STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
MYSTERY
WORD
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 Any activity which can be done
repeatedly under similar conditions.

E X P E R I M E N T
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
R S T U VWX Y Z

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The set of all possible outcomes in
an experiment.

S A M P L E S P A C E

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
R S T U VWX Y Z

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 A subset of a sample space.

E V E N T
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
R S T U VWX Y Z

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The elements in a sample space.

O U T C O M E
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
R S T U VWX Y Z

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 The ratio of the number of
favorable outcomes to the number
of possible outcomes.

P R O B A B I L I T Y
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
R S T U VWX Y Z

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PROBABILITY
EXPERIMENT
SAMPLE SPACE
EVENT
OUTCOME

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RANDOM
VARIABLE

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RANDOM VARIABLE
• A random variable is a
numerical quantity that is
generated by a random
experiment.

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TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE
A discrete random variable has a
countable number of possible values.

A continuous random variable can

assume an infinite number of values
in one or more intervals.

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TOSSING OF THREE COINS

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TOSSING OF THREE COINS

S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT,

THH, THT, TTH, TTT}

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PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION

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DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
• It consists of the values a random
variable can assume and the
corresponding probabilities of the values.
• The probabilities are determined
theoretically or by observation.
• Discrete probability distributions can be
shown by using a graph or a table.

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STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
1. List the sample space.
2. Determine the values of the random variable.
3. Construct the frequency distribution of the
values of the random variable.
4. Construct the probability distribution of the
random variable by getting the probability of
occurrence of each value of the random
variable.

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STEP 1: List the sample space.

S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT,

THH, THT, TTH, TTT}

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STEP 2: Determine the values of
the random variable.
Number of Tails
Outcome
(Value of T)
HHH 0
HHT 1
HTH 1
HTT 2
THH 1
THT 2
TTH 2
TTT 3

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STEP 3: Construct the frequency distribution
of the values of the random variable.

Number of Tails Number of Occurrence

(Value of T) (Frequency)
0 1
1 3
2 3
3 1

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STEP 4: Construct the probability distribution of the
random variable by getting the probability of
occurrence of each value of the random variable.

Number of Tails Number of Occurrence

Probability P(T)
(Value of T) (Frequency)

0 1 1/8
1 3 3/8
2 3 3/8
3 1 1/8

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HISTOGRAM
P(T)
Probability of T

Number of Tails

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TWO REQUIREMENTS FOR A
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
1. The sum of the probabilities of all
events in the sample space must
equal 1, that is, ∑ 𝑃(𝑋) = 1.
2. The probability of each event in the
sample space must be between or
equal to 0 and 1. That is, 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑋) ≤ 1.

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