Time Domain Analysis

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Linear Time-Invariant Systems

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 Linear

linearity

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Time Invariance or Shift Invariance

A time shift of the input causes an equal time shift of

the output

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 Linear Time-Invariant System

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LTI Systems - 2

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 LTI Systems - 3

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LTI Systems - 4

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 Convolution Sum

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Two Ways to Calculate Convolution

1. Direct-summation method: As the representation of the output as a
sum of delayed and scaled impulse responses.
2. Flip-and-shift method: As a computational formula for computing y[n]
(“y at time n”) from the entire sequences x and h.
• Form x[k]h[n-k] for -∞<k<+∞ for a fixed n
• Sum overall k to produce y[n]

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 Direct-Summation Method

• Input: Sum of Weighted Shifted Impulses

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Using Linearity and Time-Invariance for the Impulses

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 Output as Weighted Shifted Impulse Reponses
Sum of weighted shifted impulses → Sum of weighted shifted impulse
responses

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Another Example of Direct Summation Method

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 Another Example of Direct Summation Method (contd.)

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Example-Convolution of Two Rectangles

convex1

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 Example..(Continued)

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Example-Convolution Of Two Sequences

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 EE316 - DSP: Chapter 2 - DIscrete Time Signals and Systems

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Flip-and-Shift Method (Finite Length Signals)

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 Same Example using the
Flip-and-Shift Method

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Example: Convolution with Unit Step

anUnConv

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 Example: Convolution with Pulse
• 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 − 𝑢[𝑛 − 𝑁]
• ℎ 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑛

anUnNConv
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Properties of Convolution

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 Properties of Convolution

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Stability

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 Stability

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Stability - Example

unStable

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 Causality

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Causality & Stability- Example

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 2D Discrete Convolution

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Difference Equation
• For all computationally realizable LTI systems, the input and output
satisfy a difference equation of the form

• This leads to the recurrence formula

• which can be used to compute the “present” output from the present
and M past values of the input and N past values of the output

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 First-Order Example
• Consider the difference equation
y[n] =ay[n−1] +x[n]
We can represent this system by the following block diagram:

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Exponential Impulse Response

• With initial rest conditions, the difference Equation has impulse response

y[n] =ay[n−1] +x[n]

h[n] =anu[n]

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 Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference(LCCD) Equations

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LTI Systems Characterized by LCCD Equations

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 LCCD Equations (Contd.)

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LCCD Equations (Contd.)

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 Recursive Computation of Output

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MATLAB Functions for Convolution & Difference Equation

• conv Convolution and polynomial multiplication.
C = conv(A,B)
convolves vectors A and B. The resulting vector is length MAX([LENGTH(A)+LENGTH(B)-
1,LENGTH(A),LENGTH(B)]). If A and B are vectors of polynomial coefficients, convolving
them is equivalent to multiplying the two polynomials.
• filter One-dimensional digital filter.
Y = filter(B,A,X)
filters the data in vector X with the filter described by vectors A and B to create the filtered data
Y. The filter is a "Direct Form II Transposed” implementation of the standard difference
equation:
a(1)*y(n) = b(1)*x(n) + b(2)*x(n-1) + ... + b(nb+1)*x(n-nb)
- a(2)*y(n-1) - ... - a(na+1)*y(n-na)
If a(1) is not equal to 1, the filter normalizes the filter coefficients by a(1).
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 Averaging via filter()
• The averaging operation (FIR filter)
y[n] = (1/7) * Σ x[n-m] m = 0,.., 6
• Implemented with filter()
y = filter(1/7*[1 1 1 1 1 1 1],1,x);
• Recursive IIR filter
y[n] = 0.9y[n-1] + 0.1x[n]
• Implemented with filter()
y = filter(0.1,[1 –0.9],x);
same as:
0.1x[n] = y[n] -0.9y[n-1]

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Example of Filtering

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 LTI Summary

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Classify the Following Discrete-Time Systems

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