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Family Law
Family Law
INTRODUCTION
In general terms, Maintenance is the amount which a husband is
under an obligation to make to a wife either during the
subsistence of the marriage or upon separation or divorce, under
certain circumstances.
The main aim of providing maintenance is that the wife should
not be left destitute on separation or divorce from her husband.
PERSONS ENTITILED TO
MAINTENANCE
1
Ameer Ali : Mohammedan law, vol.2, P.358
A Muslim is under an obligation to maintain the following
persons:
1) His descendants
2) His ascendants
3) His collaterals
4) His wife
1)Descendants –
2
Fyzee : outlines of Mohammaden Law, 3rd Ed. (1964), p. 203
Father’s liability- The father’s liability to maintain his
children is absolute and is not affected by his indigence so
long as he can earn.
2) Ascendants-
3) Collaterals-
4
Section 125, criminal procedure code, 1973
Under Hanafi law, a Muslim is under obligation to maintain
its collateral relations within the prohibited degree only in the
following case:-
4)Wife-
It is incumbent on a husband to maintain his wife, whether she is
Muslim or Kitabiyyah, poor or rich, enjoyed or unenjoyed,
young or old. However if the wife is too young for matrimonial
intercourse, she has no right to get maintenance from her
husband. Where the marriage is valid and the wife is capable to
render marital intercourse, it’s the husband’s duty to maintain
his wife even though she may have means to maintain herself. 5
But if she unjustifiably refuses to cohabit with her husband then
she loses her right for maintenance.
ii. If she refuses free access to the husband without any valid
cause.
vii. If she deserts him voluntarily and does not perform her
marital duties.
Maintenance Agreement
The husband and wife or their guardian may enter into
agreement whereby the wife is entitled to recover maintenance
from her husband, on the happening of some special event such
as ill-treatment, disagreement, husband’s second marriage etc.
but the agreement in the marriage contract that the wife would
not be entitled to maintenance is void.
i. If the husband treats the wife with cruelty then the wife has a
right to separate residence and maintained to meet it.
ii. If he brings subsequent wife and the previous wife is unable
to live with her, she will get maintenance allowance to live
separately or even at her father’s house.
iii. If he brings his other wife to the matrimonial home, she will
reside at her father’s home and he will give her maintenance.
iv. In case of disagreement with each other, he will give her
maintenance for her separate residence.
Maintenance After Divorce
during the time period of Iddat and also for the time, if any, that
elapsed after the expiry of the period of Iddat and her receiving
CASE LAW
Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum (1985 SCR (3)
844), was a controversial maintenance lawsuit in India. In 1932,
6
Shah Bano Case, AIR 1985 SC 945
Shah Bano, a Muslim woman was married to Mohammed
Ahmad Khan, Indore, Madhya Pradesh and had five children
from the marriage. After 14 years, Khan took a second wife and
after years of living with both wives, he threw Shah Bano who
was then aged 62 years and her five children out. In April 1978,
when Khan stopped giving her 200 per month he had
apparently promised claiming that she had no means to support
herself and her children, she filed a petition at a local court in
Indore, against her husband under section 125 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, asking him for a maintenance amount of
500 for herself and her children. On November 1978 her
husband gave an irrevocable talaq (divorce) to her which is his
prerogative under Islamic Law and took up the defense that
hence Bano had ceased to be his wife and therefore he was
under no obligation to provide maintenance for her as except
prescribed under the Islamic law which was in total 5,400. She
filed a criminal suit in the Supreme court of India, in which she
won the right to alimony from her husband. However, she was
subsequently denied the alimony when the Indian Parliament
reversed the judgment under pressure from Islamic orthodoxy.
In 1986, the Parliament of India passed an act titled “The
Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986”
that nullified the Supreme Court's judgment in the Shah Bano
judgment. Diluting the Supreme Court judgment, the act allowed
maintenance to a divorced woman only during the period of
iddat, or till 90 days after the divorce, according to the
provisions of Islamic law. This was in stark contrast to Section
125 of the Code. The 'liability' of husband to pay the
maintenance was thus restricted to the period of the iddat only.7
7
Daniel Latifi v.Union Of India AIR 2001 7 SCC 740
Muslim Women Protection Act,
1986
Order for payment of maintenance—
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing
provisions of this Act or in any other law for the time being
in force, where the Magistrate is satisfied that a divorced
woman has not re-married and is not able to maintain herself
after the iddat period, he may make an order directing such
of her relatives as would be entitled to inherit her property
on her death according to Muslim law to pay such
reasonable and fair maintenance to her as he may determine
fit and proper, having regard to the needs of the divorced
woman, the standard of life enjoyed by her during her
marriage and the means of such relatives and such
maintenance shall be payable by such relatives in the
proportions in which they would inherit her property and at
such periods as he may specify in his order.8