DI&RL

2020/11/25 Lumia@PTE黑科技编选的个人机经
Speaking 口语部分
DI Describe image 描述图片
1. Consumption level/消费水平 #1070 2017-05 本月高频
This map and bar chart show the population measured in thousand million and distribution of different consumption
levels, including low income, middle income and high income. According to the bar chart, the population of low
income which is represented in green increases from 1.5 thousand million to 3 thousand million from 1960 to 2004,
while the the population of high income which is represented in red increases from 0.6 thousand million to 1.0
thousand million. According the map, middle income represented in yellow is the most common and you can find it
mostly in South America and Asia. In conclusion, this graph gives very thorough information.
2. How Houseflies Work/家蝇的一生 #1128 2017-05 本月高频
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This image illustrates how house flies work, that is, the life cycle of a fly. It starts with eggs which are laid by an adult
fly, and then the eggs become 1st larva stage. In this stage, the larva is relatively small. Then the cycle goes to the
2nd larval stage where the larva grows larger but the colour remains relatively constant. When it comes to the 3rd
larva stage, the larva becomes much larger and the colour starts to become darker. After that, the cycle reaches the
pupa stage where the larva is covered with dark skin. The pupa becomes an adult fly eventually which can lay eggs
again and let the process continues. In conclusion, this image gives a vivid illustration of a life cycle of a fly.
3. Australia/澳大利亚 #1139 2017-05 本月高频
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This map gives the information about the population density in Australia, measured in people per square kilometer
and categorized by 100 people or more, 10 to 100 people and less than 0.1 people. It is clear that majority of the
Australia has a population density of less than 0.1 people per sq km, which is represented in very light orange. You
can find these areas in the middle of Australia. On the west edge of Australia, the population density is about 0.1 to
1.0 people per sq km. On the east coast of Australia, the population is a little bit denser, about 10 to 100 people per
sq km, represented in orange. In conclusion, this map shows very significant information about population density in
Australia.
4. The world's water/世界水资源构成 #1144 2017-05 本月高频
This image shows the information about the world’s water distribution. It can be seen that 97.5% of the world’s
water is salt water and only 2.5% is freshwater. In the freshwater sector, glaciers and permanent snow occupies the
largest proportion at 68.7%, followed by which groundwater occupies 30.06% of the fresh water. Ground ice and
permafrost takes 0.86% of fresh water and other resources take 1.22% of fresh water. In the other sector, lakes
occupy the majority of the proportion at 0.26%. in conclusion, this image gives very thorough information about the
world’s water distribution.
5. Sunrise and Sunset/日出与日落 #1167 2017-05
This graph reveals the information about sunrise and sunset times over the year, recording the first days and the
fifteenth days of the months from January to December. It is clear that the sunrise time represented in blue is early in
January and December, and gradually becomes the latest in June. In contrast, the sunset time represented in pink is
the latest in January and December, while it is the earliest in June. It can be observed that the times of the sunrise
and sunset are exactly opposite, and the shapes of the trends of both sunrise and sunset times show an “S” shape.
In conclusion, this graph gives very interesting information about sunrise and sunset times.
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6. Apple Tree/苹果树 #1201 2017-05 本月高频
The flow chart indicates how an apple seed can become an apple tree.As can be seen from the chart, the first step is
about the apple seed, after burying it under the ground, it will go to the second step which is about a small apple
tree.After the leaves are grown on the tree, it will come to the third step which is about the blossom of the tree. Then
many small apples will come out of the blossoms. Finally we can get the red and big apples from the apple tree.In
conclusion, we can get the seed from the matured apple and start the whole process again and again.
7. Depression probability/抑郁的可能性 #1497 2017-07 本月高频
The line chart gives us information about the depression probability.As we can see from the age 16 to 45, the
depression probability has increased dramatically from 0.002 to 0.02, and people who are middle aged have a
highest probability of depression.Following that the depression rate begin to decline to around 0.007 as the age
grows older and ends at around 0.006 when they are 70 years old.In conclusion, as young people are growing older
they are more likely to get depression especially in their middle ages.
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8. Mantle/地幔 #1503 2017-07
The map shows us the mantle and earth core.As we can see from the picture, from the inside to the outside, it is the
inner core, after that, it is the outer core. And then it is the mantle, crust and atmosphere.Specifically, the mantle
consists of lower mantle and upper mantle, the crust is composed of oceanic crust and continental crust.In
conclusion, the earth mantle and core is a very sophisticated structure.
9. Electricity Generation in China by Type/中国发电类型 #1681 2017-10 本月高频
The line chart demonstrates the electricity generation in China by type from 1994 to 2004.For the conventional
thermal, it has increased from 600 in 1994 to 1500 in 2004 gradually.When we look at the hydroelectric, it remained
relatively stable at around 100 throughout the period.For the total generation, it has increased dramatically from 900
to 2000 from 1994 to 2004.To sum up, conventional thermal still occupies the largest part of electricity generation in
China.
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10. Adult Literacy/成人识字率 #1683 2017-10
The bar chart indicates adult literacy by region from 2000-2004.As we can see the largest amount can be found in
Latin America and the Caribbean, which is 89% in females and 91% in males.Following that Asia has the second
largest rate, which is 73% in females and 86% in males.However we can find the smallest amount in sub-Saharan
Africa, which is 53% in females and 79% in males.In conclusion, males have a larger adult literacy rate than males in
all the regions.
11. Day night fishing diagram/日夜捕鱼表 #1684 2017-10
The diagram shows us the fish movement in different times.In the daytime as we see from the picture, there is strong
sunshine and there are only some fish near the middle and surface of the sea, with no fish at the bottom.After that
when it comes to the night time, it is obviously that the number of fish becomes increasing and more fish are
disperse near the bottom of the sea.In conclusion, the picture shows a vivid picture of the fish movement.
12. Urban Traffic Change/城市交通变化 #1687 2017-10 本月高频
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The picture gives information about London Fleet Street then and today. As can be seen from the picture, on the left-
hand side in 19th century, it is the old street view, there are many foot traffic and horse carriages, and also we can
see that the street is quite crowded and narrow. The houses are old and there seems serious air pollution at that
time. However, when we look at the right-hand side, now we can see the new street view, which is a colored photo
and from it, we can see that the public transport is well developed with some people using the motorcycle as a
means of transport. Moreover, the buildings are modern and well-built and the sky nowadays is clean and blue with
no air pollution. In conclusion, there is a sharp contrast between the old and new street views.
13. Pitchback water wheel/水车 #1695 2017-10 本月高频
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The picture describes the pitch-back water wheel. According to the picture, the first step is about the flume, which
allows the water to flow through it and exit through a launder. Following that the next step is about the water which
can then enter into the wheel rotation and with its weight it can motivate the rotation counter clockwise. Finally the
water will come out through the tailrace. In conclusion, the whole process contains three steps and it is not very hard
to complete.
14. Human arms and wings/人肱骨与翅膀 #1700 2017-10 本月高频
This picture talks about human arm, seal limb, bird wing and bat wing. According to the information, human arm has
the longest humerus in green. Seal limb has the strongest and thickest bones, especially in humerus in green and
ulna in red. Bird wing has the shortest radius in blue while bat wing has the longest bones of hand, wrist, fingers in
yellow. In conclusion, human and seal have relatively stronger humerus.
15. Simple circuit/简易电路 #1703 2017-10 本月高频
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The flow chart shows the simple circuit with light.As we can see from the chart, the first step is about the positive
pole, which means the electricity can be transmitted from this side.After that, when it flows through the battery, it
will come to the second step, which is a negative pole.And then the electricity will go through and out of the
negative pole and finally arrive at the light bulb, which requires the electricity to be lighted up and operated.In
conclusion, the low chart shows that the light process contains many features and the process is very easy.
16. Computer/新老电脑对比 #1771 2017-11 本月高频
This graph shows information about computers then and now. On the left side of the picture, we can see an old
computer with a green keyboard, a small screen, and a large CPU. Also, we can see that the size of the computer is
much bigger, and it doesn't seem easy to use. On the right-hand side, we can see a desktop computer used in our
homes and offices, and this computer has a much smaller CPU than the old ones. Also, we can see that a large
computer screen, black keyboard, and a mouse connects to the computer. In conclusion, computers have changed a
lot over time.
17. Expenditure/花销 #2439 2017-12
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The pie chart indicates the pet expenditure.As can be seen from the chart, the largest amount is taken up by services,
which is 47%.Following that, the second largest amount is taken up by pet food which is 41%.In contrast, the smallest
amount is occupied by money to purchase the pet, which is 10%.In summary, the pie chart shows us different pet
expenditures.
18. Houseplant/平面图 #2440 2017-12 本月高频
The floor plan tells us the location and type of a room.As we can see from the floor plan, when entering from the
entrance on the left hand side, there is a chair in front of us and the chair is placed in the middle of the
room.Following that, on the left hand side we can see a table and on the right hand side we can see a bed.To sum
up, the floor plan shows us the placement of different pieces of furniture.
19. Planet/星球 #2441 2017-12
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The bar chart demonstrates the diameter from earth for different planets.As we can see the largest is taken up by
Jupiter, which is 150000 km away.After that Saturn has occupied the second largest, this is 120000 km
away.Following that, Neptune and Uranus have the similar diameter, which is 50000 km away.However Pluto has the
smallest which is only 1 km.In conclusion, different planets have different diameters from the earth.
20. Core/地核 #3318 2018-01 本月高频
The picture gives us the information about the core.According to the picture, we can see from the inside to the
outside, there is an inner core, which is 800 miles, 1300 kilometers.Following that, it’s the outer core, which is 1400
miles, 2250 kilometers.And then it’s the mantle, which is 1800 miles, 2900 kilometers.The most outside one is the
crust, which is 5-25 miles, 8-40 kilometers.In conclusion, the core has a very complex structure.
21. Tree/树 #3341 2018-02
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The picture demonstrates different kinds of trees.The first is hemlock tree with a height of 130 feet.The second is
cedar tree with a height of 200 feet.The third one is spruce which is 230 feet.And the last one is Douglas fir which is
280 feet.As we can see, from the left to the right, the height of the trees increases gradually.In conclusion, the
pictures show us various kinds of trees with different heights.
22. Language of Switzerland/瑞士的语言 #3542 2018-03
The map gives us vivid information about the languages of Switzerland.As can be seen from the map, German, which
is represented by yellow, is located in the middle and the largest areas in Switzerland.And then French, which is
represented by green, is located in the western part of Switzerland.Also, purple stands for Italian and is located in the
southern part of Switzerland.In conclusion, German and French remain the main languages of Switzerland despite
some other languages.
23. Planet/行星 #3548 2018-03 本月高频
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The picture describes different kinds of planets.As we can see from the picture, the largest planet is Jupiter, which is
brown and blue.Following that, the second largest one is Saturn, which is light brown.After that, Uranus and Neptune
are of similar sized, which is the light blue and dark blue respectively.Besides that, we can also see many small
planets which are almost ten times smaller than Jupiter, including the earth and the Pluto.To conclude, the picture
shows the size and color of different planets.
24. Lamp/台灯 #3621 2018-03 本月高频
The picture shows us the lamp structure.When we look at the picture, we can see from the top to the bottom, it is
glass cover, solar cells, photoresistor. As we can see they are the first three elements of the lamp.After that, we can
see there is a battery, controller board and LED, which can enable the energy to be converted and transmitted from
the solar cells to the board.Finally, the solar energy will be utilized by the lamp and the lamp is protected by a lamp
cover.In conclusion, the whole structure of a lamp is very complex; however the process of solar energy utilization is
relatively easy.
25. Happiness/幸福 #3692 2018-04 本月高频
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The pie chart demonstrates what determines happiness.According to the pie chart, we can see that the largest
amount is taken up by genetic set point, which is 50%.Following that, intentional activities have occupied the second
largest amount, which is 40%.In contrast, the smallest amount is made up by life circumstances, which is 10%.In
conclusion, genetic set point has the biggest role to play in determining happiness.
26. Food/食物 #3804 2018-04 本月高频
This picture shows the pyramid of food required by human bodies. At the bottom of the pyramid, we can see water,
which is the most essential to human bodies. Above water, on the second layer of the pyramid, we can see whole
grain foods such as rice, cakes and biscuits. Above the whole grain foods level, there is a fruits and vegetables level.
We can see grapes, oranges and apples in the fruit section, and broccoli, potatoes and carrots in the vegetable
section. Above the fruits and vegetables, we can see milk products and fish, poultry and eggs. At the top of the
pyramid, there is a sugar and salt level. In conclusion, all the levels in the pyramid are important for human bodies.
27. Government expenditures/政府花销 #3923 2018-05 本月高频
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This graph shows the government expenditure in different sectors of education. It is shown on the graph that $11
billion are invested in education in total. At the top of the pyramid, we can see higher education in which $1.8 billion
are invested, followed by which vocational educational training and schools get $2 billion and $3-4 billion
respectively. At the bottom of the pyramid, we can see the early childhood in which $0.8-1.4 billion are invested. It
can be seen that schools get the highest investment while early childhood gets the least. In conclusion, this graph
gives very interesting information.
28. Food price vs Oil price/食物价格vs油价格 #3924 2018-05 本月高频
This line chart is about food price and oil price from the November of 2000 to the November of 2009. Oil price is
shown in a red line and measured in dollars. It starts from 30 dollars in 2000 and increases to a maximum of 130
dollars in 2008. The minimum occurs in 2001 at 20 dollars. It concludes at 80 dollars in 2009. The food price index is
represented in a green line. It starts at 90 in 2000 and increases to a maximum of 210 in 2008. Minimum occurs in
2001 at 80. It concludes at 200 in 2009. In conclusion, the food price and oil price have similar trends, and the graph
gives interesting information.
29. Floor plan/楼层规划 #4154 2018-06 本月高频
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The graph shows the floor plan of the graduate laboratory. When we look at the left of the picture, we can see that
there is a storage, three offices and a toilet. When we look at the bottom of the picture, we can see the animal
science room and plant science room. When we look at the right of the picture, we can see the computer room and a
meeting room with a desk and chairs. In conclusion, the graph provides information about the composition of the
laboratory.
30. Feeder/喂食器 #4327 2018-07
The graph gives information about how to use a plastic bottle as a bird feeder. According to the picture, it is clear
that on the first stage, there is a water bottle with two pencils in it, which is brown and blue, respectively. And the
bottle is full of food. After that, on the second stage, the two pencils are replaced with two spoons, which are made
of wood. In conclusion, the little bird standing on the spoon can get food from the bottle. And we can see the caps
of two bottles have different colors, namely blue and white.
31. S&P/ASX200/标准普尔指数 #4642 2018-08 本月高频
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According to the given information, the following graph is about S&P/ASX 200. It is clear the number of S&P /ASX
has increased from 0 to 3500 between 10 o’clock and 11 o’clock. Followed by that, the number of S&P /ASX has
decreased from 3500 to 3848 between 11 o’clock and 12 o’clock. In addition, we can see that the number of S&P
/ASX has decreased from 3484 to 3482 between 12 o’clock and 12:30. In conclusion, we could predict that the
number of S&P /ASX will continue to decrease in the future.
32. Pencil/铅笔 #4665 2018-08 本月高频
The picture shows the information about pencils. There are five pencils in the picture and each pencil represents
different places of America. The first pencil represents New Jersey, and its length is 50.680. Followed by that, the
second pencil can be regarded as Chicago and its length is 46.750. Besides, the third pencil is regarded as South
Carolina, with the length of 38.520; the fourth pencil is regarded as Michigan, with the length of 26.710; the last
pencil represents Virginia and its length is 18.950. Overall, we can assume that different length represents the
hectares of different places in America.
33. Music download/音乐下载 #4733 2018-09
The graph gives the information about how to download the music via Tesco Extra. Firstly, consumers need to search
the songs online; Secondly, they need to purchase the songs that are stored in their shopping carts; Thirdly,
consumers can download the songs from digital devices, such as computers laptops or phones; Finally, customers
are able to enjoy the songs after finishing all these steps. In conclusion, this system is quite easy to use and the
process will start again.
34. Ancient Egypt trade/古埃及贸易 #4820 2018-09 本月高频
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The graph shows the information about trading goods. Ancient Egypt imports different kinds of goods from 4
different places. It imports cedar, oil and timber from Lebanon; then it imports copper, Semi-precious stones and
gold from Nubia; and then it imports Ebony, Ivory, Slaves, Exotic animals from other parts of tropical Africa; finally, it
imports Horses, fruit, honey, pots and copper from countries around the Mediterranean. After finishing the process
of importation, it exports its goods to other places. These goods include linen, tools, beads, beer, weapons and oil. In
conclusion, this is a graph about the importation and exportation of Ancient Egypt.
35. Arousal Level /唤醒水平 #4999 2018-10 本月高频
The graph shows the relationship between arousal level and performance quality. The blue line represents the
difficult tasks, and the red line represents the easy tasks. It is clear that when the arousal level and performance
quality start at low level, the condition is called boredom or apathy. As the two lines increase to the highest level,
they reach the point called optimal level, at this time, arousal level is in medium level, while performance quality is in
the highest level; finally, after the two lines continue to decrease, they will reach to the lowest point named high
anxiety, and arousal level reaches to the highest point, while performance quality goes down to the lowest point. The
different thing is that the arousal level of easy task is always greater than the difficult task. In conclusion, this graph
summarizes the information about arousal level and performance quality for different tasks.
36. Zone/地带 #5022 2018-10 本月高频
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The graph shows different zone globally. When we look at the pink representing polar zone that can be found over
60 degree north and south. When we look at yellow standing for temperate zone which can be found between 30 to
60 degree north and south. When we look at the area lower than 30 degree north and south including equator, we
can see the green zone representing tropical zone. In conclusion, there are different zones in different latitudes.
37. Languages in Switzerland/瑞士语言区 #5024 2018-10 本月高频
The graph shows the languages in Switzerland. When we look at the left hand side of the picture we can see that
there is a French area which represents by light green. When we look at the middle of the map we can see a German
speaking area in pink, which dominates most part of Switzerland. When we look at the right of the picture, we can
see the region of Italian in yellow and Romansch in dark green. In conclusion, there are multiple languages spoken in
Switzerland.
38. The Average Household Energy Consumption/家庭平均能源消耗 #5028 2018-10 本月高频
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The graph shows the average household energy consumption. As we can see from the graph, the largest proportion
goes to other appliance, which is 24%, followed by water heating accounts for 23%. The least one goes to both
cooking and stand by, which is 5%. For heating and cooling, refrigeration, and lighting are occupy 20%, 12% and
11% respectively. In conclusion, the household energy consumption has different sectors.
39. Temperature and CO2/气温和二氧化碳 #5030 2018-10 本月高频
The graph shows the temperature and CO2 for last 400000 years. As we can see from the graph, for temperature, the
highest one can be found in 5 in every 100 thousand years. Moreover, the lowest one can be found in minus 15 in
the same interval. In addition, for carbon dioxide level, it is range from 200 to 300. Most important, the highest CO2
level can be found at present, which is nearly 400. In conclusion, the CO2 level and temperature follows the similar
pattern.
40. Fungus gnat/蕈蚊 #5408 2018-12 本月高频
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This lifecycle gives information about fungus gnat lifecycle, which is about 28 days. There are 4 stages. The first stage
is called adult. It takes the adult gnat 7-10 days to lay eggs. The second stage is called eggs. It takes the eggs 4-6
days to become larva. The third stage is called larva. It takes the larva 12-14 days to grow into pupa. The fourth stage
is called pupa. It takes the larva 3-6 days to grow into adult fungus gnat. Then the process goes back to the first
stage to continue the cycle. In conclusion, this lifecycle shows detailed relationship among different stages.
41. Input and output/输入与输出 #5542 2019-01 本月高频
This flow chart talks about two examples of ‘input-process-output’. There are three stages in total: input, process
and output. Materials are the input and then go to the factory, which is the process, and then become the product,
which is the output. Similarly, data is the input and then go to the computer, which is the process, and then become
the information, which is the output. In conclusion, process transfer the input into the output.
42. Adding an article to Wiki/向维基投稿 #5704 2019-01 本月高频
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This flow chart shows us adding an article to Wikipedia. As we can see, there are three stages. The first stage is to
search Wikipedia. Then in the second stage, there are two question. The first question is ‘Is it found’, and if the
answer is yes, it goes to think of another term. If the answer is no, it goes to the second question ‘is there a related
term?’ And if the answer is yes, it goes to create a redirect, if it is no, it goes to create a new article. In conclusion,
the structure is complex, and there are a lot of colors including green, blue and red.
43. Teaching as a career/从事教育行业 #5705 2019-01
This picture gives information about teaching as a career. According to the information, the largest figure can be
found in employed in teaching field, which is 95 percent. However, the smallest proportion can be found in final year
students who want to be a teacher, which is only 1 percent. It also gives information about graduate students
working in teaching, which is 7%. In conclusion, final year students may not like teaching.
44. Commuting time/通勤时间 #6504 2019-06
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This picture is about commuting time in different regions in Britain, 2014. From the picture, we can see the largest
number can be found in London, which is about 107 minutes. And the second largest number can be found in both
East of England and South East, which is about 70. The smallest number can be found in South West, which is about
56. In conclusion, people in different regions have different commuting time.
45. Population in China/中国人口结构 #6666 2019-07 本月高频
This picture is about the population in China 2016 in different age groups. For male on the left in blue color, we can
see the largest number can be found in 25-29, which is about 65 million. The smallest number can be found in over
100, which is only 1. For female on the right in red color, we can see the largest number can be found in 25-29, too,
which is about 60, the smallest number can also be found in over 100, which is about 1. In conclusion, people's age
in China is mainly from 20 to 60.
46. Media in UK/英国媒体 #6689 2019-08 本月高频
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This picture is about different kinds of media in UK from 2001 to 2005. For the year 2001, the largest number can be
found in radio represented in blue color, which is about 63%. For 2003, the largest number can be found in both
Internet and Radio, which is about 50%. For 2005, the smallest number can be found in Newspaper, which is about
only 3%. In conclusion, TV is not that popular as radio and the Internet.
47. Numbers of texts/短信数量 #7092 2020-01 本月高频
This picture is about the number of texts on a typical day of adults and teens based on cellphone users who text. For
adults represented in dark blue color, the largest number can be found in 1 to 10, which is about 51 percent. And the
smallest number can be found in 51 to 100, which is about 7 percent. For the teens represented in light blue color,
the largest number can be found in over 101, which is about 29 percent. And the smallest number can be found in
none, which is about 2 percent. In conclusion, the number of 21 to 50 and 51 to 100 have the same figure, which is
18 percent.
48. Iron Age hut/铁器时代的小屋 #7110 2020-01 本月高频
暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。
49. Journeys in UK/英国人旅行目的 #7115 2020-01 本月高频
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This picture is about journeys made by men and women in the United Kingdom according to their purpose
measured in percentages. For men represented in blue bar, the largest number can be found in commuting and
business, which is about 23 percent. The smallest number can be found in holiday or day trip, which is about 3. For
women represented in red bar, the largest number can be found in shopping, which is about 24. The second-largest
number can be found in school run, which is about 18. In conclusion, shopping is the most common purpose of
traveling for women in the UK.
50. Water cycle/水循环 #7117 2020-01 本月高频
This graph shows information about the water cycle. According to the graph, the process starts from evaporation,
and we can see the water is evaporated from the ocean due to solar radiation. The second stage is cloud
transportation. The next step is precipitation. It can be seen that rain falls to the ground in this process. The last step
is a surface run-off, and then the water will rise again into the atmosphere. In conclusion, this process will start all
over again.
51. Different height of penguins/不同身高的企鹅 #7204 2020-03 本月高频
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This graph shows information about the height of different penguins. From the graph, it can be seen that the
emperor penguin is 120 centimeters, which is the tallest penguin. The second largest penguin is the King, which is
around 95 centimeters high. While Adelie penguins are about 68 centimeters tall and they are the smallest penguin.
In conclusion, Chinstrap and Macaroni penguins have a very similar size.
52. Germination of seed plant V2/种子发芽版本二 #7205 2020-03 本月高频
This graph shows the process of germination of a seed into a plant. In the first stage, a small seed is planted in soil.
In the second stage, we can see an embryo from a seed. In the third stage, the seed starts to grow roots, and the
seed coat protects the seed from water damage. After that, we can see a small plant breaks through the soil. After
that, there is a larger plant with some leaves. Finally, we can see there is a large plant with many roots and leaves. In
conclusion, the seed germination process is quite complicated.
53. Income in UK/英国收入统计 #7304 2020-07 本月高频
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The line chart gives information about income by age and gender in the UK in pounds. As we can see from the
graph, male income starts at 12,000 pounds in the under 20 age group, and then the figure reaches the peak at the
45 to 49 age range, which is 30,000 pounds. After that, the figure decreases to 18,000 pounds in the over 75 age
group. In terms of females, the figure increases from 11,000 pounds at under 20 age range to 21,000 pounds at the
30-34 age range. After that, the figure shows a decreasing trend. In conclusion, males’earnings are higher than
females over the course of a lifetime.
54. Ice sheet/冰盖 #7305 2020-07 本月高频
The diagram gives information about ice sheet melting. The first step in the process is snowfall. In the next step, ice
sheets are formed due to the accumulation of snowfall. After that, the ice sheet melts as a result of warm ocean
water. In the final stage, we can see some icebergs are floating in the water, and the iceberg is getting smaller. In
conclusion, ice sheets play a vital role in the global climate system.
55. Rainforests/热带雨林 #7321 2020-07 本月高频
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This picture gives information about the distribution of rainforests in South America. According to the information,
we can see the tropical rainforest in green, which can be found in the north and east part of south America, including
Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil. However, we can see the temperate rainforest in dark green, which can only be
found in the south eastern coastline of south America, covering part of Chile. This picture also talks about other
areas like Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Argentina and Falkland Islands. In conclusion, tropical rainforests are far
bigger than temperate rainforests.
56. Fruits supply chain/水果供应链 #7335 2020-08 本月高频
This picture demonstrates the process to commercialize fruits. It uses grapes as an example. Firstly, the grapes are
pick up from farms. Secondly, grapes are loaded on trucks for delivery. Thirdly, grapes are transferred to factories to
process on conveyor belts. Then fourthly, they are packed up in boxes for further delivery. Lastly, grapes are put in
trolleys for customers to purchase. In conclusion, this low chart of grapes shows the pattern of how fruits are
delivered from farms to customers.
57. Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)/个人防护装备 #7428 2020-10 本月高频
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This picture talks about some common knowledge of construction. On the left-hand side, there are three signs
showing the requirements to wear a helmet, a pair of goggles and a pair of safety boots. Then on the right-hand
side, there are another three signs. They also inform readers of the requirements to wear anti-noise earmuffs, masks
and a pair of gloves. Correspondingly, the man in the middle demonstrate how these accessories look like in details,
such as yellow helmet and red transparent goggles. In conclusion, this instruction can be found in particular
construction area, such as cutting trees.
58. Stationery store/文具店 #7431 2020-10
59. Music revenues/音乐收入 #7438 2020-10 本月高频
This picture is about music revenues that is adjusted for inflammation in dollars in 2017. For the physical area in dark
blue, the largest figure is 20 billion dollars in 1999. Another figure that has been outlined is the 16 billion dollars in
2004. However, the digital area in green looks relatively weaker, with its highest point at around 6 billion dollars in
2017. In conclusion, from 1997 to 2017, physical revenue dominates the whole music revenues.
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60. Fruit market/水果市场 #7444 2020-10
The picture shows information about a food market. According to the picture, the marketplace is an indoor market
and is a very busy place. The market is crowded with green stalls selling a wide range of fresh food including fruits,
vegetables and other goods. Except for stalls, there are lots of stores in the market as well. Also, we can see that
some shoppers are bargaining with stallholders, while others are just casually browsing the stalls. In conclusion, this
market is a great place for people to buy fresh food.
61. Customers in a cafe/咖啡馆的顾客 #7445 2020-10
This picture shows a cafe scenario. In the forefront, it looks like the man in blue is placing orders and the waitress in
black apron is taking the order with a tablet. In the background, there are also some customers queuing and waiting.
There are also some seats next to the window with sunshine shining through. In conclusion, this picture shows the
relaxed and joyful vibes in the cafe.
62. Disadvantaged backgrounds/寒门学子 #7491 2020-11
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The picture is about the percentage of students from disadvantaged backgrounds entering university in England.
Apparently, the line in light green with figures of a graduation hat starts with around 11 percent in 2006 and ends
with almost 20 percent in 2014. The whole trend demonstrates a 60 percent increase within 8 years and the
percentage increases steadily on average. In conclusion, there are increasingly more students with disadvantaged
backgrounds receiving higher education.
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RL Re-tell lecture 复述讲座
1. Haussmann's renovation of Paris/拿破仑修缮巴黎 #71 2017-04 本月高频
Cities are interesting places. Some cities are carefully planned, though for a reason and reflect the needs of people as
it grows. Others are less conscientiously designed. Paris, for example, was originally founded in the third century as a
small village. And with every passing generation, it grew in size and importance. It grew from a medieval city to a
modern city. But the transition was not always smooth. Emperor Napoleon III had to hire someone to oversee the
rebuilding of Paris. The man he chose was George Eugene Haussmann.
In 1853, Haussmann began the process of renovating France’s capital city. His basic instructions were to bring light
and air into the central districts, improve the sanitation and living areas, and make Paris a more modern beautiful
city, not your average weekend renovation. Haussmann’s projects included the destruction of the old medieval
neighborhoods, widening of streets, building large parks and public squares and addition of fountains and sewer
lines.
To add to all of this, the size of Paris had to be increased, doubled actually. And Napoleon III issued official decree
annexing nearby suburbs to make them part of the city. One of the main priority of this massive renovation was to
connect all of the districts together. If we think of Paris like a house, each district was its own room, existing
essentially, independently of the other districts. Napoleon III wanted it to be easier to travel between the most
important districts. And to create a sense of this being one unified city, not a series of independent neighborhoods.
So Haussmann created large avenues that connected the districts. More than that, he made all the avenues look
roughly the same. Buildings on a major avenue were required to be roughly the same height and style, and even had
to use the same creme-colored stone for the facade.
The result was to remove any local characteristics and create a uniform Paris. For the first time, the city had a specific
look, a style that people began to associate not with a district but with Paris itself.
Cities are interesting places, some are carefully planned and others are carelessly designed.
Firstly, Paris grew from a medieval city to a modern one but its transitions wasn’t smooth.
Secondly, Haussmann, hired by the emperor, began renovating Paris, making it more beautiful and destructing the
old neighborhoods.
Thirdly, Pairs’ size had to be increased and one of the priority was to connect all districts together, so Haussmann
created large, roughly the same avenues for that.
In conclusion, this renovation created a uniform Paris, and for the first time, people began to associate not by districts
but by Paris itself.
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2. Galaxy Darkness/银河系黑暗之迷 #72 2017-04 本月高频
Our friends at the Highlands Museum and Discovery Center in Ashland, Kentucky, asked a very good question. Why
is it dark in space?
That question is not as simple as it may sound. You might think that space appears dark at night because that is
when our side of Earth faces away from the sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24 hours. But what about all
those other far away suns that appear as stars in the night sky? Our own Milky Way galaxy contains over 200 billion
stars, and the entire universe contains over 100 billion galaxies. You might suppose that many stars would light the
night like daytime.
Until the 20th century, astronomers didn't think it was even possible to count all the stars in the universe. They
thought the universe went on forever. In other words, they thought the universe was infinite.
Besides being very hard to imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is that no matter where you look in the
night sky, you should see a star. Stars should overlap each other in the sky like tree trunks in the middle of a very
thick forest. But, if this were the case, the sky would be blazing with light. The problem greatly troubled astronomers
and became known as Olbers Paradox. A paradox is a statement that seems to disagree with itself.
So, to try and explain the paradox, some 19th-century scientists thought that dust clouds between the stars must be
absorbing a lot of the starlight so it wouldn't shine through to us. But later scientists realized that the dust itself
would absorb so much energy from the starlight that eventually it would glow as hot and bright as the stars
themselves.
Astronomers now realize that the universe is not infinite. A finite universe --- that is, a universe of limited size ---
even one with trillions and trillions of stars, just wouldn't have enough stars to light up all of space.
Although the idea of a finite universe explains why Earths sky is dark at night, other causes work to make it even
darker.
This lecture talked about the darkness between galaxies. A picture from NASA explains the darkness.
This picture is copyright free and can be found on newspapers, magazines and on the Internet.
According to the lecturer, gaps between galaxies are not dark.
The reason why we cannot see it is because our eyes are not able to detect the infrared light.
To conclude, the darkness between galaxies still remain mysterious to us.
3. Western Country Child Birth Rates/西方国家出生率 #76 2017-04 本月高频
The western countries women are becoming more and more reluctant to give birth to babies.
However, the male's status in society remains as strong as it ever has in recent years. The birth rates increased during
20's century but it starts to decrease over these last two decades. In the year 2000, as an example, the birth rate
remained at around 1%. There are even some negative birth rates in other countries. Birth rates dropped to its lowest
point that has never been seen in the society. It also has impacts on male in the society especially young man, and it
might have some connection with unemployment rates as well.
有图，一条折线,先上升一点,后直线下降, 纵轴Child birth rates横轴年份到2000年时候大概是1点几%出生率

The lecture talks about the child birth rates in European countries.
In the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that the rate decreases to historical low in about 1.1-1.2% in
recent years.
The reason is that women in Europe are unwilling to give birth especially those young women under 30 years old.
At the end of the lecture, he concluded that the phenomenon would affect man's position of life, which will increase
their unemployment rate.
4. Australian Export Business/澳洲与多国的出口业务 #78 2017-04 本月高频
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讲澳洲对日本、美国、中国近几十年来的出口业务,以及澳大利亚应该怎么趁亚洲这个好势头促进自己的出口业, 日本中国美英对
澳出口的变化从1985到现在.
The lecture talks about China, japan, US's export business.
In the past, Australia was concerned about its geographical location, which may result in Australia being isolated from
North America, UK, and later America.
Nevertheless, nowadays with the rise of Asian countries, especially China, Australia has become a great export
country with a perfect location.
Currently, Japan is the largest exporting country to Australia, but China may become the largest one in the future.
Australia should take the advantage of China's raise to develop its exports.
5. Variation in Frogs/青蛙变异的影响 #82 2017-04 本月高频
Frogs are a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura.
The oldest fossil proto frog appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their
origins may extend further back to the Permian, 265 million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the
tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is found in tropical rain forests. There
are approximately 4,800 recorded species, accounting for over 85% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of
the five most diverse vertebrate orders.
Besides living in fresh water and on dry land, the adults of some species are adapted for living underground or in
trees. Adult frogs generally have a carnivorous diet consisting of small invertebrates, but omnivorous species exist
and a few feed on fruit. Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body mass. They are an
important food source for predators and part of the food web dynamics of many of the world's ecosystems. The skin
is semipermeable, making them susceptible to dehydration, so they either live in moist places or have special
adaptations to deal with dry habitats.
Frogs produce a wide range of vocalizations, particularly in they are breeding season, and exhibit many different
kinds of complex behaviors to attract mates, to fend off predators and to generally survive. Frog populations have
declined significantly since the 1950s. More than one-third of species are considered to be threatened with
extinction and over one hundred and twenty are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s. The number of
malformations among frogs is on the rise and an emerging fungal disease, chytridiomycosis, has spread around the
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world. Conservation biologists are working to understand the causes of these problems and to resolve them. Frogs
are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles in literature, symbolism and religion.
配了一个饼图 60% frog with normal limbs 20% with…

The graph shows tree types of frogs in different region, indicating their life habits and their influence on human.
The variation of frog has been existing for many years that some have more limbs while some have fewer limbs.
The lecture also explains the reason for the gene mutation.
Many people are worried that river those frogs live will be polluted by them and affect our health.
补充回忆： Frog population changes in North America with different limb, 20-30%, people would worry such species
may affect and post risk to people in the local area cause their drinking water is from the river.
6. Einstein/爱因斯坦 #102 2017-04 本月高频
In the lecture, the speaker talks about Einstein.

In the past people believed that universe was absolutely fixed and unchanged.
This has been transformed by Einstein's concept of transformation (relative theory)
Einstein said the universe is continuous dynamical change, is changing all the time.
However, Einstein is not the first person who proposed this theory.
7. 3 Stages of Brain Development/大脑发育三阶段 #109 2017-04 本月高频
Stages of Brain development- brain development during childhood, there are three stages, starting from the
primitive brain, limbic brain, and finally to the neocortex. Although interrelated, the three had its own function.
Primitive brain functions to manage the physical to survive, manage reflex, motor motion control, monitoring body
functions, and process information coming from sensing. Limbic brain functioning as a liaison to process emotions
and the brain thinks, and the primitive brain. While the thinking brain, which is the most objective part of the brain,
receiving input from the primitive brain and the limbic brain.
However, he needed more time to process information from the primitive brain and the limbic brain. The brain thinks
the merger is also a place of experience, memory, feeling, and thinking ability to give birth to ideas and actions.
Nerve myelination of the brain takes place in sequence, starting from the primitive brain, the limbic brains, and brain
thought. Neural pathways are more frequently used to make more myelin thicken. Increasingly thicker myelin, the
faster the nerve impulses or signals travel alone nerves. Therefore, a growing child is encouraged to receive input
from the environment in accordance with its development.
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The lecture talks about 3 stages of brain development, which are the primitive brain, limbic brain and neocortex.
Different sections of the brain have different function and finished development in different times
For sensory pathways, including vision and hearing, develop from embryo time, peak at 3 month old, stop at more
than 1 year old.
For language, develop from embryo time, peak around 9 months old, and stop at more than 1 year old.
For higher cognitive function, develop from embryo time, peak at 1 year old and develop for a longer period of time.
Moreover, higher level functions, such as logical thinking, based on lower level of development.
8. Climate change/气候变化 #1321 2017-06 本月高频
Some adverse effects of climate changes to agricultural productions. Some lands are unsuitable for growing crops.
There will be millions of people facing hunger in Africa in the near future. Climate change will result in less
production and less food. It is difficult for developing countries to deal with climate change due to their financial
status and other issues. There are many people living in hunger especially in Africa.
The climate change has devastating effects on world economy. The tropical areas on earth are dry and hot, and are
originally not suitable for food production. The change of climate leads to extreme weather conditions such as floods
and hurricanes, which exacerbates the food production.
As a result, it leads to a continuous decline in food supply annually around 10% to 17%. And this trend is perceived
to be continuing in the future by 2070. The regions suffering the most will be some African countries.
This lecture talks about the influence of climate change.

According to the speaker, he has mentioned some points of view.
Climate change will make less production and less food.
It is difficult for developing countries to deal with climate change due to their financial status and other issues.
There are many people living in hungry, especially in Africa.
The climate change will also have negative effects on the world economy.
9. Narratives/故事 #1322 2017-06 本月高频
The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a form of description. We use different kinds
of methods to describe a situation. Sometimes we have to use visual description, particularly when we do not witness
the scenario. I was born during the Second World War and my hometown is X, for example when I asked my mother
about the war, I always ask her you have mentioned this or that when you talked to me when asked her about the
shelter, I asked her what the shelter looks like and when did you go to the shelter. From her response I could get
more visual evidence as I can to write my book.
This lecture is about visual description.

Firstly, the speaker mentions about the comics with many people chatting in a room and it is a form of description.
Secondly, the speaker mentions that people use different kinds of methods to describe a situation.
Thirdly the speaker mentions that people have to use visual description when they don’t see the scene.
He used own experience as an example describing the second war, his home town and the shelter his mother went
to. In conclusion, in such way the speaker gets visual evidence to write his book.
10. Gene and DNA/基因及其遗传物质 #1630 2017-10 本月高频
In this lecture, the speaker talked about the gene and DNA.
At the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that genes decide the protein in the cells.
He further mentioned that there are more than 2M proteins in a cell.
At the end of the lecture, the speaker concluded that there is still not result for the functions of different cells.
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11. Mars/火星 #1644 2017-10 本月高频
回忆要点： ppt上面的信息有三点： 1. 发现Mars可能是hospitable planet； 2.发现Mars上有组成水的元素，

salt,mineral,carbon carbonate. 3. 对未来的影响和意义 ppt不会消失，记不全可以照着它念。
12. The Large Hadron Collider/大型强子对撞机 #1647 2017-10 本月高频
回忆要点：
回忆1.图上面有数据. 7Tev - 7Tev. Release energy 14,000 collision。只需把图片内容读出即可，最后需要加，能够更好了解
宇宙的未来，大致这个意思。开始提到了这个东西是一个27km 的tunnel，中间提到了检测protons灯。7tev 的意思是7000
time larger than ，忘记了了。最后提到稳定是1.9 degree可以达到absolute zero
回忆2.考到图片上面有文字。图片上的内容是Large Hadron Collider （LHC）， 7 TeV- 7 TeV， 1.4 million times
collisions/ second. 图片下面还有一句话，记不清了。大概内容： The Large Hadron Collider is the most powerful particle
accelerator, Protons at an energy of 7 TeV per particle. 然后接下来解释了一下7 TeV， The LHC lies in a tunnel of 27
kilometers或者是 27 Km long ring-shaped tunnel, 有点记不清楚了。还说了 operating temperature of 1.9 degrees above
absolute zero, a temperature cooler than outer space, 我还听到了 proton beams 。只能记住这么多，仅供参考
13. Three plans to stimulate the consumer/三种刺激消费者的计划 #1649 2017-10 本月高频
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1. Straight Salary
Straight salary sales compensation plans aren't very common, but they do have a place in some organizations. With
this type of structure, you'd pay your salespeople a straight albeit competitive salary like all of your other employees,
and nothing else. No bonuses, no commissions, and few, if any, sales incentives.
This type of compensation plan is most often used when the industry you operate within prohibits direct sales, when
salespeople work as part of small groups or teams and all contributions are equal, when your sales team is relatively
small, or when your salespeople are expected to spend much of their time on other responsibilities other than
selling.
However, these plans don't tend to offer motivation to salespeople, as there are no incentives for them to work
harder.
2. Salary plus Commission
Salary plus commission sales compensation plans are possibly the most common plans used today. They're
structured in a way that salespeople receive a lower base salary along with commission pay that makes up the
majority of the total compensation.
Organizations use salary plus commission sales compensation plans when there are opportunities to support all
salespeople on this structure and when there are proper metrics in place for tracking sales to ensure that the splits
are fair and accurate.
This type of plan is often the better choice as opposed to straight salary because it offers motivation to increase
productivity and to achieve goals. It also offers more stability. Salespeople will still get some types of pay even if
they're in training, when sales are low during certain months, or if market conditions get volatile. However, it can be
more complex to administer.
3. Commission Only
Commission only sales compensation plans are exactly what they sound like you pay your sales people for the sales
they bring in and nothing else. There is no guarantee of income.
These types of plans are easier to administer than salary plus commission and provide better value for your money
paid as they are based solely on sales achieved. They also tend to attract fewer candidates, but do attract the most
top-performing and hardest working sales professionals who know they can make a good income because they
know how to sell. On the other hand, though, they can create aggression within your sales team and low income
security, which can lead to a high turnover rate, and sales rep burnout from stress.
There are three types of salary of sales. The straight salary is that you'd pay your salespeople like all of your other
employees, and nothing else. No bonuses. This often occurs when the sales team is relatively small, and it is not
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motivative. Salary plus commission sales are possibly the most common plans used today. Organizations use this
when there are opportunities to support all salespeople on this structure. It offers motivation to increase productivity
and to achieve goals. Commission only has no guarantee of income. This is easier for the administer, but this tends to
attract fewer candidates, and it can lead to a high turnover rate.
14. Robots/机器人 #1776 2017-11 本月高频
Task design in robot is hard because our humans can separate things by our senses but for robot, even they have
camera and the picture contains many pixel, and the translation of every pixel to something could be difficult. Thus
there is no comparison between humans and robots.
回忆要点：
回忆1.Robot现在的design越来越复杂，从之前的简单变化而来，和上面的留言很像，原文有提到 why it is so difficult to
make robot like human being. 然而现在robot还是不能做一些人类做的事情，举了一个例子：分辨颜色，现在只有简单的
sensory，需要很复杂的功能的sensory才能实现，需要提高sensory, pixel。求大神补充。
15. Absolute Zero/绝对零度 #2129 2017-11 本月高频
回忆1：绝对零度大概是说科学家为啥要做这个实验这样做的意义是你并不是得到一个predetermined end 而是发现what u

don’t know it exists and this is the beauty that scientists love
回忆2：关于science的， absolute zero，没太听明白，只说了重点词 scientific research, absolute zero, we are not focus
on the goal of the experiment but the results.
16. Teaching/教育 #2158 2017-11 本月高频
All of my research and that I conducted was my 60 plus graduate students, was motivated by their need to learn, so
that we can teach. Of course, in some inventions happened along the way but I've always considered the end the
result. And I always consider that this invention to be byproduct, byproducts of the learning process. The end
product for me was always better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that can help us in
teaching the subject. I've also looked at teaching as a vehicle to try new ideas, of new ways to doing things on an
intelligent group of learners. That is as the vehicle for the teaching-research results. And in my experience, this kind
of teaching is the most stimulated and motivating to students. I am also uncovered many interesting research
problems is the cause of teaching subject. It is this unity of research and teaching their close connection and the
benefits gathered by exercising and the interplay that to be characterised the successful professor.
This lecture is about teaching and learning.

Firstly, teaching is motivated by students' needs of learning.
Secondly, it is important to consider the result and byproducts of the learning process.
Thirdly, new ideas can stimulate and motivate students.
Finally, the unity of research and teaching close connection, exercising as well as interplay help speaker become a
successful professor.
17. A Ship/一艘船 #2220 2017-12 本月高频
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"Our civilization, which subsumes most of its predecessors, is a great ship steaming at speed into the future. It travels
faster, further, and more laden than any before. We may not be able to foresee every reef and hazard, but by reading
her compass bearing and headway, by understanding her design, her safety record, and the abilities of her crew, we
can, I think, plot a wise course between the narrows and bergs looming ahead. And I believe we must do this without
delay, because there are too many shipwrecks behind us. The vessel we are now aboard is not merely the biggest of
all time; it is also the only one left. The future of everything we have accomplished since our intelligence evolved will
depend on the wisdom of our actions over the next few years. Like all creatures, humans have made their way in the
world so far by trial and error; unlike other creatures, we have a presence so colossal that error is a luxury we can no
longer afford. The world has grown too small to forgive us any big mistakes."
This lecture talks about human’s civilization, which is a ship driving into the future.
Firstly, by understanding the features of the ship, including compass and crew, people should find a wise course
without delay.
Secondly, the civilization ship is the biggest and the only one in our time. Human’s future depends on the wisdom
of our actions.
Thirdly, humans make achievements through trial and error like other creatures, but unlike creatures, humans cannot
afford errors now.
In conclusion, the world is small and humans cannot afford big mistakes.
18. Superhuman/超人 #3512 2018-03 本月高频
Today we're going to recount heroic tales of superhuman feats of strength, when in the face of disaster, some
people are said to have summoned up incredible physical power to lift a car off of an accident victim, move giant
rocks, or like Big John of song, single-handedly hold up a collapsing beam to let the other miners escape. Are such
stories true? There are many anecdotes supporting the idea, but we're going to take a fact-based look at whether or
not it truly is possible for an adrenalin-charged person to temporarily gain massive strength. In proper terminology,
such a temporary boost of physical power would be called hysterical strength. The majority of them are anecdotal,
and interestingly not repeatable; in many cases, the person who summoned the superstrength later tried it again
only to find that they couldn't do it. Basically, what we have is a respectably large body of anecdotal evidence that
suggests that in times of crisis, danger, or fear, some people have the ability to temporarily exercise superhuman
strength.
回忆要点：回忆1.没怎么听懂，大概意思是，为什么人们会create superman这个形象，因为when people face fear and

crisis, some people may get more power than others
superman有特殊的physical power. 有个实验证明power只是temporary的, not available in the future.
回忆2.开题先说的超人，配了超人图。说人们经常讨论超能力，比如超人那样的超级英雄可以轻松举起汽车。然后就提到了
super strength在现实是否存在。举例说说到了人在面临危险或者紧急的时候会在adrenaline肾上腺素作用下举起汽车。而这种
超级力量是不可重复的。
19. Aristotle/亚里士多德 #3584 2018-03 本月高频
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But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is we have to be able to use it. We have to be able to use rhetoric
influence, basically, the rebel, and the morons. We try to get them to understand truth. Truth is suggested, is
different than rhetoric. Rhetoric is the dressing, is the body, right? Truth is the spirit, is the soul, is abstract. It
doesn’t have a body. It’s not particular. If you wanna get somebody to the truth, you might have to use some kind
of tricks. Right? Because most people are not sound and can't see the truth. That’s what we think. Most people are
ramble. Really. Only the educated be erudite are actually capable of seeing the truth. If you wanna get the general
mass there, you may have to do fable a little bit. So Aristotle that is rhetoric. Rhetoric is something that is used to
influence people. Right? And it’s a kind of mentally promised a logic.
The theory is from Aristotle, a philosopher in ancient Greece.

Truth is rational and abstract, sometimes people cannot understand it.
So, we can use rhetoric to help people understand truth.
Rhetoric is the proof, and can enlighten people.
20. Rice/大米 #3602 2018-03 本月高频
In 1943, what became known as the Green Revolution began when Mexico, unable to feed its growing population,
shouted for help. Within a few years, the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations founded the International Rice Research
Institute in Asia, and by 1962, a new strain of rice called IR8 was feeding people all over the world. IR8 was the first
really big modified crop to make a real impact on world hunger. In 1962 the technology did not yet exist to directly
manipulate the genes of plants, and so IR8 was created by carefully crossing existing varieties: selecting the best
from each generation, further modifying them, and finally finding the best. Here is the power of modified crops: IR8,
with no fertilizer, straight out of the box, produced five times the yield of traditional rice varieties. In optimal
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conditions with nitrogen, it produced ten times the yield of traditional varieties. By 1980, IR36 resisted pests and
grew fast enough to allow two crops a year instead of just one, doubling the yield. And by 1990, using more
advanced genetic manipulation techniques, IR72 was outperforming even IR36. The Green Revolution saw worldwide
crop yields explode from 1960 through 2000.
Green revolution in Mexico, government unable to feed hungry people. Scientists try to research new rice. First, IR8,
first really modified crop, produced 5 times the yields than traditional one. In 1980, the second one is IR36, can resist
pest, growing fast, doubling the yield than IR8. In 1990, IR72, the third one, outperforming than others.
21. Linguists/语言学家 #3730 2018-04 本月高频
But when we move into working with communities, we have to recognize that the communities have to be the
authority in their language. Actually a woman in the class I’m teaching at Sydney at the moment, a career woman,
expressed this very nicely, although she was talking about something else, she was distinguishing expertise from
authority. And certainly linguists because of our training we do have expertise in certain very narrow areas of
language, but we don’t have the authority over what to do with that knowledge or what to do with other
knowledge that the community produces. I guess for me the bottom line is languages are lost because of the
dominance of one people over another. That’s not rocket science, it’s not hard to work that out. But then what
that means is if in working with language revival we continue to hold the authority, we actually haven’t done
anything towards undoing how languages are lost in the first place, so in a sense the languages are still lost if the
authority is still lost.
The lecture is about language and authority. Firstly, communities have to be the authority in their languages.
Secondly, we have expertise in language, but we do not have authority over what to do with the knowledge that the
community produces. Thirdly, languages are lost because of the dominance of one people over another. Finally,
languages are still lost if the authority is still lost.
22. Language Disorder/语言障碍 #3863 2018-05 本月高频
回忆要点：
回忆1.一张图配文字language disorder in the uk。内容一丁点想不起来了，等大神补充吧
回忆2.考了，巨长，所以有很多点可以记，图上就是有个10%,图下面一句话“language disorder in UK”，一开始讲了
language disorder这个现象（我把这句话和图的内容一起讲了），然后说这是一种children's disability,中间说我们不能take it
for granted.后面说We need to ask some questions about language: what is language? how can it be learned.最后说了
啥没听，因为感觉笔记记的够多了说不完
23. Soot emission/烟尘排放 #4242 2018-06 本月高频
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Reference passage: Sometimes it's the little things that can make big things happen. Fleas and the plague, atoms and
nuclear bombs. Diminutive leaders in world history. Soot is one of these little things. Soot also known as black
carbon is released when you burn dung, coal, diesel fuel and wood. From Los Angeles to Mumbai, soot causes
respiratory illnesses like lung cancer and asthma and contributes to one point six million premature deaths every
year. Mostly among the poor. And it gets worse. Atmospheric currents carry soot thousands of miles from where it is
produced, to the Himalayas and the Arctic. Black carbon being black, absorbs sunlight, so even a little soot on snow
makes it melt faster. And when snow melts global sea levels rise, threatening our freshwater indigenous communities
and polar bears who hunt on the Arctic ice. Climate Change has been a big thing for a while and carbon dioxide has
been its main cause. Scientists estimate that soot causes twenty five percent of human-caused global warming. It’s
the second leading cause of Arctic warming after carbon dioxide. Let’s not underestimate the impact of this tiny
particle. But there’s good news, reducing black carbon may be the fastest way to slow global warming. Buy time for
the Arctic. Yes even more so than changing a light bulb. Since black carbon only stays in the atmosphere for a couple
of weeks, reducing it will produce results immediately. Of course, reducing soot alone won’t solve global warming,
but solving our soot problem now will help buy time for the Arctic and allow us to deal with the bigger problem of
carbon dioxide. We have the cleaner industries, cook stoves, and diesel now we have to use them. In developed
nations, we’ve significantly reduced our black carbon, but we still have much more to do. We need to tighten our
standards at home and invest in cleaner technologies in developing nations. In a world going on seven billion
people, you might feel rather little yourself. But if you urge the US government and the European Union to take the
lead on black carbon reduction, you can make a big difference. Go to www.stopsoot.org And help stop these little
things from causing big trouble.
回忆要点：首先说soot also called black carbon。然后说soot contributes to climate warming。soot does not
accumulate in the atmosphere like CO2. reduction in soot have immediate but not long-term effects on global
warming. if we want to stabilize the climate system, we need to focus on greenhouse gases such as CO2.
24. Transformation/转型 #4260 2018-06 本月高频
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回忆要点：
回忆1.考了一个transformation 举例子China 和一些正处于transformation初期的国家有个图线图做部分是pre-industralial
period 右边好像是现在
回忆2.还提到了 GDP 多少，然后多久没变还是怎样来的吧。最后说很多国家，比如China还在transform 的beginning,是early
period
回忆3.发达国家(rich and developed world)都经历过大转折(turning points)，GDP增长迅速(extraordinary GDP growth)，
经济和科技腾飞(take off)。发展中国家包括中国印度都在转变前期(early stages of transformation)，发达国家developed
countries 已经完成转型，他们再发展也不会对人类进程（do not have further progress) 有多大提高。言下之意应该是，在
early stages of transformations才会在各方面有显著的发展。。到转变后期会遇到瓶颈。
25. The politics of happiness/关乎幸福的政策 #4268 2018-06 本月高频
As Joanne pointed out, only one country, tiny little Bhutan, wedged between China and India, has adopted the Gross
National Happiness as the central index of government policy, and actually has a good deal of success in education
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and in health and in economic growth and in environmental preservation. They have a rather sophisticated way of
measuring the effects of different policies on people's happiness. They are the only country to go that far.
But you are now beginning to get other countries interested enough to do kind of white paper policy analyses of
happiness research—what effects would it have if we used it more for public policy? You are beginning to get
countries like Australia, France, Great Britain, that are considering publishing regular statistics on happiness. So it is
beginning to become a subject of greater interest for policymakers and legislators in different advanced countries.
This lecture talks about happiness.

Firstly, Bhutan has adopted the Gross National Happiness as the central index of government policy, and has a good
deal of success in education and in health and in economic growth and in environmental preservation.
Secondly, it is the only country to go far that has a way of measuring the effects of different policies on people's
happiness.
Finally, it is the time for policymakers and legislators in different advanced countries like Australia, France and Great
Britain to think about policy analyses of happiness research.
26. Melatonin/褪黑素 #4423 2018-07 本月高频
I'm just going to take on the stuff where left off. The hormone I want to now talk about it's called melatonin. The
synthesis is in the Pineal Gland, which is very small. It is the size of a pea in your brain. The corpus is the site of the
soul, and it is where melatonin is made. And it has a rhythm as well. And in the sense, it is the opposite of the
cortisol. It peaks at night. We call it as the darkness hormone. In every species that we studied, melatonin occurs at
night. And it's hormone that prepares you for the things, that your species, does at night. So, of course, in humans
we sleep, but animals, like rodents, they are awake. It's hormone that is related to darkness behavior.
The lecture is about the hormone called melatonin. The synthesis is in a very tiny part in the brain. And it has a
rhythm as well. It peaks at night. We call it as the darkness hormone. It's hormone that is related to darkness
behavior.
27. Science and scientist/科学与科学家 #4443 2018-07 本月高频
回忆要点：回忆1.science和scientist 1.两者区别 2.受访者的偏向 3.如果fail 大概听懂这么多，求大神补充
28. Bird migration/鸟类迁徙 #4445 2018-07 本月高频
回忆要点：
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回忆1.讲Australian bird migration 内容不长有图但关系不大要仔细听 1. The temperature is rising, making springtime
phenomena earlier 2. Urban light pollution is also a more significant factor. （光污染） 3. This disruptive timing can
damage the ecosystem. 4. The caterpillars are trying to match the hatching of their eggs to the timing of bud burst. 5.
This could affect the survival of birds 6. But smarter lighting—like LEDs that dial down certain wavelengths—could
help.
回忆2.有视频男lecturer ppt上是土澳地图讲Australian birds have to migrate from on one place to another every year
due to climate change. birds need to fly 5 kilometers, you may think it is easy, but actually, it’s not because they
have to find new food sources in a new habitat.
29. Animal behavior/动物行为 #4486 2018-07 本月高频
We can ask two fundamental questions about animal behavior, they referred to as proximate and ultimate. Proximate
questions are those concerned with the mechanisms that bring about behavior, ultimate questions are those
concerned with the evolution of behavior. We can divide the proximate and ultimate questions into two sub-
questions. For proximate, how does the behavior develop, and secondly what causes the behavior. For ultimate, you
can ask how did the behavior evolve, and secondly what is the adaptive significance of the behavior what’s
purpose. Together these comprise what are called Tinbergen's four questions about animal behavior. Niko Tinbergen
was one of the founding fathers of the study of animal behavior. These questions represent the different ways of
studying animal behavior and understanding the difference between those four questions are fundamental to
understanding behavior and indeed the whole of biology. How do we study animal behavior well that depends on
the type of question we’re hoping to answer.
Two fundamental questions about animal behavior are referred to as proximate and ultimate.
Proximate questions are those concerned with the mechanisms that bring about behavior. The ultimate questions are
those concerned with the evolution of behavior.
Two sub-questions are how does the behavior develop, and secondly what causes the behavior.
For ultimate, you can ask how did the behavior evolve, and what is the adaptive significance of the behavior.
Together these comprise four questions about animal behavior.
30. Shy fish/腼腆的鱼 #4556 2018-08 本月高频
When you think of a leader, you may think of an individual who is above all bold. But a new study of fish called
sticklebacks shows that shy individuals actually prefer to follow fish that are similarly timid. Researchers had trios of
sticklebacks with known personalities play follow the leader. The fish were placed in a tank that had some plastic
plants at one end and some food hidden at the other. In some of the groups, a bold fish and a shy fish acted as
leaders, while another shy fish followed. And in other groups, it was a bold fish that did the following. The
researchers recorded whether the follower sallied forth more frequently with the fish that was behaviorally similar or
the one that was different. What they found is that shy fish were more likely to emerge from undercover when an
equally wary fellow was already out there. Bold follower fish did not seem to care which leader they followed. Of
course, no matter which fish a stickleback chose to stick with, the bold fish did lead more expeditions over the course
of the experiment than their more retiring friends. That’s because the bold fish initiated more trips, regardless of
who might be tailing them. The findings are in the journal Biology Letters. The researchers write that “when offered
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a choice of leaders, sticklebacks prefer to follow individuals whose personality matches their own, but bolder
individuals may, nevertheless, be able to impose their leadership, even among shy followers, simply through greater
effort.” We may soon see if such tendencies also hold true in humans, when Americans decide who they’ll follow
in November. Unless, of course, something fishy happens.
A new study shows that shy individuals actually prefer to follow fish that are similarly timid. The scientists separated
the fish into two groups, found that shy individuals actually prefer to follow fish that are similarly timid. That’s
because the bold fish initiated more trips, regardless of who might be tailing them. If such tendencies also hold true
in humans, when Americans decide who they’ll follow in November.
31. Civilization and art/文明与艺术 #4949 2018-09 本月高频
I have said before that you can’t have a civilization that doesn’t have art when we think about the great
civilizations historically. All of them had a great production of culture and art because a society has built to observe
itself and the sophistication of the great civilizations were their ability to look at themselves. And what allows a
society to do that are the producers of art and culture with mirror back to the core of the society exactly. What is
being produced at that moment? How people are thinking of themselves and how individuals are relating to the
social structure at that time. Art is the vehicle through which we understand that. Were you to take away art, What
would be that mirror? How would we see what we were about? How would we understand what was going on in
Paris at the time of the Impressionists when people were learning to see in a completely different way? Pre-
cinematography Pierre all of these things are just emerging and here are people looking at the world in a very
different way, which was considered so radical at that time.
This lecture talks about civilization and art. It is impossible to have a civilization without art. Civilization reflects the
production of culture and the producers of art and culture should mirror back to the core of the society. People
themselves and individuals are relating to the social structure at that time. Art is the vehicle through which we
understand that were you to take away art, and it also reflects that how people look at the world in different ways.
32. Taxonomy /分类学 #4987 2018-10 本月高频
Welcome to today's lesson. We're continuing with our study of taxonomy. Taxonomy is how scientists classify
organisms into different groups based on the characteristics that they share. So, for instance, a good way to think
about taxonomy is the US Postal Service. If we want to send a letter to someone, we first start off by addressing it to
the nation they are in. By default. we usually assume that's America but it doesn't have to be a treat England or Costa
Rica or Spain. You put their nation or their kingdom. Then within that kingdom, you address it to a slightly more
specific level, their states. So, for instance, South Carolina would be the same as a phylum. And within that state, you
would address it to their city and then to their street number, the street they live on. Then you would address it to
say their apartment complex and within that complex, you'd address it by their last name to their family and then
finally their first name to the specific person you want to get it to and in that way we're able to weed out all the 400
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million people we don't want to send our letter to in America and pinpoint the exact person we want the letter to
reach. And in the same way, scientists use a taxonomy chart to pinpoint a living creature and organism and how it
relates to everything else in the world.
The lecture is about taxonomy.

Taxonomy is how scientists classify organisms into different groups based on the characteristics that they share.
An example is the US Postal Service.
In this service, people can address it to a specific level, to their city and then to their street number.
And in the same way, scientists use a taxonomy chart to pinpoint a living creature and organism and how it relates to
everything else in the world.
33. Sugar/糖 #4994 2018-10 本月高频
There’s sugar in a lot of foods where you don’t expect it. Of course there’s lots of sugar in donuts of ice cream,
or pastries, or other things that are sweet; candy of course, but there are other places where you see it and you
don’t necessarily expect it. So as an example: peanut butter. Here’s a list of ingredients from Skippy Peanut Butter
and you see that sugar is the second most common ingredient. So that you may know from the reading food labels
that these ingredients in any food labels that are listed in order of how much there is in the food itself, so sugar
comes right after peanuts. Here’s another example, Beef stew, you wouldn’t necessarily expected to find sugar in
beef stew but it’s there. Now it’s down the list of ingredients, it’s actually toward the end, but if you look at the
marketing of this and food at the can, it says, there’s fresh potatoes and carrots, but actually there’s more sugar in
this than there is carrots. And so you wouldn’t eat something like beef stew and expect to find this to be the case.
The lecture is about sugar. There is sugar in a lot of foods where you don’t expect it.
Besides, there are also other places where you see sugar and you don’t necessarily expect it.
For example, sugar is the ingredient of peanut and beef stew, and you will not know this after you have read the food
labels.
Other food like fresh potatoes and carrots contain sugar, and you wouldn’t eat something like beef stew and expect
to find this to be the case.
34. Arctic and Antarctic/北极和南极 #5006 2018-10 本月高频
So, when we talk about the polar regions, just to clarify exactly what we mean. And we have first of all the Arctic at
the top of the earth and the Antarctic at the bottom, and so the Arctic was named after the Greek word for bear.
Now surprisingly it’s not after the polar bears that live in the Antarctic or live in the Arctic and based on it’s after
the little and great bear constellations that can be seen in the sky. Now the Greek also hypothesize that there would
be the Anti-arctic, which is how we get the name Antarctica and of course it wasn’t discovered until much later on.
Now these regions are opposite in many ways other than just their names and their location on the globe, and so if
we look at the arctic first of all, and the Arctic is actually ocean surrounded by land, and so you can see here this is
the UK down here and this kind of Russia and then American Canada around here, and so there is a bit of land cover
in our ice on the top in the Arctic, which is Greenland here and Macie all this area here. Surprisingly a lot of people
don’t realize that this isn’t actually land. The north pole isn’t on land. It’s just one big ocean.
The lecture mainly talks about the polar regions, including Arctic and Antarctic.
Moreover, they located at the top and bottom of the earth, and so the Arctic was named after the Greek word for
bear, which relates to the little and great bear constellations in the sky.
The lecture also mentions that now the Greek hypothesize that there would be the Anti-arctic, and these regions are
opposite in many ways other than just their names and their location on the globe.
Finally, the speaker mentions that the north pole isn’t on land, but it is one big ocean.
35. Animal behavior V2/动物行为版本二 #5007 2018-10 本月高频
Why should we bother studying animal behavior? Well, first and foremost, because we are interested in
understanding why animals do what they do. There are lots of other reasons for studying animal behavior.
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Conservation biologists need to know what animals do if they’re going to save them. Are those animals social or
solitary? How much space do they need and how many mates do they have? Sometimes you can’t predict the
outcome of the research. Fernando Nottebohm started out being interested in how birds know what to sing. Yet his
research eventually led to a complete overhaul of the entire field of neurobiology, a totally unanticipated yet utterly
monumental effect. And this is the course textbook by John Alcock the fact that this is in its ninth edition tells you
how fast an afield animal behavior is. There are lots of new developments.
The reason why we study animal behavior is because we are interested in understanding why animals do what they
do.
Conservation biologists need to know what animals do if they’re going to save them.
Fernando started out a research and it led to a complete overhaul of the entire field of neurobiology.
And John tells you how fast an afield animal behavior is in his book.
There are lots of new developments.
36. Music and well-being/音乐和幸福 #5016 2018-10 本月高频
So what do we mean by well-being? Health, happiness, a sense of achievement and contentment, a state of mind
and body where people can thrive. Well-being is not something that is purely limited to people who are facing
extraordinary challenges in their lifestyle, health or personal circumstances, everybody here has a level of well-being.
Music so often forms an intuitive part of our well-being management, music to pick us up, music to calm us down,
music to heal our sorrows. Our aim through research is to move from this level of intuitive application of music
through to informed use in our communities to take the next step in the understanding of the power of music in
human life. Music already works for us on so many levels whether it’s soothing and teaching our infants bringing
people and communities together adding spirit to our work and personal endeavours, but there is no reason to stop
here.
The lecture mainly focus on well-being, which includes health, happiness, a sense of achievement and contentment, a
state of mind and body where people can thrive.
In addition, everybody has a level of well-being.
The speaker also emphasizes that music so often forms an intuitive part of our well-being management, and the
research takes the next step in the understanding of the power of music in human life. In conclusion, the music
already works for us on so many levels, but there is no reason to stop here.
In conclusion, the music already works for us on so many levels, but there is no reason to stop here.
37. Early Robot/早期机器人 #5025 2018-10 本月高频
This is a kind of object that you’re probably all familiar with when you had the term robot, but I’m gonna show
you the very, very first robots. These were the very first robots. They were characters in a play in the 1920s called
Rossum’s Universal Robots and they, the play was written by Czech writer called Karel Capek. And basically, these
robots, you know, people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or, you know, Hollywood depictions
kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political
turmoil. You just had the First World War, you know, it finished had a devastating impact across Europe and so
people will kind and people are kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human, what makes us human, those
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kinds of question. And this kind of context is what inspired Capek to kind of write this play. And interestingly, these
robots being human, they are actually in the play assembled on a production line, a bit like the Ford manufacturing
production line. So even though they are human, they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor, and
that is their primary purpose in society.
The first robots were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s Universal Robots, and the writer was Karel
Capek.
People tend to thinks of robots as cute cuddly toys. But the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time
of absolute political turmoil, which was the First World War.
The robots are actually in the play assembled on a production line.
Even even though they are human, they are assembled and these robots are designed to labour, and that is their
primary purpose in society.
38. Aging problem/老龄化问题 #5079 2018-10 本月高频
回忆要点：As the world population growth, the aging population has become more serious. 2. Aging percentage in
the US is now 13% and is expected to be 23% in 2030. 3、The situation is the same in Japan and Germany. 4、There
will be more than 20% of the German population aged over 65 years old in 2030. 5、Aging problem is related to
industrialization.
39. Father and child/父与子 #5082 2018-10 本月高频
回忆要点：
回忆1.上次考了一题新的RL 有图是爸爸抱着孩子。主要说的是爸爸和孩子的关系。总分总的结构。爸爸和孩子之间的关系越来
越被重视。爸爸能教给孩子的主要是responsibility。爸爸给孩子safe，让孩子在外面risk，但是不管怎么样都可以back。最后总
结了两点，记不清了。
回忆2.讲父亲在孩子成长中的角色父亲角色很重要要跟孩子玩让小孩长大后更 independent passionate
40. London taxi drivers/伦敦司机 #5189 2018-11 本月高频
But we can really thank the Great Exhibition of 1851 for giving us the world’s premier taxi service, for it was going
to this exhibition, and this fabulous exhibition inventions from all around the four corners of the Empire that the
visitors were appalled, dismayed and vexed by their journeys to this exhibition because the cabbies of the day, and
their horse-drawn carts were absolutely terrible, could not find their way to this exhibition. And, so, a great public
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outcry, the London Authority sets up Public Carriage Office, which is an organization that still exists. And you can
take a short walk to Penton Street up the road. And this Public Carriage office took on the responsibility of licensing
all major taxi drivers in London. All taxi drivers from 1851 onwards had to pass what is now known as the London
knowledge, was phenomenal knowledge of London. What is the London knowledge? It’s the ability to remember
the 25,000 streets, have it all interconnected and all the main arterial roads in and out of London. Cabbies need to
know all this plus a thousand points of specific interest cafes, bars, public offices. They need to know them all as part
of their training.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 gives us the world’s premier taxi service.
The London Authority sets up Public Carriage Office and it still exists. London knowledge is the ability to remember
the 25000 streets, have it all interconnected in London. Cabbies also need to know things like cafes or bars that as
they are parts of their training.
41. US economy/美国经济 #5697 2019-01 本月高频
回忆要点：考了一道关于美国经济规模的，In terms of the size of economy, the US economy is more than the total
amount of China, Japan UK and Germany. In terms of the industrial output, US output is $2.8 trillion, but it only
equals to the sum of China and Japan.
42. Innovation and invention/创新与发明 #6204 2019-04 本月高频
He says innovation equals invention. Let me just stop here. Innovation equals invention often people mistake these
two things for the same thing. Innovation equals invention, they are not. Innovation is something that generates
value for the world. It makes something faster, better, cheaper. It gives someone some great satisfaction. An
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invention is an idea, a technology, a patent. In and of itself, it does not generate value. So these two are not the same
thing. And sometimes you see them interchange. And that's not correct. So innovation equals invention times
commercialization. So and when we look at this equation of innovation something of value, it requires a new idea
and then it requires someone or some organization that is going to commercialize that idea. And to make it a value
to the world.
This lecture talks about the relationship between innovation and invention.
Firstly, the speaker mentions that people think innovation equals invention but it’s not correct.
Secondly, the speaker mentions that innovation generates value for the world and gives people satisfaction, but the
invention is an idea that does not generate value.
Thirdly, the speaker mentions that innovation equals invention times commercialization.
In conclusion, innovation equals to commercializing a new idea to make value.
43. Choose scientific theory/如何挑选科学理论 #6223 2019-04 本月高频
回忆要点：有个视频开头是一个ppt 上面写着acceptance 然后教授出来说话说how to choose a better one in a lot of

scientific theories （视频从头到尾一直是一个PPT，结束之后视频关闭，PPT也随之消失，注意做好笔记！）
44. Globalization/全球化 #6863 2019-10 本月高频
I've been thinking a lot about the world recently and how it's changed over the last 20, 30, 40 years. Twenty or thirty
years ago, if a chicken caught a cold and sneezed and died in a remote village in East Asia, it would have been a
tragedy for the chicken and its closest relatives, but I don't think there was much possibility of us fearing a global
pandemic and the deaths of millions. Twenty of thirty years ago, if a bank in North America lent too much money to
some people who couldn't afford to pay it back and the bank went bust, that was bad for the lender and bad for the
borrower, but we didn't imagine it would bring the global economic system to its knees for nearly a decade. This is
globalization. This is the miracle that has enabled us to transship our bodies and our minds and our words and our
pictures and our ideas and our teaching and our learning around the planet ever faster and ever cheaper. It's
brought a lot of bad stuff, like the stuff that I just described, but it's also brought a lot of good stuff. A lot of us are
not aware of the extraordinary successes of the Millennium Development Goals, several of which have achieved their
targets long before the due date. That proves that this species of humanity is capable of achieving extraordinary
progress if it really acts together and it really tries hard.
This is globalization about the example of chicken died and bank bust. This is the miracle enabled us to transship our
bodies and our minds around the planet ever faster and ever cheaper. There is a lot of bad stuff and good stuff. A lot
of extraordinary successes of the Millennium Development Goals. Humanity is capable of achieving extraordinary
progress if acts together and tries hard.
45. Procedural fairness/程序公正 #7249 2020-05
回忆要点：屏幕上有个淡橘色的PPT，有kumar case的标题，，写了justice, procedural fairness,conclusion是一男一女的对

话，男的问女的你对于法律系统有什么concern，举了一些专业术语justice, 什么independency, procedural fairness，然后女
的说就是PF，他可以让这个party able to see the other’s evidence, provide information/ opportunity to question the
other side但是最后结论是actually影响到了fairness，我听下来的意思是程序正义影响了实体公正。
背景：在1991年“库马案(Subash Kumar case)”中，印度法院认为，“第21条保障的生命权包括享受满足生命需要的无污染
水和空气的权利。”通过这些案件，法院确认对健康环境的权利是生命权的一部分。而且重申了政府的有效实施环境法律的义
务，因为防治环境退化是国家的义务。
46. Street stalls/地摊 #7316 2020-07 本月高频
52/54
回忆要点：只记得图片，内容不记得了。像个集市，有很多人在摆摊，摊位有三排，每一排中都有一个是空白的
47. Graphical representation /图解表示法 #7328 2020-07 本月高频
回忆要点：一个RL视频题一个男的在讲台上演讲背景是放映的ppt，标题是graphical representation 这个男的也提了很多次

graphical representation 还有software什么的，其他关键词失忆浏览了鸡精非完整题型，没有找到，不确定这个是不是新题
恳请大神复盘
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2020/11/25 Lumia@PTE黑科技编选的个人机经

DI Describe image 描述图片

1. Consumption level/消费水平 #1070 2017-05 本月高频

2. How Houseflies Work/家蝇的一生 #1128 2017-05 本月高频

3. Australia/澳大利亚 #1139 2017-05 本月高频

4. The world's water/世界水资源构成 #1144 2017-05 本月高频

5. Sunrise and Sunset/日出与日落 #1167 2017-05

6. Apple Tree/苹果树 #1201 2017-05 本月高频

7. Depression probability/抑郁的可能性 #1497 2017-07 本月高频

8. Mantle/地幔 #1503 2017-07

9. Electricity Generation in China by Type/中国发电类型 #1681 2017-10 本月高频

10. Adult Literacy/成人识字率 #1683 2017-10

11. Day night fishing diagram/日夜捕鱼表 #1684 2017-10

12. Urban Traffic Change/城市交通变化 #1687 2017-10 本月高频

13. Pitchback water wheel/水车 #1695 2017-10 本月高频

14. Human arms and wings/人肱骨与翅膀 #1700 2017-10 本月高频

15. Simple circuit/简易电路 #1703 2017-10 本月高频

16. Computer/新老电脑对比 #1771 2017-11 本月高频

17. Expenditure/花销 #2439 2017-12

18. Houseplant/平面图 #2440 2017-12 本月高频

19. Planet/星球 #2441 2017-12

20. Core/地核 #3318 2018-01 本月高频

21. Tree/树 #3341 2018-02

22. Language of Switzerland/瑞士的语言 #3542 2018-03

23. Planet/行星 #3548 2018-03 本月高频

24. Lamp/台灯 #3621 2018-03 本月高频

25. Happiness/幸福 #3692 2018-04 本月高频

26. Food/食物 #3804 2018-04 本月高频

27. Government expenditures/政府花销 #3923 2018-05 本月高频

28. Food price vs Oil price/食物价格vs油价格 #3924 2018-05 本月高频

29. Floor plan/楼层规划 #4154 2018-06 本月高频

30. Feeder/喂食器 #4327 2018-07

31. S&P/ASX200/标准普尔指数 #4642 2018-08 本月高频

32. Pencil/铅笔 #4665 2018-08 本月高频

33. Music download/音乐下载 #4733 2018-09

34. Ancient Egypt trade/古埃及贸易 #4820 2018-09 本月高频

35. Arousal Level /唤醒水平 #4999 2018-10 本月高频

36. Zone/地带 #5022 2018-10 本月高频

37. Languages in Switzerland/瑞士语言区 #5024 2018-10 本月高频

38. The Average Household Energy Consumption/家庭平均能源消耗 #5028 2018-10 本月高频

39. Temperature and CO2/气温和二氧化碳 #5030 2018-10 本月高频

40. Fungus gnat/蕈蚊 #5408 2018-12 本月高频

41. Input and output/输入与输出 #5542 2019-01 本月高频

42. Adding an article to Wiki/向维基投稿 #5704 2019-01 本月高频

43. Teaching as a career/从事教育行业 #5705 2019-01

44. Commuting time/通勤时间 #6504 2019-06

45. Population in China/中国人口结构 #6666 2019-07 本月高频

46. Media in UK/英国媒体 #6689 2019-08 本月高频

47. Numbers of texts/短信数量 #7092 2020-01 本月高频

48. Iron Age hut/铁器时代的小屋 #7110 2020-01 本月高频

49. Journeys in UK/英国人旅行目的 #7115 2020-01 本月高频

50. Water cycle/水循环 #7117 2020-01 本月高频

51. Different height of penguins/不同身高的企鹅 #7204 2020-03 本月高频

52. Germination of seed plant V2/种子发芽版本二 #7205 2020-03 本月高频

53. Income in UK/英国收入统计 #7304 2020-07 本月高频

54. Ice sheet/冰盖 #7305 2020-07 本月高频

55. Rainforests/热带雨林 #7321 2020-07 本月高频

56. Fruits supply chain/水果供应链 #7335 2020-08 本月高频

57. Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)/个人防护装备 #7428 2020-10 本月高频

DI&RL

DI&RL

DI&RL

回忆1：绝对零度大概是说科学家为啥要做这个实验这样做的意义是你并不是得到一个predetermined end 而是发现what u

回忆要点：有个视频开头是一个ppt 上面写着acceptance 然后教授出来说话说how to choose a better one in a lot of

回忆要点：一个RL视频题一个男的在讲台上演讲背景是放映的ppt，标题是graphical representation 这个男的也提了很多次