Introduction

DAGMAR (defining advertising goals for measured advertising results) is

a marketing model used to establish clear objectives for an advertising
campaign and measure its success. The DAGMAR model was introduced
by Russell Colley in a 1961 report to the Association of National
Advertisers and was expanded upon in 1995 by Solomon Dutka.

The DAGMAR approach advocates a marketing strategy that guides the

consumer through four phases: awareness, comprehension, conviction, and
action. That path has become known by its acronym as the ACCA formula. The
four steps of the campaign are as follows:

 Generating awareness of the brand among consumers

 Increasing comprehension of the product and its benefits
 Convincing consumers that they need the product
 Persuading consumers to buy it

The DAGMAR method contains two goals. The first is to develop a

communication task that accomplishes those specific ACCA steps. The second
is to make sure that the success of those goals can be measured against a
baseline.

1. Defining the Advertising Goals

Often companies consider advertising and marketing goals the same.

Advertising is a part of marketing that deals with brand image. Although they
aim to generate sales, in reality, they differ from each other. Therefore, it is
important to define the advertising goals of the company. And, to define them,
they must clearly understand what they want to achieve from this advertisement.

For example, a soap detergent company wants to increase its sales from
10% to 15%. So, their advertising goal will highlight that their detergent is
better than other companies.

2. Measured Advertising Results

Measuring advertising results refers to systematically analyzing and evaluating

a particular advertisement. First, it helps the company to understand the
effectiveness of its advertisement. Then, it answers questions like how many
customers saw their ads, the number of leads and sales generated, and
other similar questions.
Next, companies check whether the advertisement was able to make customers
take necessary actions. Then, finally, they analyze whether the ad was able to
change the customer’s perspective about their brand.

DAGMAR Model Objectives

The objective and goal are interchanging words, but they mean different things.
While the former has a broader aim, the latter is time-specific but is.
Advertising should not aim to get itself noticed, read, or heard. Instead, it
should focus on changing the customer’s mindset. It creates brand awareness.

Let us look at the objectives of the DAGMAR approach for effective results:

1. Awareness

Awareness is a prime aspect of creating a positive impression in customers’

minds. Before buying a product, the customer should know the brand, new
product launch, and new offers. Good brand awareness often makes customers
feel connected to the company’s objectives. Therefore, the companies should
build such an ad that reaches their target audience.

2. Comprehension

Awareness alone cannot result in effective advertisement results. The company

needs to comprehend (detail) the product information. Additionally, it needs to
supply relevant information about the product features.

For example, Dell, a technology company, is launching an advertisement

for its new laptop. They highlight the laptop features like enhanced
processors, a protected screen, and improved storage.

3. Conviction

Here, the customers will decide whether they should buy the product or not.
They often make choices through comparison with similar products. Then, if the
customer finds the product interesting and worthy, they might try it. At this
stage, the advertisement tries to convey its message to the target audience.

For example, in 2020, Facebook Meta, another technology company,

projected an advertisement where two users helped a lady to start her own
business. Slowly, many users joined hands and helped her grow her shop
with the help of Facebook.
4. Action

The final step is to enact the buying decision. This step motivates the customers
to buy the product.

For example, before launching a new iPhone, Apple, a company

specializing in consumer electronics, tries to push its ads among the target
audience. As a result, it creates hype about the product. So, the customer
buys the product if they find it interesting.

Example

Let us look at the DAGMAR example to understand the concept better.

In 2014, a soft drink company, Coca-Cola, devised a twist advertisement

campaign to deliver a beautiful message. They manufactured coke bottles that
would open when two people twisted them. Earlier, people were shy to make
friends, but after this initiative, they had to talk with others to open the bottle.
Here, Coca-Cola targeted college students.

Thus, there were many coke vending machines installed in Australian

institutions. Students brought the coke bottle but were confused with the
opening system. After realizing the twist, they reached out to another classmate
for help. With this process, they started making friends.

In this manner, the company hit its advertising objective of encouraging coke
sales by creating bonds between people. As a result, they were successful in
achieving their campaign goals.

1. What are the DAGMAR model limitations?

Some experts argue that the DAGMAR marketing model has certain limitations
that advertisers overlook. This model is only useful for large companies having
separate advertising budgets. Certain criticisms of the DAGMAR
approach include creativity loss, strict structure, and problems associated with
response from the hierarchy.

.
AWARENESS
 Awareness of the existence of a product or a service is needful before
the purchase behaviour is expected. The fundamental task of
advertising activity is to improve the consumer awareness of the
product.
 Once the consumer awareness has been provided to the target
audience, it should not be forsaken. The target audience tends to get
distracted by other competing messages if they are ignored.
 Awareness has to be created, developed, refined and maintained
according to the characteristics of the market and the scenario of the
organization at any given point of time.
 The objective is to create awareness about the product amongst the
target audience.
2. COMPREHENSION
 Awareness on its own is not sufficient to stimulate a purchase.
Information and understanding about the product and the organisation
are essential. This can be achieved by providing information about
the brand features.
 Example: In an attempt to persuade people to budge for a new
toothpaste brand, it may be necessary to compare the product with
other toothpaste brands, and provide an additional usage benefit, such
as more effective than other toothpaste because it contains salt or that
this particular toothpaste is a vegetarian toothpaste, which will, in
turn, attract more customers.
 The objective is to provide all the information about the product.
3. CONVICTION
 Conviction is the next step where the customer evaluates different
products and plans to buy the product. At this stage, a sense of
conviction is established, and by creating interests and preferences,
customers are convinced that a certain product should be tried at the
next purchase.
 At this step, the job of the advertising activity is to mould the
audience’s beliefs and persuade them to buy it. This is often achieved
 through messages that convey the superiority of the products over the
others by flaunting the rewards or incentives for using the product.
 Example: Thumbs up featured the incentive of social acceptance as
“grown up”. It implied that those who preferred other soft drinks
were kids.
 The objective is to create a positive mental disposition to buy a
product.
4. ACTION
 This is the final step which involves the final purchase of the product.
The objective is to motivate the customer to buy the product.
Advantages of DAGMAR Approach
A major contribution of Colley’s DAGMAR approach was a specification of
what constitutes a good objective.

According to Russell Colley, there are various advantages of well-founded

objectives. These are:

 Be concrete and measurable

 Have a well-defined target audience or market
 Identify the benchmark and the degree of change
 Specify a timeframe to accomplish the objective
TARGET AUDIENCE
 DAGMAR claims the target audience is well defined. A group of
potential customers, who have the highest likelihood of purchasing
the product, is the target market. Identifying the target market
includes the process of demographic, geographic, and psychological
segmentation. Target markets can be segmented
into Primary and secondary groups.
 Primary markets are the main target audience, on whom the
marketing efforts are mainly focused.
 Secondary markets are the target audience on whom the marketing
efforts will focus after the primary market goals are achieved. After
identifying the target audience, the organization devises objectives
for advertising and later the objectives for communication.
CONCRETE AND MEASURABLE
 The objective of communication should be a precise and clear
statement of whatever message the advertiser wants to communicate
to the target audience.
 The specification must include all the details and descriptions of the
measurement procedure.
SPECIFIED TIMEFRAME AND BENCHMARKS
 A good objective has a specified time frame, during which the
objective is to be achieved. Understanding the specifications enables
advertisers to define goals that will yield the best result.
 Setting a specific timeframe assures effective evaluation of results.
The timeframe should be realistic to prohibit skewed results from
static marketing.
 Creating the benchmark is essential for an appropriate measurement
of the effectiveness of the advertisement.
WRITTEN GOAL
 The goal should be committed on a paper. When the goals are clearly
written, basic shortfalls and flaws are exposed, it becomes eventually
easy to determine whether the goal contains the crucial aspects of the
DAGMAR approach.
OBJECTIVES OF DAGMAR APPROACH
 Persuade a prospect to visit the showroom.
 Growth in market share.
 Improve sales turnover.
 Perform complete selling function.
 Advertise a special reason to buy.
 Stimulate impulse sales.
 Remind people to buy.
 Create awareness about the product and brand existence.
 Create favourable emotional disposition towards the product.
  Impart information regarding benefits and distinctive features of the
product.
 Combat and offset competitive claims.
 Correct false impressions, wrong information and other hindrances to
sales.
 Aid sales force with sales promotion and selling activities and boost
their morale.
 Establish brand recognition and acceptance.
EXAMPLE OF DAGMAR APPROACH
Let’s suppose that an ABC company wants to evaluate the effectiveness of
marketing campaign for its latest product launched. The company starts
evaluating the commercial that is designed to persuade potential consumers
through the four stages of the buying process:

1. In the AWARENESS stage, company ABC spreads awareness among

the consumers about its new product launched in the market.
2. In the COMPREHENSION stage, company ABC portrays to its
consumers the features and distinctiveness of the new product and
reminds the consumers of the company ABC’s logo and brand name.
3. In the CONVICTION stage, company ABC attaches the consumer
emotionally to the new product so that the consumer establishes an
emotional preference for the company ABC’s brand.
4. In the ACTION stage, company ABC makes sales.

Company ABC then evaluates the success of the marketing effort using
DAGMAR. The company measures that how fast the customer processed
through the four stages of the purchase and how many sales were generated. In
cases where the customer is distracted and deviated from buying the product,
and the company doesn’t meet sales goals, the company needs to change its ad
campaign.

Advertising is strongly associated with economic cycles across major world

economies. The DAGMAR method is a long-established method of creating
effective advertising. The idea behind the method is to “communicate rather
than sell”.