Internal Combustion Engines

POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING
~
~
('"""l( s;~•vm~ J
AJr Generator
Outp,ut
Spark Plug
Exhaus1
Fuel
Cooling Water In
Internal Combustion
Engines
JAS Tordillo, MME
4-2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Basic Cl:1ssific:1tion of Engines:
type of Engine FUIIUstd Method of Ignition Operating

Cycle ~
Gasoline Engine Gasoline Spark Otto
Kerosene Engine Kerosene Spark Otto
Gas Engine Gaseous Fuel Spark Otto
Diesel Engine Diesel Heat of Compression Diesel
Oil-Diesel Engine Fuel Oils Heat of compression Diesel
Other Classifications :
tJuntberof,str.oli ~ ~ ~ ~ eJbod,o stamn,g· -~

Two-stroke Manual: crank, rope, kick
Four-stroke Electric: battery
Compressed Air:
U_rrta'er~®fin~j Using other engine
Single-cylinder
Two-cylinder . -~..o'im
Three-cylinder, etc. Automotive
Marine
.-cm-1~ .i l!!.·.·ll= - Industrial
vertical Stationary Power
Horizontal Locomotive
Incline Aircraft
Al£ai'l"iiim~ _ rs-:
In-line Single-acting
Radial Double-acting
Opposed cylinder
Opposed piston
V-type Naturally aspirated
Supercharged
Air cooled
Water cooled
POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 4-3
Cycle Analysis of 4-Stroke Gasoline Engine (Otto Cycle):
Air-standard Otto Cycle has four processes and is a four stroke cycle with four
piston movements which are required to complete the processes. Otto cycle
requires two complete crankshaft revolutions to complete the four strokes.
p 3
Alr
Spark Plug
Fuel
Four-strokes (piston movements) :
1. Suction {Intake) stroke + The intake valve is open while the piston moves
down, and bringing air-fuel mixture into the cylinder.
2. Compression stroke+ Both valves are closed (intake and exhausts valves) and
the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture by moving upward.
3. Power stroke + Both valves are closed (intake and exhausts valves),
combustion occurs by spark ignition and forcing the piston to move downward.
4. Exhaust stroke + The intake valve is closed and the e~hausts valve is open,
and the piston forces the products of combustion by moving upward.
Otto Cycle Processes:
Process 1 -+ 2: lsentropic compression

Process 2-+ 3: Constant volume heat addition
Process 3-+ 4: lsentropic expansion
Process 4 -+ 1: Constant volume heat rejection
Basic Formulas :
~
Cycle Efficiency = wn CI/ = QA - QR

QA QA
=
(T3 -T2)-(T4 -Ti)
1
Cycle Efficiency c 1 - --
k- 1
rk
Clearan~ Volume, Vc ~ V. = V2
l+c
Compression Ratio, rK
C
where:
Vo = piston volume displacement
Cycle Analysis of Two-Stroke Gasoline Engine :
In a two-stroke cycle gasoline engine, air-fuel mixture enters the crankcase.

Initially the piston is at the bottom of the cylinder, the intake port is open and the air-
fuel mixture enters the cylinder. Compression starts as the piston moves upward.
Combustion occurs at limit piston movement and expansion of gases forces the piston
downward. The exhaust port is open, compressed mixture from crankcase enters the
cylinder and the incoming fresh air-fuel mixture pushes the products of combustion
out of the cylinder.
p 3
Exhaust Port ~--------- V

Intake Port
Processes:
Process 1- 2: lsentropic compress.ion

Process 2- 3: Constant volume heat addition
Process 3- 4: lsentropic expansion
Cycle Analysis of 4-Stroke Diesel Engine (Diesel Cycle):
Alr~tandard diesel cycle is less efficient than air-standard Otto cycle for the same
compression ratio. Diesel engine has no spark plugs and ignition is done by hea~ of
compression. Diesel fuel is injected into the cylinder and ignition is due to high
temperature of compressed air. Heat is added in a diesel engine during constant
pressure process.
Intake Valve
Injector
(2) Co"l)resslon
Four-strokes (piston movements) :
1. Suction (Intake) stroke ~ The intake valve is open while the piston moves down,
and bringing fresh air into the cylinder.
2. Compression stroke~ Both valves are closed (intake and exhausts valves) and
the piston compresses the fresh air by moving upward. Diesel fuel is injected at the
limit piston movement
3. Power stroke ~ Both valves are closed (intake and exhausts valves), combustion
occurs and forcing the piston to move downward.
4. Exhaust stroke ~ The intake valve is closed and the exhausts valve is open,
and the piston forces the products of combustion by moving upward.
Diesel Cycle Processes :
Process 1 -+ 2: lsentropic compression

Process 2-+ 3: Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3 -+ 4: lsentropic expansion
Basic Formulas :
Cycle Efficiency
1 1
Cycle Efficiency = l [rf - ]
·- , :- 1 kh - 1)_
l+ c
Compression Ratio, rK
C
Cut-off Ratio, re
Spe-c:ific Hea_t Ratio, k = 1.4 for)fr_stand~@
Clearance Ratio, c
Cycle Analysis of 2-Stroke Diesel Eng,ne :
In a two-stroke cycle diesel engine, air enters the crankcase and fuel in injected
into the cylinder. Initially the piston is at the bottom of the cylinder, the intake port is
open and fresh air enters the cylinder. Compression starts as the piston moves
upward. Fuel is injected at limit ·piston movement, combustion is due to high air
temperature and e,xpansion of gases forces the piston downward. The exhaust port is
I open, compressed air from crankcase enters the cylinder and the incoming fresh air
I.
pushes the products of combustion out of the cylinder.
Fuel----.
~~
......
(1) Compression
ju ij
4
..__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ v
Intake Port Exhaust Port
(Air) (Products of Combustion)
Processes:
Process 1 - 2: lsentropic compression
Process 2 -. 3: Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3 -. 4: lsentropic expansion
Process 4 - 1: Constant volume heat rejection
DUAL CYCLE (AIR-STANDARD)
Alr..standard dual cycle is an ideal cycle that approximates the performance of a

spark-ignition internal combustion engine and is a combination of Diesel •and Otto
cycles. In air-standard dual cycle, heat is added partly at constant volume and partly
at constant pressure.
p 3 4
.___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ V
Dual Cycle Processes:
Process 1- 2: lsentropic compression

Process 2- 3: Constant volume heat addition
Process 3- 4: Constant pressure heat addition
Process 4- 5: lsentropic expansion,
Process 5- 1: Constant volume heat rejection
Basic Formulas:
Cycle Efficiency
Where:
.- . V I+· :
Compression Ratio, rK = - 1 = - -
V2 c
Pressure r:atio, rp Cut-off Ratio, re

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
STIRLING CYCLE
Stirling cycle was not used to model actual engines and was illustrated with the use ·
of regenerator, absorbs heat and transfer it to the working fluid. Thermal efficiency of
the stirling cycle can equal the efficiency of the Carnot cycle .
p 3
Stirling C cle Processes:
Process 1 - 2: Constant temperature compression and cooling

Process 2 - 3: Constant volume heat addition
Process 3- 4: Constant temperature expansion and heating
Process 4 - 1: Constant volume heat rejection
Cycle Thermal Efficiency:
_W._ne_t = Q,n -Qoul ·

Cycle Efficiency =
Q;n ·Qin
Cycle Efficiency =· TH - TL
Tn
ERICSON CYCLE
Ericson Cycle is not used to model actual engines. The key element of this cycle is
the regenerator in which heat must be stored during constant temperature
compression and reused during constant t, perature expansion.
p
Ericson Cycle Processes:
Process 1 -+ 2: Constant pressure heating

Process 2 -+ 3: Constant temperature compression
Process 3 - 4: Constant pressure cooling
Proces~ 4 - 1: Constant temperature expansion
Cycle Thermal Efficiency :
Cycle Efficiency
PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL GENERATING SET:
Cooling Water Out
Basic Formulas:
1. Heat Generated by Fuel
where:
m, = fuel consumption, kg/sec
' ah = heating value of fuel, kJ/kg
2. Air-Fuel Ratio
• 'i
kg air ·
kg fu el
Where:
PY0
1 = -RT ,··
3. Piston Volume Displacement, Vo
where :
D = bore, m
L = length of stroke, m
N = speed, rev/sec (for 2-stroke)
N = speed/2, rev/sec (for 4-stroke)
C = number of cylinders
4. Pi.ston Speed
Where:
2L = distance traveled by piston in one revolution
5. Indicated Power
~ power developed inside the cylinder
Measuring instruments used:

Engine indicator ~ trace~ actual P-V diagram;
Planimeter ~ measures area of P-V diagram
Tachometer ~ measures speed
. -- -·, "'tj
Area of Diagram . .
Pm1 = . ·x spring sea1e
length of Di'agram · •
l . _ _ _j
Where:
Vo = piston volume displacement, m 3/sec
Pm1 = indicated mean effective pressure, kPa
6. Brake Power
~ power developed by the engine
Measuring Instruments used:

Dynamometer ~ measures the torque;
Tachometer ~ measures the speed -
where:
T = torque, kN-m
N = speed, rev/sec
J
Calculation of brake power using brake mean effective pressure:
Brake Po r = Pmb x V , kw I
where : Pmb = brake mean effective pressure, kPa
7. FrlctJon Power
Friction Power lndio ted Power - Brake Pewer
Btake Power = lncficated Power - Frlctfon Power
8. Mechanical Efficiency, nm
nm= . Brake Power = PmbVD = Pmb

Indicated Power PmiVD Pm;
Brake Rower = Ind Pow.er x am
9. Generator Efficiency, ne
. Generator Output
ne =
Brake Power
10. Thermal efficiency
Indicated Power
a. nu = indicated thermal efficiency =
m JQh
Brake Power
' b. nib = brake thermal efficiency =
m/Qh
c. nr.c = combined or overall thermal efficiency

= Gen Output
m / Qh
11. Volumetric Efficiency (air only)
Actual Volume of Air Entering

A =
Piston Dlsplaoem111t
where:
12. Specific Fuel Consumption
m1 x3600 kg
a. mi ::: ind. spec. fuel consumption =
Ind Power kw- hr
m1x3600 kg
b. 11\b = brake spec. fuel consumption = - - - - -
Brake Power kw- hr
c. me = combined or overall spec. fuel consumption

= m1 .r3600 kg •
Gen Output kw-hr
13. Heat Rate
kl .
a Indicated Heat Rate --j
. Ind Power kw-hr
kl
b.. Engi_
ne Heat Rate
Brake_ Power- kw- hr
kl I
c. Engine-Generator Heat Rate

(!en Output kw-h~..;
14. Generator Speed
where:
N = speed, rpm
p = no. of poles (even).
f = frequ~ncy (usually 60 hz)
Typical Heat Balance of Diesel Engine:
Useful Output (Brake Power).... ......... ........... 34%

Cooling Loss ..... ........ ....... ........ .. ................ .. ... .. 30%
Exhaust Loss.......... .............. ......................... 26%
Friction, Radiation, Etc...... .......................... .. 10%
Heat Input by Fuel.... .. ..... ......................... ... .. 100%

Supercharging:
Supercharging -+ admittance into the cylinder of an air charge with density higher
than that of the surrounding air.
Reasons for supercharging:

1. to reduce the weight-to-power ratio
2. to compensate for power loss due to high altitude
Types of superchargers:
1. Engine-driven compressor
2. Exhaust-driven compressor (turbo-charger)
3. Separately-driven con:ipressor
Five Auxiliary Systems of Diesel Engine:
1. Fuel system:
Fuel storage tank, fuel filter, transfer pump, day tank, fuel pump
2. Cooling system:
Cooling water pump, heat exchanger, surge tank,
cooling tower, raw water side ·
3. Lubrication System:
Lub oil tank, lub oil pump, oil filter, oil cooler, lubricators
4. Intake and Exh?tust System:
Air filter, intake pipe, exhaust pipe, silencer
5. Starting System:
Air compressor, air storage tank
Advantages of Diesel Engine over other I.C.E. engines:

1. Low fuel cost ·
2. High Efficiency
3. Needs no large water supply
4 . No longer warm-up period
5. Simple plant layout
Waste Heat Recovery Boiler Utilizing Diesel Engine Exhaust:

Generator
Output
Exhaust Gases
(ma= m. + "' )
Fuel
Di esel Engine
FeedWater 12
hi
Heat Balance In the Boller:
where : Cpg = specific heat of exhaust gas
Power Developed at an Altitude:
P=PB/T
s 29.92 Vm
where :
Ps = standard power or power at sea level
B = new pressure or actual barometric pressure, in Hg
(decrease in pressure, approx. 1 in Hg per 1000 ft)
T = new temperature or actuai' absolute temperature, 0 R
(decrease in temperature approx. 3.6°F per 1000 ft)
29.92 in Hg = standard atmospheric pressure
520°R = temperature at sea level
SOLVED PROBLEMS:
INTERNAL COMBUSTION - 1
The compfession ratio of an ideal Otto cycle is 6:1 . Initial conditions are 101.3 kPa
and 20 deg C. Find the pressure and temperature at the end of adiabatic
compression.
A. 1244.5 kPa, 599.96 °K C. 1244.5 kPa, gage, 60°C
B. 1244.5 kPa, 60°C D. 1244.5 kPa, 599.96°C
T2 = (6)1.4-1
20+273
~ = (;:)' T 2 = 599.96 °K
P. 3
..!1_ = (6) 1.4 = (6)1 .4

1013
P2 = 1244.5 kPa 4
'---------- V
A. 1244.6 kPa, 699.96 ciK
In an air standard Otto cycle, the clearance volume is 18% of the displacement
volume. Find the compression ratio and thermal efficiency.
A. 0.52 C. 0.53
B. 0.55 D. 0.60
~.!J.. = l+ c 1+ 0.18
rk = 0.18
= 6.556 i:
V2 C
~
1
Eff = 1 - -k--1 = 1 = 0.53
rk (6.5 56)1. 4-l
A~ C. 0.63
In an air standard diesel cycle, compression starts at 100 kPa · and 300 K. the
compression ratio is 16 to 1. The maximum cycle temperature is 2031 K. Determine
the thermal efficiency.
A. 60.3% C. 70.3%
B. 63.0% D. 85.5%
Process 1-2, isentropic process:

k-1
T2 = ~
( ]
T1 V2
T2 = (16)1.4-1
300
T2 = 909.43K
Process 2-3, isobaric process: '----------v

V2 = V3
T2 T3
2031 = 2.233
909.43
Cycle Thermal Efficiency = 1 -

1 [rcKk(rc -l)
rk K-l
- l] ·
= 1
-
1 [(2.23 3)1. -
(16)I A-l 1.4(2.233-1)
4
l]
= 60.27%
A. 60.3%
p
INTERNAL COMBUSTION -
A diesel engine is operating on a 4-stroke cycle, has a heat rate of 11 ,315.6 kJ/kw-hr
brake. The compression ratio is 13. The cut-off ratio is 2. Using k = 1.32, what is
the brake engine efficiency?
A. 63.5 C. 73.5
B. 51.2 D. 45.3
l r - 1
e = cycle efficiency = 1 k ]
'ick-1[ ;k-1)
32
= 1 1 [(2)1. - 1] = 50.1%
(13)1. 32- 1 1.32(2-1)
eb = brake thermal efficiency = Ws
QA
1 kw- hr (3600 s::)

= ----'-------'- = 31.81% . 4
11,315.6 kl
T)b = brake engine efficiency = Wb ~--------v

w
= 0.3181 = 63.5%
0.5010
A. 63.6
An Otto engine has clearance volume of 7%. It produces 300 kw power. What is the
amount of heat rejected in kw?
A. 170 C. ,152
B. 160 D. 145
. __ l+c __ 1+0.07 __ _
r = compression ratio 15 286
C 0.07
l = 1 - ·l = 0.664
e = 1 -
rk-1 (15.2 86)1.4- 1
e =
w
p 3
QA
0.664 = ~~
0A = 452 kw
4
W =QA.QR
300 = 452- QR
QR = 152 kw '-----------V
A~ C.162
An air standard engine has a compression ratio of 20 and a cut-off ratio of 5. If the
inta~e air pressure and temperature are 100 kPa and 27°C, find the work in kJ per kg.
A. 2976 C. 2437 -
B. 2166 D. 2751
"' = 1 - ~q;(:, =:iJ p , _ _ _. ,
~ ((5)1. -lJ
4
= 1- 1
(20)1.4--l 1.4(5-1)
= 0.541 = 54-.1% 4
T2 = T, ( ;: r-t = 300 (2ot•-• = 994.34°K

L----------v
T, = T2 ( i,) = 994.34 (5) = 4971.7°K
~ = mCp(T3-T2) = (1.006)(4971.7-994.34) = 4001 .3kJ/kg
w
e =
QA
W = (0.541)(4001.3) = 2165kJ/kg
B. 2166
An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18. At the beginning of the
compression process, air is at 100 kPa and 15°C. If the mean effective pressure is
1362 kPa and the heat of combustion is 1800 l:<J/kg, find the thermal efficiency.
A. 40% C. 65%
B. 59% D. 75%
Solving for V 1 (volume flow of air per kg):

PV = mRT
100V1 = 1(0.287)(15 + 273)
V 1 = 0.82656 m3/kg
18 = 0 .82656 ....__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ v
V2
V 2 = 0.04592 m 3 /kg
Solving for net work, W: I
MEP =
w
1362 =
w
0.82656-0.04592
W = 1063 kJ/kg
Thermal Efficiency:
w
E = -
Q
1063
= 1800
= 59%
B. 69%
A standard cycle for gasoline engine has a compression ratio of 8. The initial
pressure and temperature are 100 kPa and 25°C- If the heat added is 1850 kJ/kg,
what is the temperature after isentropic expansion?
A. 1147 K C. 1247 K
B. 1033 K D._ 1423 K
Compression ratio = r = -V1 = -V4 = 8

V2 V3 .
p 3
4
T2 = 685 K ~QR
---~=-_,J1
0... =
mCv(T3-T2) '----------v
1850 = 1(0.716)(T3 - 685)
T3 = 3269 K
T3 =(V4 )k-1
T4 V3
3269 = (sy-4-1
T4
T4 = 1423 K
A~ D. 1423K
If the pressures at the beginning and end of compression in an Otto cycle engine are
1 kg/sq. cm and 8 kg/sq. cm, respectively, the air standard efficiency will be nearly
A. 57% C. 50%
B. 40% D. 45%
rK = compression ratio = -v1 p 3

Vi
rK = 0)/l. 4
= 4.416
'----------V
·1 1
Eff =1- -k-l =1 ---- = 0.448 = 44.8%
rk (4.416y .4-l
T3 = (V4 )k-1
T4 V3
A~ 0.46%
Compression ratio of an engine is

A. stroke (L) + clearance (L)
B. (displacement .volume+ clearance volume)/(clearance volume)
C. (displacement volume)/ (clearance volume)
D. 0.7854 D x L + 0.7854 D + L
Compression
. Ratlo,
. rk = -l'i
Vi
B. (displacement volume + clearance volume)/(clearance volume)
What is the efficiency of an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 6:1? The gas used
is air.
A. 0.488 C. 0.512
B. 0.191 D. 0.167
For an Otto Cycle:
Efficiency = 1 -rk-1-1- = l -t .4-l

I
-- = 0.512
6
C. 0.612
The compression ratio of an ideal air Otto cycle is 6:1, psub1 is 14.7 psia, Tsub1 is
68°F. Find the pressure and temperature at state 2.
A . 180.6 psia, 1081°R C. 180.6 psia , 139°F
B. 180.6 psia, 139°F D. 180.6 psig, 1081°R
II
rK = - = 6
. V2
r
P,V,K = P2Vl p 3
P, = ( :: P, = (6)1 .◄ (14 .7) = 180.6 psia
.___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ y
A. 180.6 psia, 1081 °R
An Otto cycle has a compressio_n ratio of 8. Find its efficiency at cold air.
A 25.4% C. 56.5%
B. 45.4% D. 76.8%
1
Efficiency = 1- k- t = 1. = 0.5647 = 56.47%
r (sy-4-t
C. 66.6%
A six cylinder, four stroke diesel engine with 76mm bore x 89mm stroke was run in the
laboratory at 20CA-pm, when it was found that the engine torque was 153.5 N-m with
all cylinders firing but 123 N-m when one cylinder was out. The engine consumed
12.2 kg of fuel per hour with a heating value of 54,120 kJ/kg_and 252:2 kg of air at
15.6°C per hour. Determine the indicated power.
A. 32.1 kw C. 23.3 kw
B. 38.4 kw D. 48.3kw
Brake Power = 2nTN
= 21r(o.1s3s{
2 0
~i J = 32.15 kw
Exhaust
Gases
Brake Pol.ver
_J
Friction Power Per Cylinder

2 0
= 32 1{%) - 2,r(0.123{ ~~ )
= 1.031kw
Friction Power (Total)= _

1.031(6) = 6.19 kw
Indicated Power = Brake Power + Friction Power

= 32.15+6.19=38.34 kw
B. 38.4kw
In a test laboratory, it was found out that of the 80 Bhp developed by an engine on
test, 45 Hp are absorbed by the cooling water that is pumped through the water jacket
and the radiator. The water enters the top of the radiator at 200°F. At that
temperature, enthalpy of the water is 168.07 Btu/lbm. Water leaves the bottom of the
radiator at 190°F and with an enthalpy of 158.03 Btu/lbm. What is the water flow rate
for a steady-state condition? '
A. 25 Gal/min C. 23 Gal/min
B. 20 Gal/min - D. 24 Gal/min
45(42.4) = mw(168.07 -158.03)

mw = 190.04 lb/min
190 04
V = · = 3.0455 ft3/min
w 62.4
Vw = 3.0455(7.481) = 22.8 Gal/min
C. 23 Gal/min
A single-acting, four cylinder, 4-stroke cycle di~sel engine with a bore to stroke of
21.59 x -27.94 cm, operating at 275 rpm, consumes 8.189 kg/hr Of fuel whose heating
value is 43,961 .4 kJ/kg. The indicated mean effective pressure is 475.7 kPa. The
load on the brake arm, which is 93.98 cm is 113.4 kg. What is the brake arm mean
effective pressure in kPa?
A. 415.20 C. 319.95
B. 124.17 D. 645.53
Vo = piston volume displacement = (:) D2LNC
275
= 2
(!!..)co.2159) (0.2794)(
4 2x60
) (4) = 0.09376 m3/sec
-
4 - 22 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
T = Torque = 113.4(0.00981)(0 .9394) = 1.045 KN -m
275
Brake Power ;:;. 2nTN = 2n(1 .045) ( ) = 30 kw
· 60
BrakePower 30
= - -- = 319.97 kPa
0.09376
C. 319.96
A 2000 kw diesel engine unit uses 1 bbl oil per 525 kw-hr produced. Oil is 25°API.
· Efficiency of generator is 93%, mechanical efficiency of engine is 80%. What is the
indicated work in kw-s? ·
A. 1,540,323 kw-s C. 2,540,323 kw-s
B. 2,140,323 kw-s D. 2,946,323 kw-s
1 bbl = 42 Gallons
Solving for the density:

14 5
0
API = 1. -131.5
SG1 s.6
4 5
25 = I I. - 131.5 .
SG1 s.6
SG1s.s = 0.904
Density, p = 0.904(1) = 0.904 kg/Ii

m, = fuel consumed = 42(3.7854)(0.904) = 143.724 kg
ah = 41 ,130 + 139.6(0 API)

= 41 ,130 + 139.6(25) = 44,620 kJ/kg
5
Indicated Work ~= ) = 705.645 kw-hr
0.9 0.80
= 705.~(3600) = 2,540,3?3 kw-s or kJ
C. 2,640,323 kw-s
INTERNAL COMBUSTION • 18
A supercharged six-cylinder four-stroke cycle Diesel engine of 10.48 cm bore and

12.7 cm stroke has a compression ratio of 15. When it is tested on a dynamometer
with a 53.34 cm arm at 2500 rpm, the scale reads 81 .65 kg, 2.86 kg of fuel of
45,822.20 kJ/kg heating value are burned during a 6 min test, and air metered to the
cy1inders at the rate of 0.182 kg/sec . . Find the brake thermal efficiency.
A. 0.327 C. 0.307
B. 0.367 D. 0.357
T = 81.65(0.00981 )(0.5334) =- 0.42725 kN-m

2 0
Brake Power = 2nTN = 2n(0.42725{ ~~ )
= 111.854 kw Fuel
"'(2.86 kg
per6 min)
2.86
IT1t = 6{60)
= 0.00794 kg/sec a, (45,822-2
kJ/kg)
Brake
BrakePower = 11 1.854 = O 307
Power
(o.00194_X4s,s2~20) ·
A certain diesel engine with the following specifications, 8 cylinder, 400 mm x 600
mm, four stroke cycle has a fuel consumption of 0.6 lbs/hp-hr based on 19,100 Btu/lb.
Engine speed is 280 RPM with an indicated mean effective pressur4;! of 130 psi. If the
jacket water carries away an estimated 25% of the heat supplied, find its capacity
(GPM) required if the allowable rise is 40°F.
A. 241.9 C. 249.1
B. 236.5 D. 268.7
Vo = piston volume displacement = (:) D2LNC
= (,r)
4
2
(0.4) (0.6)(
280
2x60
) (8)
= 1.407433509 m3/sec
Indicated Power = Pm1 Vo

10 325 Brake
= 130( 1. ) (1.407433509) Power
14.7 Coollng Wat.ar out
= 1,261.16 kw = 1,690.56 hp
IT1t = fuel consumption · = 0.6(1,690.56) = 1,014.336 lbs/hr
Heat Supplied = m, ah = 1,014.336(19, 100)

= 19,373,819.6 Btu/hr
Heat carried by jacket water = 0.25(19,373,817.6)

=
4,843,454.4 Btu/hr =
80,724.24 Btu/min
Q = mCp(~T)
80,724.24 = m(1.0)(40)
m = 2,018.106 lb/min
V = (2,018.106/62.4) X 7 .482
= 241.9 Gal/min
A~ A.241.9
Find the power which a 2.5 MW natural gas engine can develop at an altitude of
1981.2 meters taking into consideration:
A. the pressure change alone
B. pressure and temperature change
A. the pressure change alone
The decrease in pressure due to elevation is approximately 1 in Hg

per 1000 ft, tnerefore
B = 29.92 - 1 ( I 9S l2x) .28 ) = 23.42 in Hg

1000
Power developed at an altitude:
P= P.(2:92)Js~o
= 2.5 ( 23.42) (1)
29.92
=· 1.957 MW
1.967 MW
B. pressure and temperature change
The decrease in temperature with ~levation is approximately 3.6 ° F per 1000 ft,
therefore: ·
19812 3 28
T = 520 - 3.s( x · ) = 496.6°R
1000
-Power developed at an altitude:
P = 2.s(
2142
29.92
)J 4966
520
= 1.912 MW
1.912 MW
The thermal efficiency of ~ particular engine operating on an ideal cycle is 35%.

Calculate the heat supplied per 1200 watt-hr of work developed in kJ.
A. 12,343 C. 14,218
B. 10,216 D. 11,108
W = 1200 watt-hr
= 1.2 kw-hr
= 1.2(3600) = 4320 kw-sec or kJ
Efficiency =
w
QA
0.35 = 4320
QA .
~ = 12,342 kJ
QA = 12,342 kJ
'·
It
In a double-acting, 2 stroke compression ignition engine, 8-cylinder, the diameter of

the cylinder is 700 mm, stroke is 1350 mm and the piston, rod diameter is 250 mm.
When running at 108 rpm, the indicated mean effective pressures above and below
the pistons are 5.80 bar and 4.90 bar respectively. Calculate the brake power of the
engine with a mechanical efficiency of 80% in kilowatts.
A. 6050 C. 6010
B.6030 D. 6070
Solving for the Indicated Power at Head End:
Vo1 = (:) D2LN.C
2
= ( : )<0.10) (1 .35)(1
60
8
° )<0)
= 7.481 m3/s
Diesel Engine Brake Power
Indicated Power (1) = Pm1 x Vo1
= 5.80(100)(7.481) = 4,339 kw
Solving for the Indicated Power at Crank End:
2
Vo2 = ( : } D - d2]LNC
= ( : Jo.1)2 -(o.2s)2 J1.3sX19s160Xs)

= 6.527 m3/sec
Indicated Power (2) = Pm1 x Vo2

= 4.9(100)(6.527) = 3,198 m3/sec
..
Total Indicated Power = 4,339 + ~.198 = 7,537 kw
Brake Power = 7,537 x 0.80 = 6,030 kw
B.6030
The degrees fi ring interval of a 4-stroke cycle, 6-cylinder engine is:

A. 60 deg C. 120 deg
B. 90 deg D. 180 deg
36 2
Degrees firing interval = ~ ) = 120 deg
6
C. 120 deg
Calculate the bore and stroke of a 6-cylinder automobile motor to deliver 30 BHP at
1800 rpm . The ratio of stroke to bore is being 1.4. Assume the mean effective
pressure in the cylinder to be 90 psi and the mechanical efficiency 85 percent.
A. 3" bore, 4.15" stroke C. :r

bore, 4.20" stroke
B. 2.97" bore, 4.15" stroke D. 2.97" bore, 4.20" stroke
Solving for the indicated power (IP):

BP = IP x nm
30 = IP x 0.85
IP = 35.3 hp
Solving for piston displacement, Vd:

IP= P1mXVd
35.3 (33,000) = 90(144) X Vd
3
Vd = 89.87 ft 3/min = 155,295.36 in /min
Vd = ,r D 2LNxC
4
where: UD = ¼, therefore L = 1.40
155,295.36 = ,r D 2 (1 .4D X1800/ 2 )x6

4
D = 2.97 in
L. = 1.4 (2.97) = 4.15 in
B. 2.97" bore, 4.16" stroke ·
An engine has an efficiency of 26%. It uses 2 gallons of gasoline per"hour~ Gasoline

has a heating value of 20,500 BTU/lbm .and a specific gravity of 0.80. What is the
power output of the engine?
A. 41.7 kw C. 0.33 kw
B. 20.0 kw D. 20.8 kw
m, = fuel consumption
POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 4-27 .
m1 = 2gal x ft3 . 0. (62.4 lb)= 13.346 lbs/hr

hr 7.4 }gal Jr 3 •
Power Output = m1 a, x eff
= 13.346 lb x hr x 20,50 Btu x 1.055 kJ x0.26

hr 3600 ec lb Btu
= 20.8 kw
D. 20.8 kw
What is the efficiency of an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 6:1. The gas used
is air.
A. 41 .2% C. 61.2%
B. 51.2% D. 71 .2%
1 1
Eff = 1 - - - = l - - - = 0.512 = 51.2%
rk k-1 (6y.4-l
B. 61.2%
An engine burns a liter of fuel each 12 minutes. The fuel has specific gravity of 0.8,
and a heating value of 45 MJ/kg. The engine has an efficiency of 25%. What is the
brake horsepower of the engine?
A. 16.7 C. 14.7
B. 15.7 D. 13.7
Brake Power
Brake Thermal Eff =
Brake Power = m,Qh x Brake Thermal Eff
1 Ii rrin 1 kg -3
m, = - - - x - x - - x 0.80 = 1.11 x 10 kg/sec.
12 n:in 60s Ii
3 6
Brake Power = (1 .11 x 10· }(45 x 10 )(0.?J,) = 12,487.5 watts
Brake Power = 16.7 hp
A. 16.7
A device produces 37.5 kJ per cycle. There is •one power stroke per cycle. Calculate
the power output If the device is run at 45 rpm.
A. 28.2 kw C. 24.2 kw
B. 26.2 kw D. 22.2 kw
k.J rev min cycle

Power Output = 37.5--x45-x--x-- = 28.125 kw
cycle nin 60s rev
A. 28.2 kw
A diesel generating set consumes 235 liters of fuel during one hour operation and
produces 900 kw power. The density of fuel used is 0.8955 kg/liter. Determine the
specific fuel consumption of the diesel generating set in kg per kw-hr.
A. 0.234 C. 0.254
B. 0.243 D. 0.245
235 Ii
Over-all spec. fuel consumption = - - - - x 0.895~ = 0.234 kg/(kw-hr)
900 kw-hr Ii
A. 0.234
An ideal Otto cycle, the initial pressure and temperature of air during compression are
90 kPa and 12 deg C. Determine the maximum pressure occurring in the cycle if the
initial and final temperature during heat addition process are 350 deg C and 1250 deg
C, and the compression ratio is 6.
A. 2885.68 kPa • C. 48.05 kPa
B. 80.94 kPa D. 98.04 kPa
The maximum pressure in tne cycle is pressure 3, P 3
P1 = 90 kPa
T1 = 12 deg C p 3
T2 = 350 deg C
TJ = 1250 deg C
rk = 6
Solving for pressure 2, P2:

4
Pi = (rk'f
Pi
P2 = (6)1.4
~---------v
90 •
P2 = 1105.74 kPa
We have to check the given Ti if it is correct:

T2= (rk
- yc-1
Ti
Ti = (6 )1.4-1
12+ 273
T2 = 583.58°K = 310.58°C (this is the exact value of T 2 )

Solving for the maximum pressure, P 3:
Pi P3
- =-
- -- = _ __,;;;.....__
583.58 1250+ 273
P3 = 2885.67 kPa
A. 2886.68 kPa
An 850-kwh diesel generating unit has a generator efficiency of 90 percent. If the

mass of the fuel is 209 kilograms , then compute for the engine fuel rate?
A. 3.8 kg/kwh C. 2.5 ·kg/kwh
B. 0.22 kg/kwh D. 0.44 kg/kwh
Generator Output = 850 kw-hr

850
Brake Power Output = = 944.44 kw-hr
0.90
Engine fuel-rate
= ml= ·209 kg = 0.2212 kg/kwh
BP 944.44 kw-hr
B. 0.22 kg/kw-h
The heat transferred to air during a constant-volume heat addition process of an ideal
Otto cycle is 750 kJ/kg. The heat rejected is 300 kJ/kg. Determine the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
A. 40% C. 75% , I
B. 60% D. 50%
0A = 750 kJ/kg
~ = 300 kJ/kg
wN = a,.:... aR = 750 - 300 = 450 kJ/kg

450
Efficiency = WN = = 60%
QA 750
B. 60%
4- 30 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
A prony brake test was done for an electric motor. The motor turns 1,800 revolutions
per minute with a torque of 3 Newton-meter. Calculate the motor power output in
watts .
A. 166.66 watts C. 5,400 watts
B. 565.44 watts D. 600 watts
Motor Power = Brake Power = 2TTTN

= 21r(3{\ 60
1800) = 565.48 watts
B. .666.44 watts
A diesel generating unit, with a generator efficiency of 85%, has an output of 900 kw-
hr. If the mass of fuel is 200 kg, compute the fuel rate of the engine.
A. 0.80 kg/kw-hr C. 0.40 kg/kw-hr
B. 0.19 kg/kw-hr D. 0.95 kg/kw-hr
Generator Output = Brake Power x Eff

900 = BP x 0.85
BP = 1058.82 kw-hr
mass flow rate 200 kg

me, = = 0.188 kg/kw-hr
brake power 105882 kw-hr
B. 0.19 kg/kw-hr
The heat transferred to air during a heat addition process of an ideal Otto cycle is 600
kJ/kg . The heat rejected is 200 kJ/kg. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
A. 33.33% C. 55.55%
B. 44.44% D. 66.66%
,,, =
Q.4 - QR
Q,.
600 200
,,, = - = 0.6666 = 66.66%
600
A~ D. 66.66%
A diesel generating unit, with a generator efficiency of 85%, has an output of 900 kw-
hr. If the mass of fuel is 200 kg, compute the fuel rate of the engine in kg per kw-hr.
A. 0.80 C. 0.40
B. 0.19 D. 0.95
mf 200
- = iQ/ = 0.1888lcg / k-w - hr
BP 90/ 0 .SS
B. 0.19
In an ideal Otto cycle, the initial pressure and temperature of air are 100 kPa and 18
degree C. Determine the maximum pressure in the cycle if the maximum temperature
in the cycle is 600 degree C, and the compression ratio is 8.
A. 2400 kPa C . 1890 kPa
B. 2240 kPa D. 1500 kPa
p 3
T2 (8)1.4-t
(18+273)
T2 = 668.54 °k
Pi =(rk )k 4
P1
..__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ y
P2 =(8)1.4
100
P2 = 1837.91 kPa
~ = P2
T3 T2
~ 1837.91
600+ 273 668.54
P3 = 2400 kPa
A~ A. 2400 kPa
Air enters the cylfnder of an internal combustion engine at an initial pressure and
temperature of 95 kPa and 28 deg C. A four cylinder, single-acting, 40mm x 55 mm,
four stroke engine runs at 4500 rpm . The mass flow rate of air per seconds is 0.01
kg. What is the volumetric efficiency of the engine?
A. 72% C. 87%
B. 81% D. 97.7%
P1v1' = mRT
95V1' = 0.01(0.287)(28 +273)
v; = 0.0090933 m/se(? Exhaust
Gases
Fuel
l1lr (l(g/11)
Diesel Engine Blake Power
j
4- 32 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGI NES
,r 2
Vn =-D LNC
4
Vn = 1r (0.040)2 (o.ossi
4500 )(4)
4 \60x2
Vo = 0.010367255 m3/sec
nv = v1 = 0.0090933 =· 0 _877 = 87_7%

Vo 0.0 10 367255 .
C. 87%
A 20 cm x 36 cm, twin cylinder, two stroke cycle diesel engine running at 650 rpm .
The engine rate is 112 kw. Determine the engine displacement in cubic meter/sec per
brake horsepower.
A. 0.00163 C. 0.0163
B. 0.16300 D. 0.0631
650
,r (0.20)2 (0.36{ )(2) 3
VD= 4 \ 60 0.001632m / sec
BP 112 HP
0.746
A. 0.00163
A 1000 kw-hr diesel generating set has a generator efficiency of 85% . If the mass of
the fuel is 150 kg, compute the engine fuel rate.
A. 0.15 kg/kw-hr C. 0.1175 kg/kw-hr
B. 0.127 kg/kwa.hr D. 22.7 kg/kw-hr
mf 150
- = lOOOI =0.1275 kg / kw- hr
BP / 0.8 5
B. 0.127 kg/kw-hr
Determine the air-standard efficiency of an engine operating on the diesel cycle when
the suction pressure is 99.97 kPa and the fuel is injected for 6% of the stroke, the
clearance volume is 8% of the stroke. Assume k = 1.4.
A. 60% C. 80%
B. 55% D. 50%
Vo =V, -V2
V2= 0.08Vo
T} =~ = VD + V2 VD+ 0 .0 8VD = 13.5

V2 Vi 0 .0 8VD
,. = V3 = V2 + 0 .0 6VD = 0 .0 8+0.06
C -"----=- - -- - 1.7
Vi Vi 0 .08 P 2 .---...._
4
1 [ l. 7 5 t. - 1 ] 4 •
e = l - (13.5 )1- 4 - 1 1.4(1. 7 5 -1
e = 0 .6 0= 6 0% ' - - - - - - - - --v
A~ A.60%
In problem No. 41 , what is the compression ratio?

A. 13.5 C. 6
B: 8 D. 4
A. 13.6
In problem No. 41 , what is the cut-off ratio?

A. 4 C. 8 ,
B. 6 . D. 1.75
D. 1.76
INTERNAL COMBUSTION -
,
In problem No. 41 , what is the clearance ratio as a percentage of the piston volume
displacement?
A. 4% C. 10%
B. 8% D. 6%
O.OSVD
0.08= 8%
VD
B. 8%
A 650 bhp diesel engine uses fuel oil of 28°API gravity at 45 deg C, fuel consumption
is 0.65 lbs per bhp-hr. Cost of fuel is P7 .95 per liter. What is the density of the fuel
used in kg/Ii?
A 0.887 C. 0.884
B. 0.869 D. 0.821
o API = l 4 l. 5 -1 1.5
SG 15.6 Exhaust
Gases
4 5
28= l L -1 1.5
SG 15.6-
SG1 s.s = 0.887
SG1 = SG1 s.s[1 - 0.0007(t - 15.6)] Diesel Engine Brake Power

650 bhp
SG◄s = 0.887[1 - 0.0007(45 - 15.6)]
SG◄ s = 0.8687
Density of fuel = 0.8687 (1) = 0.8687 kg/Ii
B. 0.869
From Problem No. 45, What is the fuel consumption in liters per hr?
A 220.5 C. 225.0
B. 202.5 D. 255.5
mt 0.6jb kg Ii
Vt = - = - - - x 6 5 < B h p x - ~ - x - - -
Pf Bhp-hr 2.20jbs 0.869<g
Vt = 22O51i / hr
A. 220.6
From Problem No. 45, Determine the minimum volume of the required day tank.
A. 1952 litera C. 5192 liters
B. 2952 liters D. 5292 liters
Volume= 220.5 (24) = 5292 liters
D. 6292 liters
From Problem No. 45, Find the cost of fuel per day.
A. P42,071 C. P41,271
B. P42,710 D. P40,701
Cost= P7.95 x 5292 Ii= P42,071.4 per day
A. P42,071
An otto engine has a clearance volume of 7%. It produces 300 kw power. What is
the heat rejected in kw?
A. 170 C. 152
B. 160 D. 145
rk = I+ c = 1 + 0.07 = 15.38 p 3
C 0.07
1 1
e = 1- k-l = 1- ( )1. _ = 0.664
').- 15.28 4 1
w
e= -
Q.4.
300
0 .664=
QA
<lA = 451.8 kw '------------v
<lA =W + QR
451.8 = 300 + QR
QR= 151.8 kw
C. 162
A 2000 kw diesel engine unit uses 1 bbl of oil per 525 kw-hr produced. Oil is 25°API.
Efficiency of generator is 93% and mechanical efficiency of engine is 80%. What is
the thermal efficiency of the engine based on indicated power(%).
A. 31.7 C. 29.67
B. 39.6 D. 31.6
1 bbl= 42 gal
Solving for the density:

OAPI= l 4 1.S _131.5
SG
4 5
25= l I. -131.5
SG15.6 Diesel Engine
SG15.s = 0.904 Cooling Water In Cooling Water out
Density= 0.904 kg/Ii
mt= fuel consumed= 42(3.7854)(0.0904) = 143.724 kg
ah= 41,130 + 139.6(25) = 44,s20 kJ/kg
525
Indicated Work=----= 705.645 kw-hr
0,93 X 0.80
= 705.645(3600) = 2,540, 323 kw-s or kJ
.
1nd icated t,1erma
,. I f!.JJ
.rr
= 2,540,323
,J ~
39.60,,
;,o
143.72,44,62 01
A~ 8. 39.6
Find the power of a rotating shaft with a torque of 188 N-m and rotating at 1350 rpm.
A. 35.6 HP C. 36.6 HP
B. 111 .55HP D. 156.75HP
Power= WN = 2,r (1ss{1 !~ 0

)
26,577.87 Watts x hp 35,6 hp

146 watts
A. 36.6 HP
Performance values of a 3 MW Diesel generating set are as follows:

Fuel rate, 1.5 barrels for 900 kwh of 25 deg API fuel
Generator efficiency, 92 percent
Mechanical efficiency, 81 percent
Voltage, 440/220, three-phase, 60 hertz
Determine the fuel consumed for 900 kwh energy produced
A. 271 .2 kg C. 172.2 kg
B. 227.1 kg D. 122.7 kg
200 Ii kg
mf=l.5 barrel x - - x 0.904- Generator
barrel Ii Output
900 kw-h
m, = 271.2 kg
Diesel Engine
A. 271.2 kg Coollng Water OUt
From Problem No. 52, Deterrnine the engine-fuel rate in kg per kw-hr.
A. 0.300 C. 0.277
B. 0.229 D. 0.127
900
Brake Power=--=978.26kw-hr
0.92
mf = 271.2 =0_ 277 kg I
BP 978.26 kw-hr
I
J
C. 0.277
From Problem No. 52, Determine the brake thermal efficiency.

A. 45.1% C. 34.1%
B. 41.1% D. 29.1%
Qh = 41,130 + 139.6(25) = 44,620 kJ/kg
BP
Brake Th ermal Eff, '1tb = - -
mfQ,,
978.26 k./ - hr x 3600sec
sec hr xl00
'1,b kg)
271.2 kg (44,620 kl I
l'ltb = 29.1%
D. 29~1%
From Problem No. 52, Determine the indicated thermal efficiency.

A. 67.7% C. 42.5%
B. 51 .2% D. 35.5%
BP 978.26
Indicated Power, IP==-=--==1193 kw-hr
11m 0.82
IP
Jndicared Thermal Eff, T/,b = - -
mfQ;,
1139kJ -hr x 36 00.ec

T/th - sec ( hr rl00
- 2112 kg44,620 kJ I kg
l'llb = 35.5%
D. 36.6%
A car engine produce an average of 40 kw of power in a period of 15-min during

which 1.5 kg of gasoline is consumed. If the heating value of gasoline is 44,050
kJ/kg, the efficiency of this engine during this period is
A. 34.5% . C. 52.5%
B. 48.5% D. 54.5%
kJ 60sec .
40 - X - - x 15 lllll
BP sec . mo
Etb = _m_f_Q_h == _l._S_k_g-(4-4,-0-50-kJ_l_k_g_) = 0.5448 = 54.48%
r
4- 38 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
D. 64.6%
A Diesel engine consumed 500 liters of fuel having a density of 870 gms/liter and a
heating value of 43,700 kJ/kg. If the thermal efficiency is 28%, how many hp-hrs will
be generated?
A. 2678 C. 1912
B. 2952 D. 1982
m, = 500(0.87) = 435 kg
IP
l')ti =
m1 Q1,
IP
020
= (435X43,100)
IP = 5,322,660 kJ
hr
IP = 5,322,660 k.J x = 1478.51 kw-hr
3600 sec ·
hp
IP = 1478.51 kw-hr x = 1981.92 hp-hr
0.746 kw
D. 1982
The compression ratio of an air-standard gasoline engine is 7.5. The .heat added is
1700 kJ/kg. If the initial pressure and temperature are 100 kPa and 27°C
respectively, determine the temperature in °Cat the end of the isentropic expansion.
A. 968 C. 1765.5 ·
B. 1047 D. 1087.5
p 3
T2 = 671 .65°K = 398.65°C

4
.____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ v
1700 = 0.716(T3- 671 .65)

T3 = 3,045.95°K
T1 ( \,H
- · = '"kJ
T4
3,045.95 = (7.5)1.4- 1
T4
T4 = 1360.5°K = 1087.5°C
D. 1087.6
Calculate the thermal efficiency of an air-standard Diesel cycle operating with a

compression ratio of 22 and cut-off ratio of 2.5.
A. 50.9% . C. 63.9%
B. 56.9% D. 70.9%
Eff - 1 1 [ r/ -1 ]
- - r/-1 k{rc - 1)
Eff- 1 1 [(2.5)1.4_1]
- · - (22)1. 4-l 1.4{2.5 -1)
Eff = 0.6395 = 63.9%
~ C.63.9%
INTERNAL COMBUSTION - GO
Calculate the thermal efficiency of an air standard limited pressure cycle with a
compression ratio of 22, initial pressure ·and temperature of 100 kPa and 27°C
respectively, a pressure limit of 13 MPa, and total heat input of 1800 kJ/kg of air.
A. 59% C. 71%
B. 43% D. 63%
4
T2 = 1032.97°K
Q = mCp(T3 -T2) ----------v

1800 = (1.0)(T3-1032.97)
T:, = 2832.97°K
re = V3 = T3 = 283297 = 2 _74
V2 T2 103297
4 - 40 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Eff = I l [ 2 ·74 l.4 - lJ = 0.6303 = 63.03%

(22)1-4-l 1.4 2.74- 1
D. 63%
A four cylinder four-stroke Diesel engine with 20 cm bore and 30 cm stroke running at
1200 rpm has a reading of 400 kPa mean effective pressure in the indicator
diaphragm. Calculate the indicated power generated in kw.
A. 283.70 C. 329.1
B. 214.60 D. 150.79
IC 2
Vv =-D LNC
4
v = 1e (0.20)2(0.30{ 1200)(4) = ·o.37699 m3

D 4 -\_2x60
Exhaust
Gases
IP = Vo x P im
IP =
(0.37699)(400) = 150.79 ~
D. 160.79 Diesel Engine Brake Power
A prony brake for measuring the power g_ enerated of a six-cylinder, two-stroke Diesel
engine running at 2500 rpm indicates a reading of 300 N. The length of the arm of the
prony brake is 1.5 m. In an hour operation it consumes 20 kg of fuel with a heating
value of 48,000 kJ/kg. Determine the brake thermal efficiency.
A. 0.2167 C. 0.3583
B. 0.3857 D. 0.4417
BP = 21r(0.3xl.5{ !~
2 0
) = 117.8 kw
117.8
= 0.4417
~ (48,000)
3600
D. 0.4417
.POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 4 - 41
An Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 7 .5 and a maximum temperature of 750°C.

At the beginning of the compression stroke, the pressure and temperature of the
working fluid are 100 kPa and 25°C. Based upon the cold air-standard analysis
assumptions, how much work is produced per cycle completion?
A. 93.8 kJ/kg C. 127.44 kJ/kg
B. 125.6 kJ/kg D. 196.88 kJ/kg
p 3
1
0.55334
(7.5)1.4-1
.___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ v
T2 = 667.17°K
T3 = 750°C = 1023°K
Eff = Wnet
QA
0.5533 = wnet
355.83
Wrve1 = 196.88 kJ/kg
D. 196.88 kJ/kg
A 6-liter (3-liter per revolution at standard pressure and temperature) spark ignition
engine has a compression ratio of 7 and 2300 kJ/kg heat addition by fluid combustion.
Considering a cold air-standard Otto cycle model, how much power will the engine
produce when operating at 2800 rpm?
A . 75 hp C. 187 hp
· 8. 120 hp D. 280 hp
1
Eff = 1- - - =1 l = 0.5408
rk
k-1 (?)l.4-1
280
v, = 3 Ii x ~ rev = 8400 Ii/min = 8.4 m 3/min
rev mn
p = 1.2 kg/m 3 at STP
m = pV = 1.2(8.4) = 10.08 kg/min
a,. = 10.08(2300) = 23,184 kJ/min = 386 .4 kJ/sec
Eff = W nt!I
QA
0 .5408 = Wn I
386.4
Wne1 = Power produced = 208 .96 kw = 280.11 hp
D. 280 hp
A pure Diesel cycle operates with a·compression ratio of 18, and cut-off ratio of 2 .69 .
What is the rate of heat input in kJ/sec required for this cycle to produce 400 hp?
A. 225 C. 445
B. 351 D. 496
Eff = 1
- 1} k-1
1 [ r/ -1
-1)
k{rc
]
4
Eff = 1 - [.....(2.69)1.
1 -- -1] = 0.6014
--,.--'----.-
(18)1. 4- 1 l.4{2.69-1)
400
0.6014 =
QA
0... = 665.11 hp = 496.17 kw (kJ/sec)
D. 496
A Sterling engine uses an energy source whose temperature is 750°C and energy
sink whose temperature is 50°C. How much heat must be added to the en~i"'"' •
produce 5.0 units work? ·
A. 2.0 C. 7 .3 P 3
B. 5.0 D. 6.5
TH 750+273
Eff = _...;;.;;.._=---- = 1.4614
TH-TL 750-50
Eff = QA 4
w
1.4614 = QA
5
~ = _7.307 units
C. 7.3
Calculate the volumetric efficiency of .a four stroke six-cylinder car engine of 10 cm

3
bore and 10 cm stroke running at 2500 rpm with 3.0 m /min of entering air.
A. 83.2 C. 62.3
B. 70.1 D. 50.9
VD= ,r D 2 LNC
4
Vn =: 2 00
(0.10)2(0.10{ : }6) = 3
5.89 m /min
. V, 3
nv = _ l. = - - = 0.5093 = 50.93%
Vd 5.89
D. 60.9
A 18 cm x 24 cm single-acting, 8-cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine operates at 1500

rpm . The load on the brake arm which is 105 cm length is 100 kg. What is the brake
mean effective pressure in kPa?
A. 445.9 kPa C. 264.9 kPa
B. 547.9 kPa D. 305.6 kPa
V = ,r D 2 LNC = 1r (0.18)2 (0.24{ I 500)(s)

D 4 4 \2x60
3
Vo = 0.6107 m /sec
BP = Pm1:> Vo
2TTTN = Pmb Vo
1
2.n-(IOOr9.8 lxl.05{ !~0) = Pmh(0.6107)
Pmt> = 264,941 .66 Pa = 264.9 kPa
C. 264.9 kPa
A diesel.engine takes in air at 1 bar, 27°C subjected to a compression of 20.

Calculate the operating clearance in percent.
A. 9.45 C. 7.52
8. 6.85 D. 5.26
l+c
C
r 4 - 44 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
20 = 1+c ~
C C
C = 0.0526 = 5.26%
D. 6.26
An air standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 7 .5. At the beginning of the
compression the pressure and temperature of air are 100 kPa and 27°C, respectively.
The heat added is 1650 kJ/kg. Calculate the mean effective pressure in kPa .
A. 1045.5 C. 1369.5 .
B. 1156.5 D. 1223.5
1
Eff = 1- 7:=1
"k
p 3
1
Eff = 1
(1.sy-4-1
Eff = 0.5533
Eff = -
w 4
QA
w
0.5533 = - -
1650
'-----------V
W = 912.945 kJ/kg
Pw1 = RT1
100(v1) = 0.287(27 + 273)
v1 = 0.861 m3/kg
Vi
r1c =-
V2
7.5 = 0.861
V2
V2 = 0.1148
W = Pmt> Vo = Pmt> (V1 -V2)

912.945 = Pmt>(0.861 -0.1148)
Pmt> = 1223.45 kPa
D. 1223.6
The cycle work of an air standard Otto engine is 1100 ~J/kg. The maxi mum cycle
temperature is 3300°C and the temperature at the end of isentropic compression is
700°C. Calculate the compression ratio of the engine.
A. 6.25 C. 8.54
B. 7.78 D. 9.34
~ = mCv(T3-T2) p 3
~ = 0.716(3300- 700)
~ = 1861 .6 kJfkg .
Eff = W = ·lloO = 0.59089

QA 18616.
4
1
Eff = 1 - --
'°kl .4-l '----------V
. 1
0.5909 = 1 - ~
rk
D. 9.34
Calculate the thennal efficiency of an air standard diesel cycle with minimum
temperature and pressure of 27°C and 100 kPa, and maximum temperature of
1300°C. The heat added is 1000 kJ/kg.
A 18.5% C .. 24.5 %
B. 21 .5% D. 31.5
~ = mCp(T3-T2)
1000 = (1 .0)(1573-T2)
T2 = 573°K
..___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ v
573
("t )"-1
25+273
rk = 5.04
4
Eff = 1 l [ 4·21 1. - lJ = 0.2447 = 24.47%
(5.04)1. 4- 1 1.4 4.2 1- 1
C. 24.6 %
A gasoline engine generates 300 kw while consuming 0.025 kg/sec of fuel. The
friction power is 50 kw. The higher heating value of the fuel is 42,500 kJ/kg.
Calculate the indicated thermal efficiency.
A. 17.5 % C. 32.9 %
B. 21.5 % D. 45.6 %
FP = IP-BP
50 = IP-300
IP = 350 kw
Effti - __!!_ - 350 = 0.329 = 32.9

- m
1 Qh - (o.025X42,500)
C. 32.9 %
The following data are the results on a test of an Otto cycle engine: torque = 1800 N-
m; indicated mean effective pressure·= 700 kPa; fuel consumption = 0.006 kg/sec;
fuel heating value= 43,000 kJ/kg; bore x stroke= 25 cm x 35 cm; speed = 400 rpm.
Calculate the brake mean effective pressure.
A. 329.5 C. 555.6
B. 456.9 D. 658.4
BP = 2nTN
BP
0
°)
= 2,r(1.s{ : 0 = 75.3Skw
ft 2
Vv=-D LNC
4
400
Vv =.!.(o.25)2(o.3i ) = 0.1145 m3/sec
4 \ 60
BP = Pm1> Vo
75.39 = Pim (0.1145)
Prm = 658.42 kPa
D. 668.4
A diesel engine is operating a 4-stroke cycle has a heat rate of 8000 Btu per Bhp-hr._
The compression ratio is 13, the cut-off ratio is 2, k = 1.32. Find the Cycle Efficiency.
A 30% C.50% •
B. 40% D. 60%
Cycle Efficiency = 1
1
[ r/ - l ]
kh-1)
= 1 1. .[(2y32 -1]
- l'}., k- 1 (13)132-1 1.32(2-1)
= 50.10%
C.60%
jj~••§;J~M-«•1M1=\ii-i•MsA•s
In Problem No. 75, Find the brake thermal efficiency.
A. 31.8% C. 51.8%
B. 41.8% ·o. 61.8%
8ti = brake thermal efficiency = WB

QA
Btu
1 bhp- hr x 2545-.---
. bhp-hr = 31.81%
8000 Btu
A. 31.8%
In problem No. 75, Find the Brake Engine Efficiency.

A. 53.5% C. 73.5%
B. 63.5% D. 83.5%
e,,
etit =brake thermal efficiency = -WB
W
=-
e
03181
- - - = 63.49%
0.5010
B. 63.6%
A certain diesel engine with the following specifications, 8 cylinder, 400 mm x 600
mm, four stroke cycle has a fuel consumption of 0.6 lbs/hp-hr based on 19,100 Btu/lb.
Engine speed is 280 rpm with an indicated MEP of 130 psi. If the jacket water carries
away an estimated 25% of the heat supplied, find its capacity (GPM) required if the
allowable rise is 40°F.
A 142 C. 342
B. 242 D. 399
Vo = piston displacement
280
= ,r (o.4)2 (0.6{ )(s) = 1.40743 m /sec 3
4 \ 2.x60
Indicated Power = Pm1 x Vo
= 13j lO l.3 25 ) (1.4074~ = 1,261 .16 kW. = 1,690.56 hp

'\ 14.7
m, = fuel consumption =:-0.6 (1,690.56) = 1,014.336 lbs/hr
Heat supplied = mrOh = 1,014.336 (19,100) = 19,373,817.6 Btu/hr
Heat carried by jacket water = 0.25 (19,373,817.6)
=
4,843,454.4 Btu/hr =
80,724.24 Btu/min
Q = mCp ~T
80,724.24 = m(1 .0)(40)
m = 2,018.106 lb/min
V = 2,0l8.l0 6 x7.481 = 241.9 GPM

62.4
B. 242
A four-cylinder, four-cycle engine with 10-cm diameter pistons and an 15-cm stroke
operates at a speed of 700 rpm and yields an indicator diagram. The area under the
2
curve (PV diagram) is equal to 12.25 cm • The length of the diagram is 8.75 cm, and
the spring constant of the indicator spring is 600 kPa/cm. Detennine the mean
effective pressure.
A. 500 kPa C. 840 kPa
B. 650 kPa . D. 970 kPa
Ar ea under curve . I
MEP = - - - - - - x spring sea e
stro ke ·
12 2 5
MEP = · · x 600 = 840 kPa
8.75
C. 840 kPa
In Problem No. 79, Find the Indicated power.

A. 18kw C. 23kw
B. 21 kw D. 30 kw
Ind. Power = MEP x V d

= 840x !:. (0.10)2 (0.1 5{ ?OO )4 = 23. 1 kw

4 \2.x60 1
C. 23 kw t
An air-standard Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 9.0 has air entering at 101 kPa
and 27°C. There is an input of 1800 kJ/kg of heat during the heat addition process.
Determine the thermar efficiency.
A. 58% C. 68%
B. 63% D. 75%
r\th = 1-r1 -k = 1-9.01 - 1·4 = 1-0.42 = 58.47%"

A. 68%
In Problem No. 81, Determine the Net Work in kJ/kg.

A. 1052 C. 2052 .
B. 1752 D. 2752
r\th . =
w.
____!!E__
QA
0.5847 = wnet
1800
Wret = 1052.46 kJ/kg
A. 1062
In Problem No. 81, Find the Maximum Temperature.

A. 6229 K C. 4229 K
B. 5229 K D. 3229 K
T2
T1
=(~)k-1
V2
p 3
T2 =(9_0 y-4-1
300
T2 = 722.46 K 4
0A = Cv(T3-T2)
1800 = 0.718(T3- 722.46) '---------V
T3 = 3229.42 K
j
D. 3229 K
An air-standard dual cycle receives air at 25°C and 1 atmosphere pressure. The
compression ratio is 15, and the cut-off ratio is 2.5. During the constant volume heat
addition process the pressure doubles and the maximum temperature Is 2300 K.
Determine the heat added in the constant volume process.
A. 332 kJ/kg C. 532 kJ/kg
B. 432 kJ/kg D. 632 kJ/kg p
3
---
P, r
P1 = 1.013 bar = 101.3 kPa
=I\(~ = 101.3(1 sf
4
= 4488.87 kPa
7j( ~ )H = 29(1sf
·5
T2 = 4-1 = 880.34 K
P3 = 2P2 = 2(4488.8) = 8977.6 kPJ = P 4

L--------- V
T3 = 2T2 = 2(880.3) = 1760.6 K

T.. = 2300 K
\14 cut off ratio 2.5

"s compressio ratio 15
T, = r4( ::r =230{~:r-l = 1123.2K
P, = ~( :J = 8977.{ ~: r = 730. 71 kPa
~ = Cv(T3 - T2) ::: 0.718(1760.6 -880.3) = 632.05 kJ/kg
D. 132 kJ/kg
In Problem No. 84, Find the heat added in the constant pressure process.
A. 339 kJ/kg C. 539 kJ/kg ·
B. 439 kJ/kg D. 639 kJ/kg
Os... = Cp(T,.-T3) = 1.0(2300-1760.6) = 539.4 kJ/kg

POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENG1NEERING 4-51
C. 639 kJ/kQ.
In Problem No. 84, Find the thermal efficiency.

A. 49.5% C. 62.5%
B. 55.9% D. 72.5%
Os., = C,,(Ts -T,) = 0.718(1123.2-298) = 590.86 kJ/kg

'ltti = Qin - Qout Q 2-3 +~ - 4 - Q5 _1
Q;n Q2- 3 + Q3_ 4
632+ 539.4-5908
'1th =- - - - - - = 49.56%
632+539.4
A. 49.6%

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POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING

Basic Cl:1ssific:1tion of Engines:

type of Engine FUIIUstd Method of Ignition Operating

Gasoline Engine Gasoline Spark Otto

Kerosene Engine Kerosene Spark Otto

Gas Engine Gaseous Fuel Spark Otto

Diesel Engine Diesel Heat of Compression Diesel

Oil-Diesel Engine Fuel Oils Heat of compression Diesel

tJuntberof,str.oli ~ ~ ~ ~ eJbod,o stamn,g· -~

Cycle Analysis of 4-Stroke Gasoline Engine (Otto Cycle):

Four-strokes (piston movements) :

Otto Cycle Processes:

Process 1 -+ 2: lsentropic compression

Cycle Efficiency = wn CI/ = QA - QR

Cycle Analysis of Two-Stroke Gasoline Engine :

In a two-stroke cycle gasoline engine, air-fuel mixture enters the crankcase.

Exhaust Port ~--------- V

Process 1- 2: lsentropic compress.ion

Cycle Analysis of 4-Stroke Diesel Engine (Diesel Cycle):

Four-strokes (piston movements) :

Diesel Cycle Processes :

Process 1 -+ 2: lsentropic compression

Spe-c:ific Hea_t Ratio, k = 1.4 for)fr_stand~@

Cycle Analysis of 2-Stroke Diesel Eng,ne :

DUAL CYCLE (AIR-STANDARD)

Alr..standard dual cycle is an ideal cycle that approximates the performance of a

Dual Cycle Processes:

Process 1- 2: lsentropic compression

Pressure r:atio, rp Cut-off Ratio, re

Stirling C cle Processes:

Process 1 - 2: Constant temperature compression and cooling

Cycle Thermal Efficiency:

_W._ne_t = Q,n -Qoul ·

Ericson Cycle Processes:

Process 1 -+ 2: Constant pressure heating

Cycle Thermal Efficiency :

PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL GENERATING SET:

Cooling Water Out

1. Heat Generated by Fuel

3. Piston Volume Displacement, Vo

Measuring instruments used:

Measuring Instruments used:

Calculation of brake power using brake mean effective pressure:

where : Pmb = brake mean effective pressure, kPa

Friction Power lndio ted Power - Brake Pewer

Btake Power = lncficated Power - Frlctfon Power

nm= . Brake Power = PmbVD = Pmb

Brake Rower = Ind Pow.er x am

10. Thermal efficiency

c. nr.c = combined or overall thermal efficiency

11. Volumetric Efficiency (air only)

Actual Volume of Air Entering

12. Specific Fuel Consumption

c. me = combined or overall spec. fuel consumption

13. Heat Rate

. Ind Power kw-hr

c. Engine-Generator Heat Rate

14. Generator Speed

Typical Heat Balance of Diesel Engine:

Useful Output (Brake Power).... ......... ........... 34%

Heat Input by Fuel.... .. ..... ......................... ... .. 100%

Reasons for supercharging:

Five Auxiliary Systems of Diesel Engine: