DRRR

EXPOSURE - It is the elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard event.

HAZARD - A potentially dangerous physical occurrence, phenomenon or human activity that may result in loss of life
or injury, and property damage.

VULNERABILTY - The condition determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes.

Considerations of Risk Factors Underlying Disaster

Severity of Exposure - measures those who have the highest risk of developing future mental health problems.

Gender, Age, and Family - are also part of the considerations.

Economic Status of the Country - disasters are most prevalent in developing countries like the Philippines.

Different Risks Factors Which Underlie Disasters

Climate change - it is the long-term alteration of weather patterns and temperatures around the world.

Environmental degradation - it is the harmful changes in the environment caused by humans, like cutting trees.

Globalized economic development - it means that businesses and economies are connected worldwide, making it
easier to buy and sell things across borders.

Poverty and inequality - it means that poor people often end up living in places where natural disasters are more
likely to happen.

Poorly planned and managed urban development - refers to the process of city growth and expansion that lacks
foresight, coordination, and effective governance, leading to various negative outcomes for both the environment
and society.

Weak governance - means that in some places, the government isn't able or willing to do its job properly.

Effects of Disaster on One’s Life

Effects of Disaster

1. Displaced Population - when a disaster strikes, people may need to abandon their homes and seek shelter in
another place.
2. Health Risks - it's not just the disaster itself that's dangerous, but also the health risks that come afterward.
3. Food Scarcity - when natural disasters like storms or droughts happen, they can wreck crops and destroy
farming supplies.
4. Emotional aftershocks - when big disasters happen, like earthquakes or hurricanes, they can be really scary
for kids.
 Different Perspective of Disaster

The Different Perspectives of Disaster

1. Physical Perspective - great physical damage in a community infrastructure, its people and their properties.
Factors Influences Effects of a Disaster on a Country:
1. Magnitude of the disaster
2. Geography of the area affected
3. Recovery efforts directed towards the effects of a disaster.
Effects of Physical Disasters:
- Injuries
- Physical disabilities or illness
- Sanitation
- Damage in infrastructure

2. Psychological Perspective - Victims of disasters may suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other
serious mental health conditions.

Psychological Effects of a Disaster:

- Distress - Fear

- Lack of trust - Guilt feeling

- Hopelessness

3. Socio-cultural Perspective - Filipinos are generally known as “matiisin”, resourceful, helpful, optimistic, and
prayerful.

- The culture of “malalampasan din natin ‘to..” belief and “bahala na ang Diyos” syndrome give hope to most Filipino
in the midst of a disaster.

Socio-cultural Effect of Disaster

- Change in individual

- Disruption of social relationships and personal connections

4. Economic Perspective - Disasters affect the economic condition of a community because they reduce local and
international trade.

- It can also partially or totally paralyze a country’s transportation system.

Economic Effects of Disasters

- Loss of Life - Unemployment

- Loss of Property

- Loss of Household Articles

- Loss of Crops

5. Political Perspective - mediated by the political system of a country, disasters can have major consequences for
political stability and political legitimacy.
Political Effects of a Disaster

- People who have trust in political institution will assess the government’s risk assessments as credible and accept
their hazard policies (Johnson 1999)

- Low level of trust in public institutions therefore means that citizens may ignore the recommendations and
disregard the information provided by these institutions (McCaffey 2004).

- If individuals are confident that they will receive sufficient aid from the government when a disaster occurs, they
might not be motivated to take measures on their own (King and Kang 2000).

6. Biological Perspective - disturbing effects caused by a prevalent kind of disease or virus in an epidemic or
pandemic.

(a)Epidemic Level: Biological disaster affects large numbers of people within a given community or area.

Example: Dengue.

(b)Pandemic Level: Biological disaster affects a much large region, sometime spanning entire continents or the
globe.

Example: Corona virus

Effects of Biological Disasters:

➢ Loss of lives

➢ Public demobilization

➢ Negative economic effect

➢ Unemployment

➢ Hunger

Vulnerability in Disaster

What is Vulnerability?

- It is the susceptibility of an individual or a group of people on the impact of natural hazard.

Communities can be vulnerable due to various factors:

Geographic location - communities located in areas prone to specific hazards, such as earthquakes or hurricanes,
may be vulnerable to those particular events.

Socioeconomic status - lower income communities often face higher vulnerability due to limited resources for
preparedness, response, and recovery efforts.

Infrastructure - the quality and resilience of a community’s infrastructure, including buildings, roads, and utilities can
impact its vulnerability to hazards.

Access to resources - limited access to healthcare, transportation, and emergency services can increase vulnerability.

Social factors - factors like age, disability, and language barriers can affect a community’s ability to respond and
recover from hazards.

Preparedness measures - community with emergency plans, early warning systems, and community engagement
initiatives tent to be more resilient.

“Level of vulnerability of an area or community can be assessed base on different factors. These factors can affect
one another or can lead to other factors. ”

1. Population density near a hazard event

• Population differs from population density.

• Population refers to the number of individuals inhabiting in a particular space at the same time.

• Population density refers to the number of individuals living in an area in relation to the size of an area.

2. Capacity and efficiency to reduce Disaster Risk

Community that is less vulnerable has the capacity to reduce disaster risk because;

1. It can provide accessibility and availability of services and facilities during and after disaster.

2. It has the ability to anticipate, adapt, and respond to possible disaster.

Vulnerabilities of Different Elements Exposed to Hazard

1. Physical Vulnerability - it refers to how expose a place is to damage or destruction during natural disasters
like typhoons or earthquakes.
2. Social Vulnerability - it refers to how well a community can cope with and recover from disasters because of
how people interact and the way society is set up.
3. Economic Vulnerability - it is about how likely a place is to be badly affected by disasters based on how
much money a certain area/place have.
4. Environmental Vulnerability - it refers to how much harm the environment can suffer from things like using
up resources or damaging ecosystems.
Hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities

Hazard - it is the potential harm.

Exposure - elements at risk.

Vulnerability - susceptibility or inability of a community to prevent, mitigate, prepare for and respond to hazardous
events.

Risk - this is the chance or likelihood that something bad might happen because of that hazard.

Hazards: Its Types, Impact, Identification and Risk Assessment

HAZARD - It is a harmful condition, substance, human behavior or condition that can cause loss of life, injury, and
others.

Types of Hazards:

Natural Hazards - arise from natural processes in the environment

-Examples: earthquakes, tsunami, landslide, volcanic eruptions and floods.

Quasi-natural Hazards - arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities

Examples: pollution, desertification, smog

Technological (or man-made) Hazards - arise directly as a result of human activities

Examples: accidental release of chemicals, toxic and pesticides to flora and fauna

Hazards Signs and Symbols

Impact of Hazards

One way to classify the hazards impacts is by means of general impact themes namely:

1. Danger to life

2. Denial of access

3. Damage to physical environment

Physical Impact

- Physical injuries (bone fracture, wounds, bruises)

- Destruction and loss of vital infrastructure like transportation system, roads, and bridges

- Wide spread destruction of housing and buildings

Psychological Impact

- Grief and psychological illness

- Marital Conflict

- Depression due to loss of loved ones

- Chronic anxiety

Socio-cultural Impact

- Displacement of population

- Loss of cultural identity

- Forced adoption of new sets of culture

- Ethnic conflicts

Economic Impact

- Loss of job due to displacement

- Loss of harvest and livestock

- Loss of farms, fish cages

- Loss of money and other valuables

Environmental Impact
Loss of forest due to forest fires

- Loss of fresh water due to salination

- Disturbance of biodiversity

- Loss of natural rivers

Biological Impact

- Epidemic to people, flora and fauna

- Chronic and permanent illness caused by biological agents

- Proliferation of different viral diseases.

Identification of Hazards and Risk Assessment:

Hazard Identification - the process of determining all physical and nonphysical agents in the workplace or specific
environment.

Risk Assessment - Way to determine which standards and risks should prioritized by taking into consideration the
probability and severity of impact.

Steps in hazard identification and risk assessment:

1. Identify the hazards - identifying hazards involves using various methods:

A. Observation: Using your senses and knowledge to detect potential dangers in the workplace.

B. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs): Obtaining information from manufacturers about hazardous substances
and safety precautions.

C. Hazard and risk surveys: Interviewing others to gather safety concerns and considering risks to all individuals,
including children and visitors.

D. Discussion groups: Collaborating with others to identify hazards and propose solutions.

E. Safety audits: Establishing a committee to regularly inspect the workplace for safety issues.

2. Assess the Risk - involves evaluating how likely it is for someone to get hurt and how severe the injury could be if
an accident happens.

3. Make the changes - involve removing hazards, such as replacing something dangerous with something safer, or
making engineering modifications like installing safety barriers or improving ventilation.

4. Checking the changes made - involve testing safety measures before resuming work. Monitoring ensures that the
changes are followed consistently and contribute to better safety.