitly programmed. The
benefits of machine learning include supplementing
data mining, continuous improvements, and
automation of tasks. Real-world applications include
search engine ranking, content delivery, online
advertising, autonomous driving, and intelligent
assistant, among others.
4. Natural Language Processing
Another major goal and subset of artificial intelligence is
natural language processing or NLP. It deals with the
analysis and generation of languages that humans use
naturally to interface with computers. In other words,
NLP is about human-computer interaction using natural
language instead of computer language. Because it is
also one of the traditional problems of AI, NLP aims to
develop and implement computer systems, particularly
computer programs that can process large amounts of
natural language data. Achieving this aim means
overcoming challenges such as speech recognition,
natural language processing, and natural language
generation. Intelligent assistant services such as Google
Now and the Siri application from Apple Inc. use natural
language processing, along with other subsets of
artificial intelligence such as machine learning and
knowledge representation and reasoning.
5. Computer Vision
Computer vision involves acquiring and understanding
visual data from still or moving digital images or live
images from the real world to process them in a manner
that AI systems can utilize to make decisions. The aim of
computer vision, as one of the major problems in AI
research, centers on the computerization and
automation of tasks that can be performed naturally by
human vision, as well as the development of systems
that can process, interpret, and utilize visual data. Facial
recognition is one of the notable applications of
computer vision. Other applications include video
tracking, automated image manipulation, object
recognition, and integration with virtual reality and
augmented reality.
6. The Rise of Robotics
While technological advances in the previous century
mainly displaced uneducated laborers, the 21st century
is seeing technology increasingly threatening skilled
workers' jobs as well.
Ford believes that unlike previous centuries, the current
emerging technologies will fail to generate new forms
of employment; he predicts that new industries will
"rarely, if ever, be highly labor-intensive". Companies
like YouTube and Instagram are based on "tiny
workforces and huge valuations and revenues". Ford
downplays the benefits of expanding education ("The
problem is that the skills ladder is not really a ladder at
all: it is a pyramid, and there is only so much room at
the top") and argues for a "dramatic policy response"
such as a guaranteed basic income.
Many economists disagree with Ford's thesis that the IT
revolution is fundamentally different from previous
technological revolutions. Libertarian economist Robin
Hanson argues that the recent ominous labor trends
may have causes other than automation, such as
"demographics, regulation, worker values, organization
practices, and other technologies.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Accurate prediction of weather
-AI software will soon be used to sift through weather
data more accurately that humans can and will be used
to predict approaching storms and automatically issue
warnings.
Increased leisure time
-Robotic vacuum cleaners are becoming more and more
popular. These can detect walls and other objects to
vacuum around them.
-People can leave them running whilst they enjoy extra
spare time.
Safer transport -Cars that can self-park already exist,
and it is predicted that cars that drive themselves will
be available soon. These could drastically reduce road
accidents.
-Driverless trains already exist in some countries!
Increased Personal safety
-Modern home alarm systems use artificial intelligence
software that can tell the difference between the
homeowners and intruders.
-The software automatically alerts the police when
intruders are detected.
Improved medical care
-Robotic surgery assistants are being used to pass the
correct surgical tools quickly and accurately to doctors.
-The few seconds saved in getting the correct tool to
the doctor can save patient's lives.
2. Biometrics
Better airport security
-Iris recognition is already in use in some airports.
-Travelers have their eyes and iris scanned into a
system and this data is later matched up when the
person is performing airport checks.
Increased building security
-Fingerprint access to buildings have been replacing the
older methods of locks and keys.
-This method ensures that only authorized people can
enter restricted buildings or rooms.
Reduced car theft
-Cars already exist that use fingerprints to only unlock
their doors or start the engine for the fingerprint that is
registered.
-This means that the doors will not unlock for a print
that is not recognized and makes the car harder to
steal.
More secure mobile phones
-Mobile phones contain our lives. We used our phones
for everything from social media to shopping online.
They need to be as secure as possible to protect the
valuable data that they contain.
-Apple recently released an iPhone model that uses a
fingerprint reader to identify the true owner of the
phone. It will not unlock for a fingerprint that it does
not recognize.
3. Robotics
Increased personal time
-If robots can carry out domestic chores, this frees up
more time for us to spend as we wish.
-This could mean more time spent at work or for more
enjoyable activities such as socializing.
More efficient manufacturing
-Robots can manufacturer products such as cars much
faster and cheaper than humans can.
-This means that companies can make more products
at less cost, and this means greater business profits.
Loss of jobs
-Due to higher and cheaper productivity, robots are
taking over the manufacturing jobs that used to be
carried out by humans.
-This means that humans are missing out on
employment on assembly lines and factory work.
Safer working environments
-Robots can safely carry out tasks that are too
dangerous for humans.
-For example: spraying cars with toxic paint, defusing
bombs on battlefields and search and rescue operations
in buildings destroyed by earthquakes.
4. Quantum Cryptography
Completely secure voting
-Citizens of countries have the right to vote-in new
governments but history is littered with examples of
where these votes have been tampered with to
influence election outcomes.
-Securing votes with quantum encryption methods
ensures that they cannot be tampered with or changed
Completely secure communication
-Messages sent by the military often include the
locations of squadrons or special op's teams. If enemy
forces intercepted these messages, it could have severe
consequences.
-Using quantum cryptography to secure the messages
would eliminate the risk of them being read or heard by
unauthorized ears.
Completely secure bank transfers
-Any electronic transfer of money, such as at ATM's or
buying goods online, will be completely secure.
-Some banks are already using quantum cryptography
for the purposes of securing money transfers
*Completely secure personal information
-Health records, bank details and other types of
personal information will be secure from hackers and
other people wishing to commit identity theft crimes.
5. Computer Assisted Translation (CAT)
More accurate documents
-Spell checkers can quickly scan your word-processed
documents and automatically find spelling errors.
-Miss-spelt words can be quickly corrected to produce
an error-free document.
A more multilingual society
-Anyone with an Internet connection can access tools
such as Google Translate and the vast collection of
language databases that the tools can search through.
-This makes accessing other languages much easier than
in the past and makes it easier for people to learn these
new languages.
Quicker and more efficient translations
-Foreign visitors to countries can be communicated with
much easier through these CAT tools. -They are
especially useful in places like embassies where a wide-
range of foreign visitors may need to communicate with
local officials about problems or ask for advice etc.
6. 3D and Holographic Imaging (aka holograms)
Improved security
-Credit cards, ID cards, software and some bank notes
include holograms as a way of trying to prevent forged
duplicates being created.
Better movie experiences
-Hollywood have been using 3D imaging within the
production of movies for many years.
-These provide the viewer with a much more immersive
experience.
Greater data storage
-It is thought that the technology behind holograms will
eventually be used to provide the means to store large
amounts of data.
-Companies have already produced discs that use
holographic layers that each have the potential to hold
a massive 3.9 terabytes.
7. Virtual Reality
Improved medical surgeons
-Surgeons can be trained using virtual patients. This
allows them to practice over and over until they have
perfected a particular surgery without risk to a real
patient.
Larger and stronger buildings
-Virtual buildings allow architects to walk around to
experience what the building would look like when
completed and check for potential errors before the
actual building is constructed.
 -Virtual buildings will also be able to be tested against
factors such as earthquakes to see what effects they
would have on the current design.
-This allows architects to modify designs quickly and
cheaply and will, potentially, allow for the development
of much larger and safer buildings than we currently
have.
More effective treatment of phobias
-VR is being used to help patients overcome phobias
and anxieties.
-People can experience a tame, controlled version of
what they are afraid of. Slowly the person becomes
used to the situation and can relax.
Training in dangerous situations
-VR can be used for training in dangerous situations
where it is impossible to practice the real thing. *More
realistic education
-VR can give students the opportunity to learn in a
much more interactive way.
CONVERGING COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Convergence in communication technologies means
that different kinds of communication technologies are
coming closer to each other. During the past few
decades of rapid technological advancements, the
boarders between telecommunications, the Internet
and mass media are receding. The convergence of
communication technologies means one terminal de-
vice, for example a mobile telephone or a digital televi-
sion can be used for various services.
Emerging software technologies
Emerging technologies are technologies whose
development, practical applications, or both are still
largely unrealized, such that they are figuratively
emerging into prominence from a background of
nonexistence or obscurity. These technologies are
generally new but also include older technologies that
are still controversial and relatively undeveloped in
potential According to Tech republic here are 8
emerging Technology trends you can expect to see in
2019.
Citizen development - Expect citizen development,
where business users’ development their own
applications so that they don't have to wait for IT, to
grow in 2019
Drones and drone ops centers - The companies most
likely to use drones will include those with logistic
challenges such as areas of terrain that are risky or
difficult to traverse or agencies and/or insurance
companies that need to oversee disaster and accident
sites.
Virtual workers - Virtual workers are essentially a type
of freelance worker who works on a remote basis for
your company. You do not hire the virtual employee as
you would with a regular full-time employee. Instead,
the individual works on tasks that you assign for a
specific fee, as an independent contractor. For years, IT
has used consultants and contract programmers to
make up for staff talent shortfalls. With talent shortfalls
so acute in areas like data science, analytics, security,
etc., there will be a continued move toward virtual
workers who aren't employed by the company.
Self-powered data centers - we can expect to see the
results of early data center pilots that take the data
center entirely off the energy grid, with data centers
running its own self-contained power plants.
Cloud-independent edge computing - Age-old
distribute computing will make a comeback as
companies realize that the computing, they are moving
to at the edge is run more efficiently locally and on real
hardware—and not on the cloud.
IoT integration - More organizations will proceed with
IoT implementations in 2019. An emerging concern will
be how well different IoT devices from varying vendors
can interoperate. IT wants a single plane of IoT
management.
More self-service IT for business users - the idea of a
self-service kiosk filled with IT tools, apps, and resources
that users could choose from. Already vetted for proper
access, clearances, and security, the self-service IT kiosk
would enable users to log on and choose what they
want for the apps that they build
Convergence of AI, machine learning and deep
learning - continued progress toward the integration of
AI, machine learning, and deep learning in business
applications. AI will deliver first line-of-response
business insights from data it analyzed with a baseline
of algorithms.
Future of Computing
In the last two decades advances in computing
technology, from processing speed to network capacity
and the internet, have revolutionized the way scientists
work. Modern computers are found everywhere:
homes, offices, businesses, hospitals, and schools, to
name a few. Contemporary society has become so
dependent on computers that many people become
frustrated and unable to function when computers are
"down." Because of this dependence, computers are
regarded as essential tools for everything from
navigation to entertainment.
Technological Breakthroughs
1. Robot dexterity
Robots are teaching themselves to handle the physical
world. For all the talk about machines taking jobs,
industrial robots are still clumsy and inflexible. A robot
can repeatedly pick up a component on an assembly
line with amazing precision and without ever getting
bored—but move the object half an inch, or replace it
with something slightly different, and the machine will
fumble ineptly or paw at thin air.
Robotics-as-a-service (RaaS)
Robotics-as-a-service is about to eat the world of work.
While much of the attention in the world of automation
technology has been focused on self-driving cars, many
other markets traditionally dominated by human-in-the-
loop solutions are reaching a point of inflection,
enabling RaaS solutions to take over.
Robotics
Another one of the major goals and thus, one of the
subsets and fields of artificial intelligence is robotics.
Note that robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of
engineering and science that include computer science,
electronic engineering, mechanical engineering, and
information engineering. Robotics is about the design,
construction, and operation of machines or robots that
can replicate human actions and replace human tasks
with mechanical tasks. The integration of computer
science and AI in robotics corresponds to equipping
robots with sensory feedback and information
capabilities to allow them to operate autonomously.
Current research in robotics aims to introduce
commercial, domestic, and military applications. Online
retailer Amazon has been using autonomous robots in
its warehouse facilities with the task of organizing items
and making warehouse operations more efficient.
2. New-wave nuclear power
Advanced fusion and fission reactors are edging closer
to reality. New nuclear designs that have gained
momentum in the past year are promising to make this
power source safer and cheaper. Among them are
generation IV fission reactors, an evolution of
traditional designs; small modular reactors; and fusion
reactors, a technology that has seemed eternally just
out of reach.
3. Predicting preemies
A simple blood test can predict if a pregnant woman is
at risk of giving birth prematurely. Our genetic material
lives mostly insid e our cells. But small amounts of “cell-
free” DNA and RNA also float in our blood, often
released by dying cells. In pregnant women, that cell-
free material is an alphabet soup of nucleic acids from
the fetus, the placenta, and the mother.
4. Custom cancer vaccines
The treatment incites the body’s natural defenses to
destroy only cancer cells by identifying mutations
unique to each tumor. Scientists are on the c usp of
commercializing the first personalized cancer vaccine. If
it works as hoped, the vaccine, which triggers a person’s
immune system to identify a tumor by its unique
mutations, could effectively shut down many types of
cancers.
5. An ECG on your wrist
ECG-enabled smart watches, made possible by
new regulations and innovations in hardware and
software, offer the convenience of a wearable device
with something closer to the precision of a medical one.
6. Sanitation without sewers
Researchers are working to build a new kind of toilet
that’s cheap enough for the developing world and
cannot only dispose of waste but treat it as well. These
energy-efficient toilets can operate without a sewer
system and treat waste on the spot.
7. Smooth-talking AI assistants
A virtual assistant, also called AI assistant or digital
assistant, is an application program that understands
natural language voice commands and completes tasks
for the user.
Why should the world care about the future of
computing?
Today computers are in virtually everything we touch,
all day long. We still have an image of computers as
bein g rectangular objects either on a desk, or these
days in our pockets; but computers are in our cars,
they’re in our thermostats, they’re in our refrigerators.
In fact, increasingly computers are no longer objects at
all, but they suffuse fabric and virtually every other
material. Because of that, we really do need to care
about what the future of computing holds because it is
going to impact our lives all day long.
What will computing look like in the Future?
We have no idea yet because change is happening so
quickly. But I’m sure with the help of science and
technology and computers we can build more things
that will change the world.
Introduction
Computing technologies, like most other forms of
technology, are not socially neutral. They affect and are
themselves affected by society. Computers have
changed the way people relate to one another and their
living environment, as well as how humans organize
their work, their communities, and their time. Society,
in turn, has influenced the development of computers
through the needs people have for processing
information. The study of these relationships has come
to be known as "social informatics."
Computing technology has evolved as a means of
solving specific problems in human society. The earliest
kinds of computational devices were the mechanical
calculators developed by Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) in
1645 and Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) in 1694 for
solving the navigational and scientific problems that
began to arise as Europe entered a new and heightened
period of scientific development and international
commerce. In 1801 Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752–
1834) invented perhaps the first type of programmed
machine, called Jacquard's Loom, in order to automate
the weaving of cloth with patterns. Jacquard was
motivated by the desire of capitalists in the early
Industrial Age who wanted to reduce the cost of
producing their goods through mass production in
factories.
Impact of Computers on Work
One of the ways that computers have made an impact
on society is in how people have organized themselves
in workplace groups in relationship to computers. The
earliest computers were developed to perform specific
tasks in science, engineering, or warfare that had
previously been done by hand. Soon general-purpose
computers could automate almost any information
processing task required to manage an organization,
such as payroll processing and record management.
However, since early generation computers were
relatively expensive, all of an organization's information
processing tasks were typically centralized around the
one large computer it could afford. Departments and
people in such organizations would likewise be
organized in a centralized fashion to facilitate their
access to the computer. Companies with centralized
information processing, for example, usually had most
of their administrative offices in the same geographic
location as their computer resources.
Objectives
As a department of the main concerns is that we form
professionals to become leaders in their respective
fields and performance from your area of interest can
contribute importantly to the improvement of their
organizations, and therefore to society as a whole. It is
also one of our objectives is that our students can help
improve the competitiveness of enterprises in our
country, that through the use and development of
appropriate technologies, these can be inserted in a
better way within the contemporary market
requirements that require.
Some of the major computer application fields are
listed below.
 An aid to management: The computer can also be
used as a management tool to assist in solving
business problems.
 Banking: Branches are equipped with terminals
giving them an online accounting facility and
enabling them to information as such things as
current balances, deposits, overdrafts and interest
charges.
 Industrial Application: In industry, production may
be planned, coordinated and controlled with the aid
of a computer.
 Engineering Design: Computer help in calculating
that all the parts of a proposed design are
satisfactory and also assist in the designing.
 Meteorology: Data is recorded at different levels of
atmosphere at different places, using remote
sensors carried on a satellite.
 Air Travel: Small computers are installed as a part
of the plane's equipment.
 Road Traffic Control: Computers assist with the
control of traffic lights.
 Telephones: Computerized telephone exchanges
handle an ever increasing volume of calls very
efficiently.
 Medicine: Computers are widely used in hospitals
for such task as maintaining drugs, surgical
equipments and linen, for payroll and also for
checkup and treatment of diseases.
In addition computers are also used for recording and
film studios, research, military, etc.
Computers have both positive and negative impact in
our daily life as well as in our social life. But the gross
development of the nation is faster with the application
of computers in industries and education.
The both positive and negative impacts of computers
are listed below.
Positive Impact of Computer
o The work can be done in very less time.
o More information can be stored in small space.
o Multitasking and multiprocessing capabilities of
data.
o Easy to access data.
o Impartiality.
o Documents can be kept secret.
o Error free result.
Negative Impact of Computer
o Highly expensive.
o Accidents.
o Data piracy.
o Increased Unemployment.
o Huge data and information can be lost
sometimes.
o Fast changing computer technology.
o Service distribution.
o Illiteracy of computing and computers.
Current Breakthrough Technologies and Disruptive
Innovations
So many new technologies have appeared in the past
half century that it’s impossible to list them all.
10 High-tech Breakthroughs stand out over the last 50
years
1. Organ transplants.
In 1954, Dr. Joseph Murray removed the kidney from
one human patient and implanted it in another. The
recipient accepted the kidney as its own rather than
rejecting it as a foreign body. It was more than skillful
surgery: Murray had chosen a pair of identical twins,
Ronald Herrick and his terminally ill brother Richard, in
hopes their similar genetic makeup would reduce the
likelihood of Richard’s body rejecting Ronald’s liver.
Soon afterward, though, other researchers developed
drugs that could squelch a transplant recipient’s
immune system long enough for the new organ to
become incorporated into its new body.
2. Robots and artificial intelligence.
The term “robot” was coined by Czechoslovakian
playwright Karel Capek in 1920 “robota” being a Czech
word for tedious labor but the first real industrial robot
was built in 1954 by George Devol.
Five years later, the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology founded its Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
in a quest to mechanically mimic human minds as well
as hands.
Today, robots assemble products better, faster and
often cheaper than manual laborers, while more than 8
million U.S. airline flights a year are scheduled, guided
and flown with the superhuman assistance of advanced
software.
3. Electronic funds transfer.
The Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco set up a
paperless transfer system with the Los Angeles branch
in 1972. By the end of the decade, instantaneous
transfers of millions of dollars in value between banks,
insurance companies and other financial institutions
had become common.
The real appeal of EFT today is its trickle down to the
individual: You get grab cash fromyour bank account
anywhere in the world and use PayPal to buy and sell
stuff on eBay without sending money or checks through
the mail.
4. Nuclear power.
When the Queen herself threw the switch on the
world’s first atomic power plant at Calder Hall outside
London in 1956, nuclear reactors were seen as a source
of cheap, pollution-free energy. But a partial meltdown
in 1979 at the Three Mile Island reactor in Pennsylvania
soured Americans on nukes as safe power.
5. Mobile phones.
The idea for cellular phone service dates back at least to
1947, but the first call was made from the sidewalk
outside the Manhattan Hilton in 1973 by Martin Cooper,
a Motorola researcher who rang up his rival at AT&T
Bell Labs to test the new phone.
6. Space flight.
Americans from 50 years ago would be disappointed to
learn we never went further than the Moon no Mars
colony, no 2001 odyssey to Jupiter, no speed-of-light
spaceships. Even the Shuttle is in trouble.
But the space race against the Russians that dominated
the national psyche (and a good chunk of the budget) in
the ‘60s and ‘70s pushed the development of hundreds
of enabling technologies, including synthetic fibers and
integrated computer circuits, necessary to fly men to
the Moon and back.
7. Personal computers.
Before IBM recast the desktop computer from
hobbyist’s gadget to office automation tool in 1983
followed by Apple’s people-friendly Macintosh a year
later a “minicomputer” was the size of a washing
machine and required a special air-conditioned room.
But the trained technicians who operated the old
mainframes already knew computers were cool: They
could use them to play games, keep diaries, and trade
messages with friends across the country, while still
looking busy.
8. Digital media.
“The camera doesn’t lie” went a saying not heard much
since the release of Photoshop 1.0 in 1990. Digitized
audio, pictures, movies, and text let even an amateur
edit reality or conjure it from scratch with a keyboard
and a mouse. A singer’s bad notes, a model’s blemishes,
or an overcast sky in a movie scene can be fixed as
easily as a spelling error.
Just as important, digital media can be copied over and
over nearly for free, stored permanently without fading,
and sent around the world in seconds.
9. Genetic engineering.
Everyone knows Watson and Crick, who unraveled the
secret of DNA in 1953. But have you heard of Boyer and
Cohen, who constructed the first organism with
combined DNA from different species in 1973? They
inserted toad genes into a bacterium that then
replicated itself over and over, passing the toad’s
genetic code down through generations of bacteria.
Thirty years later, an estimated 70 percent of processed
foods contain genetically modified ingredients, such as
soybeans or corn engineered for higher crop yields. Of
course, the much bigger potential good and bad is in
engineering humans. It might prevent birth defects, and
diseases later in life. But the side effects could be
disastrous and unknown. Is there an ethical way to
beta-test human beings?
10. The Internet.
This one seems like a no-brainer, but the Net’s unique
strength is that no two people will agree on why it’s so
important. The world’s largest and most unruly library,
it’s also a global news channel, social club, research
archive, shopping service, town hall, and multimedia
kiosk. Add to that the most affordable mass medium
ever, and a curse to anyone with a secret to keep.
Paul Boutin is a technology writer for wired magazine
and Slate. He has worked as a software engineer and
manager at MIT and in Silicon Valley. © 2013 MSNBC
Interactive.
Disruptive Innovation
A disruptive technology or disruptive innovation is an
innovation that helps create a new market and value
network, and eventually goes on to disrupt an existing
market and value network.
The term is used in business and technology literature
to describe innovations that improve a product or
service in ways that the market does not expect.
Although the term disruptive technology is widely used,
disruptive innovation seems a more appropriate term in
many contexts since few technologies are intrinsically
disruptive; rather, it is the business model that the
technology enables that creates the disruptive impact.
Two Types of Disruptive Innovations:
Different value networks can emerge at differing
distances from the original one along the third
dimension of the disruption diagram.
1. New-Market Disruptions
We say that new-market disruptions compete with
“nonconsummation” because new-market disruptive
products are so much more affordable to own and
simpler to use that they enable a whole new population
of people to begin owning and using the product, and to
do so in a more convenient setting.
The personal computer and Sony’s first battery-
powered transistor pocket radio were new-market
disruptions, in that their initial customers were new
consumers-they had not owned or used the prior
generation of products and services.
2. Low-End Disruptions
We call disruptions that take root at the low end of the
original or mainstream value network low-end
disruptions.
Disruptions such as steel minim ills, discount retailing,
and the Korean automakers’ entry into the North
American market have been pure low-end disruptions in
that they did not create new markets-they were simply
low-cost business models that grew by picking off the
least attractive of the established firms’ customers.
Although they are different, new-market and low-end
disruptions both create the same vexing dilemma for
incumbents.
New-market disruptions induce incumbents to ignore
the attackers, and low-end disruptions motivate the
incumbents to flee the attack.
UNIT 4: INTERNET CENSORSHIP AND FREEDOM OF
EXPRESSION
Internet censorship is the control or suppression of
what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the
Internet enacted by regulators, or on their own
initiative. Individuals and organizations may engage in
self-censorship for moral, religious, or business reasons,
to conform to societal norms, due to intimidation, or
out of fear of legal or other consequences.
The extent of Internet censorship varies on a country-
to-country basis. While most democratic countries have
moderate Internet censorship, other countries go as far
as to limit the access of information such as news and
suppress discussion among citizens. Internet censorship
also occurs in response to or in anticipation of events
such as elections, protests, and riots. An example is the
increased censorship due to the events of the Arab
Spring. Other types of censorship include the use of
copyrights, defamation, harassment, and obscene
material claims as a way to suppress content.
Support for and opposition to Internet censorship also
varies. In a 2012 Internet Society survey 71% of
respondents agreed that "censorship should exist in
some form on the Internet". In the same survey 83%
agreed that "access to the Internet should be
considered a basic human right" and 86% agreed that
"freedom of expression should be guaranteed on the
Internet". Perception of internet censorship in the US is
largely based on the First Amendment and the right for
expansive free speech and access to content without
regard to the consequences. According to
GlobalWebIndex, over 400 million people use virtual
private networks to circumvent censorship or for
increased user privacy.
HOW INTERNET CENSORSHIP AFFECTS YOU (PROS &
CONS)
WHAT IS INTERNET CENSORSHIP?
Internet censorship is the control of information that
can be viewed by the public on the Internet and can be
carried out by governments, institutions, and even
private organizations. Censored content can include
copyrighted information, harmful or sensitive content,
and more.
People and organizations can self-censor for moral or
business reasons, to meet societal norms, or in fear of
legal consequences. Government involvement in
Internet censorship varies from country to country.
Some countries have moderate Internet censorship
while others strictly limit access to certain information,
including the news.
What is the purpose of Internet censorship?
 Stop people from accessing copyrighted
information.
 Keep people from viewing harmful or sensitive
content.
 Control Internet-related crime
 Monitor the billions of people on the Internet.
There is a range of reasons for Internet censorship, and
some are more well-intentioned than others. There are
use cases for protecting children from accessing
sensitive information and then there are authoritative
attempts to gate a group of people’s access to
important information in order to control the narrative.
While we typically think of Internet censorship being
controlled by governments, it’s commonly used by
other organizations like your Internet service providers
to limit your access to certain sites.
Global Internet censorship
Internet censorship is very different around the world,
ranging from little to no oversight to very pervasive
control and surveillance. Let’s take a look at two
countries on opposite sides of the spectrum
Internet censorship in America
Internet censorship in the U.S is among the least
controlled in the world. This is mainly due to the fact
that most online activity is protected by First
Amendment rights. There is still some surveillance and
control when it comes to publishing certain content
that may contain libel, child pornography, and
intellectual property. While the Internet in the U.S. isn’t
highly censored, it is highly regulated which leads to a
lot of self-censorship in America.
Internet censorship in China
Internet control and surveillance in China is one of the
strictest in the world. The Chinese government blocks a
range of websites that contain content related to
various historical independences, protests, freedom of
speech, and pornography from its estimated 500
million Internet users. There are also international
media and news sites that are flagged, including
Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.
Pros of Internet censorship
It’s important to keep in mind that Internet censorship
has its advantages when used with the best of
intentions.
o Create common-sense limits. Let’s be honest,
there’s a ton of content on the Internet that no
one should ever see (re: Momo Challenge), and the
concept of Internet censorship can start a
constructive conversation about it.
o Stop fake news. If more content was closely
monitored, it could cut down on the mass amounts
of fraudulent information including false
advertising.
o Curb access to harmful activities. The dark web is
unchartered territory to many Internet users, but
there are sites that are shockingly easy to find that
are dedicated to illegal acts like sex trafficking,
child pornography, illicit drugs, and more.
o Less identity theft. If there is less content on the
Internet that requires identity information, in
theory, there would be less identity theft.
Cons of Internet censorship
There are some big disadvantages to Internet
censorship that affect the way people access
information.
o It restricts too much information. It’s entirely
possible that real information is blocked along with
fake information, which opens a large debate
about what you should and shouldn’t
restrict/access.
o Who’s in charge? How are rules defined? Are there
checks and balances? Internet censorship could
quickly turn into a matter of opinion on what is
acceptable and what isn’t.
 o Censors’ free speech. Internet censorship not only
limits the content you can access but potentially
the content you post as well.
o Cost. This kind of goes without saying but the
workforce required, and associated cost, to control
and survey Internet users would be astronomical -
most likely coming at the expense of taxpayers.
FREEDOM OF SPEECH
Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the
freedom of an individual or a community to articulate
their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation,
censorship, or legal sanction. The term "freedom of
expression" is sometimes used synonymously but
includes any act of seeking, receiving, and imparting
information or ideas, regardless of the medium used.
Freedom of expression is recognized as a human right
under article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR) and recognized in international human
rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (ICCPR). Article 19 of the UDHR states
that "everyone shall have the right to hold opinions
without interference" and "everyone shall have the
right to freedom of expression; this right shall include
freedom to seek, receive and impart information and
ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in
writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any
other media of his choice". The version of Article 19 in
the ICCPR later amends this by stating that the exercise
of these rights carries "special duties and
responsibilities" and may "therefore be subject to
certain restrictions" when necessary "[f]or respect of
the rights or reputation of others" or "[f]or the
protection of national security or of public order (order
public), or of public health or morals".
17 FREEDOM OF SPEECH PROS AND CONS
When a person or a corporation has the right of the
freedom of speech, then they are able to express any
opinion without restraint or censorship. This approach
to society is a democratic institution which dates back
to the ancient Greek culture.
In the United States, the First Amendment guarantees
the right to free speech for all people. Through this
fundamental right, Americans have the freedom to
protest, practice the religion they want, and express
opinions without worrying about the government
imprisoning them for criticism. It was adopted on
December 15, 1971, as part of the Bill of Rights.
As with all modern democracies, even the United States
places limits on this freedom. There are specific limits
placed on this principle that dictate what people can or
cannot say legally. The First Amendment does not
specifically say what is or is not protected, but the
Supreme Court has ruled that there are some forms
which are not allowed.
Here are the freedom of speech pros and cons to
consider with this element as part of a democratic
society.
List of the Pros of Freedom of Speech
1. Freedom of speech protects each of us from the
influence of special interests.
When people have power, then they do whatever they
can to retain it for as long as possible. That may include
a change in the government’s constitution, a shift in a
company’s Board of Directors, or the suppression of a
minority group that threatens the way of life for the
people involved. Having the freedom of speech reduces
this power because it allows individuals to express
criticism of those who are in power. There is no fear of
losing personal freedom with this right because your
opinion contributes to the overall conversation.
2. Freedom of speech eliminates compelled (to be
forced or obligated to do something) actions.
When you have the freedom of speech, then the
government cannot compel your actions in such a way
that you are required to speak a specific message. You
stay in control of what you say and how those words
are expressed to the rest of society. Even if the
government attempts to alter your words to their
advantage, you will always address the situation and
correct the “mistakes” that others create in your work.
3. Freedom of speech promotes the free exchange of
ideas.
When a society operates in an area where free speech
is given to all, then there is a more significant exchange
of ideas that occur. It becomes almost impossible for
those who are in power to suppress truths that they
may not want to let out in the open. This process allows
for progress to occur because people can learn from the
experiences and perspectives of one another without
worrying about the dogma of a “Big Brother” element in
society, either corporate or government based.
4. Freedom of speech can expose immoral or unlawful
activities.
When Edward Snowden decided to leak numerous state
secrets to the press, he created an interesting question
about the freedom of speech that we are still
attempting to resolve in our society. Was such an action
inflicting damage against the legitimate actions of the
government? Or was the information he offered a way
to bring light to actions that the government shouldn’t
have been performing in the first place? It is tricky to
find the line which exists when you must protect
information or protect others. Having this right in
society allows us to at least have that conversation.
5. Freedom of speech prevents the requirement to
behave specific ways.
Some people today might say that any speech which
someone finds offensive should be banned. Imagine
then that someone became offended by the mention of
same-gender marriage – or the opposite, that they were
offended by the mention of opposite-gender marriage.
Freedom of speech allows people to make up their
minds about what to share with others. Some people
might brazen with their approach, but that also means
they might not have as many friends because of their
attitude.
6. Freedom of speech advances knowledge for a
society.
When you have a chance to ask questions or share
perspectives, then it creates more learning
opportunities in society. This right makes it easier for all
individuals to make a new discovery, suggest ideas, or
exchange information freely without worrying about
potential political consequences. Even if some of the
ideas do not work after you get to try them, the process
of testing contributes to the advancement of society as
well. Thomas Edison famously made 1,000 unsuccessful
attempts at the invention of the light bulb – each idea
was a new step toward success.
7. Freedom of speech allows for peaceful changes in
society.
Some people use their freedom of speech to incite
hatred or violence. Others use it to create the potential
for peaceful change. Providing facts to individuals while
sharing your opinion can persuade them to consider
your perspective, even if they do not agree with it at the
time. When this is your top priority with this right, then
you are less likely as an individual to use violence to
create change. Although this process requires patience
from all of us to be successful, it will usually get us to
where we want to be.
8. Freedom of speech gives us an opportunity to
challenge hate. Peter Tatchell is a human-rights activist
who suggests that the best way to move forward as a
society is to challenge the people who have differing
views. He told Index in 2016 this: “Free speech does not
mean giving bigots a free pass. It includes the right and
moral imperative to challenge, oppose, and protest
bigoted views. Bad ideas are most effectively defeated
by good ideas, backed by ethics and reason, rather than
bans and censorship.
9. Freedom of speech creates resiliency. Although
exposing people to hate speech is hurtful and creates
fear in some individuals, it also creates a resiliency in
the debate. Instead of making your voice louder when
confronting these ideas, you are improving your
argument. When this action occurs, the action of
observation and counter-observation make it possible
to create an outcome where progress toward the
greater good occurs. When we lack tolerance for
differing, uncomfortable opinions, then it weakens the
rights that so many people take for granted when there
is something that they want to say.
LIST OF THE CONS OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH
1. Freedom of speech does not mean the freedom to
have “all” speech.
The concept behind the freedom of speech is that you
should be able to express anything in a way that does
not create legal consequences for you. Even if your
opinion is unsavory, rude, or unpopular, this right gives
you the option to express it. In the United States, there
are four forms of speech which are not protected under
the First Amendment.
• You cannot make an authentic threat against another
individual.
• It is illegal to defame others, including libel and
slander.
• You cannot plagiarize any copyrighted material.
• It is illegal to share some obscene material, such as
child pornography.
If you say something in the United States which
insights illegal actions or solicit others to commit a
crime, then your speech is not protected by the First
Amendment either.
2. Freedom of speech can spread false information.
Thanks to the rise of the Internet, the freedom of
speech makes it easier for individuals to spread false
information and outright lies, but then still pretend that
this data is true. Research does not prove that
vaccinations increase the risk of autism in children, but
you will find “information” online that says this is true.
Even though it is protected speech when this right is
present, it could also lead to people getting or
transmitting a preventable disease. In 2019, over 60
people in Washington and Oregon contracted the
measles, with almost all the cases being unvaccinated
children.
3. Freedom of speech can incite (to encourage or
provoke someone to take a particular action) violence
against other people.
People must be held responsible for the personal
choices that they make. When someone commits an act
of violence against another because they were incited
by hate speech to do so, then they made the choice to
break the law. The person who created the outcome
through the encouragement of their language holds
some responsibility here as well. If online radicalization
causes people to join ISIS, then shouldn’t political
radicalization that causes individuals to attack
journalists be treated in the same way?
4. Freedom of speech creates a paradox (seems self-
contradictory or absurd).
When we look at the modern idea that creates the
foundation for freedom of speech, it really isn’t free.
The government is still dictating some of the things that
we can or cannot say. This freedom, and this writer,
cannot exist if people are not allowed to make
assertions that are distasteful to the majority, even if
the statements are hurtful to other people.
5. Freedom of speech can create a mob (large,
disorderly, and often violent group of people)
mentality.
In 2012, Oatmeal and FunnyJunk had a dust-up over the
use of images that author Matthew Inman did not
authorize for distribution. Charles Carreon made a
public splash as the attorney for FunnyJunk, which
created a back-and-forth which eventually led the
Internet to turn against him. In return for those actions,
Carreon labeled everyone he thought of as an
“instigator” as a “rapeutationist.” When one person
offers an opinion that others find to be believable, it
creates a mob mentality on both sides of the equation.
When this happens, it can destroy a person’s livelihood
quickly.
6. Freedom of speech can cause people to endure
verbal abuse.
Voltaire’s biographer summed up the views of the
philosopher like this: “I don’t agree with what you say,
but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” When
freedom of speech is treated this way, then it creates a
situation where people must endure sexist or racist
verbal abuse. Is it really beneficial for society to allow
individuals to use derogatory terms for the purpose of
causing discomfort?
7. Freedom of speech will eventually polarize (divide or
separate a group) society.
When people are allowed to express their opinions
freely, then it creates three primary outcomes. Some
people will agree with the statement, others will
disagree, and a middle group won’t care one way or
the other. People tend to hang out in circles where
others think and feel in similar ways, which means they
will gather around like-minded individuals to spend
most of their time.
8. Freedom of speech reduces the desire to
compromise.
Pew Research also discovered that when people are
consistently liberal or conservative with their freedom
of speech, their idea of what compromise entails begins
to shift. Instead of believing that both sides must have a
give-and-take to create an outcome, the definition
becomes one in which their side gets what they want
while the other side gets as little as possible. This
perspective makes it a challenge for society to function
because those on each extreme are consistently battling
the other extreme because each view themselves as
being the superior contributor to society.
UNIT 5: TECHNOLOGY AND PRIVACY
Invasion of privacy - is the intrusion into the personal
life of another, without just cause, which can give the
person whose privacy has been invaded a right to bring
a lawsuit for damages against the person or entity that
intruded.
Identity theft - is the deliberate use of someone else's
identity, usually as a method to gain a financial
advantage or obtain credit and other benefits in the
other person's name, and perhaps to the other person's
disadvantage or loss. The person whose identity has
been assumed may suffer adverse consequences,
especially if they are held responsible for the
perpetrator's actions.
Identity theft - is when someone steals your personal
information and uses it without your permission. This
information could consist of your name, address, date
of birth, social security number, etc. When your
personal information is stolen and used to commit a
crime or some type of fraud, that's considered identity
theft.
Identity Theft Protection Services
The following are some of the primary features
provided in identity theft protection services:
 Social Security Monitoring
 Social Media Monitoring
 Address Change Verification
 Pay Day Loan Monitoring
 Court Record Monitoring
 Sex Offender Registration
 Bank and Credit Card Activity Alerts
 Credit Score Monitoring
 Credit Score Reporting
 Bank Account Takeovers
 Identity Theft Insurance Coverage
CONCEPTIONS OF PRIVACY AND THE VALUE OF
PRIVACY
Who would want their personal information to be
accessible by anyone, anytime? None right? That is why
all human beings value their privacy, their space for
personal life. But due to technological advances, some
people can access our valued information. They can
search, collect, and store data concerning phone
conversations, internet searches, and electronic
payments.
Privacy According to Cambridge Dictionary, it is the
state of being alone, or the right to keep one’s personal
matters and relationships secret.
Gillian Black, in her 2011 book on Publicity rights, states
that privacy is the desire of an individual to be free of
intrusion.
Discussions about privacy relate to the use of
technology. In an article written by Samuel Warren and
Louis Brandeis, they argued that every human being has
the right to be left alone and this article fueled a debate
about the claims for the right of individuals to
determine the extent to which others have access to
them and claims for the right of the society to know
about individuals.
Constitutional Privacy and Informational Privacy
Constitutional or Decisional Privacy refers to then
freedom of a person to make one’s own decision
without interference by other people regarding matters
seen to be intimate and personal decisions. While the
Informational Privacy refers with the interest of
individuals in exercising control over access to
information about themselves. Personal Data According
to the law, personal data mea e.g., any information
relating to an identified or identifiable individual; an
identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly
or indirectly, in particular by reference to an
identification number (e.g. social security number) or
one or more factors specific to his physical,
physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social
identity (e.g. name and first name, date of birth,
biometrics data, fingerprints, DNA).
Privacy Right – Data Privacy Act 2012
Chapter 1, Section 2: Declaration of Policy - It is the
policy of the State to protect the fundamental human
right of privacy, of communication while ensuring free
flow of information to promote innovation and growth.
The State recognizes the vital role of information and
communications technology in nation-building and its
inherent obligation to ensure that personal information
in information and communications systems in the
government and in the private sector are secured and
protected.
Why Privacy matters?
1. Limit on Power - The more someone knows about
us, the more power they can have over us.
Personal data is essential to make important
decisions in our lives. Once that data lands into
someone’s hand, they can use that information to
influence our decisions and shape our behavior. It
can used as a tool to exercise control over us.
2. Respect for Individuals - Privacy is about
respecting individuals. Every person has a reason
why they want to keep something for themselves,
and we need to respect that.
3. Maintaining Appropriate Social Boundaries -
People set boundaries from others in society. May
it be physical or informational boundary. There are
times that we want space or a place to be alone.
Or for some people, they don’t want too much
physical contact to other people.
4. Trust - In relationships, whether personal or
professional, we depend upon trusting the other
party. In professional relationships such as our
relationships with doctors and lawyers, this trust is
the key to maintaining candor in the relationship.
When trust is breached in one relationship, it could
make us more reluctant to trust in other
relationships.
5. Freedom of Thought and Speech - Privacy is one of
the keys to freedom of thought. A watchful eye
over everything we read, or watch can chill us from
exploring ideas outside the mainstream.
6. Freedom of Social and Political Activities - Privacy
helps protect our ability to associate with other
people and engage in political activity. A key
component of freedom of political association is
the ability to do so with privacy if one chooses. The
watchful eye can disrupt and unduly influence
these activities.
7. Ability to Change and Have Second Chances -
People are not static; they change and grow
throughout their lives. There is a great value in the
ability to have a second chance, to be able to move
beyond a mistake, to be able to reinvent
oneself. Privacy nurtures this ability. It allows
people to grow and mature without being shackled
with all the foolish things they might have done in
the past.
8. Not Having to Explain or Justify Oneself - An
important reason why privacy matters is not
having to explain or justify oneself. We may do a
lot of things which, if judged from afar by others
lacking complete knowledge or understanding,
may seem odd or embarrassing or worse.
Online identity theft - happens when someone steals
your personal information (name, Social Security
number, credit card information, etc.) for financial gain
and other highly illegal purposes.
Hacking a computer or mobile device is quickly
becoming the most likely way your identity could be
stolen.
20 TYPES OF IDENTITY THEFT AND FRAUD
Identity theft has become big business for criminals:
15.4 million Americans were victims of identity theft in
2016, according to Javelin Research. ID theft has been
among the top consumer complaints with the Federal
Trade Commission (FTC) for the last 17 years and
ranked as the #1 consumer complaint from 2000 to
2015.
Knowing where identity thieves are looking for your
personal data can help you protect yourself from
becoming a victim of ID theft. Make sure you
understand how to check your credit report for ID theft
and be on guard against the "classic" forms of ID theft,
as well as new and different types of fraud that can
occur:
1. Driver's License Identity Theft
Driver's license theft is the most common form of ID
theft. The person who stole your ID may try to buy
items under your name and get other forms of
identification with their picture which can lead to
criminal identity theft. You may want to consider adding
an initial security alert to your credit file if your driver's
license is stolen.
2. Mail Identity Theft 6. Account Takeover Identity Theft

Mail identity theft is one of the oldest ways for a
criminal to steal your personal information. If your mail
has been stolen a thief may be able to retrieve your
financial account information to make purchases or
open new credit cards. They could also change your
address on your statements or bills.
Account takeover fraud occurs when criminals gain or
have access to your bank or credit card accounts—
usually because of a data breach, phishing scam, or
malware attack—and start making charges to those
accounts.

7. Senior Identity Theft/Senior Scams

According to the US Postal Service's Annual Report, it
Senior identity theft or senior scams are very common
received over 60,000 complaints of mail theft in 2016,
as older Americans may not be checking their accounts
which resulted in over 2,000 convictions. If you think
or financial reports often since they're typically not
your mail has been stolen you can file a mail theft
opening as many new accounts or seeking new credit.
complaint with the U.S. Postal Inspection Service.
The FTC reported that 37% of Americans who are 60
3. Debit Card Fraud or Credit Card Fraud years or older made fraud complaints in 2016; 20% of
those complaints were for ID theft. Seniors can fall
Credit card fraud or debit card fraud is when someone
victim to scammers if they trust the wrong person, who
uses your credit card or credit account to make a
may develop a relationship over time by preying on
purchase you didn't authorize. Fraudsters can also steal
them over the phone or via email.
your credit card account number, PIN and security code
to make unauthorized transactions, without needing 8. Child Identity Theft
your physical credit card.
Child identity theft may not be as common as other
4. Online Shopping Fraud types of ID theft, but it is very attractive to thieves. That
is because there is usually no credit history established
Online shopping fraud or ecommerce fraud occurs
for the children who become victims. Scammers
when a criminal leverage stolen payment information or
sometimes use children's Social Security numbers and
fraudulently acquired bank or credit card accounts to
other information to open new accounts, apply for
attempt retail transactions without the account owner's
government benefits, take out loans, and more. The
knowledge. The items purchased are then shipped to an
child may not know their credit has been used to run up
address other than victims where the stolen items are
debt in their name until it's time to apply for school or
sold or shipped overseas.
car loans.
Online shopping fraud increased after the new chip
9. Tax Identity Theft
credit cards were implemented in the U.S., causing
fraudsters to shift their attention online. Ecommerce Tax identity theft happens when fraudsters have your
fraud increased more than 30% in the first six-months name and Social Security number and file a tax return in
of 2017, according to Experian. your name before you file yours. In some cases, the
fraudsters use fake income and withholding numbers so
5. Social Security Number Identity Theft
they can get a bigger refund check sent to their address.
Social security number (SSN) identity theft can usually
10. Biometric ID Theft Biometric ID theft is when the
happen from data breaches or Tax ID theft. If you start
physical or behavioral characteristics used to verify a
to notice mail that lists the wrong last four digits of your
person's identity through a device are stolen. These
SSN or the wrong name or address this may be a sign of
characteristics are measurable, such as a fingerprint or
fraud or ID theft. Make sure to check your credit report,
voice recognition "Hey, Alexa", that can be copied and
Experian does list all other Social Security numbers
recorded. These attributes are unique to individuals but
reported as belonging to you because they may be a
in the wrong hands can be used to manipulate devices
sign of fraud, or hopefully just the result of a typo from
or people.
someone wrongly entering information on a loan or
credit application.
11. Criminal Identity Theft Criminal identity theft is
when a criminal gives your information to a police
officer or law enforcement. This can happen when your
ID is lost or stolen and in the possession of a criminal.
They provide your name and information if arrested,
which could show up on a background check for you or
result in a warrant issued under your name. If you
believe you are a victim of criminal identity theft you
may consider signing up for an identity theft protection
product.
12. Synthetic Identity Theft Synthetic identity theft is
the fastest-growing type of ID fraud, representing 80-to-
85% of all current identity fraud, according to the FTC.
Synthetic ID theft merges real and fake personal
consumer data to create a new identity using
information such as Social Security numbers, names,
addresses, and birthdays that can be bought on the
dark web.
13. New Account Takeover
New account takeover or new account identity theft is
when a criminal creates a new account under your
name using personal information, they received from
stealing your data, either directly or via a data breach. It
is a combination of both synthetic identity theft and
account takeover theft.
14. Medical Identity Theft
Medical identity theft can be harder to discover than
other types of ID theft because it happens when
someone steals another person's identity to obtain
medical services. As a result, no one may notice for a
while or until the victim receives a statement for care
that they never received. More than 27% of data
breaches in 2017 were medical or healthcare related. By
reading your claims received in the mail, reviewing in
detail any statement of benefits, or going online to
check existing claims you can monitor all medical
activity done in your name.
15. Loan Stacking Fraud
Loan stacking fraud occurs when multiple loans are
taken out by borrowers who slide through today's
automated approval process. Consumers love the ease
of access to these online loans and so do fraudsters.
Loopholes in online lending marketplaces can result in
multiple lenders making loans to the same (fake)
borrowers, often within a short period, without the full
picture of their rising obligations and declining ability to
pay. Loan stacking can affect consumers if these loans
are taken out in their name.
16. Mortgage Fraud
Mortgage fraud occurs when a borrower, broker or an
appraiser lies about information on the application for a
mortgage loan. They may do this to get approved for a
bigger loan or just to get the loan approved. During the
mortgage crisis, Experian estimated that first-party
fraud—like loan stacking—may have accounted for
more than 25% of all consumer credit charge-offs in
2009. After the housing crisis, more stringent approvals
were put in place.
17. Auto Lending Fraud Auto lending fraud can be the
same as mortgage fraud or loan stacking fraud and
occurs when a consumer, a dealer or auto lender
submits or accepts a fraudulent consumer application
for credit. Auto dealers can be more concerned about
getting customers into a vehicle versus doing a
thorough identity verification process. Those identity
verifications are likely not cross-checked to prevent
synthetic ID fraud that can result in loan application
losses. At the same time, the borrower may be falsifying
information on the loan application in order to get
approved for the car. If approved and the loan goes
unpaid, the lender takes a loss.
18. Employment Identity Theft
Employment identity theft is when a criminal applies for
a job using your Social Security number or ID. Employers
report income to the IRS under your name, and the
government expects you to pay taxes on all income
earned in your name. The best way to spot this is to
review your credit report to find anything that you don't
recognize.
19. Bust-Out Fraud
Bust-out fraud is first-party fraud scheme and a
deliberate form of fraud or ID theft that is also known as
sleeper fraud. It occurs when a consumer applies for
credit and uses their own name or a synthetic identity
with the intent of maxing out all available credit and
eventually disappearing. Lenders are left assuming all
the risk as a result and bust-out fraud can happen from
people using synthetic IDs or loan stacking methods.
20. Internet of Things Identity Theft
Internet of Things (IoT) identity theft is when your
smartphones or tablets are paired with consumer
products such as cars, heart monitors and household
appliances that are connected to the Internet, creating
an opportunity for hackers to steal your data.
Sometimes these connected products can have security
flaws, creating a point of weakness around the victim's
personal data that leads to the IoT fraud.
What Should You Do If You're an Identity Theft Risks
Four Ways to Reduce the Risk of Identity Theft
There's no surefire way to avoid becoming a victim of
identity theft. Even if you're extra careful with how you
handle your personal information online, it still may be
susceptible to data breaches and other attacks from
hackers.
There are, however, some steps you can take to reduce
the risk of identity theft, and even to make your
information less valuable to a criminal who gets their
hands on it.
1. Monitor Your Credit
While it's possible for someone to steal your
information by taking your purse or wallet or
burglarizing your home, many incursions that lead to
identity theft occur without the victim knowing.
To make sure nobody has opened new accounts under
your name, make sure to check each of your credit
reports at least yearly. You can get your Experian,
Transunion, and Equifax credit reports for free at
AnnualCreditReport.com.
If possible, pull one report every four months so that
you're looking at your reports throughout the year.
Through Experian, you can get a free copy of your
Experian credit report every 30 days as well as free
credit monitoring, which provides alerts about new
inquiries, accounts, and suspicious activity.
If you notice fraudulent activity, dispute it with the
lender and the bureau. Also, consider freezing your
credit reports and request a fraud alert be added to
them if you've been victimized.
With a credit freeze, no one can view your credit
reports, including lenders. So, if a thief steals your Social
Security number and plans to open credit accounts in
your name, they'll be denied. Keep in mind, though,
you'll also be denied for legitimate applications unless
you lift the freeze. If you place a fraud alert, creditors
are encouraged to contact you and verify your
information (and that you applied for the loan or credit
card in question) before approving the application.
2. Keep Your Personal Documents Safe
Online identity theft is more common than it used to
be, but it's still possible for criminals to gain access to
your credit card numbers, bank account information
and other sensitive information on paper. Here are
ways to safeguard your documents:
Request electronic statements: Doing this eliminates
the paper trail financial account statements create. Mail
fraud is considered old school, but it's still alive and
well. It's best to have financial statements delivered to
your secure email inbox rather than your mailbox.
Keep your mail safe: If you do receive paper documents
with personal information, see if you can add a lock to
your mailbox or use a P.O. box as your mailing address.
You may also want to consider having smaller packages
delivered to your work address, so you receive them
during the day versus having them left unattended on
your porch. If you are going to be gone for a while, ask
someone to pick up and hold your mail for you, or
request a hold with the U.S. Postal Service until you
return.
Buy a shredder: If you plan to throw out financial and
other sensitive documents, shred them first. This can
take a little extra time but adds a layer of protection
against dumpster-divers.
Lock it up: There are some documents—your Social
Security number, recent tax returns, birth certificate
and more—you can't get rid of. Consider getting a safe
deposit box at a local bank branch or purchasing a
lockbox you can store them in at your house.
3. Secure Your Online Data
Stopping mail fraud is straightforward, but protecting
yourself online can be a lot trickier because criminals
employ many tactics to steal your identity. Here's what
you need to do:
Be cautious with links: Phishing scams involve a thief
using email to trick you into giving them personal
information. These messages often look like they're
coming from a reputable business and can take an eagle
eye to spot. If something seems off about an email
that's asking you to click a link to an offer or action,
don't click. Instead, hover your cursor over the link and
check the destination URL. If the link would take you to
a different website than you were expecting, or seems
otherwise illegitimate, ignore it. Additionally, these
emails can include attachments that, if opened, install
information-gathering malware.
Monitor your online accounts: Staying up to date on
changes to your financial accounts can be helpful in
catching fraud as soon as it happens. Set up push
notifications on your smartphone or other mobile
devices and pay attention to any alert emails you may
get from financial institutions.
Be careful with public Wi-Fi: Public Wi-Fi can be a
convenient way to get access to the internet. But
whether you're at a coffee shop or the airport, be
careful about what you do while you're online. Hackers
and others can set up their own free Wi-Fi networks and
use them to scrape your data. Even legitimate Wi-Fi
networks can be hacked, allowing the thief to
"eavesdrop" on your connection and steal data. Make
sure the network you are connected to be legitimate
and can be trusted, and use a virtual private network, or
VPN, to add an extra layer of security and prevent
eavesdropping.
Watch out for unsecure websites: Before you enter
payment or other personal information into a website,
check to make sure it's secure and trustworthy. If the
URL starts with "HTTP" instead of "HTTPS," it's not
secure and hackers can eavesdrop and steal information
you share. Even if the site does have a secure
connection, it can still be a front for a scam. If you don't
recognize the name of the company, be diligent to
make sure it's legitimate and trustworthy.
4. Create Strong Passwords
Society is so integrated with technology that it's easy to
have scores of online accounts. As a result, it can be
tempting to create one easy-to-remember password
and use it everywhere.
Unfortunately, scammers have gotten good at
guessing passwords using publicly available information
and social engineering—for example, asking you about
your pets, children, other family members and more.
And once they have your password for one website,
they'll have it for all the other sites you use it on.
To help minimize the damage, create a unique, strong
password for every online account. The strongest
passwords are long, random strings of letters, numbers,
and symbols, and it would be impossible to memorize
each one. For that reason, you could use a password
manager such as LastPass or 1Password to securely
store all of them in a place that's easily accessible when
you need them.
If a website or app offers it, set up two-factor
authentication. This will require you to provide a second
piece of information to verify your identity. It may
require you to use an authenticator app with a unique
number that changes every 30 seconds or have a code
sent to your email or phone.
Using this process takes a little more time every time
you log in or change account details, but it provides
valuable protection against people who want to do you
harm.
UNIT 6: INFORMATION WARFARE & ONLINE CRIMES
ONLINE CRIMES
1. WHAT IS HACKING
Hacking generally refers to unauthorized
intrusion into a computer or a network. The person
engaged in hacking activities is known as a hacker. This
hacker may alter system or security features to
accomplish a goal that differs from the original purpose
of the system.
Hacking can also refer to non-malicious
activities, usually involving unusual or improvised
alterations to equipment or processes.
Hackers employ a variety of techniques for hacking,
including:
 Vulnerability scanner: checks computers on
networks for known weaknesses
 Password cracking: the process of recovering
passwords from data stored or transmitted by
computer systems
 Packet sniffer: applications that capture data
packets in order to view data and passwords in
transit over networks
  Spoofing attack: involves websites which falsify
data by mimicking legitimate sites, and they are
therefore treated as trusted sites by users or
other programs
 Root kit: represents a set of programs which
work to subvert control of an operating system
from legitimate operators
 Trojan horse: serves as a back door in a
computer system to allow an intruder to gain
access to the system later
 Viruses: self-replicating programs that spread
by inserting copies of themselves into other
executable code files or documents
 Key loggers: tools designed to record every
keystroke on the affected machine for later
retrieval
Hacking Tool
A hacking tool is a program or utility to assist a
hacker with hacking. It can also be proactively utilized to
protect a network or computer from hackers.
Hacking is intentional modification of computer
software or hardware that is outside the architectural
perimeters and design. Hacking tools come in a wide
variety of applications and are specifically created to
assist in hacking. A hacking too is commonly used to
gain unauthorized access to a PC to insert worms,
siffers, viruses and Trojan horses.
2. Hackerazzi
Hackerazzi is a slang term used to refer to
cybercriminals who hack into celebrity email accounts
to gain access to their personal information. This term is
derived from the term paparazzi, which refers to the
aggressive photojournalists who often intrude on
celebrities' privacy and make a living by selling candid
photos of famous people.
Banker Trojan
A banker Trojan is a piece of malware intended to get
financial information or hack users through a banking or
financial system, commonly through an online banking
or brokerage interface.
Firesheep
Firesheep is a Mozilla Firefox extension that uses packet
sniffing to hijack unsecured Wi-Fi network sessions and
capture unencrypted website cookies during network
data transmission.
Firesheep was created by software developer Eric Butler
and released in 2010 to prove the security risks
associated with a number of popular websites, including
Facebook and Twitter. The software served to highlight
a major Web browsing security flaw that could expose
users to malicious hackers. Of course, its capabilities
were also useful to hackers, leading to some public
concern about the software.
3. SPAMMING
INTRODUCTION
Spamming is the use of electronic messaging
systems like e-mails and other digital delivery systems
and broadcast media to send unwanted bulk messages
indiscriminately. The term spamming is also applied to
other media like in internet forums, instant messaging,
and mobile text messaging, social networking spam,
junk fax transmissions, television advertising and
sharing network spam.
Spam involves sending nearly identical messages to
thousands (or millions) of recipients. Spammers use
software robots, called spambots (also Web crawlers or
Web spiders) in order to get valid email addresses from
company Web sites, blogs and newsgroups. Common
subjects of spam messages are pornographic or other
sexually related Web sites, various financial services or
get-rich-quick schemes and health products.
Spam messages normally have a fake origin address,
which is randomly generated, in order to keep the
author of the message from being easily discovered.
Spam is commonly used for advertising thus given an
acronym Sales Promotion and Marketing.
BRIEF HISTORY OF SPAM
The growth of unsolicited e-mail imposes increasing
costs on networks and causes considerable aggravation
on the part of e-mail recipients. The history of spam is
one that is closely tied to the history and evolution of
the Internet itself.
 1971 RFC 733: Mail Specifications
  1978 First email spam was sent out to users
of ARPANET – it was an ad for a presentation by
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
 1988 First know email Chain letter sent
 1988 “Spamming” starts as prank by
participants in multi-user dungeon games by
MUDers (Multi User Dungeon) to fill rivals
accounts with unwanted electronic junk mail.
 1993 First use of the term spam was for a
post from USENET by Richard Depew to
news.admin.policy, which was the result of a
bug in a software program that caused 200
messages to go out to the news group.
The term “spam” itself was thought to have come from
the spam skit by Monty Python's Flying Circus.
In the sketch, a restaurant serves all its food with lots of
spam, and the waitress repeats the word several times
in describing how much spam is in the items. When she
does this, a group of Vikings in the corner start a song:
"Spam, spam, spam, spam, spam, spam, spam, spam,
lovely spam! Wonderful spam!" Until told to shut up.
Thus the meaning of the term: something that keeps
repeating and repeating to great annoyance.
 2003 May 3rd – 25th anniversary of the first
“spam” and the first time that the amount of
spam email exceeded the amount of legitimate
email
 2012 The rise of social media spam
CATEGORIES OF GENERAL SPAM
These categories can be further explained as follows:
4. Chain Letters: These are unsolicited messages
that ask recipients to forward the message to
others. Often, these messages contain threats
or promises of good luck, and they can be
considered a form of superstition or hoax. Chain
letters are typically used to spread malware or
collect personal information.
Pyramid Schemes: These are fraudulent investment
schemes where individuals are promised high returns
for recruiting new members into the scheme. The new
members then recruit even more members, and so on.
In reality, the profits are derived from the recruitment
of new members rather than the sale of actual products
or services.
"Get Rich Quick" or "Make Money Fast" Schemes:
These are fraudulent schemes that promise quick and
easy wealth with minimal effort. Often, these schemes
require an initial investment, and the promised returns
are unrealistic.
Work-at-Home Schemes: These are fraudulent schemes
that promise individuals the opportunity to work from
home and make money. Typically, the work involves
some type of assembly or processing of materials, but in
reality, there is no real work to be done, and individuals
are often required to pay an upfront fee to participate.
5. Pornographic Websites: These are unsolicited
messages that advertise pornographic websites or
services.
Stock Offerings for Unknown Start-Up Corporations:
These are unsolicited messages that advertise unknown
start-up corporations and their stock offerings. Often,
these companies are fraudulent, and the stock offerings
are worthless.
Quack Health Products and Remedies: These are
unsolicited messages that advertise health products or
remedies that are not scientifically proven or regulated.
Often, these products are fraudulent, and the claims
made about them are false.
Pirated Software: These are unsolicited messages that
advertise illegally pirated software. Using pirated
software is illegal and can result in fines or legal action.
TYPES OF SPAM
 Email Spam
There are 2 general types of unsolicited emails –
Unsolicited Bulk Emails (UBE) or Unsolicited
Commercial Emails (UCE), both a form of SPAM
messages, sent to multiple recipients, without their
consent. Such emails are sent from companies of which
you are not a customer and most often have a
marketing purpose. However, a huge part of these
messages contain malware or links
to phishing websites.
 Social Networking Spam (or Social Media
Scam)
  Unwanted spam content appearing on social
networking services and any website with user-
generated content (comments, chat, etc.)
 It can be manifested in many ways, including
bulk messages, profanity, insults, hate speech,
malicious links, fraudulent reviews, fake friends,
and personally identifiable information.
 SMS Spam - any unwanted or unsolicited text
message sent indiscriminately to your mobile
phone, often for commercial purposes
 Spamdexing - which is a word derived from
“spam” and “indexing,” refers to the practice of
search engine spamming?
 It is a form of SEO spamming. SEO is an
abbreviation for Search Engine Optimization,
which is the art of having your website
optimized, or attractive, to the major search
engines for optimal indexing.
 practice of creating websites that will be
illegitimately indexed with a high position in the
search engines
THINGS YOU CAN DO TO PREVENT SPAM
Take Precautions
 Use a complicated email username. Spammers'
software will look for the easy and obvious
addresses first, such as those with identifiable
names like "john1977@hotmail.com," as
opposed to "sjk839@gmail.com."
 Preview your messages before you open
them. Outlook (and many other email clients)
let you use a preview mode to peek at the
contents of a message before you actually open
it. To do this in Outlook, go to the View menu
and select Reading Pane. Instead of double
clicking a message, click it once to select it and
you'll see the message displayed in the Reading
Pane.
Think Before You Click (or Reply or Forward)
 Never, ever reply to a spam message. This
includes buying a product that is for sale or
clicking the often-misunderstood "unsubscribe"
link, which actually informs your spammer that
you exist. If you can tell from the subject line
that a message is spam, don't open it — delete
it. Spam subject lines typically promise you a
better sex life, a more youthful appearance,
prescription drugs without a doctor's approval,
love, thicker hair, or a better mortgage rate.
They also use attention-demanding
punctuation, such as exclamation marks or all
caps.
 Don't click any links in a spam
email. Spammers often have multiple, unique
pages on their sites. Often, when you click a
URL in a spam message, this tells the spammer
that you — and only you — received the
message he or she sent. It's another way for the
spammer to figure out you actually exist.
 Don't forward an email from someone you
don't know to a list of people. You remember
those "forward this email to 20 of your friends"
messages? They are perfect for spammers to
harvest email addresses, even if the sender of
the original email did not have this intent.
These types of sign-and-forward emails often
appear in the form of a petition — and they
don't work.
Monitor Your Settings, Report Suspicious Behavior
 Use a spam filter. A few free ones
are SpamBayes for Windows or POPFile for both
Windows and Mac. TechSoup also offers
donated anti-spam software or services from
partners such as Comodo, Mailshell, and Red
Earth.
 Make sure your privacy settings are set so you
don't receive marketing from other sites in
your AOL and Yahoo profiles. Many listservs
use Yahoo lists as the list provider; you must
unselect these pre-selected choices in your
personal privacy settings.
 If your organization has an IT department,
forward it any spam that gets through. The IT
staff may be able to tweak the filters to block
similar emails in the future.
TECHNOLOGY-BASED TERRORISM
Technology-based Terrorism
 Technology is a foundation of modern society, it
governs its dynamics, and therefore, it is normal that
also the terrorism will benefit from it. We are living a
very difficult period, the terrorism is threatening the
society and cultures on a global scale, and differently
from the past, it has reached a global dimension. We
are facing a global alert. Intelligence and law
enforcement agencies worldwide are warning about
possible terrorist attacks in the major cities.
5. Technology-based Terrorism is also called
Cyberterrorism
Cyberterrorism is the use of the Internet to conduct
violent acts that result in, or threaten, loss of life or
significant bodily harm, in order to achieve political or
ideological gains through threat or intimidation. It is
also sometimes considered an act of Internet terrorism
where terrorist activities, including acts of deliberate,
large-scale disruption of computer networks, especially
of personal computers attached to the Internet by
means of tools such as computer viruses, computer
worms, phishing, and other malicious software and
hardware methods and programming scripts.
The modern terrorism is instantaneous and
unpredictable, a global threat that hit its targets, but
that at same time hits a wide audience thanks to the
technology, it is bringing the terror into our homes.
Social media is an essential element of modern
terrorism; these powerful platforms allow terrorists to
communicate, to make propaganda and recruit new
sympathizers.
Every terrorist attack is similar to a dramatic
representation, in which the Internet is the stage.
“Terrorist attacks are often carefully choreographed to
attract the attention of the electronic media and the
international press. Terrorism is aimed at the people
watching, not at the actual victims. Terrorism is a
theater,” wrote Brian Jenkins, an
International Terrorism expert.ISIS - Islamic State of Iraq
and Syria also known as Islamic State of Iraq and the
Levant (ISIL) is the perfect example for technology-
based terrorism.
Although members of the Islamic state use new
technologies with great skill, many other terrorist
groups use the Internet and its resources every day.
Many other groups are active on the web, including
Hamas (the Islamic Resistance Movement), the
Lebanese Hezbollah (Party of God), the Egyptian Al-
Gama’a at Islamiyah, the Popular Democratic Liberation
Front Party in Turkey (DHKP / C), the Kurdish Workers’
Party (PKK), the Zapatista National Liberation Army
(ELNZ), the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) the
Mujahedin, and the Chechens.
What are the advantages in the use of the Internet?
The Internet offers a simple access to a global stage,
every terrorist could instantly reach large masses or
targets specific groups of individuals. Under specific
circumstances, the resources of the Internet could offer
anonymity to the user, a great advantage for a terrorist
organization that wants to spread their message while
remaining undetected.
The Internet is CHEAP.
The Internet, and technology, could be exploited by
terrorist organizations for several purposes including:
 Propaganda
 Psychological warfare
 Recruitment and mobilization
 Fundraising
 Data Mining, information gathering
 Secure communications
 Cyber attacks
 Software distribution (e.g., mobile app)
 Buying false documents
 Training
Terrorists use the new social platforms like Facebook,
Twitter and media services such as YouTube. Their
language is direct, young, and it can reach a specific
audience by using images with a high emotional impact.
The online propaganda is multi-lingual. It
reaches not only Arab people and is easily accessible to
young people.
The chain of communication leading massacres and
executions directly into our homes is extremely short, a
few tools (i.e., a smartphone, a camera, and a laptop)
and the free Internet network are the pillars of the new
strategy of terror.
CYBER ESPIONAGE
Cyber spying, or cyber espionage, is the act or practice
of obtaining secrets and information without the
permission and knowledge of the holder of the
information from individuals, competitors, rivals,
groups, governments and enemies for personal,
economic, political or military advantage using methods
on the Internet, networks or individual computers
through the use of proxy servers, cracking techniques
and malicious software including Trojan
horses and spyware.
TOP 5 MOST COMMON CYBER-ATTACKS.
Denial-of-service (DoS) and distributed denial-of-
service (DDoS) attacks
 a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is a cyber-
attack in which the perpetrator seeks to make a
machine or network resource unavailable to its
intended users by temporarily or indefinitely
disrupting services of a host connected to
the Internet.
 Denial of service is typically accomplished by
flooding the targeted machine or resource with
superfluous requests to overload systems and
prevent some or all legitimate requests from being
fulfilled.
 In a distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS
attack), the incoming traffic flooding the victim
originates from many different sources. This
effectively makes it impossible to stop the attack
simply by blocking a single source.
Man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack is a Man-in-the-
middle (MitM) attack.
 Attack where the attacker secretly relays and
possibly alters the communications between
two parties who believe they are directly
communicating with each other.
 One example of a MITM attack is
active eavesdropping, in which the attacker
makes independent connections with the
victims and relays messages between them to
make them believe they are talking directly to
each other over a private connection, when in
fact the entire conversation is controlled by the
attacker.
 The attacker must be able to intercept all
relevant messages passing between the two
victims and inject new ones. This is
straightforward in many circumstances; Man-in-
the-middle (MitM) attack for example, an
attacker within reception range of an
unencrypted wireless access point (Wi-Fi) could
insert themselves as a man-in-the-middle.
Phishing and spear phishing attacks
 Spear phishing is an email spoofing attack that
targets a specific organization or individual,
seeking unauthorized access to sensitive
information.
 Spear phishing attempts are not typically
initiated by random hackers but are more likely
to be conducted by perpetrators out for
financial gain, trade secrets or military
information.
Drive-by attacks
 Drive-by downloads may happen when visiting
a website, opening an e-mail attachment or
clicking a link, or clicking on a deceptive pop-up
window by clicking on the window in the
mistaken belief that, for example, an error
report from the computer's operating system
itself is being acknowledged or a seemingly
innocuous advertisement pop-up is being
dismissed.
Password attack
 Is the process which of
recovering passwords from data that have been
stored in or transmitted by a computer system.
 A common approach (brute-force attack) is to
try guesses repeatedly for the password and
check them against an available cryptographic
hash of the password.
 On a file-by-file basis, password cracking is
utilized to gain access to digital evidence for
which a judge has allowed access but the
particular file's access is restricted.
 The three different types of password attacks
are Brute Force, Dictionary attack and Hybrid
attack
The other types of cyber-attacks are
 SQL injection attack
 Cross-site scripting (XSS) attack
 Eavesdropping attack
 Birthday attack
 Malware attack
Most Nefarious in Cyber Espionage
 Recent attack was APT37 which took aim at
South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and the Middle
East.
 The attack was purportedly led by a well-known
hacking group called Lazarus, which has been
active for the last five years or so.
 The group has been cited for attacks such as the
Sony Pictures one in 2014, which netted tens of
millions of dollars, and it may be responsible for
the $81 million cyber heist of a Bangladeshi
bank in 2016.
 They also are blamed for the 2017 widespread
WannaCry attack, which wreaked billions of
dollars of havoc on companies, banks, and
hospitals around the world.
Vietnam
 Onto Vietnam, and there is OceanLotus, a
cyber-espionage group which could potentially
be behind the attacks called APT32 and APT-C-
00.
 These threats have been aimed at corporate
and government organizations in Vietnam, the
Philippines, Laos, and Cambodia and focus on
foreign corporations with interests in Vietnam’s
manufacturing, consumer products, and
hospitality industries.
China
 One of China’s well-known attack groups is
TEMP.Periscope, or Leviathan.
 This group has recently been escalating their
attacks and targeting U.S. companies in the
engineering and maritime fields that are linked
to the South China Sea and some of the world’s
busiest trading routes.
 Another group of Chinese threat actors, APT10,
is blamed for a campaign that perhaps started
as early as 2009.
 As potentially one of the longest sustained
cybersecurity threats in history, APT10 recently
attacked companies through managed service
providers in multiple industries in several
countries, as well as some Japanese companies,
causing an unknown amount of damage
through the theft of large volumes of data
Intelligence Gathering
Types of Intelligence Gathering
 Competitive Intelligence
 Corporate Espionage
 Information Warfare
 Private Investigation
Competitive Intelligence
 Relies solely on legal and ethical means to
gather data, piece it together to form
information, and analyze it to create
intelligence for the use of decision-makers
 Helps organizations better understand their
competitive environment and make sound
business decisions
Information Warfare
 State-sponsored information and electronically
delivered actions taken to achieve information
superiority in support of national military
strategy.
 Meant to affect enemy information and
information systems while protecting our
information and information systems.
Information Warfare Categories
 Offensive - Deny, corrupt, destroy, or exploit an
adversary’s information, and influence the
adversary’s perception.
Defensive - Safeguard the nation and allies from similar
actions, also known as IW hardening.
Private Investigation
 Research to develop knowledge on a human
subject, by obtaining identifiable private
information that can be linked to the individual.
Investigation Methods
 Begin by writing down everything you know
about your subject.
 Start the investigation from the person’s
address and work out from there.
 Research property records.
 Ask at the Post Office for any change of address
on the person.
 Ask neighbors for information.
 Research marriage records.
ONLINE FRAUD
Online Frauds
Internet Frauds is the use of Internet services or
software with Internet access to defraud victims or to
otherwise take advantage of them. Internet crime
schemes steal millions of dollars each year from victims
and continue to plague the Internet through various
methods. Several high-profile methods include the
following:
1. Business E-Mail Compromise (BEC) – A
sophisticated scam targeting businesses
working with foreign suppliers and companies
that regularly perform wire transfer payments.
The scam is carried out by compromising
legitimate business e-mail accounts through
social engineering or computer intrusion
techniques to conduct unauthorized transfer of
funds.
2. Data Breach – A leak or spill of data which is
released from a secure location to an untrusted
environment. Data breaches can occur at the
personal and corporate levels and involve
sensitive, protected, or confidential information
that is copied, transmitted, viewed, stolen, or
used by an individual unauthorized to do so.
3. E-Mail Account Compromise (EAC) – Similar to
BEC, this scam targets the general public and
professionals associated with, but not limited
to, financial and lending institutions, real estate
companies, and law firms. Perpetrators of EAC
use compromised e-mails to request payments
to fraudulent locations.
4. Phishing/Spoofing - Both terms deal with
forged or faked electronic documents. Spoofing
generally refers to the dissemination of e-mail
which is forged to appear as though it was sent
by someone other than the actual source.
Phishing, also referred to as vishing, smishing,
or pharming, is often used in conjunction with a
spoofed e-mail. It is the act of sending an e-mail
falsely claiming to be an established legitimate
business in an attempt to deceive the
unsuspecting recipient into divulging personal,
sensitive information such as passwords, credit
card numbers, and bank account information
after directing the user to visit a specified
website. The website, however, is not genuine
and was set up only as an attempt to steal the
user's information.
5. Ransomware – form of malware targeting both
human and technical weaknesses in
organizations and individual networks in an
effort to deny the availability of critical data
and/or systems. Ransomware is frequently
delivered through spear phishing emails to end
users, resulting in the rapid encryption of
sensitive files on a corporate network. When
the victim organization determines they are no
longer able to access their data, the cyber
perpetrator demands the payment of a ransom,
typically in virtual currency such as Bitcoin, at
which time the actor will purportedly provide
an avenue to the victim to regain access to their
data.
Frequent instances of Internet fraud include:
1. Business Fraud - Business fraud consists of
dishonest and illegal activities perpetrated by
individuals or companies in order to provide an
advantageous financial outcome to those
persons or establishments. Also known as
corporate fraud, these schemes often appear
under the guise of legitimate business practices.
• Charity Fraud
• Internet Auction Fraud
• Non-delivery of merchandise
• Non-payment of funds
 • Overpayment scheme
• Re-shipping scheme
2. Credit Card Fraud - Credit card fraud is the
unauthorized use of a credit or debit card, or
similar payment tool (ACH, EFT, recurring
charge, etc.), to fraudulently obtain money or
property. Credit and debit card numbers can be
stolen from unsecured websites or can be
obtained in an identity theft scheme
3. Internet Auction Fraud - Internet auction fraud
involves schemes attributable to the
misrepresentation of a product advertised for
sale through an Internet auction site or the non-
delivery of products purchased through an
Internet auction site.
4. Investment Schemes - Investment fraud
involves the illegal sale or purported sale of
financial instruments. The typical investment
fraud schemes are characterized by offers of
low- or no-risk investments, guaranteed
returns, overly-consistent returns, complex
strategies, or unregistered securities.
These schemes often seek to victimize affinity groups—
such as groups with a common religion or ethnicity—to
utilize the common interests to build trust to effectively
operate the investment fraud against them. The
perpetrators range from professional investment
advisers to persons trusted and interacted with daily,
such as a neighbor or sports coach. The fraudster’s
ability to foster trust makes these schemes so
successful. Investors should use scrutiny and gather as
much information as possible before entering into any
new investment opportunities.
5. Non-delivery of Merchandise - Non-delivery of
merchandise is a scheme most often linked to
Internet auction fraud, in which a seller on an
Internet auction website accepts payment for
an item yet intentionally fails to ship it. Sellers
like these sometimes will relist the item and
attempt to sell it again through a different
username.
UNIT 7: TRENDS AND ISSUES IN COMPUTING
Therefore, computer ethics is set of moral principles
that regulate the use of computers. Some common
issues of computer ethics include intellectual property
rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy
concerns, and how computers affect society.
INTRODUCTION TO E-COMMERCE
What is E-commerce? Refers to the buying and selling
of goods or services using the internet, and the transfer
of money and data to execute these transactions.
It is often used to refer to the sale of physical products
online, but it can also describe any kind of commercial
transaction that is facilitated through the internet.
The history of E-commerce begins with the first ever
online sale: on the August 11, 1994 a man sold a CD by
the band sting to his friend through his website Net
Market, An American retail platform.
This is the finest example of a consumer purchasing
product from a business through the World Wide Web –
or “E-commerce” as we commonly know it today.
TYPES OF E-COMMERCE
1. Business to Consumer (B2C)
When a business sells a good or services to an individual
consumer.
2. Business to Business (B2B)
When a business sells a good or service to another
business
3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C)
When a customer sells a good or service to another
consumer
4. Consumer to Business (C2B)
When a consumer sells their own products or services
to a business or organization.
EXAMPLE OF E-COMMERCE
1. RETAIL – The sale of product by a business directly to
a costumer without any intermediary.
2. WHOLESALE – The sale of product in bulk, often to a
retailer then sells them directly to consumers.
3. DROPSHIPPING – The sale of a product, which is
manufactured and shipped to the consumer by a third
party.
4. CROWDFUNDING - The collection of money from
consumers in advance of a product being available in
order to raise the start up capital necessary to bring it
to the market.
5. SUBSCRIPTION – The automatic recurring purchase of
a product or service on a regular basis until the
subscriber chooses to cancel.
6. PHYSICAL PRODUCTS – Any tangible good that
requires inventory to be replenished and orders to be
physically shipped to consumer as sales are made.
7. DIGITAL PRODUCTS – Downloadable digital goods,
templates and courses or media that must be
purchased for consumption or licensed for use.
8. SERVICES – A skill or set of skills provided in exchange
for compensation.
SOCIAL ISSUES OF E-COMMERCE
1. Security and Privacy – It is the most important issues
for e-commerce because without security and privacy,
the customer will be scared, get cheated by the seller.
2. Shipping Issues – When the buyer buys a product
from the seller and the seller is from other state then
they should use shipping to send the products to the
buyer so that it can arrive to the place of the buyer stay.
3. Complexity of Process – When the buyer want to
purchase that such products then they need to follow
their step to purchase a product from them such as
register as a member of that website, fill up the
agreement form, key in all your personal details, key in
your credit card number and so forth.
E-commerce Advantages
1. Advantage to Organization
- Organization can expand their market to national
and international market with minimum capital
investment.
- Helps organization to reduce the cost to create
process, distribute, retrieve and manage the paper
based information.
- Improves the brand image of the company.
- Helps to provide better customer service.
- Helps to simplify the business processes and,
makes them faster and efficient.
2. Advantages to Customer
- It provides 24/7 support
- Provides more option and quicker delivery of
products.
- Provides user with more option to compare and
select the cheaper and better options.
- The customer can put a review comments about
the product and can see what others are buying.
- Provides a substantial discount to customer.
- Provides options of virtual auctions.
3. Advantages to Society
- Customers need not to travel to shop a
product.
- Helps reducing the costs of products.
- Enabled rural areas to access services and
products, which are otherwise not available to
them.
- Helps the government to deliver public
services such as healthcare, education, social
services at a reduce costs and in an improved
manner.
ETHICS & PRIVACY
Computer Ethics
a set of morals that regulate the use of computers. It is
important for computer users to be aware of the ethical
use of copyrighted material, the ethical use of resources
and information, and the ethical use of school, company
and employee information.
10 Commandments of Computer Ethics
1.) Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people
2.) Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s
computer work
3.) Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s files.
4.) Thou shalt not use a computer to steal
5.) Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.
6.) Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for
which you have not paid (without permission).
7.) Thou shalt not use other people’s computer
resources without authorization or proper
compensation.
8.) Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s
intellectual output.
9.) Thou shalt think about the social consequences of
the program you are writing or the system you are
designing.
10.) Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that
ensure consideration and respect for your fellow
humans.
Common Issues of Computer Ethics
1. Privacy Concerns
2. How Computer Affects Society
3. Intellectual Property Rights
Five Principles of Privacy
1. Notice/ Awareness – requires the company to
provide consumers with a notice before collecting their
personal information.
2. Choice/ Consent – allows consumers to control how
their information is used.
3. Access/ Participation – allows consumers to view the
data collected about them and gives them the
opportunity to correct any incorrect information about
them.
4. Integrity/ Security – requires the information
collected to be stored safely and securely.
5. Enforcement/ Redress – the above four principles
are enforced.
Ways of making personal data more private
1. Install personal firewall.
2. Purchases goods with cash, rather than credit card.
3. Less use of Facebook.
4. Avoid GPS tags in photo.
COMPUTER SECURITY
What is Computer Security?
Computer Security, also known as cybersecurity or IT
security, is the protection of information systems from
theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to
the information on them, as well as from disruption or
misdirection of the services they provide.
Often people confuse computer security with other
related terms like information security and
cybersecurity. One way to ascertain the similarities and
differences among these terms is by asking what is
being secured.
Information Security – Securing information from
unauthorized access, modification & deletion
Computer Security – Securing a standalone machine by
keeping it updated and patched
Cybersecurity – Defined as protecting computer
systems, which communicate over the computer
networks.
The components of a computer system that needs to
be protected are:
1. Hardware – The physical part of the computer, like
the system memory and disk drive
2. Firmware – Permanent software that is etched into a
hardware device’s nonvolatile memory and is mostly
invisible to the user.
3. Software – The programming that offers services, like
operating system, word processor, internet browser to
the user
What are the concerns of Computer Security?
Computer Security is concerned with four main areas:
1. Confidentiality – Only authorized users can access
the data resources and information.
2. Integrity – Only authorized users should be able to
modify the data when needed.
3. Availability – Data should be available to users when
needed.
4. Authentication – Are you really communicating with
whom you think you are communicating with?
COMPUTER SECURITY THREATS
VIRUSES – A malicious program which is loaded into the
user’s computer without user’s knowledge.
COMPUTER WORM – A computer worm is a software
program that can copy itself from one computer to
another, without human interaction.
PHISHING – Disguising as a trustworthy person or
business, phishers attempt to steal sensitive financial or
personal information through fraudulent email or
instant messages.
BOTNET – A botnet is a group of computers connected
to the internet that have been compromised by a
hacker using a computer virus.
ROOTKIT – A rootkit is a computer program designed to
provide continued privileged access to a computer
while actively hiding its presence.
KEYLOGGER – Also known as keystroke logger,
keyloggers can track the real-time acitivity of a user on
his computer.
What do anti-viruses/ firewalls do to ensure these
concerns issues are solved?
FIREWALL - Also known as a ‘packet filter’. Basically,
software which monitors network traffic and connection
attempts into and out of a network or computer and
determines whether or not to allow it to pass.
Antivirus - A software which will find
programs/files/softwares/etc that might compromise
your computer, either by being executable or by
exploiting a vulnerability in the program normally
supposed to process them - - types of malware. It
detects these kinds of harmful programs that are
installed on your computer or about to be installed.
What are the types of firewalls?
PACKET-FILTERING FIREWALL – Examines each packet
that crosses the firewall and tests the packet according
to a set of rules that you set up.
STATEFUL PACKET INSPECTION (SPI) – A step up in
intelligence from simple packet filtering.
DEEP PACKET INSPECTION (DPI) – The actual content of
the packets is inspected so viruses, spam, and other
harmful content can be blocked.
Computer Security Practices
Secure your computer physically by:
 Installing reliable, reputable security and anti-
virus software
 Activating your firewall, because a firewall acts
as a security guard between the internet and
your local area network.
 Stay-up-to-date on the latest software and
news surrounding your devices and perform
software updates as soon as they become
available
 Avoid clicking on email attachments unless you
know the source
 Change passwords regularly using a unique
combination of numbers, letters and case types
 Use the internet with caution and ignore pop-
ups, drive-by downloads while surfing
 Taking the time to research the basic aspects of
computer security and educate yourself on
evolving cyber-threats
 Perform daily full system scans and create a
periodic system backup schedule to ensure your
data is retrievable should something happen to
your computer
Social Computing
An area of computer science that is concerned with the
intersection of social behavior and computational
systems. Social computing is the collaborative and
interactive aspect of online behavior.
10 Social Issues Computers Have Created
1. Communication Breakdown – Socializing within a
family unit has always been important, as it strengthens
the bonds between us and ensures cohesion within the
group.
2. Defamation of Character – The only means of getting
in touch with major corporations or famous people in
the public eye prior to the advent of digital
communication was via a stiffly written letter.
3. Identity Theft – Fraud is another spurious activity
that has been able to evolve in the wake of easily
accessible computers and the internet.
4. Cyber Bullying – As with defamation of public figures,
the internet and computers have also made it easier for
spiteful people to attack they know personally as well as
perfect strangers via the anonymous platforms that are
available to them.
5. Gaming Addiction – Whilst computers and the
internet have made it easier for gambling addicts to get
their fix, a new type of addiction has also arisen, in the
form of addiction to video games. This is something that
can impact people of all ages and leads inevitably to a
number of problems, from the social to the financial.
6. Privacy – Whilst high profile cases of online identity
theft and fraud should have caused people to become
more careful about how they use their personal
opinion, issues of privacy and a lack of appreciation for last few years. The issue of net neutrality is
the risks are still widespread. essentially a question of access

7. Health & Fitness – We are living increasingly

sedentary lifestyles, because computers are removing
the need for us to physically carry out many tasks, as
well as keeping us rooted to one spot throughout our
working days and during our leisure time.

8. Education – The educational properties of computers

are well known and universally lauded, but having all
the information in existence on tap has its own issues.

9. Terrorism & Crime – Computers have been a positive

force in allowing for the creation of global movements
and righteous activism in a number of forms.

10. Sexuality – This is a less clear cut topic, but there

are fears that unmitigated access to pornography for
adolescents is shaping the sexual proclivities and
expectations of young people in problematic ways.

Legal Aspects of Computing

Related to the overlapping areas of law and computing.

1. Privacy – Most people have their personal data

spread throughout the digital world. Even
things thought to be secure, such as email or
private accounts, can be accessed by
unintended sources.

2. Digital Ownership – Digital mediums have

allowed information to flow more freely than
before. This exchange of ideas comes with a
legal and ethical backlash.

3. Data Gathering – On some level, everyone

knows that their online lives are monitored. The
United States has even passed legislation
allowing the government to actively monitor
private citizens in the name of national
security.

4. Security Liability – In the past, security issues

were resolved by locking a door. Digital security
is much more complicated. Security systems for
digital networks are computerized in order to
protect vital information and important assets.

5. Access Costs – Net neutrality has become a

trendy issue thanks to legislative efforts in the